Psychology Semester 1 Final Review. Two research methods widely used by psychologists are a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure. b. surveys and experiments

Psychology Semester 1 Final Review

Two research methods widely used by psychologists are

• a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure.

• b. surveys and experiments.• c. water-float tests and lie-detector tests.• d. introspection and reinforcement.

Many scientists do not believe in extrasensory perception, or ESP, because

• a. ESP researcher Joseph Banks Rhine failed to find examples of clairvoyance.

• b. experiments in ESP often do not yield the same results twice.

• c. the Ganzfeld procedure was not tested in a laboratory.

• d. of all of the above.

The majority of psychologists are• a. clinical psychologists.• b. counseling psychologists.• c. school psychologists.• d. developmental psychologists.

Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on

• a. external rather than internal influences.

• b. behavior rather than cognitive activity.• c. heredity rather than environmental

causes for behavior.• d. all of the above.

Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by

• a. school psychologists.• b. developmental psychologists.• c. personality psychologists.• d. educational psychologists.

Modern psychology was born in the• a. 4th century B.C., with the Greek

philosophers.• b. 1800s, after the birth of modern

science.• c. 1900s, with the founding of

psychoanalysis.• d. Middle Ages, with tests to determine if

a person was possessed.

In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by

• a. heredity rather than environment.• b. environment rather than heredity.• c. unconscious motives and conflicts.• d. conscious choice and self-direction.

The school of behaviorism defined psychology as• a. the scientific study of behavior and

mental processes.• b. the biological study of the brain and its

behavior.• c. the sociological study of group behavior.• d. the scientific study of observable

behavior.

The modern biological perspective of psychology studies

• a. only the behavior of animals.• b. the effects of biological factors on our

behavior.• c. the effects of the environment on

human behavior.• d. the impact people have had on their

environment.

Human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of

• a. the school of behaviorism.• b. Freudian psychoanalysis.• c. the humanistic perspective.• d. the school of functionalism.

One method that helps researchers gather information from many people is

• a. a case study.• b. a survey.• c. a replication.• d. a correlation.

The case-study method of observation was practiced by

• a. B.F. Skinner.• b. Wilhelm Wundt.• c. Sigmund Freud.• d. John B. Watson.

The cross-sectional method charts changes over time by

• a. observing one group of participants over a certain period of time.

• b. surveying people who are the same age about their personal histories.

• c. manipulating the independent variable.• d. comparing participants from different

age groups.

"Skinner boxes" are examples of• a. naturalistic observation.• b. laboratory observation.• c. stratified samples.• d. random samples.

• In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to

• a. help minimize the effects of volunteer bias.

• b. ensure that the target population is represented.

• c. complete a stratified sample.• d. show the effect of the treatment and

no other factors.

A placebo is often as effective as taking a medication because

• a. it is given under laboratory conditions.• b. neither the researcher nor the

participant knows about it.• c. a person's expectations affect the

results of a treatment.• d. it has a negative correlation with

health.

A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers

• a. may have expectations that affect their observations.

• b. cannot control every variable outside a laboratory.

• c. may not have time for a longitudinal study.

• d. are bound by a code of ethics.

Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to

• a. encourage participants to tell the truth.

• b. make double-blind studies more effective.

• c. make single-blind studies more effective.

• d. avoid the placebo effect.

Synapses are located between• a. the forebrain and the midbrain.• b. the pituitary gland and the

hypothalamus.• c. the hemispheres of the cerebral

cortex.• d. the axons of one neuron and the

dendrites of another.

The main function of the peripheral nervous system is to

• a. relay messages between the brain's right and left hemispheres.

• b. transmit information from the central nervous system to other parts of the

• body.• c. speed up respiration and heart rate to

increase alertness.• d. produce growth hormones.

Researchers learn about the brain by studying• a. images of the brain created by

computers.• b. people with head injuries.• c. the effects of electrical stimulation on

the brain.• d. all of the above.

The basic building blocks of the nervous system are

• a. neurons.• b. medullas.• c. pons.• d. glands.

Acetylcholine and dopamine, which help control movement, are examples of

• a. axons.• b. neurotransmitters.• c. glands.• d. chromosomes.

The "fight-or-flight" response to a stressful event is activated by the

• a. thyroid gland.• b. hypothalamus.• c. sympathetic nervous system.• d. parasympathetic nervous system.

When you touch a hot object with your right hand, that information is sent to the

• a. limbic system.• b. pituitary gland.• c. right hemisphere of the brain.• d. left hemisphere of the brain.

For most people, the ability to create language originates in the

• a. hypothalamus.• b. thalamus.• c. right hemisphere.• d. left hemisphere.•

Damage to Broca's area and Wernicke's area of the brain can cause

• a. short-term memory loss.• b. loss of hearing.• c. difficulties in producing and

understanding speech.• d. all of the above.

Electroencephalograms have been used by researchers to

• a. diagnose certain kinds of psychological disorders.

• b. identify specific areas of the brain that are associated with certain

• sensations.• c. generate a three-dimensional image of the

brain.• d. do all of the above.

The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it

• a. is the largest gland.• b. secretes many hormones that affect a

wide range of behaviors.• c. controls which information travels

between the brain's hemispheres.• d. does all of the above.

Researchers have discovered that certain psychological disorders can be inherited, including

• a. alcoholism.• b. schizophrenia.• c. anxiety and depression.• d. all of the above.

Sharpness of vision is known as• a. retinal disparity.• b. retinal convergence.• c. visual continuity.• d. visual acuity.

The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the

• a. stirrup.• b. eardrum.• c. cochlea.• d. auditory nerve.

Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the

• a. inner ear.• b. middle ear.• c. cochlea.• d. auditory nerve.

Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing

• a. very quiet sounds.• b. anything but the loudest sounds.• c. sounds of certain frequencies.• d. any sounds at all.

Smell and taste are known as the• a. skin senses.• b. photoreceptor senses.• c. vestibular senses.• d. chemical senses.

The sense of taste can be disrupted by• a. loss of the sense of smell.• b. damage to the taste buds' receptor

neurons.• c. damage to hearing or sight.• d. all of the above.

Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by

• a. blocking the production of prostaglandins.

• b. numbing sensory neurons around the roots of hair cells.

• c. transmitting competing sensations to the cerebral cortex.

• d. all of the above methods.

Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because

• a. this numbs the skin's sensory neurons.• b. it causes more prostaglandins to flood

the brain.• c. the nervous system can only handle a

certain amount of information at one time.

• d. of all of the above.

A person's vestibular sense helps control• a. depth perception.• b. the perception of pain.• c. the process of eyes adjusting to a

darkened room.• d. balance.

Convergence is an example of• a. shape constancy.• b. brightness constancy.• c. a binocular cue.• d. a monocular cue.

• Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children

• A. John B. Watson• B. Gestalt psychology• C. sociocultural perspective• D. behavior• E. Socrates• F. cognitive activity• G. Wilhelm Wundt• H. Kenneth B. Clark• I. William James• J. structuralism

• Mental process, such as a dream or memory


• School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience


• Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status


• Founder of the school of behaviorism


• Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection


• Founded structuralism • A. John B. Watson• B. Gestalt psychology• C. sociocultural perspective• D. behavior• E. Socrates• F. cognitive activity• G. Wilhelm Wundt• H. Kenneth B. Clark• I. William James• J. structuralism

• School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts


• Action that can be observed or measured


• Wrote the first modern psychology textbook


• Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect

• A. control group• B. placebo• C. single-blind study• D. correlation• E. target population• F. stratified sample• G. case study• H. independent variable• I. hypothesis• J. longitudinal method

• Measure of how closely one thing is related to another


• Sample in which subgroups of a population are represented proportionally


• Educated guess • A. control group• B. placebo• C. single-blind study• D. correlation• E. target population• F. stratified sample• G. case study• H. independent variable• I. hypothesis• J. longitudinal method

• Research method in which participants are observed over a long period of time


• Whole group that is the subject of a study


• Group in an experiment that does not receive treatment


• Study in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or not


• In-depth investigation of an individual or small group


• Substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it


• Part of the hindbrain that helps control balance and coordination

• A. somatic nervous system• B. association area• C. dendrite• D. neuron• E. endocrine system• F. myelin• G. cerebellum• H. autonomic nervous

system• I. thalamus• J. neurotransmitter

• Nerve cell • A. somatic nervous system• B. association area• C. dendrite• D. neuron• E. endocrine system• F. myelin• G. cerebellum• H. autonomic nervous


• Part of the cerebral cortex that governs thought and language



• Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory messages



• System that consists of glands that secrete hormones



• Fatty substance that protects the axon



• Thin fibers that transmit messages to the neuron's cell body



• Chemical used to send messages across synapses



• Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's vital functions



• Part of the forebrain that serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation



• Opening in the colored part of the eye

• A. difference threshold• B. stroboscopic motion• C. continuity• D. photoreceptor• E. absolute threshold• F. pupil• G. closure• H. cochlea• I. olfactory nerve• J. retina

• Bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluid and neurons


• Illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images


• Sensitive surface of the eye that acts like the film in a camera


• Nerve that sends information about odors to the brain


• Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli


• Neuron that is sensitive to light


• Perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns


• Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed


• Tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input


• _____________ psychologists typically treat people with adjustment problems, rather than those with serious psychological disorders.

• A. Aristotle• B. Counseling• C. Basic research

• D. Negative correlation

• E. Learning

• Research that has no immediate application is known as _______ ___________.



• E. Learning

• The Greek philosopher _______________ wrote Peri Psyches, one of the first books about psychology.



• E. Learning

• The ______________ perspective argues that people can learn by experience and by observing others.



• E. Learning

• Stress and health are thought to have a(n) _________ ____________ since stress goes up as health deteriorates, or goes down.



• E. Learning

• In an experiment, the __________ __________ is the factor that varies when the independent variable is changed.

• A. Dependent variable

• B. Sample• C. Cross-sectional

• D. Controlled• E. 46;23

• The _______________ method takes much less time than the longitudinal method, but can accomplish many of the same objectives.




• Since it is usually impossible to interview every member of a population that is being studied, psychologists scientifically select a _______ of the population.




• A(n) ___________ experiment uses both control and experimental groups.




• Most normal human cells contain _______ chromosomes that are organized into ______ pairs.




• The electroencephalogram (EEG) measures the brain's ________________ activity.

• A. Kinship• B. Electrical• C. X-ray• D. Medulla• E. Thyroid

• ___________ studies evaluate people who are related to try to determine the roles of heredity and environment.


• The ________________ is the part of the hindbrain that helps control such vital functions as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.


• A computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan uses _________ beams to create a three-dimensional view of the brain.


• Hormones that affect the body's metabolism are secreted by the ____________ gland.


• The autonomic nervous system is divided into the _____________ and ________________ nervous systems.

• A. Electromagnetic • B. Central;

peripheral• C. Sympathetic;

parasympathetic• D. Skin• E. Color blind

• The two parts of the nervous system are the ____________ nervous system and the ______________ nervous system.




• A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ____________ ___________.




• Light is made up of ___________________ energy.




• Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ___________________ senses.




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Psychology Semester 1 Final Review. Two research methods widely used by psychologists are a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure. b. surveys and experiments