Psychological Types.pdf

7/27/2019 Psychological Types.pdf

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Introduction toTemperament,

Psychological Type


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I. Carl Jung - Psychological Types,

(1920)A. Friend, follower of

Sigmund Freud butdisagreed over role ofsexuality in

psychologicalfunctioning

B. Student of religion,

philosophy andmedicine beforespecializing in

Psychiatry


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C. Original Psychological Type

observations

come from patients at

clinic Jung finds

1. natural inclinations

toward

extraversionor

introversion
http://new.channelv.com.au/uploads/filelibrary/Andrew%20G%20presents%20the%20crowd%20in%20Mackay.jpg


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2. Four basic psychological functions

thinking/feeling sensation/intuition.


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II. Myers and Briggs - The Myers-Briggs

Type Indicator(1962)A. Isabella Myers begins to

develop Jung's ideas,adding fourth category ofpersonality type,

Judging/Perceiving

B. Myers' daughter, KathrynBriggs, helps her motherdevelop a questionnaire tohelp people identify a fourcharacteristic personalitytype

- The Myers-Brigg TypeIndicator (MBTI)

C. Extensive research and

development occurred

during WWII on

servicemen and women

and further refinement of

the indicator occurred
http://www.pacom.mil/imagery/archive/0206photos/020627mdb-h.jpg


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III. David Keirsey - Please Understand

Me(1978)A. Develops notions of "temperaments" based in

how people gather information (Sensation/iNtuition)and

how they evaluate it (Thinking/Feeling)

B. Develops short form indicator which identifies twocharacteristic Temperaments:

- The Keirsey Temperament Sorter


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SJ Guardian CONCRETE in communicating

COOPERATIVE in implementing goals highly skilled in LOGISTICS.

most developed intelligent operations:

- supervising and inspecting (SJTadminstering), or

- supplying and protecting (SJFconserving).

action oriented, respect themselves to degree they dogood deeds,

confident of themselves to the degreethey are respectable.

In search ofsecurity

trusting in legitimacy and hungeringfor membership.

stoical about the present,

pessimistic about the future,

fatalistic about the past,

preferred time and place is the past

Educationally they go for commerce

avocationally for regulations,

vocationally for materiel work.

They tend to be enculturating asparents, helpmates as spouses, andconformity oriented as children.

There are even more Guardians thanArtisans around, at least 40% and asmany as 45% of the population.


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SP Artisan

Educationally they go forarts and crafts,

avocationally for techniques,

vocationally foroperations work.

permissive as parents,

playmates as spouses,

play oriented as children.

There are many Artisans to be found inmany places where the action is, atleast 35% and as many as 40% of thepopulation.

CONCRETE in communicating

UTILITARIAN in implementing goals, skilled in TACTICAL VARIATION.

most practiced and developedintelligent operations are usuallypromoting and operating (SPTexpediting), or

displaying and composing (SPFimprovizing).

proud of themselves to the degree theyare graceful in action,

respect themselves to the degree theyare daring,

feel confident of themselves to thedegree they are adaptable.

"Sensation Seeking Personality"

trusting in spontaniety and

hungering for impact on others.

hedonic about the present,

optimistic about the future,

cynical about the past,

preferred time and place is the here andnow.


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http://keirsey.com/personality/spif.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/spef.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/spet.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/spet.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/spit.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/spif.html


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NT Rationalist

Educationally they go for the sciences, avocationally fortechnology, and vocationally forsystems work.

individualizing as parents, mindmates as spouses, learning oriented as children.

Rationals are very infrequent,comprising as few as 5% and no morethan 7% of the population.

ABSTRACT in communicating and

UTILITARIAN in implementing goals, skilled in STRATEGIC ANALYSIS. most practiced and developed intelligent

operations tend to be marshalling andplanning (NTJ organizing), or

inventing and configuring (NTPengineering).

proud of themselves to the degree theyare competent in action,

respect themselves to the degree theyare autonomous,

feel confident of themselves to thedegree they are strong willed.

"Knowledge Seeking Personality" trusting in reason and hungering for achievement.

pragmatic about the present, skeptical about the future, solipsistic about the past,


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http://keirsey.com/personality/ntij.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/ntep.htmlhttp://keirsey.com/personality/ntip.html


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NF Idealist

ABSTRACT in communicating

COOPERATIVE in implementing goals,

skilled in DIPLOMATIC INTEGRATION.

most practiced and developed intelligentoperations are usually teaching andcounseling (NFJ mentoring), or

conferring and tutoring (NFP advocating) an instinct for interpersonal integration,

learn ethics with ever increasing zeal,

sometimes become diplomatic leaders,

speak interpretively and metaphorically ofthe abstract world of their imagination.

proud of themselves to the degree they areempathic in action,

respect themselves to the degree they arebenevolent,

feel confident of themselves to the degreethey are authentic.

search for their unique identity,

hunger for deep and meaningful relationships,

wish for a little romance each day,

trust their intuiti ve feelings implicitly,

aspire for profundity.

" Identity Seeking Personality"

credulous about the future,

mystical about the past, preferred time and place are the future and the

pathway.

Educationally they go for the humanities,

avocationally forethics,

vocationally for personnel work.

family interactions strive for mutuality,

provide spiritual intimacy for the mates,

opportunity for fantasy for their children, continuous self-renewal.

Idealists do not abound,being as few as8% and nor more than 10% of thepopulation.


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IV. Debunking Myths About Type1. Psychological types are not astrological signs - people should

not be pigeon-holed by type

2. Most people have aspects of both their dominant function aswell as their subordinate function, i.e., no one is incapable ofthinking or feeling. Type simply indicates which function one

naturally prefers.

3. Many people function admirably using preferences that arenot natural to them particularly in work and social situations.

4. Differing types are not wrong, they are simply different. Peoplearen't necessarily just being pigheaded when they don't seethings the way it's obvious to you they actually are.


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Debunking Myths About Type5. While it might seem ideal to have an organization composed

of people of like-minded temperaments, in fact, suchorganizations tend to be imbalanced. Opposites may notalways attract but they are useful to holistic operation oforganizations.

6. Close scores do not necessarily indicate the degree to whicha preference is present; rather it indicates the degree to whicha person is certain about that preference in themselves.

7. Not only is everyone not the same in terms of types, thedistribution of types in the population are also not uniform.Hence, some disciplines and vocations will draw higherpercentages of given temperaments than others making them

distinguishable by a given way of approaching the world andfunctioning.


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V. Dimensions of Type

Your Type is

ENFP

Extroverted Intuitive Feeling Perceiving

Strength of the preferences %

11 100 67 89E N F P


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Extraversion (E) - Introversion (I)

1. Where do you

draw your energy?

How do you prefer

to interact with theworld?

Extraverts Introverts

Active Reflective

Outward Inward

Many Few

Expressive Quiet


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A. Extroversion (E) -

Overal l st imulat ion of th ink ingis tow ard the outer wor ld people and th ings- Knows a lot of people,

considers many of themfriends

- Talks first, thinks later, oftenreasons out loud,spontaneous

- Approachable, easy to engage- Oblivious to background

noise, distractions

- Works in groups, comfortablein crowds

- Prefers talking to l istening

- Requires affirmation fromothers about most things


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Extraversion(E) v. Introversion(I)

"If you dont know what an extravert is thinking, you havent

been listening.

But, if you dont know what an introvert is thinking, you

havent asked!"
http://www.huntington.edu/gscm/Gallery/listening%20intently.JPG


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C. Implications for Philosophy and

Law- ability to reflect, work in inner world of thoughts is critical

to philosophy and law (I)

- listening skills crucial for purposes of testimony, cross-

examination (I)

- ability to speak, argue with interruptions, makespontaneous objections work in groups, crowds, critical to

courtroom practice (E)

- Labor law draws Extraverts, real property and tax lawdraws Introverts


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Law US Population -

Extraversion 75%

Introversion 25%

US Lawyers -

- Extraversion 43%

- Introversion 57%


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Sensing (S) -----[]----- iNtuition (N)

2. How do you gather

data? Which means

do you prefer to

perceive the world?

Sensing Intui t ionDetails Patterns

Present,

Past

Future

Practical Imaginative

Sequential Random,

Variety


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A. Sensing (S) -

Gives attention to what is beingperceived by way of the fivesenses - sight , sound, feel, taste,smell

- Prefer specific answers tospecific questions

- Concentrate on immediate, nowonder about what's next

- Prefer tasks with immediate,tangible results

- Preference for status quo, past- "If it ain't broken, don't fix it"

- Needs to work through facts,figures, ideas sequentially

- Fantasy is a dirty word

- Frustrated without clearlydelineated plans - hates"Here's the overall picture.."

- Very literal in use of words

- "Can't see the forest for the

(individual) trees."

- "Seeing is believing." " I'm

from Missouri - show me."


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B. iNtuition (N) -

- Seek connections,interrelatedness behind mostthings

- Focus on meaning, patterns- Prefer general answers, irri tated

when pushed for specifics

- Focus on " big picture"

Gives attent ion to w hat is beingperceived by the imaginat ion -f inds p atterns andrelat ionships- Thinks about several things at

once

- Find the future and itspossibili ties more intriguingthan frightening

- Accused of being "absent-minded," believes that"boring details" is redundant

- Time is relative; punctuality is

an option- Desire to figure out how

things work


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Sensate v. iNtuitive

"Sensing types help

intuit ives keep their

head out of the

clouds,while intuitives help

sensing types keep

their head out of a

rut."


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Law -- Philosophy as a discipline deals with abstract

thought, by definition a preference for iNtuitive

process


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- Law requires both the abilityto theorize (N) but also theability to appreciate detail of

fact and legal materials (S)- iNtuitives tend to see theprinciples behind the law,Sensates focus on the facts ofthe cases and the literalwording of statutes, cases

- iNtuitives are more likely tomake arguments based inpublic policy (the law'spurpose isthus, in this casewe should)

- Sensates are more likely toargue against any expansionof law based in policy (thelegislature has not providedthat remedy

and it is not the duty of thecourt to create one by itsdecisions)

Sensate lawyers prefer realestate, tax and generalpractice;

iNtuitive lawyers chosecriminal, litigation, appellateand labor law


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Sensate v. iNtuitive

US Population

Sensing 70%

iNtuition 30%

US Lawyers

iNtuition 57%

Sensing 43%


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Thinking (T) -----[]------ Feeling (F)

3. How do you

evaluate data once

it's gathered?

Thinking Feel ingPrinciples Values

Objective Subjective

Impersonal Personal

Analyze Empathize


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A. Thinkers (T)React to new inform ation

throug h logical analys is :- Able to stay cool, calm, objective

in situations where everyone elseis upset

- Prefers settling disputes onwhat is fair, truthful, not whatmakes people happy

- Enjoy proving a point for itsclarity, not above arguing bothsides of an issue to expandintellectual horizons

- More firm-minded than gentle-hearted

- Pride yourself on objectivity

- No problem with difficult decisions- More important to be right thanto be liked

- Impressed with logic, scientif icevidence

- Remembers numbers andfigures more readily than facesand names
http://gpclan.girlpower.dhs.org/graphics/stuff/emperor-rumsfield.jpg


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B. Feelers (F)

React to new information throughpersonal values

- "Good decisions" take intoconsideration other's feelings

- Tendency to overextend self to

meet others' needs

- Able to walk in the others' shoes- "How will this affect thepeople involved?

- Enjoy providing services toothers, resent being taken

advantage of- Prefers harmony over clarity

- Sometimes accused of takingthings too personally

- Willing to retract statements if it

has harmed others, thus- Sometimes seen as "wishy-

washy"
http://www.foresters.biz/benefits/images/helping.jpg


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Thinkers v. Feelers

Thinking types need to remember that feelings are also

facts that they need to

consider,

while feeling types need to remember that thinking types

have feelings too!"


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Law -- Philosophyis

predominately the realm ofThinkers who constructsystems of thought basedin logic;

- Ethics, particularly appliedethics, tends to be heavilypopulated by Feelerslooking for effects onhuman beings, societies

- Thinkers argue based inprinciples; Feelers arguebased in policy


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- "The Adversarial System" favors Thinkers who relishstrong arguments which manyFeelers find uncomfortable,

wearing- Thinkers seek the intellectual

challenge in law practice;Feelers seek to help peoplethrough the practice of law

- Thinkerspresume their logicapplies to everyone; Feelersrecognize personalized ways ofdecision making

- Feelers tend to take criticismpersonally, see Thinkers as

insensitive;- Thinkers take criticism as

opportunity to improve, seeFeelers as poor reasoners


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Thinking (T) v. Feeling (F)

US Men Thinking 60% Feeling 40%

US Women Thinking 35% Feeling 65%

Male Lawyers Thinking 81% Feeling 19%

Female Lawyers

Thinking 66% Feeling 34%

All Lawyers Thinking 78% Feeling 22%


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Judging (J)---[]---Perceiving (P)

4. How do you deal

with the outside

world?

What is yourpreference for

decision making,

managing life?

Judging Perceiv ingOrganized Flexible

Decisive Curious

Plan Wait

(Procrastinate?)

Deadline Discovery


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A. Judging (J)Prefer to live a planned,

orderly life.

- Experience yourself as

always waiting on otherswho are never on time

- There's a place foreverything and everythingmust be in its place

- If everyone did what theywere supposed to do, theworld would be a betterplace

- Know what your day isgoing to include when youwake up - it's on thecalendar you mademonths ago


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Judging- Hate surprises

- Keep lists and use

them- Thrive on order -

alphabetized cabinets

- Prefer to work thingsto completion and get

them out of the way

- Makes expeditious

and final decisions,loathe to revisit them

- Need for Control
http://www.nobts.edu/cntts/images/chun%20at%20filing%20cabinet.jpg


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B. Perceiving (P)

Prefer to l ive a f lexible,adaptive l i fe.- Easily distracted, get lost

between front door and the car

- Love to explore the unknown,

take different routes home- Don't plan tasks, wait to see

what develops

- Last minute spurts of energy tomeet others' deadlines

- A neat desk is the sign of asick mind

- Tendency to change subjectsabruptly in conversations


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Perceiving

"Judging types can helpperceiving types meetdeadlines,

while perceiving types canhelp keep judging typesopen to new information.

- Hate to be pinneddown on most things,avoids commitmentsinvolving calendars

- Prone to see ongoingdiscovery preferable tomaking too hasty adecision, willing torevisit decisions made

- Need for freedom,keeping options open
http://www.depts.ttu.edu/hillcountry/research/images/library.jpg


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C. Implications for

Philosophy and Law -- Both types found in

Philosophy, Law

- Deadlines in filing, notices, courtappearances can be difficult forPerceiver lawyers often seen asdisorganized by Judging peers

- Need for finality in decisions bycourts favors Judgingpreference judges

- Perceivers more inclined

to make policy arguments,

what law could/should be,

how it should apply, loose

construction

- Judgers more inclined to

argue letter of law,

adherence to precedents,

framer's intent, strictconstruction


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Judging (J) v. Perceiving (P)

US Population

Judging 55%

Perceiving 45%

US lawyers

Judging 63%

Perceiving 37%


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Philosophers INTJ

The appeal to the

principle of moral

feeling is superficial,

since men who cannotthink believe they will

be helped out by

feeling, even when the

question is one ofuniversal laws.

Immanuel Kant,

Metaphysics of Morals


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Philosophers - INTP

"Next to selfishness,the principle causewhich makes lifeunsatisfactory iswant of mentalcultivation.

John Stuart Mill, Util i tarianism

A cultivated mind--I do not meanthat of a philosopher, but anymind to which the fountains ofknowledge have been opened,and which has been taught, inany tolerable degree, toexercise its faculties--finds

sources of inexhaustible interestin all that surround it: in theobjects of nature, theachievements of art, theimaginations of poetry , theincidents of history, the ways ofmankind, past, present, and

their prospects in the future. . .The present wretched educationand wretched socialarrangements are the only realhindrance to its being attainableby almost all"
http://www.utilitarianism.com/jsmillpic.htm


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Attorneys TypesSENSATE INTUITIVE

Thinkers Feelers Thinkers Feelers

ISTJ

17.8%

ISFJ

4.2%

INFJ

2.7%

INTJ

13.1%

Judgers

ISTP

3.9%

ISFP

1.4%

INFP

3.9%

INTP

9.4%

Perceiv

ers

ESTP3.3%

ESFP.5%

ENFP5.2%

ENTP9.7%

Judgers

ESTJ

10.3%

ESFJ

2.7%

ENFJ

2.9%

ENTJ

9.0%

Perceiv

ers


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Attorney Composite - INTJ

More introverted than

US public

More iNtuitive than US

publicMore Thinking oriented

than US public

(including women)

More Judging than US

public


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Type Resisters

Some people, for a variety of reasons, are very resistant tothe idea of Type and to psychology in general.

Introverts, in their need for privacy, are often reluctant to

reveal themselves. They may object to Typewatching,even if they believe in its virtues, simply out of fear ofbeing" exposed." As a result, they may become closetTypewatchers-doing it, but not sharing it.

Sensors, in their quest for immediacy, can resist Type-

watching because it is theoretical and abstract. Withoutbeing able to see its positive and immediate applicability,they will quickly become bored with it.


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Type Resisters

Thinkers, in particular, are leery of the "soft" science ofpsychology. Unless you can objectively prove Type'svalidity and reliability, it may be brushed aside as beingtoo "touchy-feely."

Feelers, on the other hand, can be initially resistantbecause "It puts people in boxes and takes away theirindividuality." In general, Feelers prefer not to engage inactivities that have any chance of hurting others' feelings.

Perceivers, who prefer to find alternatives to everything,

may be resistant if they find sixteen different personalitytypes to be too limiting. They may ask, "Why only sixteentypes?"


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Sources:

Lawrence Richard, "The Lawyer Personality," Altman Weil, Inc.ArticlesArchive, [online database cited January 12, 2003] availablefrom

http://www.altmanweil.com/about/articles/archive/article.cfm?ArticleID=56

Vernellia Randall, "Learning Styles and Law Students,"University ofDayton School of Law [online database cited January 12, 2003]available from

http://academic.udayton.edu/aep/online/study/mbti01.htm

Otto Kroeger, Janet Theusen, Type Talk, The 16 Personality Types ThatDetermine How We Live, Love and Work, (NY: Dell Publishing, 1988)

Kiersey.com
http://www.altmanweil.com/about/articles/archive/article.cfm?ArticleID=56http://www.altmanweil.com/about/articles/archive/article.cfm?ArticleID=56http://academic.udayton.edu/aep/online/study/mbti01.htmhttp://academic.udayton.edu/aep/online/study/mbti01.htmhttp://academic.udayton.edu/aep/online/study/mbti01.htmhttp://www.altmanweil.com/about/articles/archive/article.cfm?ArticleID=56http://www.altmanweil.com/about/articles/archive/article.cfm?ArticleID=56

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Psychological Types.pdf