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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Section One Page 1831. Consciousness2. REM sleep3. Circadian rhythm4. Insomnia5. Sleep apnea6. Narcolepsy7. Nightmares8. Night terrors9. Sleepwalking
Objectives• Describe the research
related to sleep and dreams
• List and discuss sleep disorders
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Meanings of Consciousness (Three views)
…as a Sensory Awareness
• sensory awareness of our environment
…as a Direct Inner Awareness
• mental pictures and “feelings” (like love, anger, etc.)
…as a Sense of Self
• different viewpoints for different people
Page 184
Levels of (Waking)
Consciousness
1. Conscious Level
• Perceptions and Thoughts
2. Preconscious Level
• Memories and Stored Knowledge
3. Unconscious (or Subconscious) Level
• Selfish needs, Immoral urges, Fears, Violent motives, Irrational wishes, Shameful experiences, unacceptable desires
4. Nonconscious Level
• Biological functions (heart rate, growth, breathing)
Why do we sleep?
• Theories:– Brain recovers from stress and exhaustion– Primitive hibernation-sleep to conserve energy– Sleep to conserve energy– Adaptive process (sleep to protect us from the
dangers of the nighttime)– Clear our minds of useless information– Sleep to dream
Levels of (Altered)
Consciousness1. Sleep and Dreams
2. Meditation
3. Biofeedback
4. Hypnosis
5. Drugs
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
Sleeping and Dreaming
Measuring sleep activity
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• There are 4 stages of quiet sleep and 1 stage of active sleep
• Approx. 75% of sleep time is spent in stages 1 thru 4
• Approximately 25% of sleep time is spent dreaming
• Electroencephalograph (EEG) and other devices are used to measure sleep activity
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Stage 1• Pulse slows• Breathing uneven• Muscles relax• Twitching• Eyes roll / visual images• Sensation of “drifting”• Lasts about 10 minutes
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Stage 2:• Slower brain waves• Eyes move slowly from side-to-side• Lasts about 30 minutes
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Stage 3:Stage 3:• Deeper sleep• Large delta brain waves every few seconds• Varies in length
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Stage 4: • State of oblivion• Delta brain waves 50% of the time• Varies in length• Sleepwalking• Bed wetting• Talking out loud
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
REM Sleep(Rapid Eye Movement): (dreaming) cycles in and out after stage 4
• Irregular breathing/pulse• Adrenal and sex hormones increase• “Awake” brain wavesoccur every 90 for 10
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
• Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 90 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2
• REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness– muscles most relaxed– rapid eye movements occur– dreams occur
• Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep - less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM
Sleeping and Dreaming
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM SLEEP
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
• Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, Nightmares/Night Terrors, Sleep Walking, and Sleep Apnea
• People need less sleep as they get older• Babies need 16-18 hours of sleep daily• Teens 10-11 hours, adults 8 hours,• Seniors citizens need 5-6
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune
system greater vulnerability to
accidents
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
Sleeping and Dreaming• Dreams get longer throughout the night with the last one the most likely to be remembered• Dreams have a purpose according to many psychologists but they disagree on what it is• Sigmund Freud: First to thoroughly study dreams believing they fulfilled hidden wishes• Manifest Content of dreams comes from the re-living of the day’s events in your dreams• Latent Content of dreams comes from repressed unconscious desires, often of a sexual nature
Altered States of Consciousness (7.1)
PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Section 7.2Hypnosis …Hallucinations …Meditation
Section Two Pg 191
• Hypnosis• Posthypnotic suggestion• Biofeedback• Meditation
Objectives• Determine how hypnosis
relates to consciousness.• Describe research into
such techniques as biofeedback and meditation.
• Hypnosis: Characterized by a narrow focus of attention and heightened suggestibility
• Hypnotic trance is not sleep, but rather a loss of interest in external distractions
• Subject must be willing to cooperate, and will only do things they normally would do
• Dissociation Theory Vs. Hidden Observer Theory
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis
• State of subconscious control through focusing
• Certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or memories are separated “out” by your mind
• Can also be reached thru traumatic accidents/events
• Examples:
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
• Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
Hidden Observer Theory of Hypnosis
• When under hypnotic control, awareness of the world around you isn’t “off” – just merely separate
• Person may be “aware” of actions but not have any idea why the action is taking place or how
• How those actions take place is through the “hidden observer”, who is like an autopilot for your mind
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI47UVChncw
• Posthypnotic Suggestion: Hypnotist gets subjects to do things after trance has ended … normally for treatment of a psychological condition
• Smoking cessation, anxiety relief, weight loss etc.
Non-hypnotized persons can also do this
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
:Perceptions that have no direct external cause and are not input from the senses
• Causes include hypnosis, meditation, some drugs, addiction withdrawal, psychosis
• Detect increase Dopamine levels in the brain
• Hallucinations are very similar from one person to the next due to brain’s reaction
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
• Sensory Deprivation: Severely limiting sensory inputs to a person’s brain
• People quickly become irritable, restless, upset and some begin to hallucinate
• Biofeedback: Learning to voluntarily control autonomic nervous system processes with the help of feedback
• Scientists used to believe heart rate, blood pressure, sweating etc. were involuntary
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
• Meditation: Focusing attention with the goal of clearing the mind to gain “inner peace” (self-hypnosis)
• Mantra: Special word that is repeated over and over causing deep relaxation response
• The Four Elements of Meditation; Quiet, Comfortable, a “Mental Device” (Mantra), & Passive Attitude
Altered States of Consciousness (7.2)
CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Altered States of Consciousness
Section 7.3Psychoactive Drugs
Section 3
• Psychoactive drugs• Marijuana• Hallucinations• Hallucinogens• LSD
Objectives• Describe the effects
drugs have on consciousness
• Define drug abuse
• Psychoactive Drugs: Interact with the Central Nervous System to alter mood, perception, and behavior
• Ranges from caffeine to marijuana, alcohol, amphetamines, LSD, Cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Depressants: Induce sleep, relaxation, impaired judgment/coordination, anxiety relief
• Types include Barbiturates, Quaaludes, Valium/Librium, Alcohol
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Opiates: Induce sedation, pain relief, apathy, impaired intellect/coordination, nausea
• Types include narcotics such as opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Stimulants: Induce alertness, elevated mood, wakefulness, appetite loss, high heart rate
• Types include amphetamines, Dexedrine, Ritalin, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Psychedelics: Induce distorted thoughts and perceptions, hallucinations anxiety, mood swings, violent behavior
• Types include LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Psilocybin, Marijuana, Hashish
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Antidepressants: Induce relief of depression, mood elevation, stimulation
• Types include Lithium, Dibenzapines, MAO inhibitors
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Inhalants: Cause Euphoria, Shortness of Breath, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness, fainting
•Types include: Hydrocarbons, nitrous oxide, chlorohydrocarbons
• All Psychoactive Drugs have Long-Term negative effects Ex: addiction, withdrawal, paranoia, brain damage, DEATH!
• The Short Term effects of psychoactive drugs last from 1-12 hours depending on the drug used
•Alcohol: Most used/abused mind altering substance in U.S.
Trends in Drug Use
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Tolerance diminishing effect
with regular use
Withdrawal discomfort and
distress that follow discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Drug Tolerance Potential Addiction Potential(Leads to higher dosage) Psychological Physical
Depressants Yes High Yes
Opiates Yes High Yes
Stimulants Yes High Yes
Psychedelics Yes Low No
Antidepressants No Low No
Inhalants “Unknown” Moderate “Unknown”
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced (LSD) hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
Psychoactive Drugs 7.3
• Treatment for drug abuse– The drug abuser must admit that he or she has a
problem.– The drug abuser must enter a treatment program
an/or get therapy.– The drug abuser must remain drug free.