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Psychology is…

The scientific study of ________ and mental processes

Psych = _______

Why should we study psychology?

• Practical information: we can use it in

________________________________ such as training animals, improving memory, changing bad habits, etc.

• Insight - it helps us ______________ more about the behaviors and thoughts of others

• For instance, what MIGHT have happened to this boy…

To Cause

Question to think about: Why could it be said that psychology has a long past, but its real history is relatively short?

Birth of Psychology as a Science

Wilhelm Wundt, a German

professor mounted a campaign to make psychology an independent discipline.

* He set up the 1st formal psychology lab _______ at the University of Leipzig.

* Hence, we have the birth of psych!

1832-1920

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Psychology, I am your father.

Founder of the School of STRUCTURALISM.Technically, Wundt never used the word

Structuralism to describe his school of thought, his student, ____________________ did, so some (including Myers) label Titchener as the founder.

Wundt was interested in how a sensation

became a __________________________.

Believed in INTROSPECTION.

Edward Titchener• Popularized Wundt’s ideas

in America under the name

of Structuralism. *Emphasized the analysis of immediate ______________ into basic elements.

THOUGHT

EXPERIENCE

EMOTION

STRUCTURALISM

Introspection –

Ex: break down the different components of taste when

Eating a Chipotle burrito.

Structuralism declared that psychology should be a science.

Wundt used __________________________________. Next up, FUNTIONALISM

• Founder, William James – 1st American psychologist

& author of ___________________________________

• Criticized Wundt’s ideas for being too narrow

• Influenced by _____________ ideas; functionalists were interested in understanding how consciousness (thoughts & feelings) functioned to help people ___________ to their environment.

– How does the mind work?

– How does it function?

Concerned with purposes of behavior rather than structure of the mind & thought.

Paved way for _____________.

Video clip Structuralism vs. FunctionalismStructuralists sought to identify what the mind and consciousness ________Functionalists sought to identify how the mind and consciousness _________

Influenced sensation & perception.

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Structuralistswould want to examine ________ “emoji” or symbol in this picture while Gestalt would:

Psychoanalytic Approach

Founder: Sigmund Freud (Austrian physician)

Beliefs:

• Our behavior is determined by ______________

(especially our childhood & what happened during our childhood).

• We are driven by our unconscious desires (thoughts we are not fully aware of, but still ______________ our behavior).• Especially the ‘instincts’ of ______________________

• Strong sexual overtones

*Interested in latent or hidden meaning of ______

*Criticized for approach’s lack of ____________________ objectivity

Psychoanalytic Approach

*1st approach to really look at mental illness. (Props to Freud.)

___________________________ is the modern version of Freudian psychology with an emphasis on childhood influences but without all the sex.

In terms of therapy, this approach is used to help patients gain ________________ into himself.

BehaviorismFounders:

Main Beliefs:

• Psychology should study only___________________ behaviors (not our thoughts).

• Believes that behavior results from stimulus-response relationships.

* People are ________________ by theirenvironment. They ________ behaviors that result in positive rewards & stop engagingin behavior that have negative consequences.

HumanismFounders: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

Basic Beliefs:

Emerged in 1950s as humanists found behaviorism & psychoanalytic schools too limiting – peaked in the 60s & 70s

• Views our nature as ________________ & ___________________. – we have to strive to be our best.

• Emphasized the importance of having our needs of love & acceptance satisfied.

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Humanism*Early precursor to today’s ‘positive

psychology’ movement.

*Very ___________________ approach.

Therapists use active listening and are ____________________ b/c they believe we have the ability to solve our own problems & be our best.

Biological Approach(aka - Neuroscience)

• To understand human behavior & emotion, the _________________ underpinnings must be understood.

• All of your feelings and behaviors have an organic root.

In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc…

* evolutionary approach is often considered an offshoot to the biological approach

Let us imagine for a second that your dog

died (sad but it will happen). You become

depressed. You stop eating and sleeping.

What would a psychologist from this school

say is going on and how might they help?

Cognitive ApproachStudies our consciousness (how we think).

How we THINK leads to how we ACT. Changing our _________________ can change our behavior!

How do we view or analyze the world?

The cognitive approach believes that:

Very popular today. Can be seen in social, developmental, personality, & clinical psychology.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is widely used.

Jean Piaget

Evolutionary ApproachFocuses on Darwinism. Argues that most of human behavior is the is the output of psychological adaptations that _________ to solve recurrent _________ in human ancestral environments

We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our _____________________________.-Criticized for downplaying socio-cultural factors.

Socio-Cultural Approach• Our society, ________________________, & culture

often define our behavior.

• Human behavior does not occur in a vacuum – groups, _____________, & situations all impact our behavior & thoughts.

Even in the same school, social groups act differently depending on their

group’s ‘culture,’ beliefs & values.

Eclectic Approach

• Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client.

• “Smorgasbord” of different _______________, approaches, & _____________________.