Psychology Chapter 10 – IntelligenceMidterm, Saturday March 7th.Scan 348 - 362Lecture Notes

How do we solve problems?What is intelligence?How do you measure intelligence?

Sternberg & Davidson (1982)Correct Solutions to “Insight” problems:

1. Selective Encoding2. Selective Combination3. Selective Comparison

Intelligence A host of abilities (memory, creativity, etc…) What a test measures. Tests can be misleading.

Several studies indicate that people in remove villages cannot solve syllogisms. Suggests that preliterate people do not or can’t use logical analysis.

Scribner (1977) All Kpelle men are rice farmers, Mr. Smith is not a rice farmer. Is he a Kpelle man?

Ecological Approach

Psychometric ApproachGalton

Relatives of Intelligent people (Is it Genetic?) He found that it seems to be the case Starts a research program to identify those with low ability. Measures simple motor and sensory abilities. Believes that intelligence was unitary (Mental Quickness)

Correlation Coefficient

Binet Received request from French government to figure a way to measure intelligence. Believed that intelligence was “a collection of higher-order abilities” No Correlation

Ability results from learning (Sharp contrast from Galton) and believes you can become more intelligent through learning.

Develop a test in early 1900’s tapping a number of abilities (Memory, math, etc…) Uses correlate scores with teacher ratings.

o Criterion Validity, validating the scale by mapping it to what the teacher thought.

1905 – 1908 Tests revised and concept of mental age introduced. Standardize test. Get someone’s

mental age by taking the actual test. If a child performs at the average age of a 10 year old your MA = 5.

Terman and Stern Concept of I.Q, took Binet scales and adapting them for use in the USA while at

Stanford-Binet test. Not appropriate for adults, 13-14 +

I.Q = MA / CA x 100

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS – IV

o 10 subscales with both verbal and performance measures.o What is the capital of France?o Picture arrangement test.

The idea of assigning an I.Q score based on mental age breaks down with adults. Example: A 20 year old who scores at the 60 year old level.

I.Q = 60 / 20 x 100 = 300 WRONG

Creates another way to calculate I.Q, his solution involved looking at distribution of scores.

Deviation IQMean = 100 s = 15

Concerns1. How reliable are these tests? There must be a certain consistency present.

o Test – Retest reliability is about 0.80 to 0.95 for Stanford – Binet & WAIS –IV

2. Validity, does test measure what it is supposed to? Correlation between intelligence and achievement is 0.3 to 0.7

BIAS

“Culture-Fair” or do the answers require specific knowledge available only to certain (sub) cultures?

More “Academic” question.

Dove (1968) Chittling TestCulture Fair tests are needed, something that is fair and doesn’t require specific knowledge.