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Programme

Second International Workshop on Ascomycete Systematics”

22-24 April 2015 Amsterdam

This workshop is dedicated to the memory of Emory G. Simmons, who was a pioneer in confirming lifecycle connections by establishing single ascospore cultures, and truly loved the fungi, and those who study them. The workshop will focus on major groups of ascomycetes, and strive to integrate multigene DNA and genome data to fa-cilitate informed decisions on generic limits, higher order phylogeny and classification, and the merging of asexual and sexual generic names under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.

Previous important and successful CBS Spring Sympo-sia, One Fungus = One Name (2011), One Fungus = Which Name (2012) and One Fungus = Which Genes (2013), Genera and Genomes (2014) had a great impact on the mycological community.

The Second Ascomycete workshop will focus on major groups of ascomycetes, and strive to integrate multi-gene DNA and genome data to facilitate informed decisions on generic limits, higher order phylogeny and classification, and the merging of asexual and sexual generic names under the International Code of Nomen-clature for algae, fungi and plants. Procedures to fix the molecular application of generic names through epi-typification, and extending this concept to whole genome analysis need to be addressed. Subsequent genomic information will provide a new stable taxonomic classification system, which is essential to understand fungal interaction.

Aim: To produce a new Systema Ascomycetum, integrating sexually and asexually typified genera, and serve as the “Outline for Ascomycota – 2015”.

Publication: To be published as a special issue in Studies in Mycology / Mycologia. The volumes will consist of an overview paper integrating asexual and sexual genera in a new Outline for Ascomycota, supplemented by focused overview papers on the major classes of Fungi.

Venue: • on 22 and 23 April: Trippenhuis, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Kloveniersburgwal 29,

1011 JV Amsterdam.• Note on on 24 April at the Koningszaal/Tijgerzaal, Artis, Plantage Middenlaan 41 A, Amsterdam. During

lunch the participants will have free admission to Micropia.

Micropia: Micropia is the world’s first museum dedicated to microbes and micro-organisms, which actually make up two-thirds of all living matter. As Amsterdam’s newest museum, Micropia is located on Artisplein which is a public square also recently opened at Artis. On entering you can take the lift ride up to the first floor - as you ascend look up to watch an animation about the mites living on your eyelashes and the even smaller bacteria and viruses living on those mites.

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Programme

Programme

Wednesday 22 April 2015

09.30-10.00 Registration and coffee (at Trippenhuis, Royal Netherlands Academy, Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam)

10.00-10.10 Opening

10.10-10.20 Meredith Blackwell: Emory Simmons (12 April 1920 − 3 June 2013)

10.20-10.50 Thorsten Lumbsch: The new Ascomycete outline10.50-11.20 Joseph W. Spatafora et al.: Phylogenomics of Dothideomycetes11.20-11.50 John Taylor: What’s next after next generation biodiversity?11.50-12.20 Andrew Miller et al.: Overview of the Sordariomycetes

12.20-13.30 lunch + posters + CBS exhibition.

13.30-14.00 François Lutzoni et al.: A global phylogeny and classification of the Pezizomycotina14.00-14.30 Martin Grube & Damien Ertz: Arthoniomycetes overview14.30-15.00 Jos Houbraken & Rob Samson: Key issues in Eurotiales15.00-15.30 Lorenzo Lombard et al.: Hypocreomycetidae

15.30-16.00 coffee break

16.00-16.20 Clete Kurtzman: Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina – Progress in Circumscription of Genera 16.20-16.50 Peter Johnston et al.: The Leotiomycetes – inconvenient truths16.50-17.10 Sybren de Hoog et al.: Main ecological traits in Chaetothyriales and Onygenales 17.10-17.30 Markus Göker: Defining taxonomic ranks phylogenetically, with an example from Onygenales.

18.30 Speakers dinner

Thursday 23 April 2015

08.30-9.00 Registration and Coffee (at Trippenhuis, Royal Netherlands Academy, Kloveniersburgwal 29, Amsterdam)

09.00-09.30 David Hawksworth: One Fungus One Name – where are we now?09.30-10.00 Tom May: The potential for innovations in the ICN to facilitate and support the naming of fungi10.00-10:30 Kevin Hyde et al.: Linking morphology with phylogeny - does it work?10.30-11.00. Gerard Verkleij: The Nagoya protocol: how do we proceed with fungal systematics?

11.00-11.30 Coffee Break

11.30-11.50 Hans Otto Baral: Overview of the Orbiliomycetes11.50-12.10 Ewald Groenewald et al.: Overview of the Dothideomycetes 12.10-12.30 Jolanta Miadlikowska et al.: Phylogenetic synthesis of the Lecanoromycetes.12.30-12.50 Wilhelm de Beer et al.: Current taxonomic status of the Ophiostomatales and Microascales

13.00-14.00 lunch + posters + CBS exhibition

14.00-14.30 Conrad Schoch: Fungal Classification and Identification in three Amazingly Easy Steps14.30-15.00 Maria Prieto et al.: Lichinomycetes overview15.00-15.30 Karen Hansen et al.: Phylogenetic assessment of Pezizomycetes15.30-16.00 Meredith Blackwell & Danny Haelewaters: Laboulbeniomycetes: Alga? Worm? Fungus?16.00-16.30 Romina Gazis & David Hibbett: Fungi in the Open Tree of Life Project

16.30-17.00 Discussion

17.00-18.00 Johanna Westerdijk & Josef von Arx Awards – Reception

18:30 ICTF meeting: taxi’s depart to Amsterdam Science Park at 18:00 (registration with Andrew Miller obligatory)

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Programme

Friday 24 April 2015

Venue Artis Zoo at the Koningszaal/Tijgerzaal, Plantage Middenlaan 41 A, Amsterdam.

09.00- 09.05 Opening Pedro Crous

09.05-09.15 Thorsten Lumbsch: The new Ascomycete outline: how to proceed

Special interest groups09.15-09.30 Uwe Braun: Erysiphales (Current state of the science in the light of ICN, Art. 5909.30-09.45 Walter Jaklitsch & Hermann Voglmayr: Pleomassariaceae09.45-10.00 Vince Hustad: Overview of Geoglossomycetes10.00-10.15 Meredith Blackwell: New Lineages of Yeasts associated with Beetles 10.15-10.30 Marc Stadler: Xylariomycetidae

10.30-11.00 coffee break

11.00-11.15 Gareth Jones et al.: New lineages in the Hypocreomycetidae11.15-11.30 Rosanne Healy et al.: Anamorph-teleomorph connections in the Pezizales: new knowledge, old names, and modern

concepts.11.30-11.45 Rosanne Healy & Donald H. Pfister: An ultrastructural study of the unique sporebodies of the Orbiliomycetes11.45-12.00 Trond Schumacher & Inger Skrede: Species limits, naming and typification in Helvella (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) 12.00-12.10 Andre Aptroot et al.: Trypetheliales: an important group of tropical lichenized ascomycetes.12.10-12.15 Mary Berbee et al.: Two hundred million years of missing data in the Ascomycota fossil record 12.15-12.30 Anna Rosling: Archeorhizomycetes

12.30-14.00 Lunch and free admission to visit Micropia

14.00-15.00 Special session: Integrating unknown fungi into the tree of life: a perspective from endophytes.

14.00-14.15 A. Elizabeth Arnold: Progress toward capturing the biodiversity of fungal endophytes.14.15-14.30 François Lutzoni et al.: challenges to speeding up the naming of unknown fungal species.14.30-15.00 Ignazio Carbone et al.: New online tools for species delimitation and classification of unknown fungal endophytes.

15.00-15.30 Coffee break

15.30-15.45 Andre Lachance & Emilia Hurtado: Metschnikowia: Generic concepts in yeasts15.45-16.00 Marizeth Groenewald et al.: Barcoding of yeast strains - CBS-KNAW culture collection16.00-16.15 Heide-Marie Daniel: Candida and Lodderomyces16.15-16.30 Ying Zhang: An overview of Pleosporales16.30-16.50 Keith Seifert & Paul Kirk: Ellis’s Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes reconsidered

17.00 Closing

17.00-18.00 Drinks & snacks

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Programme

Posterpresentations

Peter Johnston, Duckchul Park, Rob Smissen & Jerry Cooper — Comparing diversity of fungi from living leaves using culturing and high throughput environmental sequencing

Jadson D.P. Bezerra, Renan N. Barbosa, Marília H.C. Maciel, Oliane M.C. Magalhães, Laura M. Paiva, José L. Bezerra & Cristina M. Souza-Motta — Augusto Chaves Batista (1916-1967): contributions of a brilliant and determined mycologist from Brazil to Ascomycete taxonomy

André Luiz Firmino & Olinto Liparini Pereira — A new genus of Parmulariaceae from the Reserva Natural Vale, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Garzoli Laura, Gnavi Giorgio, Poli Anna, Prigione Valeria &Varese Giovanna Cristina — Marine fungi in the Mediterranean Sea – hidden biodiversity and taxonomical challenges

Marieke Vansteelandt, Patricia Jargeat, Mohamed Haddad, Guillaume Marti & Nicolas Fabre — Inside the medicinal plants: the fungal endophytes, a hidden community

Lucas A. Meirelles, Quimi V. Montoya, Scott E. Solomon, Ulrich G. Mueller & Andre Rodrigues — Phylogeny and systematics of Escovopsis from gardens of fungus-growing ants

Dhanushka, N. Wanasinghe, E.B.G Jones, Erio Campesori, Peter E. Mortimer & K.D Hyde — Novel didymellaceous members with muriform ascospores from Italy

Lucia Muggia, Laura Selbmann, Kerry Knudsen & Martin Grube — Black magics on the rocks: anamorph-teleomorph relationship among rock inhabiting fungi?

Ahmet Asan — Checklist of Alternaria species reported from Turkey published in journals covered by Web of Science DatabaseHans-Otto Baral, Danny Haelewaters & Kadri Pärtel — A new attempt to classify the families of the HelotialesSubashini C. Jayasiri, Kevin D. Hyde & E.B. Gareth Jones — Fruit and seed fungi with observations of two hyphomycetes on beech

cupules Rekhani H. Perera, Kevin D. Hyde & E.B. Gareth Jones — Observations on fungi on wild fruits and seedsRasime Demirel — A preliminary study on microfungi in cheeseAmanda Juan Chen, Jos Houbraken, Martin Meijer, Jens C. Frisvad & Robert A. Samson — Phylogenetic studies on Aspergillus

section NidulantesLucile Wendt, Eric Kuhnert, Derek Peršoh, Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard & Marc Stadler — A multigene phylogeny within the Xylar-

iaceae

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Abstracts - Wednesday 22 April 2015

Emory Simmons (12 April 1920 − 3 June 2013)

Meredith BlackwellLouisiana State University and University of South Carolina, USA

This meeting is appropriately dedicated to Emory Simmons. Emory attacked asexual ascomycetes by culturing them, a method his advisor L. E. Wehmeyer did not endorse at the time. Very early in his career he established single ascospore cultures to confirm anamo-rph-teleomorph connections. His 60 years of scientific research culminated in a last major publication at age 87: a six-pound book, 775 pages long with 228 illustrations (Simmons 2007). Emory received many honors and awards in his lifetime, including honorary degree from Kasetsart University (1988), Distinguished Mycologist of the Mycological Society of America (1990), Centennial Fellow of the British Mycological Society (1996), Honorary President of the International Mycological Association (2002), Johanna Wester-dijk Award from Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (2008), and the Ainsworth Prize of the International Mycological Associa-tion (2010). He was involved with the International Mycological Association from its inception and chronicled its history. Reared in Crawfordsville, Indiana, USA, Emory left the small town during World War II, and returned to Crawfordsville much later to spend the rest of his life among childhood friends and nieces and nephews. Emory was a cultured person who loved travel, art, Middle Eastern carpets, music, good food, whisky in the early evening, and ice cream before bed. His comfortable home reflected his interests and housed a basement laboratory where he continued his studies almost until his death. A generous man, he left bequests to six mycologi-cal institutions, including CBS.

[Based on a memorial by Meredith Blackwell, Mary Palm, Amy Rossman, and Pedro W. Crous: http://lsb380.plbio.lsu.edu/Emory%20memorial/Emory.html]

The new Ascomycete outline

H. Thorsten Lumbsch1, Steven D. Leavitt1, Robert Lücking1, Pradeep K. Divakar2, Ana Crespo2

1Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA2Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain

The classification of Ascomycota has changed dramatically over the last decades, since DNA sequence data have become available. While the first studies employed single locus data sets, recent studies routinely use multi-loci to infer phylogenies and with the increase use of genomic approaches phylogenetic estimates will become more robust. Hence the time has come to address a more streamlined process of the translation of results from phylogenetic studies into classification. Also, recently new methods were developed to address the issue of identifying evolutionary significant units in the tree of life. With these methods, ranking identified monophyletic clades has the potential of becoming less subjective. Examples of using an extended GMYC (generalized mixed Yule coalescent) approach to address identification of evolutionary significant units in Ascomycota will be given (Parmeliaceae, major clades of Ascomycota) and potential consequences for the classification will be discussed. In the current outline phylum Ascomycota contains three subphyla: Sac-charomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, and Pezizomycotina. The latter has 13 accepted classes, whereas Taphrinomycotina consists of five classes. Over 400 families are currently accepted in Ascomycota.

Phylogenomics of DothideomycetesJoseph W. Spatafora, Sajeet Haridas, Igor Grigoriev, Manfred Binder, Pedro CrousOregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA; Joint Genome Institute (DOE), Walnut Creek, CA USA; Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands

Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of Ascomycota with 23 orders, 110 families, 1300 genera and over 19,000 known species. We present comparative analysis of 70 Dothideomycete genomes including over 50 that we sequenced as part of the 1000 Fungal Genomes project sponsored by the Joint Genome Institute. This extensive sampling has almost quadrupled the previous study of 18 species and uncovered a 10-fold range of genome sizes. We identified a set of 300 single copy orthologous proteins for use in phylogenetic analyses. Through maximum likelihood analyses of these data, we were able to test results from previous multigene phy-logenetic analyses and clarify the phylogenetic positions of several species whose origins were unclear based on previous studies. We will discuss how these results impact our understanding of Dothideomycetes systematics and classification. In addition, we analyzed selected gene families including proteases, transporters, secondary metabolites and small-secreted proteins and show that major differences in gene content are influenced by speciation and not characteristic of higher taxonomic ranks (e.g., family, order, etc.).

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Abstracts - Wednesday 22 April 2015

What’s next after next generation biodiversity?

John TaylorUniversity of California, Berkeley, 321 Koshland Hall , Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA

Next-generation-sequencing of amplicons of DNA regions useful for identifying microbial taxa, e.g., ITS for fungi or 16S for bacteria, has found that bacterial and fungal communities are extremely rich in terms of taxon diversity. Now that the players are known, at least many of them, new questions arise, among them, Which taxa are alive, which are active, and of those, what are they doing? These ques-tions can be addressed by combining NGS of DNA with NGS of mRNA, that is, metagenomics, but only if the database of sequenced fungal genomes is very well-populated. Here, systematics is essential in choosing taxa to populate the database. Microbial community ecology aims to understand species diversity, and necessarily ignores intraspecific diversity. However, where fungi can be cultivated, collections of conspecific individuals can exploit intraspecific diversity to find the genes behind adaptive traits by reverse ecology and to find the genes behind any variable trait by genome wide association. The potential of this population genomic approach can be shown with examples from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and from filamentous fungi and yeasts.

Overview of Sordariomycetes

Andrew N. Miller1, Nam-phuong Nguyen2, Tandy Warnow2,3, Conrad L. Schoch4, Martina Réblová5, E.B. Gareth Jones6, Z. Wilhelm de Beer7, Nattawut Boonyuen8, Pedro W. Crous9, Tuan A. Duong10, Astrid Ferrer11, Akira Hashimoto12,23, Margarita Hernández-Restrepo7,9, Sabine M. Huhn-dorf13, Kevin D. Hyde14, Åsa Kruys15, Eric Kuhnert16, Lorenzo Lombard9, J. Jennifer D. Luangsa-ard8, Jing Luo17, Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura18, Yasmina Marin-Felix19, Misato Matsumura12, Ka-Lai Pang20, Huzefa A. Raja21, Jariya Sakayaroj8,20, Carol A. Shearer11, Marc Stadler16, Alberto M. Stchigel19, Satinee Sueterong8,20, Kazuaki Tanaka12, M.A. Abdel-Wahab22, Lucile Wendt16, Brenda D. Wingfield9, Michael J. Wingfield7, Steven E. Zelski11, Ning Zhang17

1Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA 2Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Univer-sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, 3Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham-paign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, 4National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, 5Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences, CZ–252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic, 6Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 7Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, 8National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, 9CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands, 10Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 11Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA, 12Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan, 13Department of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, 14Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand, 15Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden, 16Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany, 17Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, Foran Hall 201, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA, 18Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, P.R. China, 19Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain, 20Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan (ROC), 21Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 457 Sullivan Science Building, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA, 22Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt, 23The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan

The class Sordariomycetes, traditionally referred to as “pyrenomycetes”, consists of three subclasses, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordario-mycetidae, Xylariomycetidae, and contains over 1,200 genera and 10,000 species of non-lichenized ascomycetes. Most taxa are united by perithecia and inoperculate unitunicate asci although a few possess cleistothecia and prototunicate asci. Members are ubiquitous throughout all ecosystems occurring as saprobes, endophytes, mycoparasites, and plant, animal and insect pathogens. Phylogenetic relationships at the generic-level and above were estimated by assembling molecular sequence data for two taxa per genus, preferably the type species and another closely related species, from the following five nuclear genes: SSU, LSU, MCM7, RPB2, and TEF-1. The number of sequences per data set ranged from nearly 100 for MCM7 to over 400 for LSU. Each data set was aligned using PASTA and phylogenetic trees were generated employing both concatenation (FastTree) and coalescent-based (ASTRAL) methods. Evolutionary relationships of higher taxa will be discussed along with proposed changes to the existing taxonomic classification of the class.

A global phylogeny and classification of the Pezizomycotina

François Lutzoni1, Jolanta Miadlikowska1, A. Elizabeth Arnold2,3

1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA, 2School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA, 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA

The subphylum Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) includes the majority of known fungal species (ca. 59,000 of ca. 100,000 described species), and likely encompasses the largest fraction of unknown fungal biodiversity (estimated overall at ca. 5.1 million species). The diversification of this subphylum is tightly connected to the evolution of land plants (embryophytes), including the largest fungal diversification (Leotiomyceta), which occurred simultaneously with the largest radiation of land plants (tracheophytes, 440 Ma). These spectacular radiations eventually transformed the terrestrial landscape and are linked to the emergence of novel and highly success-ful plant-fungal symbioses. The early evolution of the Leotiomyceta being characterized by an explosive diversification explains why phylogenetic relationships among classes of the Leotiomyceta have never been resolved with confidence. More than 95% of plant-path-ogenic, lichenic, lichenicolous, endophytic, and endolichenic fungi are concentrated in the Pezizomycotina. Recent studies have

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Abstracts - Wednesday 22 April 2015 uncovered a stunning richness of previously unknown Pezizomycotina occurring in symbiosis with plants (as endophytes) and lichens (as endolichenic fungi, primarily associating with cyanobacteria and algal photobionts). Newly discovered endophytic and endolichenic fungi reveal a phylogenetic void that is both broad (many new species) and deep (new phylogenetic lineages at deeper levels) within the Pezizomycotina. We will be presenting the results of large-scale phylogenic analyses and their impact on the classification of the Pezizomycotina.

Arthoniomycetes overview

Martin Grube1 & Damien Ertz2

1Institute of Plant Sciences, University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, 2Department Bryophytes-Thallophytes, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, 1860 Meise, Belgium

The Arthoniales is a large group of lichen-forming fungi, most likely originating from an independent lichenisation event in evolu-tionary history. According to a recently published phylogeny based on combined mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data, the core family Arthoniaceae is polyphyletic, and represented by three main phylogenetic lineages: the Arthoniaceae clade, the Bryostigma clade, and the unrelated Felipes clade. While the Arthoniaceae clade and the Bryostigma clade are related, the Felipes clade has closer affinity to Chrysothrix. The results demonstrate that previous classifications do not reflect evolutionary patterns. Cryptotheciaceae is included as a paraphyletic grouping in Arthoniaceae. There is no support from the phylogenetic hypothesis for monophyletic groups above the genus level that can be characterized by pigment patterns, such as yellow pulvinic acid derivates or red pigments. Arthoniomycetes with chlorococcoid photobionts are restricted to the Bryostigma clade and Chrysotrichaceae, while the only saprophytic Arthonia species in the phylogeny are related to Arthonia radiata and group with lichenized taxa. The parasitic life style in Arthoniaceae has evolved several times as lichenicolous species are found in four lineages of the Arthoniaceae clade and in the Bryostigma clade. The present phylogenetic analysis settles the concept of opegraphoid lineages with support for the families Lecanographaceae, Opegraphaceae, Roccellaceae, and Roccellographaceae. The Lichenostigmatales with lichen parasites and rock-inhabitants seems to be an order of basal position in Artho-niomycetes suggesting that the largely lichenized Arthoniales have common ancestors with stress-tolerant rock inhabiting fungi.

Key issues in Trichocomaceae

Houbraken J.1, Szigeti G.2, Varga J.2, Kocsubé S.2, Riley R.3, Frisvad J.C.4, Samson R.A.1 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Infor-matics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary; 3Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California, USA; 4Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology-DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Recent studies on the phylogeny of the important genera in the Trichocomaceae sensu lato showed that this family can be divided in three separate families: the Aspergillaceae, Thermoascaceae and Trichocomaceae. The Aspergillaceae are characterized by the formation flask-shaped or cylindrical phialides, by asci produced inside cleistothecia or surrounded by Hülle cells and ascospores mainly having a furrow or slit, while the Trichocomaceae are defined by the formation of lanceolate phialides, asci borne within a tuft or layer of loose hyphae and ascospores lacking a slit. Thermoascus and Paecilomyces, both members of the Thermoascaceae, also form ascospores lacking a furrow or slit, but are differentiated from the Trichocomaceae by the production of asci from croziers and their thermotolerant or thermophilic nature.

Based on a 4-gene phylogeny, Houbraken et al. (2011) showed the polyphyletic nature in Penicillium. The genus was re-defined and a monophyletic genus for both anamorphs and teleomorphs was created (Penicillium sensu stricto). The genera Thysanophora, Eupenicilli-um, Chromocleista, Hemicarpenteles and Torulomyces belong in Penicillium s. str. and analysis below genus rank revealed the presence of 25 clades. The genus Penicillium currently contains more than 350 species.

Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium and Talaromyces from a monopheletic clade and these Penicillia were combined in Talaromyces. A monographic treatment of the genus was published by Yilmaz et al. (2014), and presently more than 90 species are accepted.

The phylogeny of the genus Aspergillus has been investigated in various studies and the results of these studies are sometimes contra-dictory. The genus has been studied by a multigene phylogeny and shows that Aspergillus is monophyletic. Currently, approximately 340 species present in this genus.

The taxonomic position of genera such as Stilbodendron, Pseudocordyceps and Sarophorum have not been clearly resolved while the unique position of Aspergillus zonatus needs further study.

Overall secondary metabolites supported this subdivision in families, in that several biosynthetic families were common in the Asper-gillaceae (many were shared by Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.), while other biosynthetic families were common in Trichocomaceae. Species in Thermoascaceae had many unique secondary metabolites, but shared some metabolites with the Trichocomaceae and few with the Aspergillaceae.

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Abstracts - Wednesday 22 April 2015

Hypocreomycetidae

L. Lombard1, P. Chaverri2, A.N. Miller3, W.M. Jaklitsch4,5, H. Voglmayr4,5, Z.W. de Beer6, T.A. Duong7, B.D. Wingfield7, M.J. Wingfield6, Y. Hirooka8, C.L. Schoch9, U. Thrane10, L. Cai11, R.C. Summerbell12,13, M.Hernández-Restrepo1,6, M. Réblová14, K. Põldmaa15, J.W. Spatafora16, J.Z. Groenewald1, P.W. Crous1. 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 2University of Maryland, Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. 3Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urba-na-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA. 4Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Wien, Austria. 5Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstraße 38, A-1190 Wien, Austria. 6Deparment of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 7Deparment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. 8Deparment of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan. 9National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. 10Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. 11State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. 12 Sporometrics, Inc. 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ont., Canada M6K 1Y9. 13Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 223 College St., Toronto ON Canada M5T 1R4. 14Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences, CZ – 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic. 15Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, and Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. 16Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.

The fungal subclass Hypocreomycetidae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) includes more than six orders, 24 families and numerous genera, with several families and genera treated as incertae sedis. These fungi occur in a wide range of ecological niches and they include plants and animals pathogens, endophytes, mycoparasites and species that occur in marine and fresh water environments as well as soil. The advent of DNA sequence-based taxonomic studies and nomenclatural changes due to the implementation of the new International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants, requires the revision and refinement of the Hypocreomycetidae classification. The phylogenetic relationships of the orders and families in the Hypocreomycetidae have thus been re-evaluated based on the nuclear loci nLSU and rpb2, including those still treated as incertae sedis. The Orders and the Families treated in them are briefly discussed to high-light taxonomic irregularities. Where possible or required, possible candidate strains are proposed for typification to further improve the classification in the Hypocreomycetidae.

Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina – Progress in Circumscription of Genera

Cletus P. Kurtzman, Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604 USA.

Much progress has been made in understanding relationships among the yeasts. DNA barcoding (D1/D2, ITS) has provided a rapid means for species identification and phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences has shown that the Ascomycota is comprised of three major lineages, i.e, Saccharomycotina (budding yeasts), Pezizomycotina (‘filamentous fungi’), and Taphrinomycotina (fission yeasts and related). Phylogenetic analysis is leading to a major revision of yeast systematics that will result in redefinition of nearly all genera. Fur-ther impacting these changes are new rules in the recently implemented International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), which allows inclusion of anamorphic and teleomorphic species in the same genus. Some yeast genera now seem to be clearly resolved, but others will require additional sequence data to define boundaries. Genera that appear clearly resolved include Tortispora, Brettanomyces (Dekkera), Saturnispora, Saccharomyces and others. Less resolved genera include Kazachstania, Metschnikowia and certain other of the larger genera. The genus Candida will be circumscribed around C. tropicalis and C. albicans with the approxi-mately 400 unrelated species assigned to extant genera, or placed in new genera when there are no close relationships to known genera. Examples of well circumscribed genera will be given along with discussion of poorly resolved genera.

The Leotiomycetes – inconvenient truths

Peter Johnston, Hans-Otto Baral, Christiane Baschien, Jo Anne Crouch, Pedro Crous, Gonzalo Galán, Karen Hansen, Tsuyoshi Hosoya, Seppo Huhti-nen, Henrik Lantz, Ludmilla Marvanova, Hai Nguyen, Kadri Pärtel, Amy Rossman, Brian Spooner, Jeffrey Stone, Joey Tanney, Jeff Townsend, Zheng Wang, Wen-Ying Zhuang

The Leotiomycetes are a huge group that includes over 1000 named genera. Most of these had traditionally been referred to as the in-operculate discomycetes. However, early DNA sequencing showed some of the traditional inoperculate discomycetes (e.g. Orbilia, Ge-oglossum) were phylogenetically distant from the Leotiomycetes and these are now placed in separate Classes of their own. Conversely, taxa such as the Erysiphales (powdery mildews) and Rhytismatales (tar spot fungi) are clustered amongst a paraphyletic Helotiales. Also included are many aquatic fungi and vascular pathogens known primarily from their asexual states, and with a taxonomy based on the asexual rather than sexual morphology. Although few generic type species have been sequenced, and most phylogenies are still based on ribosomal genes only, it is increasingly clear that many of the morphological characters traditionally used for the classification of these fungi are not phylogenetically informative. Many traditional genera and higher taxa are polyphyletic or paraphyletic. User demand for DNA-based identification makes it important that the classification reflects the DNA-based phylogeny. A reliable, stable, phylogenetic classification will require more robust phylogenies based on more genes, incorporating more taxa, especially the generic types. With this in place, new phylogenetically informative morphological characters will be revealed.

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Abstracts - Wednesday 22 April 2015 Main ecological traits in Chaetothyriales and Onygenales

Sybren de Hoog1,2,3, Shuwen Deng3, Karolina Dukik1,2, Leandro F. Moreno1,2,4, Peiying Feng5, Yanping Jiang1, Benjamin Stielow1, Veronika Mayer6, Chris Kenyon7

1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; 4Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Dermatology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China; 6Department of Botany and Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Austria, 7Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

The order Chaetothyriales (black yeasts and relatives) contains about 250 species divided over five families: Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphel-lophoraceae, Epibryaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, and Trichomeriaceae. Members of the order are almost invariably found in odd, extreme environments, such as ant nests, oil- and toxic hydrocarbon-polluted sites, hot and dry environments, or the human host. Common factor is a significant role of the cytochrome P450 gene family, which is relatively expanded in the order. As yet no consistent genom-ic difference has been revealed between members with different ecologies, such as human pathogens versus strictly avirulent species, leading to the conclusion that the cytochrome cluster enables all types of ecology and that virulence has to be described in terms of opportunism rather than pathogenicity.

The order Onygenales (dermatophytes and classical pathogens) contains about 90 species divided over six families: Ajellomycetaceae, Arthrodermataceae, Ascosphaeraceae, Gymnoascaceae, Nannizziopsiaceae, and Onygenaceae. In nearly all families there is a consistent association with the vertebrate host in growth on keratinous materials. Three families show trends of specialization: Nannizziopsiaceae on cold-blooded terrestrial reptiles, Arthrodermataceae on feathers, fur and human skin, and Ajellomycetaceae on mammals as inhaled pathogens with endogenous reactivation. Members of the latter family are environmental pathogens with a double life cycle. Emmonsia may be ancestral within the family because several strains are exclusively terrestrial, or are low-virulent in rodent lungs. A very recent emergence of new disseminated pathogens in humans is observed.

Defining taxonomic ranks phylogenetically, with an example from Onygenales

Markus Göker Leibniz Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.

Linnaean taxonomic classifications have frequently been characterized for their use of taxonomic ranks even though taxa of the same rank are not normally comparable each other. Suggested solutions to this perceived problem range between the abandonment of ranks altogether on the one hand and the attempt to make ranks quantitatively comparable on the other hand. Distinct taxonomic disci-plines with specific codes of nomenclature differ strongly in their attitude towards taxonomic ranks, even though the predominance of molecular phylogenetic methods should ease the quantitative standardization of Linnaean classifications. Microbiology has empha-sized the quantitative assignment of ranks since decades, but it is questionable whether the methods still applied to assign ranks in the taxonomy of Archaea and Bacteria are really phylogenetic. Other taxonomic disciplines more clearly emphasize Hennig’s principles of phylogenetic classification, but quantitative definitions of taxonomic ranks do not appear to be popular, with the possible exception of the species rank. It is here argued that the quantitative assignment of taxonomic ranks should be based on phylogenetic trees, should be independent of molecular clocks, and should integrate branch support. For groups of organisms with an already established classifi-cation, methods are necessary to minimize the number of taxonomic changes when switching to standardized ranks. For taxonomically largely uncharted groups, it must also be possible to estimate optimal boundaries for each rank. An according software implementation is applied to demonstrate these principles in practice, using examples from fungi and other microorganisms.

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Abstracts - Thursday 23 April 2015 One Fungus : One Name – where are we now?

David L HawksworthFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

The decision no longer to permit the separate naming of sexual and asexual morphs of the same fungus species came into effect on 30 July 2011. Such a radical move had not been anticipated by many mycologists, and some were understandably alarmed by the instabil-ity in names that might result, despite the provisions to limit changes that had also been adopted. In practice, progress to a consensus on what generic names should be taken up when one based on a species typified by a sexual morph competed with one typified by an asexual morph has proceeded more rapidly than anticipated, largely through the efforts of working groups of specialists. These pref-erences have mainly proceeded through the development of lists of names to be protected, and to a lesser extent through particular proposals for the conservation or rejection of individual names.

In the course of implementing the new provisions, it soon emerged that some of the rules drafted and passed in 2011 merited some fine-tuning. These relate to: (1) the protection of names on protected lists against unlisted names as well as any listed synonyms; (2) the ending of the cumbersome procedure laid down to deal with cases where a asexually typified name had priority over a sexually typified one; and (3) handling names with the same epithet proposed for different morphs of the same species. Proposals on these three topics were published on 1 April 2014, and discussed at the CBS Symposium in Amsterdam that April. These were amongst proposals then discussed during, and the subject of a questionnaires given to all delegates, at IMC10 in Bangkok in August 2014. Proposals on these topics were all strongly supported, and are now being discussed by the ICTF with a view to publication later this year.

Finally, attention is drawn to two matters which have been the cause of some confusion: (1) how to decide when which of two names that compete needs to be the subject of a formal decision through protection or conservation; and (2) the misconception that the new lists of protected names are protecting a particular taxonomy and so inhibit the adoption of alternative classifications now or in the future.

The potential for innovations in the ICN to facilitate and support the naming of fungi

Tom W. MayRoyal Botanic Gardens Melbourne

Discussions and polling at Nomenclature Sessions during the 10th International Mycological Congress indicated strong support among mycologists for a number of proposals to amend the International Code of nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN). Such proposals include: (1) changing conditions for epitypification so that sequenced epitypes can be designated without having to establish that DNA is not recoverable from the holotype, (2) introducing a requirement to register later typification acts such as lectotypification, (3) changing citation of sanctioned names, (4) prohibiting cross-kingdom homonyms, and (5) ending the priority of sexually typified names. Another change strongly supported by mycologists is to transfer governance so that matters in the ICN peculiar to fungi are dealt with by International Mycological Congresses.

Beyond such changes, it would be useful to include in the ICN encouragement to create and lodge DNA sequence data for new spe-cies of fungi, especially in the light of primary and secondary barcodes becoming well-established. Whether this is a matter of nomen-clature or taxonomy is a moot point, but should be tested by putting forward an amendment to the ICN. Amendments can be as rules or as recommendations. The recommendations of one ICN may become the rules of the next.

Mandatory registration of names of fungi was introduced in the Melbourne ICN. There is occasional mis-citation of identifiers by authors of fungi names, but otherwise registration has been well-accepted by the mycological community. Nevertheless, there are some issues. Firstly, synchronisation of the three approved registration databases remains problematic. Secondly, it would be ideal if registra-tion databases output all data that is input on registration, in a searchable form, and as web services. This ability to freely recover the prologue and other key information was one of the main reasons for introducing registration in the first place.

The apparatus of nomenclature, as support for taxonomy, includes databases and committees. A brief update on the current work of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi is provided. For databases, as the mycological community invests more and more data into fungi name databases, there are significant risks around ongoing support of databases by key institutions and individuals. There are also significant opportunities to reduce duplication in local databases. The concept of a Global Fungi Name Fund is floated, as a means of providing long-term security for fungal nomenclatural data. Such a fund could be set up as a trust administered by the International Mycological Association. The IMA would determine the scope and operation of a Global Fungi Name Database, taking into account rules and recommendations of the ICN. Organisations willing to host such a database (whether sole or distributed) would bid for funding from the Global Fungi Name Fund. While recognising very significant personal and institutional contributions to the current system of fungi name databases, there are advantages in the mycological community funding and overseeing such a system.

Linking morphology with phylogeny - does it work?

Hyde, Kevin D.1; Liu, Jian-Kui2; Maharachchikumbura Sajeewa2; and Jones, E.B. Gareth3

1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand, 2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, P.R. China. 3Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia

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Abstracts - Thursday 23 April 2015 There have been extensive changes in the higher level classification of the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Members of

these classes represent some of the most important plant pathogens, while other species are endophytes, epiphytes, saprobes, symbionts of lichens, mycoparasites and insect-associated taxa. Shaping our current concepts of genera, families, or orders in these classes has been based on molecular data. Numerous new genera, and even families, have been introduced in the classes and supported by molecular phylogenies. The arrangement of the genera in families, and families in orders, and orders in subclasses, is moving towards a natural classification. However, are the genera or families classifications still useful and does the molecular data bear any relevance to morpho-logical data.

The aim of the present paper is to provide a comparison of the natural classifications in these classes and determine whether the mor-phological characters are useful in placing taxa in families. When families were introduced based on morphological data, the characters aptly grouped genera, with the taxa having similar features. Now we have natural classifications based on molecular data, does this still apply? Selected examples of families and genera included will be detailed and discussed. The webpage, Facesoffungi (http://www.facesoffungi.org/) is being developed to arrange genera in a natural classification and to link genera and species, especially their descrip-tions and images from types or reference specimens, with molecular sequence data. The underlying value of this webpage and its role in determining whether morphology matches the natural classification will be demonstrated.

To collect and study in compliance with the Nagoya protocol: Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) implementation in research

Gerard J. M. VerkleyCBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands,

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) entered into force on December 29th, 1993. It recognizes the sovereign rights of coun-tries over their own biological resources. Anyone who wants to collect samples from areas within jurisdiction of a country that is a Party to the CBD, should first request for a Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and settle on Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) with the competent authority in the country of origin, before the actual collecting starts, unless that Party has determined otherwise (for example, is giving free access). Parties are also committed to assure that, within their territory, genetic resources originating from other Parties are utilised in accordance with the CBD and that benefits arising from the utilisation of these genetic resources or traditional knowledge associated with these genetic resources are shared fairly and equitably.

The Nagoya Protocol on “Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization” entered into force on October 12th, 2014. It is the legally binding instrument for implementation at national level of ABS legislation. The Protocol not only impacts on collecting activities and research conducted in areas under jurisdiction of a Party, but also on opera-tion of public collections such as fungaria and culture collections. Of major concern to the science community is how the Parties will implement Art. 8, where they committed themselves to “create conditions to promote and encourage research which contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, particularly in developing countries, including through simplified measures on access for non-commercial research purposes”. The main requirements for obtaining legal access to biological material in areas under national ABS legislation, and exchange of material and deposit in public collections are briefly discussed.

Overview of the Orbiliomycetes

Hans-Otto Baral. Blaihofstraße 42, Tübingen, D-72074 Germany

The family Orbiliaceae was erected by Nannfeldt (1932) for a small group of Ascomycetes recognized in the Helotiales. Pfister (1994) reported the first connection to a nematode-trapping fungus, and Eriksson et al. (2003) raised the family to the rank of a class based on morphological and molecular-phylogenetical analyses. The Orbiliomycetes form a very natural group of fruitbody-forming discomycetes situated near the Pezizomycetes. As a main characteristic of the sexual morph, the cell wall of asci and all other organs is always inamy-loid. A further striking characteristic is the “spore body” (SB), a refractive vacuolar organelle inside the ascospores which is only visible in living spores (or under the TEM). This organelle occurs in almost every species of Orbiliomycetes, but is unknown from any other class of Ascomycota and exhibits a high diversity among the taxa.

In the present circumscription, the Orbiliomycetes are represented by one order Orbiliales, one family Orbiliaceae, and seven accepted genera, three of them undescribed: Liladisca (1), Lilapila (1), Lecophagus (7), Pseudorbilia (1), Hyalorbilia (37), Amphosoma {4}, and Orbilia (c. 450). Apart from the undescribed genera, about 330 of the included species are new to science and will be published in the monograph. A major part of them derives from semi-humid to arid regions of the world, an overlooked ecological niche for various groups of drought-tolerant, mainly lignicolous fungi which are largely lacking also in DNA extacts from soil. The occurrence of apoth-ecia under such extreme conditions of sparse precipitation requires survival of complete drying for up to 2–3 years, an instance which considerably facilitates taxonomic and cultural work which both requires viable specimens.

Remarkable features of the teleomorph involve presence of different types of (1) ascus apex (thin-walled and truncate versus thick-walled and hemispherical), (2) ascogenous hyphae (with croziers versus simple septa), and (3) ascospore orientation in ascus partly in-verted, also (4) different levels of polyspory (8–128-spored), and (5) different shapes of paraphysis apices. Further features concern the presence versus absence of (5) characteristic cytoplasmic bodies in paraphyses and excipulum (SCBs), and (6) glassy processes or septate hairs at the apothecial margin. Last not least, shape and size of the (7) ascospores and (8) SBs provide the most important characters at the species level. Comparatively large, often polysporous asci are often seen in species from xeric substrates, whereas the better known

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Abstracts - Thursday 23 April 2015 drought-sensitive taxa have generally small 8-spored asci. Also those asci with an apical wall thickening are restricted to drought-toler-ant taxa. Furcate, simple-septate ascus bases are found throughout the genera Orbilia and Amphosoma while, in contrast, the remaining genera possess almost exclusively croziers.

For many species a hyphomycetous anamorph with holoblastic conidiogenesis is known. These include various genera of the so-called Ingoldian fungi with phragmo- or staurosporous conidia, which are adapted to an aquatic environment, although this environment often concerns a xeric habitat with only sporadical precipitation. Several groups of species prey on invertebrates such as nematodes, roti-fers, tardigrades, arthropods and rhizopods. Available anamorph generic names include Arthrobotrys, Dactylella, Dactylellina, Drechslerel-la, Brachyphoris, ?Descalsia, ?Curucispora, Dicranidion, Dwayaangam, Lecophagus, Pseudotripoconidium, Tridentaria, Trinacrium, and Vermispora.

Overview of the Dothideomycetes 

Groenewald, Johannes Z.1; Schoch, Conrad L.2; Robbertse, Barbara2; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.3; Liu, Jian-Kui3; Hyde, Kevin D.3; Crous, Pedro W.1 and the Dothideomycetes Consortium1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; 3Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

Although members of the class Dothideomycetes have been well-studied for more than 200 years, the current concept of the class is quite young and the taxonomic placement and evolutionary relationships of numerous lineages remain unclear. Members of the class represent some of the most important plant pathogens, although numerous species also occur as endophytes, epiphytes and/or saprobes. Dothideomycetes can occupy almost all known ecological niches, their lifestyles being mycobionts of lichens, mycoparasites and in-sect-associated species. Phenomena such as co-occurrence of multiple species or genotypes on the same substrate or wide host ranges on different plant families are not uncommon. Some species are clearly host-specific, while others are generalists. Homo- or heterothallism has evolved or has been lost in different clades within the same genus, with species observed as being strictly sexual, strictly asexual, or being polymorphic, producing the sexual morph as well as several asexual morphs.

In recent years, molecular data have been crucial in shaping our current concepts of genera, families, or orders in the class. Many gen-era alleged to belong in Dothideomycetes, lack molecular data for their type species. This may be because of their obligate lifestyle mak-ing it difficult to establish cultures, or the taxon was never cultured, or the culture died, or was never deposited in a culture collection. Numerous new genera, and even families, have been introduced in the class in the last years, based on molecular phylogenies, yet DNA sequence data does not exist for many existing taxa. Many genera are known to be non-monophyletic, but molecular data for the type species is lacking, thus these genera cannot be unequivocally resolved. Details relating to type specimens of the type species are often scattered in many different publications, or are mainly or mainly available in the original, chiefly Latin or German, diagnoses.

The aim of the present study is to provide a robust phylogenetic framework of sequences obtained from type species of the Dothideo-mycetes, with preference given to sequences derived from ex-type cultures/specimens. A comprehensive collection of type specimen data will be established as part of this process and these data will be made available to public online databases such as Genera of Fungi (http://www.generaoffungi.org/). The preliminary results presented here will form the basis of a larger community-driven multi-au-thored paper aimed at obtaining more sequence data of reliable epi-, neo- or holotype specimens of type species not currently known from DNA sequence.

Phylogenetic synthesis of the Lecanoromycetes

Jolanta Miadlikowska1, Soili Stenroos2 and François Lutzoni1

1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA; 2Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 Universi-ty of Helsinki, Finland

The Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) is the largest class of lichenized Fungi, and one of the most species-rich classes of fungi. We gen-erated a phylogenetic multigene synthesis (using three ribosomal RNA-coding and two protein-coding genes) of the Lecanoromycetes based on 642 newly generated and 3,329 publicly available sequences representing 1,139 taxa, 317 genera, 66 families, 17 orders and five subclasses (four currently recognized: Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Umbilicariomycetidae; and one provisionarily recognized, ‘Candelariomycetidae’). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on four multigene datasets assem-bled using a cumulative supermatrix approach with a progressively higher number of species and missing data show that the current classification includes non-monophyletic taxa at various ranks, which need to be recircumscribed and require revisionary treatments based on denser taxon sampling and more loci. Two newly circumscribed orders (Arctomiales and Hymeneliales in the Ostropomyceti-dae) and three families (Ramboldiaceae and Psilolechiaceae in the Lecanorales, and Strangosporaceae in the Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.) are introduced. The potential resurrection of the families Eigleraceae and Lopadiaceae is considered here to alleviate phylogenetic and classification disparities. The cumulative addition of taxa with an increasing amount of missing data (i.e., a cumulative supermatrix ap-proach, starting with taxa for which sequences were available for all five targeted genes and ending with the addition of taxa for which only two genes have been sequenced) revealed relatively stable relationships for many families and orders. However, the increasing number of taxa without the addition of more loci also resulted in an expected substantial loss of phylogenetic resolving power and sup-port (especially for deep phylogenetic relationships among subclasses), potentially including the misplacements of several taxa. Future phylogenetic analyses should include additional single copy protein-coding markers in order to improve the tree of the Lecanoromycet-

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Abstracts - Thursday 23 April 2015 es. As part of this study, a new module (‘‘Hypha’’) of the freely available Mesquite software was developed to compare and display the internodal support values derived from this cumulative supermatrix approach.

Current taxonomic status of the Ophiostomatales and Microascales

Z. Wilhelm de Beer1, Tuan A. Duong2, Brenda D. Wingfield2, Michael J. Wingfield1

Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology1, Department of Genetics2, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria , South Africa

Historically, there has been substantial taxonomic confusion regarding many genera and species classified in the Ophiostomatales (Sordariomycetidae) and Microascales (Hypocreomycetidae). Many of these fungi are characterized by morphologically similar long-necked ascomata and conidiogenous structures producing spores in slimy droplets, adapted for dispersal by arthropods. Based on these superficial similarities, this group is often referred to as the ‘ophiostomatoid fungi’, although their polyphyletic nature is widely recognized. Both groups also include ambrosia fungi and opportunistic human pathogens. At present, the Ophiostomatales comprises only a single family, the Ophiostomataceae, incorporating six genera, while the Microascales accommodates five families. These include the Microascaceae (38 genera), Ceratocystidaceae (six genera), Gondwanamycetaceae (two genera), Graphiaceae (one genus), and the Halosphaeriaceae (53 genera, 30 of which are monotypic). Of all the families in both orders, the Ceratocystidaceae is the only one for which generic boundaries of all genera have been fully resolved in a multigene study that included 80 species. Substantial progress has also been made in the delineation of the human pathogenic genera in the Microascaceae, the marine genera in the Halosphaeriaceae, and the genera in the Ophiostomatales. However, for family level resolution, the currently available DNA sequence data mostly consist of ribosomal LSU sequences. These are not sufficient to fully resolve families in either of these orders and a concerted effort, where sequence data for additional gene regions are generated, is currently underway to achieve this goal.

Fungal Classification and Identification in 3 Amazingly Easy Steps

Conrad Schoch NCBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States

Easy and accurate fungal identification remains elusive, whilst increasingly large molecular data sets hinges on our ability to correctly relate associated biological information. The role and impact of reliable taxonomic names in this context will be discussed. This will include an overview of recent efforts at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the U.S.A to improve the taxonomic accuracy of fungal nucleotide sequences.

Towards a natural classification of the Lichinomycetes

M. Prieto1, M. Wedin1, M. Westberg1 & M. Schultz2 1 Dept. of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. 2 Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany

The Lichinomycetes, with ca. 350 spp., is an understudied and very poorly understood lichenforming fungal group. It currently com-prises one order with four families: Gloeoheppiaceae, Heppiaceae, Lichinaceae and Peltulaceae. However, delimitation and phylogenetic relationships between families and genera have not been tested using molecular data. Main diagnostic characters to delineate genera can occasionally overlap, be ambiguous or symplesiomorphic and cannot be used to delineate natural groups. Thus, a combination of mo-lecular, morphological and ecogeographical data is needed to propose a well-supported systematic treatment of the Lichinomycetes. In order to propose a natural classification of the Lichinomycetes we constructed a 3-gene phylogeny (mtSSU, mcm7 and RPB2) includ-ing a dataset covering a broad selection of taxa within the class. Additionally, we analyzed the evolution of selected traits. Our results show that the traditional concepts of the families and of a high number of genera are not supported by the molecular data.

Phylogenetic assessment of Pezizomycetes

Karen Hansen, Xiang-hua Wang, Gregory Bonito, Pedro W. Crous, Rosanne A. Healy, Gábor M. Kovács, Katherine Lobuglio, Kerry O’Donnell, Donald H. Pfister, Matthew E. Smith, James M. Trappe, Wen-ying Zhuang.

Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes form the earliest diverging lineage within the Pezizomycotina. A shared derived character, the operculate ascus, supports Pezizomycetes monophyly, although functional opercula have been lost in certain taxa (mostly truffles and truffle-like forms). This class contains c. 1700 described species, classified in 200 genera and 15 families within the Pezizales. It is highly diverse both morphologically and ecologically. Until recently, most Pezizomycetes that produce apothecia epigeously were thought to be primarily saprobic and rarely plant pathogenic, but an increasing number of species are being identified as ectomycorrhizal/symbiotic using molecular techniques. Furthermore, several groups have been found as orchid associates, foliar endophytes or endolichenic. These species occur in a broad range of habitats and many are substrate specialists, producing apothecia on all types of soil, including burnt

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Abstracts - Thursday 23 April 2015 ground, on dung, decaying leaves, needles, wood, and living mosses. Previous class-wide phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequences sug-gested 3 or 5 distinct clades within the Pezizomycetes: A) Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae; B) Discinaceae-Morchellaceae and Helvellace-ae-Tuberaceae; and C) Ascodesmidaceae, Chorioactidaceae, Glaziellaceae, Pyronemataceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae. The Caloscyphaceae-Karstenellaceae and Rhizinaceae were either resolved in clade B or as two independent lineages. None of these clades/lineages correspond to earlier proposed suborders. Clades A and B are supported by certain morphological features, e.g. ascus reaction in iodine, cytology of spores and paraphyses, septal pore ultrastructure, and excipulum structure, although these characters exhibit some homoplasy. Lineage C is the largest and most heterogeneous group; no unifying morphological features support its recognition. Howev-er, based on phylogenetic analyses that included portions of three protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1), the Chorioactidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae formed a monophyletic group that corresponds to the previously recognized suborder Sarcos-cyphineae. The latter was resolved as a sister group to the rest of clade C. Interestingly, these analyses also suggested the plant parasitic Caloscyphaceae-Rhizinaceae represented a monophyletic group that was sister to clade B. During the past 10-15 years, two families were newly described while others were re-circumscribed or re-erected. Several open questions remain including: 1) placement of several genera that phylogenetic results suggest should be removed from the Pyronemataceae, 2) family assignment of the ‘gymnohydnotrya clade’, and 3) phylogenetic placement of several enigmatic species/genera (e.g., Strobiloscypha). Several genera have been shown to be polyphyletic and additional sampling of species are needed to re-circumscribe these; other genera still need to be targeted for molec-ular phylogenetics. In this joint community paper, we aim to robustly resolve the deeper branches in the Pezizomycetes phylogeny to propose pertinent orders for an updated classification that more accurately reflects evolutionary relationships. In addition, research will focus on resolving family limits and placement of genera. Although a large number of sequences are available from the nuclear LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 from various family and generic studies, future research is needed to sample missing genes and taxa to resolve evolutionary relationships of all of the families and lineages.

Laboulbeniomycetes: Alga? Worm? Fungus?

Meredith Blackwell & Danny HaelewatersLouisiana State University and University of South Carolina, USA; , Harvard University, USA

Life cycles have been important in broadening of our concept of Laboulbeniomycetes. Most species, including several thousand known species in Laboulbeniales and fewer Pyxidiophorales, are obligate biotrophs. All Laboulbeniales are arthropod-associated with haustoria and most Pyxidiophorales are contact mycoparasites. Members of Pyxidiophorales appear to be morphologically closer to a common mycelium-producing ancestor. Unique features of Pyxidiophorales include production of a teleomorph and two types of anamorphs: the hyphal anamorph with conidia and the dispersal anamorph derived from an ascospore, analogous to certain red algal life cycles with three morphs. We consider the dramatic evolutionary changes in Laboulbeniales from the common ancestor to include truncation of development, whereby the dispersal anamorph becomes superposed as part of the perithecial structure where it takes on spermatial function. Difficulties in producing a phylogenetic classification of Laboulbeniales are due to too few taxonomists who can identify the highly modified thalli, the minute size of the thalli, and the inability to grow them in culture. The classification of Pyxidio-phorales was confounded previously by lack of information on the life history, including development and association with the hosts.

Fungi in the Open Tree of Life

Romina Gazis and David S. HibbettBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester MA 01610 USA

Constructing a phylogenetic tree with all fungal species represents a Holy Grail of mycology. To this end, fungal systematists have gathered and analyzed morphological and molecular data for hundreds of thousands of species, yielding phylogenetic trees that have been reported in thousands of publications. However, these research products have never been combined into an accessible, compre-hensive fungal tree of life, and complete phylogenies for large clades are rare. Challenges to constructing comprehensive phylogenies include computational requirements and low overlap in the molecular markers used among phylogenetic studies. In the absence of phylogenetic knowledge, taxonomic information can provide a species hierarchy that can be combined with trees based on molecular analyses. By using taxonomy as backbone and resolving shallower relationships among taxa with phylogenies, we can detect areas in the tree where taxonomic revisions are needed. The Open Tree of Life project (http://blog.opentreeoflife.org/) is a collaboration among ten laboratories that seeks to create resources to enable a synthesis of taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge. We are working toward a draft of the most comprehensive fungal tree to date, by combining phylogenetic and taxonomic sources. While this tree is far from complete, it is an important first step to a comprehensive fungal tree of life that can be updated and will provide a foundation for com-parative mycology.

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

The new Ascomycete outline: how to proceed

H. Thorsten LumbschScience & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

The rapid pace of new results of phylogenetic studies being published that challenge the current classification of ascomycetes make it necessary to develop a community approach to constantly update the classification to reflect our current knowledge. While an increase in efficiency of translation of phylogenetic results into classification is necessary, elements of quality control and agreed thresholds of confidence in results is necessary. This introduction is thought as stimulation for a discussion on how to address these issues and how to make use of existing online databases to streamline this process.

Erysiphales (Current state of the science in the light of ICN, Art. 59)

Uwe BraunMartin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Depratment of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany

Powdery mildews are a well-known, almost circumglobally distributed, comprehensively examined, recently monographed (Braun & Cook 2012) order of ascomycetes, currently encompassing about 880 species of obligate phytopathogens. It has been proposed to give general preference to teleomorph-typified powdery mildew names (Braun 2013). The discontinuation of the dual nomenclature of pleo-morphic fungi has relatively small effects on powdery mildew names. There are only 23 cases of teleomorph-typified names, including a single genus name, threatened by anamorph-typified names. Two options were available to solve this problem, (1) the preparation of a complete list of the about 880 Erysiphales names (Art. 14.3) or (2) 23 proposals in the regular way under Art. 14.1. The second option was used. The corresponding proposals have been published (Braun 2013). The monotypic, phytopathologically extremely relevant teleomorph-typified genus Blumeria Golovin ex Speer 1974 (type species: Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer, powdery mildew of grasses and cereals), threatened by the anamorph-typified genus Oidium Link 1824 (type species: Oidium monilioides (Nees : Fr.) Link), is the only case on generic level.

Literature: Braun, U. (2012): The impact of the discontinuation of dual nomenclature of pleomoprhic fungi: the trivial facts, problems, and strategies. IMA

Fungus 3(1): 81–86.Braun, U. (2013): (2210-2232) Proposals to conserve the teleomorph-typified name Blumeria against the anamorph-typified name Oidium and twen-

ty-two teleomorph-typified powdery mildew species names against competing anamorph-typified names (Ascomycota: Erysiphaceae). Taxon 62: 1328–1331.

Braun, U., Cook, R.T.A. (2012): Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews). CBS Biodiversity Series 11: 1–707.

Pleomassariaceae

Walter Jaklitsch & Hermann VoglmayrDepartment of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria

In its classical circumscription the family Pleomassariaceae comprises pleosporalean teleomorphs with large, brown, mostly multicellu-lar ascospores, with an asymmetrical primary euseptum and a prominent hyaline sheath. Although the morphological homogeneity of this group is convincing in its simplicity, a number of different hypho- and coelomycetous anamorphs is associated with the family.

Phylogenetic analysis of all key genera and species from both anamorphic and teleomorphic isolates revealed that the family is poly-phyletic and that the type of anamorph is a much better predictor of phylogenetic relationships than teleomorphs. Based on multigene analyses, species of the Pleomassariaceae are distributed amongst at least 9 distinct lineages within Pleosporales. Application of the 1F1N concept based on priority of publication results in ca 15 genera in ca 8 families of Pleosporales, of which 3 (Splanchnonema, Splanchospora, Stigmatomassaria) were originally teleomorphic and 5 (Helminthosporium, Macrodiplodiopsis, Myxocyclus, Prosthemium, Scolicosporium, Shearia) were originally anamorphic, and about 6 genera will be new. For Splanchnonema a new family will be estab-lished.

Overview of Geoglossomycetes

Vincent P. HustadDept. of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA

The class Geoglossomycetes (Ascomycota), commonly referred to as “Earth tongues”, has undergone extensive taxonomic revision in the past six years. As circumscribed in 2009, the class Geoglossomycetes consisted of three morphologically dissimilar genera (Geoglos-sum, Sarcoleotia, and Trichoglossum) and approximately 50 species. Recent molecular systematics research in the class has resulted in the description of three new genera in Geoglossomycetes (Glutinoglossum, Hemileucoglossum, and Sabuloglossum), and the inclusion of three other genera previously considered incertae sedis (Leucoglossum, Maasoglossum, and Nothomitra). Several cryptic species have been de-

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015 scribed to date in the genera Geoglossum and Glutinoglossum and these along with the inclusion of species previously considered incertae sedis has brought the total number of species in Geoglossomycetes to more than 70. Ongoing molecular phylogenetic research indicates that cryptic genera and species, previously unrecognized due to subtle morphological differences and lack of molecular evidence, are widely distributed throughout the class. This presentation will demonstrate the latest results of our attempt at a modern phylogeny of Geoglossomycetes.

New Lineages of Yeasts associated with Beetles

Meredith Blackwell, Louisiana State University and University of South Carolina, USA

Fungi and insects evolved in the same habitats where they may have complex interactions. Fungus feeding in beetles arose inde-pendently multiple times, and several families of cucujoid beetles, including mushroom feeders, have caeca located at the anterior end of the midgut that contain yeasts. Three lineages of yeasts commonly occur in association with beetles and their habitats. We isolated new species in Candida tanzaewanesis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and C. kruisii clades, although the host associations were not strict. For example members of the C. tanzawaensis clade were often isolated from beetles in Erotylidae and Tenebrionidae from the New World and Thailand. Yeasts in the Candida kruisii clade came primarily from Nitidulidae, particularly Palodes, in both the USA and Panama; Meyerozyma guilliermondii clade members also were associated with species of nitdulids as well other cucujoids. Given the large number of fungus-feeding beetles and their somewhat specific associations with yeasts, many species remain to be discovered.

Generic concepts in the Xylariomycetidae – New results on the phylogeny and implications for taxonomy and nomenclature

Lucile Wendt1, Gerald F. Bills2, Cony Decock3, Adriana Hladki4, Eric Kuhnert1, Thomas Læssøe5, J. Jennifer Divinigracia Luangsa-ard6,Derek Peršoh7, Esteban B. Sir4, Prasert Srikitikulchai6, Marc Stadler1,* 1Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Microbial Drugs, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCR6.4676 Houston, TX 77054, USA; 3Mycothéque de Universite catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 4Fundación Miguel Lillo, Institute of Mycology, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina. 5University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology/Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; 6National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; 7Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Geobotanik. Uni-versitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany .

In its current classification, the Xylariomycetideae is regarded as a subclass of the Pezizomycotina comprising the single order Xylar-iales. The Xylariales is mainly comprised of the Xylariaceae, Diatrypaceae, Amphisphariaceae, and other minor families. These small families and some basal lineages of the Xylariaceae urgently to be revised, but molecular data are widely amiss, hence this will be a task for the future. Currently, these families are still defined on the basis of salient micromorphological features of the sexual state (ascal/ascospore morphology) as primary criteria and the modes of conidiogenesis (e.g. geniculosporium-, nodulisporium-, or libertella-like) as subordinate criteria. This classification system is hampered by the fact that data on the asexual morphs are often lacking or not par-ticularly diagnostic. Many species of the stromatic Xylariales do not readily produce an asexual morph in culture, or the variability and homogeneity of conidiophore and conidial morphology do not allow for a safe discrimination. On the other hand, the non-stromatic genera of the Xylariales and in particular the vegetative states and resistant ascospores of the stromatic genera may be the prevalent form in Nature, especially in living plants, wood, and soil, and are of utmost importance for both ecology and applied microbiology. Inte-grated classification of specimen- and enviroment-based molecular data is therefore urgently needed. However, a comprehensive system must be supported by a thorough knowledge of the taxonomy of the extant large genera at hand, which are predominantly „macromy-cetes“, like Hypoxylon, Xylaria, and their respective relatives.

While some higher level phylogenies of the Xylariomycetideae have recognised the order as monophyletic, a stable multi-gene genealo-gy, including a significant number of representatives from all key morphological and phylogenetic lineages of the Xylariaceae, remains a significant goal. The Xylariaceae is traditionally divided into two major lineages: the informal subfamilies „Hypoxyloideae“ and Xylarioideae“. Molecular and chemotaxonomic studies have demonstrated that this segregation, which was originally based on compar-ative anatomy, is actually justified. Although the Xylarioideae has previously been studied by a multi-gene genealogy based exclusively on housekeeping genes, we have followed an alternative approach. We will present the first multi-gene genealogy of the Xylariaceae with emphasis on hypoxyloid taxa, based on partial beta-tubulin, RBP2, LSU and ITS data. Combining housekeeping genes and the LSU has improved the resolution of the phylogenetic tree, and, unsurprisingly for us, various affinities that had been predicted from mor-phological and chemotaxonomic work, were eventually confirmed. Nonetheless, for the time being, a conservative approach to generic concepts should be applied. For instance, the genus Hypoxylon is highly diverse at the species level, yet the type species, H. fragiforme, seems to belong to a rather derived evolutionary lineage. Since molecular data have not been generated for over 50% of the known species, segregation of the genus according to phylogenetic clades might cause hundreds of premature and unstable name changes. A possible solution could be to restratify higher taxonomic levels, starting by restricting the Xylariales to the current concept of the Xy-lariaceae, and redefining the Xylariacae to accommodate only the current Xylarioideae, while elevating the „Hypoxyloideae“ to its own family, Hypoxylaceae. Under this scenario, the genus Hypoxylon would then remain intact as a kind of transitional group, analogous to certain reptiles within the vertebrates, and certain genera that are known for their striking morphological features could be retained, despite the obvious paraphyly.

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

New lineages of leaf litter fungi

E.B.G. Jones¹, A. H. Bahkali¹, S. Somrithipol², S. Suetrong², S. Sommai² and N. Runjindamai³¹Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ²Fungal Biodiversity Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Thanon Phaholyothin, Tambon Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand, ³Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand

Our studies of tropical rainforest fungi have yielded a wide variety of new species many of which are new lineages of ascomycetes. For example, 21 new species have been documented from freshwater peat swamps with Baipadosphaeria, Falmmispora, Phruensis and Thailandiomyces forming unique lineages in the Ascomycota. Equally, many species isolated from leaf litter and tropical fruits and seeds form novel lineages, e.g., Falcocladium, Infundibulomyces, Lauriomyces and Satchmopsis. Two species of Infundibulomyces, a genus with cupulate conidiomata, are monophyletic and belong to the Chaeosphariales (Sordariomycetes), while Satchmopsis, also with cupulate conidiomata, forms a new lineage in the Leotiomycetes. Falcocladium forms a new lineage in Sordariomycetes, along with the marine genera Etheirophora, Swampomyces, Juncigena and Torpedospora, and has been referred to a new family Falcocladiaceae. Four Lauriomyces species are monophyletic and form a distinct lineage in the Leotiomycetes with high statistical support. Some of these interesting genera will be discussed in greater detail in the oral presentation.

Anamorph-teleomorph connections in the Pezizales: new knowledge, old names, and mod-ern concepts

Rosanne Healy, Donald Pfister, Matthew Smith, and Gregory BonitoFarlow Herbarium and Library, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

Asexual morphs have been reported for the Pezizales for more than 150 years. Most connections between sexual and asexual morphs have been made using cultural or coincidental spatial-temporal observations and were biased towards culturable taxa. Many species of Pezizales do not produce spores in culture, or cannot be cultured. In nature, many do not produce mitospores in the same place and time as their ascomata. The decreasing cost of standard molecular methods and the identification of a bar code region for species deter-minations have provided accessible and effective tools for linking sexual and asexual morphs. In turn, these linkages are yielding new insight into trophic habits and natural history of Pezizales. Recent sequencing efforts of mitotic sporemats collected in nature open one avenue for discovering unculturable asexual morphs and in some cases linking them to sexual morphs. This strategy has also reveals gaps in our understanding of generic concepts for asexual morphs and in our understanding of the natural histories of these fungi.

An ultrastructural study of the unique spore bodies of the Orbiliomycetes

Rosanne Healy and Donald H. PfisterFarlow Herbarium and Library, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

A unique organelle of the Orbiliomycetes, the so-called spore body, is investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In the present study we have used TEM and light microscopy to investigate several species in the class exploring the origins, construc-tion, composition and function of this body. The spore body is membrane bound, it develops after the formation of the primary spore wall, it is composed of both electron dense and electron opaque material. Preliminary results indicate that carbohydrates are present in at least part of the body. It is connected to the plasmalemma. In some species there is a distinctive neck region often composed of stacked membranes. At germination of the spores the spore body becomes active and seems to contribute to wall building. The form and nature of the spore body is different between species of Orbilia and Hyalobilia

Species limits, naming and typification in Helvella (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota)

Trond Schumacher & Inger SkredeSection for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway

The genus Helvella (Helvellaceae, Pezizales) consists of a variety of larger, delicately stipitate, cup- and saddle-shaped fungi of the Pezi-zomycetes. Species recognition is problematic due to phenotypic plasticity and lack of microanatomical characters for species discrimi-nation. Our work represents a beginning of understanding the species diversity and species relationships in Helvella. We have succeeded to recover four partial genes with high phylogenetic inference power within Helvella, e.g. the elongation factor 1 alpha (515 bp), the RNA Polymerase II subunit (347 bp), the heat shock protein 70 (273 bp), and the 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (694 bp), and used a genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR)-based approach to determine phylogenetic topology and obtain an initial estimate of species diversity in Helvella. Specifically, we screened these molecular markers for 458 specimens from different regions and climatic zones of Europe plus a few extra-European locations, based on field collections and herbarium specimens in C, H and O. Based on the initial results, we selected 183 specimens, representing the genetic diversity sampled, for analyses by ML and Bayesian phylogenetic approaches. Our GCPSR analyses revealed 79 distinct genealogical units and recovered a number of morpholog-

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015 ically similar assemblages of species, i.e. the H. leucomelaena, H. acetabulum, H. corium, H. lacunosa, H. hypocrateriformis, H. nigricans, H. pezizoides, H. elastica, species groups (aggregates). The GCPSR analyses delimit more species than previous assessments based on morphological species recognition (MSR). Here we provide sequence data from one to three genetic loci for 14 holo-/isotype and 30 neo-/epitype specimens, which comprise altogether 41 out of the 55 European species recorded. Furthermore, we have resurrected 12 nominal names to be applied on newly discovered pseudocryptic Helvella morphospecies. Four species are described as new. Our work demonstrates the necessity of using DNA sequences - in addition to morphology - , to support species discrimination across the mor-phologically diverse Helvella genus. Some Helvella species are present on different continents, while a fair number seems to be restricted to a particular region or represent continent endemics.

Trypetheliales: an important group of tropical lichenized ascomycetes

A. Aptroot1, R. Lücking2 & M.E.S. Cáceres3

1ABL Herbarium, G.v.d. Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands; 2 Science and Education, Gantz Family Collections Center, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, U.S.A.; 3Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil;

The Trypetheliaceae is one of the first described families of lichenized Ascomycota and one of the oldest clades of tropical crustose lichens, its origin going back to the Jurassic. Family delimitation was somewhat obscure throughout the past nearly 200 years, but in general Trypetheliaceae included pyrenocarpous, epiphytic lichens with a crustose thallus containing a Trentepohlia photobiont, thin, anastomosing paraphysoides forming a network em bedded in a well-developed, gelatinous matrix, bitunicate asci, and hyaline, dis-toseptate asco spores with diamond-shaped lumina. The generic concept within the family was traditionally based on thallus develop-ment, ascoma arrangement, and ascospore septation, recognizing seven genera.

Although over 100 names had already been published in this family before 1900, there were only few collections until the 1950s, when almost as many specimens as names existed in the family. Almost half of the c. 400 species currently distinguished are still in the process of being formally described in an upcoming monographic treatment. Most are found in tropical lowland to lower montane, rain forest, dry forest, and savannah habitats.

Molecular phylogenetic data have deeply challenged both the family circumscription of Trypetheliaceae and the delimitation of genus-level taxa. Surprisingly, now also some groups in which the interascal filaments and ascospore types differ from the core Trypethe-liaceae are included. As a whole, Trypetheliaceae forms a strongly supported, somewhat isolated clade within Dothideomycetes and has therefore been assigned to its own order, Trypetheliales.

Genus-level delimitations have changed considerably within Trypetheliaceae. Where as genera already characterized by particular fea-tures, such as Aptrootia, Archi trype thelium, Bathelium, and Pseudopyrenula, have been confirmed by molecular data, the ascospore- and ascomata-based genera Astrothelium, Cryptothelium, Laurera, and Trypethelium do not represent natural groups. The bulk of the species, with variable ascoma arrangement and ascospore septation, appears to belong in a single genus, for which the oldest name is Astrotheli-um.

Two hundred million years of missing data in the Ascomycota fossil record

Mary Berbee1, Ludovic LeRenard1, David Carmean2

1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC Canada; 2Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC Canada

Pezizomycotina in modern ecosystems produce prolific and distinctive ascomata, ascospores and conidia. One of the earliest known fossil fungi is the stunningly beautiful and yet perplexing 400 million-year-old Paleopyrenomycites devonicus. With its perithecia embedded in the stems of the early vascular plant Asteroxylon mackiei, this fossil’s characters are expected only from Pezizomycotina. However, there is a striking absence of any other evidence of Pezizomycotina between the Devonian, 400 Ma, and the Jurassic, 200 Ma. Searches through Kalgutkar and Jansonius’s (2000) Synopsis of Fossil Fungal Spores Mycelia and Fructifications, an online version of which we released in 2014 <http://advance.science.sfu.ca/Kalgutkar_and_Jansonius/> show that dispersed fungal propagules prior to the Jurassic were irregular spores, e.g., the outlines of the septate, elongate and common Permian spore type Reduviasporonites catenu-latus were constricted at septa and the cells making up the spore varied irregularly in size. Not until the Jurassic do dispersed spores of modern looking Pezizomycotina appear in the fossil record, e.g. Diporicellaesporites serratulus, with a smoothly elliptical spore body and regularly spaced septa. One possible explanation for the missing 200 million years of ascomycete fossils is that Paleopyrenomycites devonicus has been incorrectly interpreted and Pezizomycotina in fact radiated much later. Alternatively, the interpretation of Paleopyr-enomycites may be correct but for various reasons, fossils documenting early Pezizomycotina are missing. We are working at improving estimates of diversification dates by looking to correlate characters from distinctive fossil Microthyriales (Dothideomycetes, Pezizomy-cotina) with characters mapped to a phylogeny of modern members of the clade. Our results may help to explain the 200 million year Ascomycota fossil gap and improve estimates of dates of Pezizomycotina diversification

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

Archaeorhizomycetes

Anna RoslingDept. of Evolutionary Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

The class Archaeorhizomycetes (Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota) was introduced in 2011 to describe cryptically reproducing, slow-growing, ubiquitous soil fungi commonly associated with plant roots. The class is globally distributed, is found in all vegetat-ed terrestrial ecosystems and has been detected in over 100 studies using environmental sequencing. Using 97% sequence similarity across the ITS region as a cut-of to define OTUs we have found that sequences from at least 148 putative species are available in public databases. Of these, 30% have been detected more than once but only two species, Archaeorhizomycetes finlayi and Archaeorhizomycetes borealis, have been cultured and formally described. Existing species richness estimates suggest that there are close to 500 species in the class. However, this may be an underestimation given that most sequencing of soil fungal communities relies on the reverse primer ITS4, with known biases against the class.

In my group we now use primer combinations designed not to bias against this class and we are currently analyzing soil fungal community sequence data from a global sampling effort. Preliminary analysis of our data indicates that Archaeorhizomycetes make up 6 – 48% of fungi amplified from total soil DNA extracts. The lowest abundance was detected in West Africa and the highest in Sweden. Sequences assigned to the class cluster into more than 700 putative species of Archaeorhizomycetes suggesting that species richness is higher than previously thought. Awaiting a final analysis of the data it remains clear that Archaeorhizomycetes is the most species rich class in the Taphrinomycotina and one of the most abundantly detected fungal classes in soil.

Phylogenetic analysis of four gene regions support the placement of Archaeorhizomycetes within Taphrinomycotina, possible as a sis-ter clade of Neolectomycetes. Based on DNA and RNA Illumina sequencing, we have a genome sizes estimate of 22,5 Mbp with 9471 predicted genes for A. finlayi and 18,2 Mbp with 8206 predicted genes for A. borealis. This suggests that genome size in Archaeorhizo-mycetes is about twice that of other Taphrinomycotina. Ongoing analysis will reveal if this is the result of a genome duplication event or massive gene family expansions associated with the radiation of the class.

Thus far, environmental sequences provide most information on patterns of distribution and habitat specificity within the class. The Archaeorhizomycetes is an excellent group of fungi to develop methodologies of naming species based on environmental sequences since these can be implemented without the risk of overlapping with un-sequences type species. However, the short read length of most environmental sequences prevents us from resolving generic structure within the class and my group is currently making efforts to overcome this limitation by exploring the use of PacBio sequencing of long environmental amplicons. Given the abundance of the class in most terrestrial ecosystems species in the Archaeorhizomycetes have great potential ecological importance and it is thus essential that systematics are developed so that putative species in this group can be recognized across studies.

SPECIAL SESSION: IntegratIng unknown fungI Into the tree of lIfe: a perspectIve from endophytes.

Progress toward capturing the biodiversity of fungal endophytes.

A. Elizabeth Arnold1,2, Jana M. U’Ren1, Jolanta Miadlikowska3, Ignazio Carbone4, and François Lutzoni3

1School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA; 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tuc-son, Arizona 85721 USA; 3Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA; 4Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA

Endophytes are one of the most ubiquitous but least-studied groups of symbionts on earth. Defined functionally by not causing de-tectable symptoms of disease, these horizontally transmitted symbionts occur in all plants and (and in lichens as ‘endolichenic’ fungi) in terrestrial and aquatic biomes from the poles to the equator. Increasingly recognized as an accessible but under-explored trove of biolog-ical, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, endophytes are reshaping our current understanding of the Ascomycota tree of life. In par-ticular, the diverse and evolutionarily dynamic Pezizomycotina holds >90% of endophyte diversity. This subphyulum is tied intricately to photosynthetic organisms via symbiosis, having diversified anciently and in parallel with the origin and diversification of embryo-phytes and major lineages of lichens. Culture-based and culture-free studies of endophytes have revealed many new species, genera, and families of Pezizomycotina in recent years; strikingly, such efforts also have uncovered new orders and classes, some of which originated as early as the Silurian. Here we will (1) summarize recent findings regarding the scope, phylogenetic distribution, and evolutionary history of ascomycetous endophytes from diverse biomes, with attention to the class, order, family, genus, species, and population levels of biodiversity, and (2) discuss the tools available – and needed – for their phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis.

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

Challenges to speeding up the naming of unknown fungal species

François Lutzoni1, Ignazio Carbone2, James B. White2, Jolanta Miadlikowska1, Jana U’Ren3 and A. Elizabeth Arnold3,4

1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA; 2Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA; 3School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA; 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA

As part of the NSF program Dimensions of Biodiversity, we have developed a system to accelerate the integration of newly discovered fungal biodiversity into a comprehensive phylogenetic framework. This phylogenetic integration of biodiversity is key to overcome the challenges we have been facing to greatly speed-up the naming of the overwhelming number of unknown fungal species that are being discovered daily. The goal of this presentation is to describe the strategy we designed to integrate this hyperdiversity presented by A. Elizabeth Arnold in the previous talk, into a phylogenetic framework using bioinformatics tools developed by Ignazio Carbone, presented in the following talk. The integration of unknown fungi into a comprehensive phylogenetic tree, in a dynamic and interactive way, will enable taxonomists to visualize the unknown fungal diversity that has been found for their focal group of interest and to readi-ly obtain fungal strains and multi-locus alignments. Because this service is available online to everyone, we hope this portal will rally the worldwide fungal taxonomists and greatly accelerate, in a concerted way, the description of new fungal species.

New online tools for species delimitation and classification of unknown fungal endophytes

Ignazio Carbone1, James B. White1, Jolanta Miadlikowska2, Jana U’Ren3, A. Elizabeth Arnold3,4 and François Lutzoni2

1Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 USA; 2Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA; 3School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA; 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA

Phylogeny-aware methods for alignment and evolutionary placement of unknown sequences on a reference phylogeny greatly acceler-ate the efficiency of fungal phylogenetic studies and species descriptions. We are developing the Tree-Based Alignment Selector (T-BAS) toolkit to allow web-based evolutionary placement of unknown DNA sequences using both BLAST and phylogeny-aware methods. An important feature of T-BAS is the capacity to download custom alignments by clicking directly on nodes or taxa on the tree and selecting genes of choice, which addresses a core need: assembling multi-locus data sets for small and large-scale phylogenetic studies, and the generation of voucher tables. These tasks are among the most time consuming and error prone steps in phylogenetics, and the most limiting factors inhibiting inference of the fungal tree of life. We will describe two versions of the toolkit. T-BAS v.1 includes a core phylogeny of 983 taxa and sequence alignments for five loci (nrLSU, nrSSU, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2) representing all classes of As-comycota. This phylogeny is updated actively as more taxa are sequenced. Additional functionality will allow users to upload sequence files with unknown reads that will be placed on the phylogeny using BLAST and phylogeny-aware methods. The latter is guided by the reference tree topology, a new sequence alignment for unknowns, and the reference multiple sequence alignment that was origi-nally used for tree reconstruction. BLAST will be performed across reference alignments plus unalignable regions (e.g., for ITS) that are available for many taxa. Thus T-BAS leverages all available data to improve accuracy in phylogenetic placement. T-BAS v.2 allows real-time updating of the reference phylogeny and simultaneous placement of unknown reads using BLAST and phylogeny-aware methods, as described above. In contrast to T-BAS version 1, this version allows the user to upload the phylogeny, curated alignments and other data layers for visualization and analysis. The flexibility to refresh trees and data layers on the fly will allow placed taxa to be included in subsequent analyses, improving the resolution of clades and the accuracy of phylogenetic placements. T-BAS v. 2 would allow users to upload the phylogenetic tree of their focal group of interest, and associated alignments, to acquire the same bioinformatic tools described above. This functionality allows T-BAS to be expanded to include all fungi, and it can be used by those interested in small or large-scale studies of their favorite group of organisms.

Metschnikowia: generic concepts in yeasts

Marc-André Lachance and Emilia HurtadoDepartment of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

The sequencing revolution has caused an explosion in the number of new yeast species descriptions and an increase in the size of many yeast genera. Better-known ascomycete yeast genera such as Saccharomyces or Pichia have been reorganized into smaller units based on phylogenies inferred from sequence information. The genus Metschnikowia has forborn such reassignments. At current estimate, the clade containing all described species that fit a morphological Metschnikowia concept contains 45 ascosporic and 57 asexual species, as well as three ascosporic species assigned to the genus Clavispora. Cases could be made for subdividing the genus based on currently available phylogenies, carving out, for example, a subclade of large-spored, beetle-associated species and a small subclade that includes M. orientalis and M. agaves into separate genera. However, the subclades are poorly defined and hasty rearrangements would serve no purpose but to create names that would require further revision as better phylogenies become available. We have used Illumina HiSeq draft genome sequences to examine the phylogeny of six Hawaiian endemic Metschnikowia species. The analysis shows that phylogenies obtained in the past from rRNA genes or with a concatenation of actin, elongation factor 2, and RNA polymerase 2, are not congruent with the topology suggested by a majority of nearly a thousand genes selected for their information content, amenability to alignment, and strong phylogenetic signal to noise ratios. High-throughput sequencing now makes it possible to obtain better phylogenies, but until these are obtained, a conservative approach to nomenclature should be followed

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

Barcoding of yeast strains - CBS-KNAW culture collection

Marizeth Groenewald, Vincent Robert, Duong Vu, Teun Boekhout1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands,

The CBS culture collection (established 1904) is one of the largest public service collections for living fungi in the world; the yeast collection alone contains more than 10 000 strains including the type strains of all described species. For more than 100 years, strains deposited in the collection have been identified based on state-of-art techniques at the time of accession such as morphology, physiolo-gy, etc. CBS harbours a great hidden diversity of micro-organisms that can be explored in many ways. This biodiversity can vary from species versus strain level to genotype versus phenotype spanning cultures from a wide range of geographic and ecologic origins.

In an attempt to explore some of the hidden diversity within the CBS collection, a survey using a DNA barcoding approach was start-ed by sequencing the D1/D2 and ITS loci of all ex-type yeast cultures in the collection. Some of the obtained results will be discussed during the presentation, with specific focus on the ascomycetous yeast species.

Type cultures have the important function of anchoring existing species names. The barcode sequences of the more than 2 000 (ex)-type yeast cultures of the CBS collection are of incredible value for yeast taxonomy and nomenclature and, hence, its user’s community. Another valuable aspect of this project is that DNA barcodes are an important tool for finding connections between sexually and asexu-ally reproducing species. This is of great importance for working towards the unified 1F=1N naming concept.

All yeast strains are currently sequenced and the sequences validated. The resulting barcode data set has several purposes such as i) allowing for updated identifications, ii) to select strains in need of further investigation, and iii) to serve as a quality control of existing and newly deposited CBS strains.

This will also contributes to ongoing projects such as the multigene phylogeny studies of both asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts, as all known characteristics for each strain of CBS increases the value of the collection and results in an invaluable reference source for yeast research, industry and medicine.

Candida and Lodderomyces

Heide-Marie DanielUniversité catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute – Applied Microbiology (ELIM), Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM/MUCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

The Lodderomyces- or alternatively called Candida albicans-clade of ascomycetous yeasts is circumscribed by phylogenetic analyses. Its members share the most common properties of yeasts such as whitish, somewhat shiny, butyrous colonies, multilateral budding, spher-ical, ovoid to elongated cells, formation of pseudohyphae, glucose fermentation, co-enzyme Q-9 production; all of which also appear in other yeast clades. The Lodderomyces clade comprises Lodderomyces elongisporus (Recca & Mrak 1952) van der Walt (1966) and about 30 Candida species including the type species C. vulgaris (syn. C. tropicalis) (Berkhout 1923). The name Candida has usage and no-menclatural priority and should supersede the name Lodderomyces. However, the current genus Candida comprises more than 400 valid species and the implementation of the nomenclatural requirement to apply a single name to a single taxon may lead to confusion if not communicated accurately. Despite the current taxonomic endeavour to make genera monophyletic, monophyly is not a nomenclatural requirement, and there will be a transitional phase during which Candida species can be distinguished in monophyletic Candida sensu stricto (Lodderomyces-clade) species and polyphyletic Candida sensu-lato species. The numerous non-Lodderomyces-clade Candida sensu lato species will continue to keep their valid Candida name until they have been reclassified in other, more appropriate genera. This reclassification should use multigene phylogenetic analysis among other approaches. However, when describing new species that would formerly have been classified in Candida because of the lack of sexual reproduction, it is now encouraged to place them in the phyloge-netically appropriate genus with the indication forma asexualis (f.a.) in their description. If an appropriate genus does not yet exist, it should be described. Thereby, the burden of Candida sensu lato species should not be enlarged by additional species and their number would be reduced by the stepwise reclassification of Candida sensu lato species in their appropriate genera.

The phylogenetic homogeneity of the Lodderomyces-clade is currently under evaluation. D1/D2 LSU-based phylogenetic analyses offer only restricted resolution in a number of related Debaryomycetaceae (e.g. Spathaspora, Scheffersomyces, Debaryomyces) and additional analyses to clarify the coherence of the effective type species C. tropicalis and the most prominent Candida species C. albicans are in progress.

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Abstracts - Friday 24 April 2015

An overview of Pleosporales

Ying Zhang*Institute of Microbiology, P.O. Box 61, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.

Pleosporales is the largest order in the Dothideomycetes, comprising half of all dothideomycetous species. Species in this order lives in various habitats, and can be saprobic on decaying wood of terrestrial, freshwater or maritime habitats, or be epiphytes, endophytes or parasites of living leaves or stems, hyperparasites on fungi, insects or be lichenized. So far, based on morphology and DNA sequence analysis, 35 families, 139 genera, about 9,800 species are included in Pleosporales. Two suborders viz. Pleosporineae and Massarine-ae have been introduced to accommodate some families of Pleosporales. Up to now, eight families are included in Pleosporineae, i.e. Phaeosphaeriaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Cucurbitariaceae, Coniothyriaceae, Pleosporaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Didymellaceae and Shiraiaceae. Families in Pleosporineae comprise numerous plant pathogens which mostly are biotrophic or hemibiotrophic on monocots or dicots, and most Phoma-like members also reside in them. So far, six families are included in Massarineae viz. Bambusicolaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae. Although limited number of human pathogenic species has been reported in Trematosphaeriaceae, members of Massarineae mostly are saprobes on various plant substrates, which can live in terres-trial, freshwater or marine enviroments. For most of the other familes, the familial status of them have been well defined based on the morphological or ecological characteristics. Of which, Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Halotthiaceae, Lindgomycetaceae, Salsuginaceae tend to be saprobic in freshwater or maritime envonments. Delitschiaceae and Sporormiaceae take animal dune as living substrates. Roussoel-laceae and Tetraplosphaeriaceae are saprobic on monocots, and Anteagloniaceae, Lophiostomataceae and Lophiotremataceae are saprobic on woody substrates of terrestrial habitates. Massariaceae often lives with members of Acer or Rosaceae as weak pathogens. While the status of other families needs to be revised or confirmed in the further study by adding more taxa

Ellis’s Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes Reconsidered

Keith A. Seifert & Paul M. KirkBiodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue | 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada

The books Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes (1971) and More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes by M.B. Ellis provide descriptions, illustrations and identification keys for more than 1600 species of darkly pigmented hyphomycetes. After 40 years, the books are still core resources for mycologists who collect and identify microfungi, especially for those focused on biodiversity. Students of this group are frequently criticized for not culturing and sequencing the fungi that they describe. Although there are technical challenges (primarily the need for careful isolation of single spores, sometimes low germination rates, and a tendency for healthy looking natural colonies to be dead) these fungi are usually not difficult to culture. Many are Dothideomycetes, but a significant number are Sordariomycetes or Leotiom-ycetes; we will focus on groups that are not emphasized in other presentations in this Symposium. The phylogenetic integrity of Ellis’s morphological generic concepts will be assessed, and examples of groups still requiring phylogenetic evaluation will be highlighted. Because of these books and the subsequent body of literature following the same taxonomic principles, the dematiaceous hyphomycetes are an excellent group for a species by species approach to building a comprehensive DNA barcoding reference set. The community of scientists studying them needs encouragement and assistance with culturing and sequencing. This presentation will evaluate the com-pleteness of our DNA sampling of this group as a barometer of our larger progress towards the understanding of conspicuous, ubiqui-tous and taxonomically accessible fungal groups 25 years into the molecular age. 

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Abstracts - posterpresentations

Comparing diversity of fungi from living leaves using culturing and high throughput environmental sequencing.

Peter Johnston, Duckchul Park, Rob Smissen, Jerry CooperLandcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

Culturing methods have been used for many years to measure levels of diversity of endophytic fungi in symptomless leaves, but high throughput sequencing methods are now starting to be applied to these studies. Here we compare the fungal diversity detected from living leaves of four species of Nothofagaceae from natural forests, using both culturing and 454 high throughput sequencing methods. Although we compare the diversity using tissue from exactly the same set of leaves, the communities of fungi being sampled were not directly comparable. The surface sterilisation step removed epiphytic fungi from the culturing method sample but the 454 method could also have sampled DNA from dead hyphae and spores on the leaf surface. The epiphytes could have included species of Cla-dosporium, Nigrospora, and Epicoccum, fungi detected using the 454 but not by culturing despite their aggressive and characteristic growth in culture. Over 700 OTUs were recognised using the high throughput sequencing method, compared to 81 species by cul-turing. The fungi not detected by culturing will include the non-culturable fungi, but are also likely to represent saprobic epiphytes, as well as species present as contaminating spores on the leaf surfaces. Thirty-one of the species detected by culture were missing from the 454 data; most of these were Xylariaceae. Pyrosequencing methods generate huge amounts of data that potentially allows greater insight to be drawn from a set of environmental samples. However, the way those samples are selected is important. In this study, patchiness in the distribution of fungal communities meant that the Lophozonia menziesii-associated diversity was more effectively sampled than that of the other hosts, despite the sampling intensity with respect to the amount of tissue sampled per host being about the same. Each individual L. menziesii tree had a larger community of fungi associated with it, and each tree a greater proportion of that host’s total community, compared to the other three host species sampled. There were also marked differences in the numbers of OTUs detected between trees of the same host, and between different branches within a tree. This means that the species diversity detected will be affected by the particular set of trees, or leaves from that tree, chosen to represent a site or a host.

Augusto Chaves Batista (1916-1967): contributions of a brilliant and determined mycolo-gist from Brazil to Ascomycete taxonomy

Jadson D.P. Bezerra1,2, Renan N. Barbosa1,2, Marília H.C. Maciel1,4, Oliane M.C. Magalhães1, Laura M. Paiva1, José L. Bezerra2,3, Cristina M. Souza-Motta1,2

1Micoteca URM, Departamento de Micologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/no, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50.670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/no, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50.670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. 3Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais. Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, CEP: 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil. 4Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes, no 580, Bloco 16, Butantã, CEP 02.394-949, São Paulo, Brazil.

The organization of centers for fungal taxonomy was essential to increase research expertise on mycological diversity worldwide. In Brazil, the brilliance and determinism of Augusto Chaves Batista innovated with the creation, in 1954, of the Institute of Mycology of the University of Recife, currently Department of Mycology Prof. Augusto Chaves Batista - Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), which harbor the culture collection - Micoteca URM Profa. Maria Auxiliadora Cavalcanti and Herbário URM Pe. Camille Torrend. Micoteca URM includes about 8,000 records of fungi (approximately 25,000 strains), being considered one of the largest collections of fungal cultures in Brazil, and since January 2014 is certified under ISO 9001:2008 for Preservation, Identification and Fungal Cultures Supply. Herbário URM harbor more than 85,000 records of fungi and 52,000 herbarium specimens, being the largest collection of fungi of Latin America. The dedication of Chaves Batista and his collaborators resulted in the publication of nearly a thousand scientif-ic texts, of which around 600 are available online at http://batista.fungibrasil.net/index, including the description of new genera, new species, new combinations and new varieties. Type cultures and exsiccates are deposited in URM Culture Collection and Herbarium. The studies of Prof. Chaves Batista and collaborators resulted in the description of approximately 4,600 different fungal names (3,340 binomials and trinomials; 1,160 different genera; more than 160 families) most of them belonging to ascomycetes. Similarly to other mycologists, Prof. Chaves Batista loved the study of fungi and contributed to the training of several researchers that nowadays continue to work on Mycology.

A new genus of Parmulariaceae from the Reserva Natural Vale, Espírito Santo, Brazil

André Luiz Firmino & Olinto Liparini PereiraDepartamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The Asterinales is a poorly known order comprising 2 families so far, Asterinaceae and Parmulariaceae. The Parmulariaceae is a poorly known family comprising 32 genera. In 2012, infected leaves of the Byrsonima sericea (Malpighiaceae) showing black colonies possi-bly belonging to Asterinales were collected on a protected area of Reserva Natural Vale, Sooretama, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Leaves were photographed, dried, and examined under an Olympus SZ 40 stereomicroscope. Observations and measurements were made with an Olympus BX 53 microscope equipped with a digital camera (Q-Color 5 Olympus). Biometric data were based on 30 measurements

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Abstracts - posterpresentations of structures. DNA was extracted and the 28S rDNA amplified for molecular analysis. The fungus was shown to be a new genus of Parmulariaceae characterized by small monoascomatal hypophyllous colonies, circular to irregular, single to confluent, black, 0.5–3 mm diam.; External mycelium straight to flexuous, rarely branching, pale brown, septate, hyphal cells cylindrical, smooth, 5–6 µm diam.; Apressoria absent but with bulbil-like structures resembling appressoria; Internal mycelium and internal stromata are absent; Monoas-comatal colonies superficial, develop above surface mycelium, circular to irregular, single to confluent, fringed at margins, brown to dark brown, open with an irregular fissures, 180–320 μm diam.; Pseudoparaphyses cylindrical, unseptate, unbranched, hyaline; Scute-llum composed of dichotomously branched filaments; Asci bitunicate, fissitunicate, upright and parallel, globose to ovoid, 8-spored, hyaline, 61–71 × 42.5–57.5 μm; Ascospores 2–celled oblong, straight, ends rounded, constricted at central septum, hyaline, becom-ing pale brown to brown at maturity, showing an equatorial verruculose light band in both cells, 27.5–31 × 12–17.5 µm. Anamorph absent. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA sequences, the fungus grouped in the order Asterinales, together with Parmularia styracis, that is the type species of Parmulariaceae family. However, being distinct phylogenetically. This new genus is similar to Antoniomyces, Aulacostroma, Mintera and Symphaeophyma by the presence of superficial mycelium. However differs by the absence of internal stromata and by the presence of ascospores with an equatorial verruculose light band. The new genus here studied will be proposed as new, according the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. Financial support: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG, and Reserva Natural Vale.

Marine fungi in the Mediterranean Sea – hidden biodiversity and taxonomical challenges

Garzoli Laura, Gnavi Giorgio, Poli Anna Prigione Valeria, Varese Giovanna Cristina*1Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis MUT, University of Turin, Torino, Italy (*Corresponding author: Dott. G.C. Varese, email: cristina.varese@unito.it)

In the marine environment, fungi have been isolated from almost all the biotic and abiotic substrates. Over 10,000 taxa have been es-timated to compose marine fungal biodiversity. Nevertheless, their role has been neglected for decades, and only recently the awareness on their importance has been raised. Consequently, basic knowledge is still scarce. During the last five years the Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (www.mut.unito.it) has investigated the fungal biodiversity associated to algae, seaweeds, animals and wood samples collect-ed in the Mediterranean Sea, and more than 1,500 strains (mainly Ascomycota) have been isolated. Usually, these strains require non standard media (e.g. presence of sea salts) to grow and to be preserved and many of them (about 30%) resulted sterile mycelia. Accord-ing to molecular and phylogenetic analyses, a lot of these strains are cryptic: their genetic markers showed low homologies with those deposited in public databases, and their phylogenetic position indicated that they may represent new species or taxa, which, however, can not be confirmed by morphological features. In line with recent papers dealing with this relevant topic, we present a focus on sev-eral case-studies, proposing new taxa within the Plectosphaerellaceae and Microascaceae. Furthermore, two new putative species within the Niessliaceae and one within the Xylariales are proposed. The strains belonging to these new taxa were isolated from green (Flabellia petiolata) and red (Asparagopsis taxiformis) algae and demonstrated to be important producers of secondary metabolites of biotechno-logical and pharmaceutical interest.

Inside the medicinal plants: the fungal endophytes, a hidden community

Marieke Vansteelandt 1,2, Patricia Jargeat3, Mohamed Haddad 1,2, Guillaume Marti 1,2, Nicolas Fabre1,2

1 Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Université de Toulouse 3, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F- 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France; 2 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France; 3 Laboratoire EDB, UMR5174 UPS-CNRS-ENFA, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France

In the field of natural products, plants have proven their interest as a source of lead compounds in drug discovery. Nevertheless, in the context of biodiversity preservation, researchers recently focused their work on renewable sources, like micro-organisms, which represent an especially exciting and relatively untapped source of new bioactive molecular structures. Fungi present the ability to mod-ulate their metabolism depending on the substrate. Thus, the complexity of their metabolome is still not totally investigated. Fungal endophytes are micro-organisms that grow into the internal tissues of the host-plant, i.e. a unique environment peculiar to each plant in a specific geographic location (Arnold et al., 2007), and thus represent a promising source of new and bioactive compounds. The relationship between the host and its endophytes is described as symbiotic, but may change over time, from mutualism to parasitism (Aly et al., 2011). Moreover, each endophyte also display interactions with the entire microbiome of the plant. The project led in our research group is aiming at a better understanding of the communities of medicinal plants-associated endophytes, especially their diversity and their interactions, through phylogenetic analysis and metabolomic approach. Medicinal plants from South America and North Africa were investigated for their culturable fungal endophytes diversity: 409 ascomycetous strains were isolated from 21 plants (12 families, 15 genera) freshly collected. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA was sequenced for 348 isolates. Seventy one % of the isolates belong to the Sordariomycetes class, and 29% to the Dothideomycetes class. Among the Sordariomycetes, 40% of the isolates belong to the genus Colletotrichum, including 4 isolates which may belong to novel species based on their ITS, TeF and ApMat sequences. As the sequencing of ITS regions is not powerful enough to identify all the isolates to the species level, further investigation including the sequencing of other DNA regions need to be carried out. Our major goal is to correlate the chemical profiles, obtained through a metabolomic approach, to the DNA sequences, and thus to discriminate fungal strains using both molecular dereplication techniques and chemical diversity analysis. Literature: Aly A. H., Debbab A., Proksch P., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2011, 90:1829-1845. Arnold A. E., Fungal Biology Reviews, 2007, 21:51-66

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Abstracts - posterpresentationsPhylogeny and systematics of Escovopsis from gardens of fungus-growing ants

Lucas A. Meirelles1, Quimi V. Montoya1, Scott E. Solomon2, Ulrich G. Mueller3, and Andre Rodrigues1*1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. 2Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. 3Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station #C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA

Fungus-growing (attine) ants cultivate fungi for food in gardens composed of substrate and fungal mycelium. In addition to the symbiotic partner, attine gardens harbor fungi in the genus Escovopsis considered aggressive pathogens of the ant cultivar. Although the biology of this asexual ascomycete is relatively explored, the taxonomy of this group is still poorly known. The sexual state of Escovopsis has not been found. Escovopsis was initially described as having conidiophores with vesicles that support phialides. Five Escovopsis species that share these characteristics were described from gardens of leaf-cutter ants, the most derived group of attine ants. However, the recent description of Escovopsis species that lack vesiculated conidiophores prompts to a detailed study of the taxonomy of this group. Here, we present results of a comprehensive phylogeny of Escovopsis parasites infecting gardens of higher and lower attine ants from distinct geographic areas from South America and Central America. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and elongation factor alpha gene coupled with morphological markers demonstrated a wide diversity of this parasite with several clades corresponding to putative undescribed Escovopsis species. Phylogenetic patterns corresponded to morphological variations of vesicle type, separating Escovopsis with phylogenetically derived cylindrical vesicles from ancestral globose vesicles in the higher attine ant clade. On the other hand, our analyses also confirmed Escovopsis lacking vesicules usually infects gardens of lower attine ants. Overall, our data provide a framework for future systematic studies on this taxonomically underexplored fungal group associated with fungus-growing ants.Financial support: FAPESP (grant # 2014/24298-1), CAPES (grant # 10779/14-0) and CNPq.

Novel didymellaceous members with muriform ascospores from Italy

Dhanushka, N. Wanasinghe1,2,3,4, E.B.G Jones5, Erio Campesori6, Peter E. Mortimer1,2 and K.D Hyde1,2,3,4

1World Agro forestry Centre East and Central Asia Office, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China. 2Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeog-raphy of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan China; 3Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 4School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 5Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia. 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy; A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314, Brescia, Italy; Società per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna, C.P. 144, Bagnacavallo (RA), Italy

Ascomycetes with muriform ascospores are highly polyphyletic and can be placed across a range of orders and families. During a survey of saprobic ascomycetes from Italy, isolations were made of five presumably pleosporalean fungi that formed coelomycetous, phi-alidic asexual morphs in culture. Morphological and cultural characteristics as well as combined analyses of DNA sequence data, 28S nrDNA (Large Subunit - LSU), 18S nrDNA (Small Subunit - SSU), the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 4 & 5 and 5.8S nrDNA (ITS) were used to characterize them. Phylogenetic analysis, based on maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Mr Bayes indicates that all these species belong in the Didymellaceae and are distinguished from other species of didymellaceous species in having yellowish brown to brown ascospores whose central cells have longitudinal septa. The new species are compared with similar species in the Didymellaceae and a comprehensive description, and micrographs are provided. The cultures were obtained via single ascospore isolation, and the asexual states thus established.

Black magics on the rocks: anamorph-teleomorph relationship among rock inhabiting fungi?

Lucia Muggia1,4, Laura Selbmann2, Kerry Knudsen3, Martin Grube4

1 Department of life Science, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italy; 2 Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell’ Università, Viterbo, Italy; The Herbarium, Dept. of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A.; 4 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Fran-zens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria

Black fungi are ubiquitous colonizers of rock surfaces but the knowledge about their morphological and genetic diversity is still lim-ited. Culture-dependent and molecular phylogenetic approaches have been used to describe new species and new genera from different extreme habitats of the world. The majority of rock-inhabiting fungi lack sexual reproductive structures and genera have been character-ized on the base of anatomical characters of mycelia. We present a reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of rock-inhabiting fungi belonging to the Dothideomyetes from diverse environments. The analyses of environmental samples and culture isolates reveal that the fertile Lichenothelia and the anamorphic Saxomyces are closely related. In addition we tested the capacity to form lichen-like relation-ships with algae in the Lichenothelia-Saxomyces clade using culture experiments. The experiments show various types of interactions with algae, which also sheds new light on the life-style flexibility of some rock-inhabiting fungi.

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Abstracts - posterpresentations

Checklist of Alternaria species reported from Turkey published in journals covered by Web of Science Database

Ahmet ASANTrakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Balkan Yerleskesi, TR-22030 Edirne–Turkey

Alternaria Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 72 (1816) [1816-17] species are common in nature (soil, air, plants, animals, etc) and can saprophytic, endophytic and pathogenic especially in plants. Now, it is difficult to solution all taxonomical problems by morphologi-cal-colonial methods of mentioned genus without molecular studies. According to the current publications, Alternaria complex has 9 genera and 23 sections. Number of species is more than 275. The purpose of this study is to document the Alternaria species isolated from Turkey with their subtrates and/or habitat. This checklist reviews approximately 149 published findings and presents a list of Alternaria species. According to the present publications, 13 Alternaria species have been recorded with various subtrates/habitats in Turkey. Among these species, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria citri species are the most common species reported from Turkey. The other species are A. botrytis, A. brassicicola, A. dianthi, A. infectoria-species fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) current name: Lewia infectoria, A. longipes, A. mali, A. pluriseptata, A. radicina, A. raphani, A. solani and A. tenuissima. This study presents information about reported of Alternaria species from Turkey in journals covered by Web of Science Database. When we use “Alternaria” as the key word in Thomson-Reuters Web of Science Database in our search between the January 01, 1900 and December 17, 2014; there are 8440 publications and of these, 7156 full text on this subject. 8444 publications contain the following disciplines (top 3): Plant Sciences: 2585, Agriculture: 1644, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology: 673. These results indicated that there have been many scientific studies about Alternaria genus which were increased during the recent years (2342 publications are done between the years of 2010-2014).

Acknowledgements: I am very grateful to thank to Dr. Robert A. SAMSON (CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center, Utrecht-The Netherlands) for accepting

this work for poster presentation.

Some Selected References: Simmons EG. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. 775 pp. CBS Biodiversity Series No 6. 2007. Utrecht, The Neth-erlands. Woudenberg JHC, Groenewald JZ, Binder M, Crous PW. Alternaria redefined. Studies n Mycology. 75: 171-212, 2013. http://apps.webofknowledge.com/WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?product=WOS&SID=Q2m95BnKFM6afDDAlHl&search_mode=GeneralSearch www.indexfungorum.org; www.mycobank.com

A new attempt to classify the families of the Helotiales

Hans-Otto Baral, Danny Haelewaters & Kadri Pärtel Tübingen, Germany, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and University of Tartu, Estonia

The Helotiales are one of the larger orders of Ascomycota, including about 330 genera and roughly 2,500 species (other estimates give >3,000 spp.). This circumscription excludes the Leotiales (a paraphyletic group comprising Geoglossaceae and Leotiaceae), Phacidiales (in an extended concept including Phacidiaceae, Tympanidaceae and Helicogoniaceae), Rhytismatales, and Erysiphales. Nannfeldt (1932) distinguished only three families to correspond to this restricted circumscription (Dermateaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiaceae). Korf (1973) recognized three additional families (Ascocorticiaceae, Hemiphacidiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae). Since then some further families have been proposed (Gelatinodiscaceae S.E Carp. 1976; Loramycetaceae Dennis ex Digby & Goos 1988; Vibrisseaceae Korf 1990; Rutstroemiaceae Holst-Jensen, L.M. Kohn & T. Schumach. 1997; Roesleriaceae Y.J. Yao & Spooner 1999; Lachnaceae Raitviir 2004). Here we recognize 25 families within the order. In addition to those mentioned above, these are: Ascodichaenaceae, Arachno-pezizaceae, Calloriaceae, Cenangiaceae (=Hemiphacidiaceae), Chaetomellaceae, Chlorociboriaceae, Cordieritidaceae, Drepanopezizace-ae, Godroniaceae, Heterosphaeriaceae, Mitrulaceae, Mollisiaceae, Pezizellaceae, Ploettnerulaceae. Some of them have been proposed already in the 19th century but had not yet received approval. The circumscription of some families is substantially changed based on presently available data. Several families or subfamilies turned out to be wastebaskets, particularly the Dermateaceae, Encoelioideae, and Helotiaceae. We also propose five undescribed lineages: Bryoglossum, Discinella-Pezoloma, Hysteropezizella, Stamnaria, Strossmayeria. These results are based on the study of morphological characters of sexual and asexual state, combined with molecular data; thereby paraphyletic groups were accepted if supported by morphology. Molecular data are still lacking for many genera, and further families need to be recognized in the future.

Some striking correlations between molecular and morphological data became apparent. One of them concerns the ionomidotic reaction (IR), another an attribute of living cells, the refractive vacuolar bodies (VBs). To date neither of these two characters had been found associated in a single species. IR occurs with significant frequency in the Cordieritidaceae, and VBs in the Hemiphacidiaceae, here tentatively included in Cenangiaceae. Baral (1987) and Verkley (1992–95) have shown that ascus apical structures serve as valuable markers at the genus or family level, and current molecular studies confirm the taxonomic value of these amyloid ring types.

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Abstracts - posterpresentationsFruit and seed fungi with observations of two hyphomycetes on beech cupules

Subashini C. Jayasiri1, 2, 3, Kevin D. Hyde1, 2, 3, 4 and E.B. Gareth Jones5

1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 2School of Science, Mae FahLuang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 3Mush-room Research Center128 Moo3, Bahn Pa Deng, T. PaPae, A. Mae Taeng Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand; 4World Agro forestry Centre East and Central Asia Office, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China; 5Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia

Many fungi have been documented from fruits and seeds: Nobel et al. (1958) and Richards (1990) list 630 and 915 species, respec-tively, from seeds of economically important plants. However, fungi on wild fruits and seeds are less well studied: Pongpanich (1990) and Somrithipol (1999) list 48 and 95 species, respectively, on fruits and seeds in Thailand. An estimated 280 new fungi have been described from fruits, seeds, cones and catkins in the period 1990 to 2013 (Index Fungorum). We are currently studying fungi collect-ed on fruit and seeds in the UK and Thailand and in this poster we document two hyphomycetes occurring on beech cupules (Fagus sylvatica) collected at Bishops Waltham, Hants., namely, Cancellidium sp. and Helicoön sp. Cancellidium is typified by C. applanatum but the collection on beech differs in the morphology of the conidiomata colour (dark brown), textura angularis wall cell, internal cells not arranged in chains. Another hyphomyete belongs to the genus Helicoön and is similar to H. richonis, but differs in having longer conidia (100–80 × 40–58 μm). All species collected on fruits and seeds are isolated and the subject of a molecular study.

Observations on fungi on wild fruits and seeds

Rekhani H. Perera 1, 2, 3, Kevin D. Hyde1, 2, 3, 4 and E.B. Gareth Jones5

1Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 2School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; 3Mushroom Research Center128 Moo3, Bahn Pa Deng, T. PaPae, A. Mae Taeng Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand; 4World Agro forestry Centre East and Central Asia Office, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China; 5Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia

Fungi on wild fruits and seeds include endophytes, saprobes and pathogens, with the latter group best known for their colonization of plants of commercial and economic importance. Less well known fungi are those occurring on wild plants in forests and they are fewer than those on other substrates, e.g. wood, culms of grasses and leaves. Various forest trees seasonally form a carpet of fruits that become colonized by a wide range of fungi. Currently some 280 new species (eg. Glaxoa pellucida, Paraconiothyrium brasiliensis, Strobilurus diminutivus) have been described from native fruits and seeds (Index Fungorum). In a new study of fungi on fruits and seeds we are working on those collected on fir cones (Pseudosuga douglossi), cupules of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus sp.) in the UK, and tropical fruits collected in Thailand (e.g. Swietenia macrophylla- mahogany).

In the poster we illustrate Pseudohalonectria, Thelonectia jungneri, Xylaria species as well as the Basidiomycetes: Baeospora myosura. Pseudohalonectria species was collected from cones of Pseudosuga douglossi collected in the New Forest, UK, while Thelonectria and the species belonging to Xylariaceae were collected from Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) fruits, Chiang Rai, Thailand.

Acknowledgements: We thank King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for financial support.

A preliminary study on microfungi in cheese

Rasime DemirelDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Anadolu, 26470, Eskişehir, Türkiye

Aim: The objective of this preliminary study was to survey the filamentous fungi in various types and randomly collected cheese sam-ples from markets in Turkey.

Methods and Results: Isolation was done with dilution plate method on Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (RBC) Agar and Dichloran Rose Bengal (DRB) Agar. Fungi were identified microscopically to genus and species level with traditional methods. As a result of this study, we found 42 fungal isolates belonging to the genus Penicillium e.g. P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum, P. glabrum, P. roqueforti and P. expansum.

Conclusions: Nearly every food community can be contaminated by fungi and many of the food borne filamentous fungi are capable of producing metabolites that are can provide support to starter cultures or damage to food texture and cultures. In term of this prelim-inary study, cheese fungi were analyzed in terms of ecology, determination of specialization for cheese and investigation of their shift in substratum preference.

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Abstracts - posterpresentations

Phylogenetic studies on Aspergillus section Nidulantes

Amanda Juan Chen, Jos Houbraken, Martin Meijer, Jens C. Frisvad & Robert A. SamsonCBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands

Aspergillus section Nidulantes (Aspergillus nidulans group according to Thom & Raper) was established to accommodate Aspergil-lus nidulans and species bearing certain striking characters, such as biseriate conidiophores with pale brown pigmented stipes, and if present, the production of ascomata embedded in masses of Hülle cells. The majority of the species of section Nidulantes are able to produce a sexual state and those species were, in the dual name nomenclature system, classified in the genus Emericella. In the present study, strains from the CBS, IBT and CGMCC culture collection and several indoor isolates were subjected to multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA poly-merase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences. The results of our preliminary study show that section Nidulantes contains around 50 species, including several putative new taxa. Calmodulin gene sequencing is recommended for species identification in the genus Aspergillus; however, this locus cannot be used to discriminate all species in section Nidulantes. Based on our results, we recommend BenA gene sequencing for species recognition.

A multigene phylogeny within the Xylariaceae

Lucile Wendt1, Eric Kuhnert1, Derek Peršoh2, Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard3, Marc Stadler1

1 Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; 2AG Geobotanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany; 3National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.

The Xylariaceae is a hyperdiverse and large family of Ascomycota with over 1300 accepted species. Some of them have been described for the first time over 300 years ago, based on descriptions of “macromycete” genera and species that produce rather conspicuous stromata including Xylaria, Hypoxylon and Daldinia. However, only in the past decades it has become evident that the Xylariaceae are abundant as endophytes of various plants, and the number of DNA sequences derived from spurious endophytes that can be recov-ered from environmental samples is steadily increasing. The Xylariaceae have also proven to be of great economical importance. Aside from a few pathogens, they contain extremely prolific secondary metabolite producers and some species have recently been evaluated successfully as potential biocontrol agents (e.g. mycofumigants) or as producers of industrial enzymes. The respective strains that are often obtained from environmental samples cannot be safely identified based on the present classification system that largely relies in morphology of the sexual states. Therefore, there is a great need for a concise classification of these fungi and possible a taxonomic rearrangement based on a polyphasic approach.

Thus, a phylogenetic approach was performed using a high number of reference strains (including various type strains or such ones that would serve well for epitypification in the future) and the large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ß-tubulin (TUB) and second-largest subunit of nuclear RNA Polymerase II (RPB2) as molecular markers. Especially LSU data have been generated for a large number of representatives for the first time.

The calculated Maximum-Likelihood multigene genealogy reflected phylogenetic relationships within the Xylariaceae with highly supported clades, reinforcing hypotheses that had been based on morphological and chemotaxonomic data. The “Xylarioideae” and the “Hypoxyloideae” are rather distinctly separated. Moreover, the genus Hypoxylon appears paraphyletic, revealing six distant lineages, and Daldinia and allies are separated into two distant lineages as well. Furthermore, the multigene tree supports the further segregation of Annulohypoxylon and Hypoxylon.

Some previous phylogenies have rejected ITS data altogether, which is unfortunate as the ITS represents the bulk of information that can usually be obtained from molecular ecology studies. Our study revealed, on the one hand, that a phylogeny based on a combina-tion of ribosomal DNA with “housekeeping genes” is largely in accordance with phenotype data, including morphological features and chemotaxonomic traits. On the other hand, it might be practical to sequence partial LSU together with ITS in order to achieve a more concise “molecular identification” of Xylariaceae in the environment than ITS only. The main problem that remains is the collection of reference data from reliably identified species, in particular from the tropics, because over 50% of the known species are not yet repre-sented by such conclusive data in GenBank, and no genuine cultures of these taxa are available in public domain repositories as yet.