Psychology Ch. 1 From Myers, Psychology 8e From Myers, Psychology 8e

PsychologyPsychologyCh. 1Ch. 1

PsychologyPsychologyCh. 1Ch. 1

From Myers,From Myers,

Psychology 8ePsychology 8eFrom Myers,From Myers,

Psychology 8ePsychology 8e

Chapter 1:Thinking Chapter 1:Thinking Critically With Critically With

Psychological SciencePsychological Science

Chapter 1:Thinking Chapter 1:Thinking Critically With Critically With

Psychological SciencePsychological Science

Science of Psychology

Describing our world

Correlation

Experiment

Statistical Reasoning

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Science of Psychology

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Describing our world

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500

Correlation

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500

Experiment

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Statistical Reasoning

1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s 1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to:tendency to:1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s 1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to:tendency to:

• A) dismiss the value of replication

• B) reject any ideas that can’t be scientifically tested.

• C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

• D) assume that correlation proves causation.

• E) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

• A) dismiss the value of replication

• B) reject any ideas that can’t be scientifically tested.

• C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.

• D) assume that correlation proves causation.

• E) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

2. Two fundamental characteristics 2. Two fundamental characteristics of the scientific attitude are:of the scientific attitude are:2. Two fundamental characteristics 2. Two fundamental characteristics of the scientific attitude are:of the scientific attitude are:

• A) pride and enthusiasm.

• B) ingenuity and practicality.

• C) creativity and patience.

• D) skepticism and humility.





3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):• A) observable relationship between

independent and dependent variables.• B) testable prediction that gives

direction to research.• C) set of principles that organizes and

explains newly discovered facts.• D) unprovable assumptions about

unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.

• A) observable relationship between independent and dependent variables.

• B) testable prediction that gives direction to research.

• C) set of principles that organizes and explains newly discovered facts.

• D) unprovable assumptions about unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.

4. As scientists, psychologists adopt an 4. As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they attitude of skepticism because they believe that:believe that:


• A) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.

• B) most common sense beliefs about human behavior are wrong.

• C) claims about human behavior need to be supported by evidence.

• D) events never occur randomly.

• E) people are usually liars.




• D) events never occur randomly.

• E) people are usually liars.

5. Professor Saxton was very skeptical about 5. Professor Saxton was very skeptical about the findings of a recently reported experiment the findings of a recently reported experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation. Which on the effects of sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the process would best enable her to assess the reliability of her findings?reliability of her findings?


• A) naturalistic observation

• B) replication

• C) random sampling

• D) the case study


• B) replication



6. The biggest danger of relying on case-6. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it:study evidence is that it:6. The biggest danger of relying on case-6. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it:study evidence is that it:

• A) is based on naturalistic observation.

• B) may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

• C) is unusually easy to explain in hindsight.

• D) leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.





7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that 7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he to country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates:does. Jeff best illustrates:

7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that 7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he to country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates:does. Jeff best illustrates:

• A) the false consensus effect.

• B) the hindsight bias.

• C) an illusion of control.

• D) the placebo effect.





8. Psychologists select a random 8. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order sample of research participants in order to ensure that:to ensure that:

8. Psychologists select a random 8. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order sample of research participants in order to ensure that:to ensure that:

• A) The same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.

• B) the study will not be influenced by the researcher’s personal values.

• C) there will be a large number of participants in the research study.

• D) the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.





9. Which research method would be 9. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?abortion?

9. Which research method would be 9. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?abortion?

• A) the survey.

• B) naturalistic observation.

• C) the case study.

• D) experimentation.

• A) the survey.




10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and 10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in her records the behaviors of children in her classrooms in order to track the classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual development of their social and intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:

10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and 10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in her records the behaviors of children in her classrooms in order to track the classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual development of their social and intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:

• A) survey research.

• B) experimentation.

• C) replication.

• D) naturalistic observation.



• C) replication.


11. Correlational research is most 11. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:useful for purposes of:11. Correlational research is most 11. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:useful for purposes of:

• A) explanation.

• B) prediction.

• C) control.

• D) replication.

• A) explanation.

• B) prediction.

• C) control.

• D) replication.

12. A researcher would be most likely 12. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation to discover a positive correlation between:between:


• A) financial poverty and physical health.

• B) self-esteem and depression.

• C) intelligence and academic success.

• D) school grades and school absences.





13. Illusory correlation refers to:13. Illusory correlation refers to:13. Illusory correlation refers to:13. Illusory correlation refers to:

• A) the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist.

• B) a correlation that exceeds +1.0.

• C) a cluster of points on a scatterplot that subtests a correlation between two variables.

• D) a correlation that is not statistically significant.


• B) a correlation that exceeds +1.0.

• C) a cluster of points on a scatterplot that subtests a correlation between two variables.


14. 14. If those who watch more violent TV tend to behave more aggressively, this would not necessarily indicate that watching TV violence influences aggressive behavior because:

14. 14. If those who watch more violent TV tend to behave more aggressively, this would not necessarily indicate that watching TV violence influences aggressive behavior because:• A) random sequences often don’t look random.• B) correlation does not prove causation.• C) sampling extreme cases leads to false

generalizations.• D) events often seem more probable in

hindsight.

• A) random sequences often don’t look random.• B) correlation does not prove causation.• C) sampling extreme cases leads to false

generalizations.• D) events often seem more probable in

hindsight.

15. 15. If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +.85, this would indicate:


• A) the relationship between weight and reading ability among elementary school students is not statistically significant.

• B) low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of elementary school children.

• C) better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students.

• D) body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of elementary school children.





16. The relief of pain following the 16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:illustrates:

16. The relief of pain following the 16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:illustrates:

• A) random assignment.• B) the hindsight bias.• C) the false consensus effect. • D) the placebo effect.• E) illusory correlation.

• A) random assignment.• B) the hindsight bias.• C) the false consensus effect. • D) the placebo effect.• E) illusory correlation.

17. Participants in an experiment are 17. Participants in an experiment are said to be “blind” if they are uninformed said to be “blind” if they are uninformed about:about:

17. Participants in an experiment are 17. Participants in an experiment are said to be “blind” if they are uninformed said to be “blind” if they are uninformed about:about:• A) what experimental hypothesis is

being tested.

• B) whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.

• C) how the dependent variable is measured.

• D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

• A) what experimental hypothesis is being tested.




18. Being randomly assigned to the 18. Being randomly assigned to the experimental condition in a research project experimental condition in a research project

involves being assigned:involves being assigned:

18. Being randomly assigned to the 18. Being randomly assigned to the experimental condition in a research project experimental condition in a research project

involves being assigned:involves being assigned:

• A) to that condition by chance.• B) to the condition in which participants are

representative of people in general.• C) in a fashion that ensures that the

independent variable will have a strong effect on the dependent variable.

• D) to the condition in which participants are all very similar in personality characteristics.





19. In a psychological experiment, the 19. In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ___ variable.by the investigator is called the ___ variable.

19. In a psychological experiment, the 19. In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ___ variable.by the investigator is called the ___ variable.

• A) dependent

• B) independent

• C) control

• D) experimental

• A) dependent

• B) independent

• C) control

• D) experimental

20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.

• A) independent variable; dependent variable

• B) correlation; experimentation

• C) control condition; experimental condition

• D) prediction; explanation

• E) observation; replication






21. Which measure of central tendency is 21. Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate your grade-point average?used to calculate your grade-point average?21. Which measure of central tendency is 21. Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate your grade-point average?used to calculate your grade-point average?

• A) standard deviation

• B) median

• C) mean

• D) mode


• B) median

• C) mean

• D) mode

22. Which of the following is a measure 22. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of the degree of variation among a set of events?of events?

22. Which of the following is a measure 22. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of the degree of variation among a set of events?of events?• A) mean

• B) scatterplot

• C) standard deviation

• D) normal distribution

• E) correlation coefficient

• A) mean

• B) scatterplot




23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.

• A) frequency distribution; bar graph

• B) mean; mode

• C) scatterplot; correlation

• D) central tendency; variation


• B) mean; mode



24: Animal protection organizations are more 24: Animal protection organizations are more likely to support the use of animals in research likely to support the use of animals in research involving ____ than in research involving ___.involving ____ than in research involving ___.

24: Animal protection organizations are more 24: Animal protection organizations are more likely to support the use of animals in research likely to support the use of animals in research involving ____ than in research involving ___.involving ____ than in research involving ___.

• A) experimentation; replication

• B) naturalistic observation; experimentation

• C) case studies; naturalistic observation

• D) random assignment; case studies





25. In order to decide whether observed 25. In order to decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, it is differences between populations, it is necessary to determine the ___ of the necessary to determine the ___ of the observed differences.observed differences.

25. In order to decide whether observed 25. In order to decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, it is differences between populations, it is necessary to determine the ___ of the necessary to determine the ___ of the observed differences.observed differences.• A) mean

• B) median


• D) statistical significance

• A) mean

• B) median



Stop here, or continue as a review

1. The hindsight bias refers to 1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to:people’s tendency to:1. The hindsight bias refers to 1. The hindsight bias refers to people’s tendency to:people’s tendency to:• A) dismiss the value of replication• B) reject any ideas that can’t be

scientifically tested.• C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen

the outcome of past events.• D) assume that correlation proves

causation.• E) overestimate the extent to which others

share their opinions.

• A) dismiss the value of replication• B) reject any ideas that can’t be

scientifically tested.• C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen

the outcome of past events.• D) assume that correlation proves

causation.• E) overestimate the extent to which others

share their opinions.

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2. Two fundamental characteristics of 2. Two fundamental characteristics of the scientific attitude are:the scientific attitude are:2. Two fundamental characteristics of 2. Two fundamental characteristics of the scientific attitude are:the scientific attitude are:









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3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):3. A hypothesis is a(n):









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4. As scientists, psychologists adopt an 4. As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they attitude of skepticism because they believe that:believe that:• A) people are unlikely to reveal what they

are really thinking.• B) most common sense beliefs about

human behavior are wrong.• C) claims about human behavior need to

be supported by evidence.• D) events never occur randomly.• E) people are usually liars.




• D) events never occur randomly.• E) people are usually liars.

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• B) replication




• B) replication



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6. The biggest danger of relying on 6. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it:case-study evidence is that it:6. The biggest danger of relying on 6. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it:case-study evidence is that it:









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7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that 7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates:Jeff best illustrates:

7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that 7. Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates:Jeff best illustrates:









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8. Psychologists select a random sample 8. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure of research participants in order to ensure that:that:

8. Psychologists select a random sample 8. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure of research participants in order to ensure that:that:• A) The same number of participants will be

assigned to each of the experimental conditions.








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9. Which research method would be most 9. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?and their attitudes toward abortion?

9. Which research method would be most 9. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?and their attitudes toward abortion?

• A) the survey.




• A) the survey.




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10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and 10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in her records the behaviors of children in her classrooms in order to track the classrooms in order to track the development of their social and development of their social and intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:clearly engaged in:

10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and 10. Dr. Johns carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children in her records the behaviors of children in her classrooms in order to track the classrooms in order to track the development of their social and development of their social and intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most intellectual skills. Dr. Johns is most clearly engaged in:clearly engaged in:



• C) replication.




• C) replication.

• D) naturalistic observation.29

11. 11. Correlational research is Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:most useful for purposes of:11. 11. Correlational research is Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:most useful for purposes of:

• A) explanation.

• B) prediction.

• C) control.

• D) replication.

• A) explanation.

• B) prediction.

• C) control.

• D) replication.

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13. 13. Illusory correlation refers to:Illusory correlation refers to:13. 13. Illusory correlation refers to:Illusory correlation refers to:


• B) a correlation that exceeds +1.0.• C) a cluster of points on a scatterplot that

subtests a correlation between two variables.



• B) a correlation that exceeds +1.0.• C) a cluster of points on a scatterplot that

subtests a correlation between two variables.


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• A) random sequences often don’t look random.

• B) correlation does not prove causation.

• C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.

• D) events often seem more probable in hindsight.

• A) random sequences often don’t look random.

• B) correlation does not prove causation.

• C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.

• D) events often seem more probable in hindsight. 34










• D) body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of elementary school children. 33

16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of 16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:medicinal benefits illustrates:

16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of 16. The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:medicinal benefits illustrates:

• A) random assignment.


• C) the false consensus effect.


• E) illusory correlation.

• A) random assignment.


• C) the false consensus effect.


• E) illusory correlation.

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17. Participants in an experiment 17. Participants in an experiment are said to be “blind” if they are are said to be “blind” if they are uninformed about:uninformed about:

17. Participants in an experiment 17. Participants in an experiment are said to be “blind” if they are are said to be “blind” if they are uninformed about:uninformed about:• A) what experimental hypothesis is being

tested.




• A) what experimental hypothesis is being tested.




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18. Being randomly assigned to the 18. Being randomly assigned to the experimental condition in a research experimental condition in a research

project involves being assigned:project involves being assigned:

18. Being randomly assigned to the 18. Being randomly assigned to the experimental condition in a research experimental condition in a research

project involves being assigned:project involves being assigned: • A) to that condition by chance.• B) to the condition in which participants are








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19. In a psychological experiment, the 19. In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called manipulated by the investigator is called the ___ variable.the ___ variable.

19. In a psychological experiment, the 19. In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called manipulated by the investigator is called the ___ variable.the ___ variable.

• A) dependent

• B) independent

• C) control

• D) experimental

• A) dependent

• B) independent

• C) control

• D) experimental

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20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to 20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.___.20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to 20. Cause is to effect as ___ is to ___.___.











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21. Which measure of central tendency 21. Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate your grade-point is used to calculate your grade-point average?average?

21. Which measure of central tendency 21. Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate your grade-point is used to calculate your grade-point average?average?


• B) median

• C) mean

• D) mode


• B) median

• C) mean

• D) mode

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22. Which of the following is a 22. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?among a set of events?

22. Which of the following is a 22. Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?among a set of events?

• A) mean

• B) scatterplot




• A) mean

• B) scatterplot




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23. Median is to range as ___ is to 23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.___.23. Median is to range as ___ is to 23. Median is to range as ___ is to ___.___.


• B) mean; mode




• B) mean; mode



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24. Animal protection organizations are 24. Animal protection organizations are more likely to support the use of more likely to support the use of animals in research involving ____ than animals in research involving ____ than in research involving ___.in research involving ___.

24. Animal protection organizations are 24. Animal protection organizations are more likely to support the use of more likely to support the use of animals in research involving ____ than animals in research involving ____ than in research involving ___.in research involving ___.









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• A) mean

• B) median



• A) mean

• B) median



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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Step Up Created by:– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition by

• David Myers• Published by• Worth Publishers, 2006

• Step Up Created by:– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition by

• David Myers• Published by• Worth Publishers, 2006

AnswersAnswersAnswersAnswers

1. C

2. D

3. B

4. C

5. B

6. B

7. A

8. D

9. A

10. D

11. B

12. C

13. A

14. B

15. C

16. D

17. D

18. A

19. B

20. A

21. C

22. C

23. D

24. B

25. D

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Psychology Ch. 1 From Myers, Psychology 8e From Myers, Psychology 8e