Pub Violence in Disasters Web English

7/31/2019 Pub Violence in Disasters Web English

1/19

Bes Paies fo Addessi Iepesoaad Sef-Dieed Vioee Di ad Afe Disases


2/19

Strateg 2020ices the cllectie determinatin fthe Internatinal Federatin f Red Crss and RedCrescent Scieties (IFRC) t me frward in tacklingthe majr challenges that cnfrnt hmanit in the netdecade. Infrmed b the needs and lnerabilities f thedierse cmmnities with whm we wrk, as well as thebasic rights and freedms t which all are entitled, thisstrateg seeks t benefit all wh lk t Red Crss RedCrescent t help t bild a mre hmane, dignified andpeacefl wrld.

Ove e ex e eas, e oeive fos of e

Ieaioa Fedeaio i be o aievi e

fooi saei ais:

1. Save ives, poe iveioods, ad see

eove fo disases ad ises2. Eabe ea ad safe ivi

3. Pooe soia isio ad a eof o-vioee ad peae

ISBN 978-1-55104-540-5

2012 Canadian Red Crss

Canadian Red CrssFnded 1896 Incrprated 1909

The Red Crss emblem and designatin Red Crssare resered in Canada b lawfr the eclsie se f The Canadian Red Crss Sciet and fr the medical nitsf the armed frces b the Genea Conentions Act,R.S.C.1985, c.G-3.

The prgrams f the Canadian Red Crss are made pssible b the lntarserices and financial spprt f Canadians.

AcknOwlEDgmEntS

We wld like t gratefll acknwledge the fllwing peple wh cntribtedtheir epertise,time,and lied eperiences t this reprt:

CoNTRIBuToRS: Maria Elisa Alarad,Directr General f the HndranRed Crss;Dr.Michale Amde Gdn,President f the Haitian Red Crss;Ange Sawh,Cind Fchs,and Lise Geffrin,Disaster Management Team,Canadian Red Crss;Jan Gelfand,Directr f operatins,Internatinal Federatinf Red Crss and Red Crescent Scieties,Americas Zne.

AuTHoRS:Grinder Singh with Melinda Wells and Jdi Fairhlm

LAyouT AND DESIGN: Sharna Sekhar,design editr;Mll Baker,designer

RESEARCH SuPPoRT: Tan Bkhari;Reem Girgrah

REvIEWERS:Canadian Red Crss:Pamela Ang Thin,Jessica Cadesk,Hssam Elsharkawi,Cind Fchs,Richard McCabe,Rachel Meagher,Sharna Sekhar,Lis Philippevezina,valerie Whiting,Pamela Daie,Christine Blch

Internatinal Federatin f Red Crss and Red Crescent Scieties:Siddharth Chatterjee,Aradhna Dggal Jnathn Grr,Sandra Gtierrez,Jliet Kerr,Lisa Sderlindh

Internatinal Cmmittee f the Red Crss:Jse Antni Delgad,Marks Geisser

The Brkings Instittin:Elizabeth Ferris

Independent Eperts:Elaine Enarsn

FRoNT CovER:BENoIT MATSHA-CARPENTIER,IFRCBACK CovER:IFRC

tABlE OF cOntEntSPrEFAcE .......................................................................

OVErVIEw .....................................................................

A PrEDIctABlE PrOBlEm ...........................................

why VIOlEncE EScAlAtES In DISAStErS .................

PrOFIlE:hOnDurAS ...................................................

PrOFIlE:hAItI ..............................................................

thE cOnSEquEncES OF cOmPlAcEncy ...................

BArrIErS tO tAkIng ActIOn ......................................uSIng A PuBlIc hEAlth APPrOAch ...........................

PrOFIlE:cAnADA.........................................................

BESt PrActIcES FOr ActIOn ......................................

PrOFIlE:IntErnAtIOnAl FEDErAtIOn,

AmErIcAS ZOnE ...........................................................

cOncluSIOn ................................................................

rESOurcES ..................................................................

HECToR EMANuEL,AMERICAN RED CRoSS

PREDICTABLE,PREvENTABLE PREDICTABLE,PREvENT


3/19

PrEFAcEIn r wrld, disasters cntine t disrpt and damage landscapes and hman lies.often in the aftermath, peple nite spntanesl with cmpassin and genersit.Despite persnal trials, peple f all ages lnteer t help thse wh are ailing, cm-mnities cme tgether and cntless acts f remarkable hmanit take place. yet, assrirs regain their fting, seek shelter and lielihds, and tr t rebild, the faceman hrdles. Amng these, bt ften nspken and secret, is the deastatin casedb the ilence that can fllw disasters. Peples safet and secrit becme nder-mined nt nl b the disaster bt als b ilence in the frms f abse, eplitatin,harassment, discriminatin and rejectin frm ther srirs and thse wh are sp-psed t help.vilence eists in each crner f the wrld in lw,medim and high incme cntries, in rban slms,schl classrms, behind the lcked drs f hmesand instittins and thrgh technlg and it can

bil t a peak in disasters. Again and again in disastersthe risk f ilence peple hrting ther peple,r peple hrting themseles intensifies as fragileprtectie sstems becme strained r een cllapse,stress leels sar, and peple engage in harmfl replitie behair. Pplatins that alread face thehighest risks, sch as children and wmen, becmeeen mre threatened. A wman is attacked at dsk asshe seeks shelter in a crwded camp. A girl is frcedt trade her bd t feed her famil. A b is beaten,as thers watch in silence, and then abandned in afrightening and lnel enirnment. A gang steals frmand threatens peple in a shelter. A father lses hislielihd and nleashes his sense f shame and angern his famil. An elderl mans despair leads him t takehis wn life. Stries like these are cmmn in disasters;this is nt acceptable.

yet, fr all the challenges, the Internatinal Federatinf Red Crss and Red Crescent Scieties (IFRC) isnt witht sltins. vilence, while cmple and

frstrating, is nt ineitable. In fact, like the risk f therpblic health crises sch as chlera, respiratr ill-nesses, measles, malaria and lack f nrishment thatcan escalate in disasters, ilence can be cntained,

crbed and ltimatel preented. The abilit f ilencet thrie n ignrance, secrec, denial and the chas fdisasters can be thwarted.

This reprt prides best practices t address ilencedring and after disasters and challenges s, as disas-ter respnders, t respnd t this prblem in all f rwrk thrgh earl and practie actin, sing a pblichealth apprach.

The Internatinal Federatin has an essential rle andman assets t tip the scales in far f safet: rFndamental Principles, dedicated lcal lnteers,netwrks f dierse partnerships inclding ailiariest gernment, a recgnized rle as leading disasterrespnders, and a histr f facing dwn trblesmeplages t hmanit. Nw we mst acknwledge thepredictable and preentable prblem f ilence indisasters, accelerate r actin, and inflence thers tals respnd. Nw is the time t translate this cmmit-ment frm an aspiratin int a realit.

coad SavSecretar GeneralCanadian Red CrssSciet

Beee geeaSecretar GeneralInternatinal Federatinf Red Crss andRed Crescent Scieties CHRISToPHER BLACK, IFRC



4/19

OVErVIEwThis adcac reprt encrages making the preentin f interpersnal and self-directedilence a pririt within the Internatinal Federatins respnse t disasters. The aim isnt t eradicate all endemic scial prblems dring a disaster respnse, bt t cntainand redce the risk f ilence s it des nt escalate and t create an enirnment wherepreentin is eentall pssible. Whether thrgh fd distribtin, bilding shelter,priding clean water, generating lielihds, giing medical treatment r mbilizing cm-mnities n health r pschscial isses, ilence preentin needs t be a crss-cttingisse that is part f the respnsibilit, isin and actin f all disaster respnders.This reprt highlights wh and hwinterpersnal and self-directedilence dring and after disas-ters is a predictable and preent-able prblem and the actinsthe Internatinal Federatin and

its partner agencies shld taket hae a mre engaged rle inaddressing the prblem:

te is of vioee i disases

ieases de o a obiaio of

sos.Shcks inclding the cllapse fprtectie sstems, increasedindiidal and cmmnit stress,indiidals reling n harmfl cpingmechanisms sch as alchl anddrgs, and crwded and insecreenirnments present pprtnitiesfr peple t misse their pwer.

Veabe ops fae ipe

eas.Althgh it is ften hidden and keptsecret, peple with pre-eistinglnerabilities t ilence, sch aschildren, wmen and thers whare marginalized, hae a cm-pnded risk: first sffering thedisaster and its cnseqences,then the risk f ilence and, finall,a lack f care and prtectin whenthe tr t get help.

te is of vioee eeds o

be addessed o a pbi

ea appoa ad s be

ade a pioi.In disasters, the risk f ilenceneeds t be mnitred and

respnded t with the samergenc, attentin and resrcesas ther preentable pblic healthemergencies sch as diarrhealdisease, respiratr illnesses,malaria, measles and malntritin.All sectrs and actrs in a disasterrespnse hae a rle t pla inaddressing the prblem; therespnse is strengthened if theall se a pblic health apprach.

Bes paies o addess vioee

a be ipeeed aoss e

disase aaee e.

Disase pepaedess:vilencepreentin needs t be integratedint the internal sstems incld-ing respnse tls and edcatin f disaster respnse rganiza-tins. Cmmnit rganizatins andlcal partners inled in disasterrespnses shld be identified andspprted in bilding their ilence

preentin capacit.

Disase espose ad eove:vilence preentin mst be pri-ritized, respnded t rapidl andinclded in sreillance and mn-itring. Awareness f the risks filence shld be made widel

aailable, in cmbinatin withhmanitarian diplmac, t high-leel athrities. Eisting cmmnitstrengths t preent ilence shldbe recgnized and spprted.

lo-e eove ad deveop-

e:Prgrams t preent ilenceshld be implemented singpragmatic, eidence-based, cm-mnit-wned and cmprehensieappraches.

coss-i isses: Fr ilencepreentin t be effectiel inte-grated it needs t inclde beneficiaraccntabilit, leadership, genderperspecties, inlement f chil-dren and th, and integratin inteisting sstems and tls, and itshld bild in mnitring, eala-tin and secre bdgets.

The best practices in this reprtreinfrce the InternationalFederations Strateg 2020 inparticlar strategic aims ne andthree, which fcs n saing lies,prtecting lielihds, strengtheningrecer frm disasters andcrises and prmting cltresf nn-ilence and peace thatcntribte t lwering leels filence. This reprt als pridespractical ptins fr appling theInternational Federations Strateg

on violence Preention, Mitigation

and Response, specificallstrategic directin ne: Isses ofiolence preention, mitigation

and response are integrated

into the assessments, planning,

deelopment, implementation,

monitoring and ealation stages of

appropriate initiaties for disaster

and crises preparedness, response

and recoer programming.

The reprt prides an eriew the prblem f ilence in disastethe risk factrs that case increain ilence fllwing disasters, anthe hmanitarian cnseqencesthat reslt. The reprt als high-lights cncrete actins that canbe taken t address ilence, andprfiles eamples f challenges,innatins and sccesses in linkilence preentin, as a crss-ctting isse, acrss disaster prgramming frm Red Crss Natin

Scieties in the Americas.

AmErIcAS

DISAStErPrEPArEDnESS

DISAStEr rEcOVEryAnD DEVElOPmEnt

DISAStErrESPOnSE

VIOlEncEPrEVEntIOn



5/19

A PrEDIctABlE PrOBlEmInterpersnal ilence ccrs when ne persn ses his r her pwer, in an setting,t case harm phsicall, seall r pschlgicall t anther persn r grp f peple.Interpersnal ilence encmpasses child abse, famil ilence, gender-based ilence,blling and harassment, elder abse, and cmmnit ilence sch as gang ilence.Fr each act f interpersnal ilence there is a persn inflicting ilence, a target rictim/srir f the ilence, and ften bstanders wh watch, hear r knw f the ilence.Self-directed ilence ccrs when smene cases harm t neself, and incldes sicide.

Each da, 4,200 peple die frm i-lence (1.6 millin per ear); f theseapprimatel 2,300 die frm sicide,1,500 frm interpersnal ilenceand 400 frm cllectie ilence(sch as war).i Each ear, 16 millincases f injr de t ilence are

seere engh t receie medicalattentin in hspitals.ii Fr eerng persn killed b ilence, anestimated 2040 receie injriesthat reqire hspital treatment.iiiThe nmber f peple wh eperi-ence interpersnal and self-directedilence in their lifetimes is in thehndreds f millins.i

vilence, in its aris frms, isamng the mst prminent casesf mrtalit in the wrld higherthan tberclsis, rad accidentsr malaria. Hweer, ilence

preentin has nt et receied thesame rgenc in attentin, resrcesand spprt as ther pblic healthpririties. This is especiall tre indisaster sitatins where peple whsrie the initial trama are ftenreictimized thrgh ilence.

In measring the magnitde filence, mrtalit rates shw animprtant, bt incmplete, pictre fthe prblem. The impact f ilenceis nt jst defined b lss f hmanlife. It is als manifested in the last-ing harm that cmes frm injr, dis-abilit, trama, illness, as well as lessisible impacts sch as lss f hpe,trst and self-wrth.

The International Federations2007 World Disasters ReportntedDisaster after disaster prd-ces irreftable eidence that with

displacement be it as a reslt fnatral hazards r cnflict therisks f phsical abse t wmen andgirls rises sbstantiall.i Althghcllecting hard data n the mag-nitde f interpersnal ilenceis challenging in an cntet, and

reprting is cmplicated b theshame, stigma and secretie natref seal, phsical and pschlgicalilence, certain trends are clear.Nmers srces cnfirm that fl-lwing disasters, the rates f ilencedisclsed in sres, reprted tathrities and nn-gernmentalagencies, and thrgh calls madet crisis lines increase.ii Taken as awhle, the eidence is clear: the riskf ilence is predictable.

DAtA On VIOlEncE InDISAStErS In thE AmErIcAShaiiAfter the earthqake in 2010, reprts based nassessments frm a nmber f Haitian and inter-natinal agencies reealed that interpersnal i-lence, especiall seal ilence, within the campsfr internall displaced peple (IDP) in Prt-a-Princepsed an etreme hmanitarian threat. The threat washighest fr children (girls and bs) and wmen, withthe risk cntining een ne and a half ears after theearthqake. In ne sre, 14 percent f wmen in theIDP camps reprted ne r mre epe riences f sealilence since the disaster.iii

Anther std fnd that 60 percent f wmen andgirls interiewed said that the feared seal ilenceagainst them r members f their hsehld; the samestd fnd that 70 percent f respndents reprtedfearing seal ilence mre nw than befre theearthqake.i

A std frm the united Natins High Cmmissiner frRefgees (uNHCR) fnd wmen and adlescent girlsengaging in transactinal se where se is echangedfr access t prtectin, fd, health care r ther basicserices within IDP camps in Prt-a-Prince waswidespread mre than ne ear after the earthqake,and was eacerbated b precaris and lnerablecnditins. of the wmen and girls wh participated inthe std, 100 percent had been directl inled in rwitness t transactinal se.

caibbeaFr tw ears after lcanic erptins in Mntserrat in1997, there was an increase in hspital isits allegedlde t ilence.i

Fllwing Hrricane Nel in the Dminican Repblic in2007, there was a dcmented increase in the reprtingf seal ilence against wmen and girls liing instrm shelters.ii

niaaaAfter Hrricane Mitch in 1998, there were increasedallegatins f dmestic ilence.iii

27 percent f female srirs and 21 percent f malesrirs reprted that ilence against wmen infamilies and cmmnities had increased fllwingHrricane Mitch.i

uied Saes of AeiaIn 2005, after Hrricane Katrina hit the states fLisiana and Mississippi, allegatins f intimate paner ilence in the affected areas increased p t thretimes the natinal rate. There was als an increase allegatins f emtinal and phsical ilence fnd Lisiana.i

In 1999, si mnths after Hrricane Fld inNrth Carlina, brain injries were fie times mre

cmmn in the areas hardest hit b the disaster.The researchers cnclded the increase was det eleated stress amng parents, leading t higherincidence f child abse.ii

Dring the 1993 Missri flds, there was a rise indemand fr prtectie serices fr wmen. The aerastate trn-awa rate at dmestic ilence sheltersin fld-impacted areas rse 111 percent er thepreceding ear. Wmens serices reprted sheltering400 percent mre wmen and children frm ilencethan the had anticipated.iii

After Hrricane Hg strck Sth Carlina in 1989,allegatins f child abse increased at three, si and11 mnths after the hrricane, cmpared t the preiear. In the first three mnths there was a nearl300 percent increase in allegatins f child abse.i

In Califrnia, the Santa Crz Se Assalt team reprtethat seal assalts increased after the 1989 LmaPrieta earthqake b 300 percent and there was a600 percent increase in dmestic ilence reprtsdring the first fr mnths fllwing the earthqake

The research findings represent specific eampleswhere the prblem has been eamined. Hweer, ethe respnse t ilence frm disaster respndersremains limited, neen, f ncertain qalit, and reaie rather than strategic and practie. In man disassitatins the predictable risks and actins t addresilence cntine t be neglected.

IFRC



6/19

why VIOlEncEEScAlAtES In DISAStErSSoia deeiasThere is n single factr that pts peple at risk finterpersnal r self-directed ilence dring and afterdisasters. Rather, peple hrt ther peple and hrtthemseles de t a harmfl mitre f cmple riskfactrs, r scial determinants, between indiidals andwithin their families, cmmnities and scieties. Theseeist befre a disaster happens and intensif dringdisasters. The cmbinatin f the scial determinantsaries in each niqe place and their intensit shifts asthe sitatin n the grnd changes.

While there are man ariables that increase the risk filence dring a disaster, cmmn nderling scial

determinants inclde gender- and age-based ineqalities and discriminatin, scial islatin and eclsin, harmfl se f alchl and ther sbstances, incme ineqalit, lack f prtectin sstems, and misse f pwer.

Preentin effrts that address these cmmn factrsths hae the ptential t decrease the ccrrence fmltiple frms f ilence. While these factrs increasethe risk f ilence dring r fllwing a disaster, itshld be emphaticall clear that disasters themselesd nt case ilence.

In essence, dring disasters a cmbinatin f negatieshcks reinfrces ne anther. Scial and cmmnitspprt sstems becme strained, stress pn familiesand indiidals begins t reach a biling pint, pepleresrt t nhealth cping mechanisms sch as sb-stance abse, thse wh are marginalized are pshedfrther t the margins and becme mre desperate anddependent, and prtectie mechanisms are either nn-eistent, erstretched r nder enfrced. This reslts inthe increased likelihd f peple lsing self-cntrl rmissing pwer t take adantage f thers.

Fie:Soia Deeias i Disases a Iease e rissfo Sef-Dieed ad Iepesoa Vioeexxi

hisoy of vioene

Disabiiies fom edisase

reaionsip,maeiaand iveiood ossesfom e disase

Psyooia auma

Ineased sess

Pysooia/pesona-iy disode

Aoo/subsane abuse

Sepaaion fom famiy

Soiay exuded/mainaized

Aess o ea means/eapons

Viim of idmaeamen

lak of pevenioneduaion

hisoy of vioene

Injuies fom e disase

loss of famiy membes

hamfu paeninpaies

Ineased sess onfamiy membes

tensions fom anesin famiy oes andesponsibiiies

Aoo/subsane

misuse lak of infoma suppo

sysems fom famiy andfiends


Povey

limied aess o basineeds

hi unempoymen

hi ime eves

Inadequae viim ae

sevies Inseue and oded

dispaemen seins

weak poeion sysems


Povey

Eonomi dispaii

weak eonomi safnes

gende inequaiy

Ae inequaiy

lak of poeion Poo ue of a

cuua noms apo vioene

Aess o ea meeapons

InDIVIDuAl IntImAtErElAtIOnShIPS cOmmunIty

SOcIEtycultur

JoS MANuEL JIMENEZ, IFRC



7/19

WITHouT APPRoPRIATE MANAGE-MENT, DISASTER SHELTERS AREAT RISK oF BECoMING INSECuRESPACES, ExPoSING FAMILIES TovARIouS RISKS. THIS AGGRAvATESTHE TRAuMA oF FAMILIES WHoARE ALREADy CoPING WITH THEPHySICAL AND PSyCHoLoGICALEFFECTS oF THE DISASTER.

Maria Elisa Alarad,Directr General,Hndran Red Crss

Since 1998, the Hndran Red Crsshas been inled in nmers

respnses t hrricanes, drghtand a 2009 earthqake. Mch f itslearning abt ilence fllwingdisasters cmes frm the eperi-ence f managing shelters fllwingHrricane Mitch, a deastating hr-ricane that swept thrgh CentralAmerica in 1998, with estimates fer ten thsand peple killed ander tw millin made hmeless.

At the reqest f the gern-ment, the Red Crss tk er themanagement f shelters hsing1,372 families (6,676 peple), recallsMaria Elisa Alarad, Directr Generalf the Hndran Red Crss. An aer-age f 600 families (3,600 peple)remained in the Tegcigalpa sheltersfr three and a half ears. Gien thetransitr natre f hw peple lied,and the difficlt rban enirnment,we saw a nmber f scial prblemssch as famil ilence and gang

ilence which cased insecrit, andwere eacerbated b the crwdedcnditins.

Sheltered families came frm dif-ferent lw-incme neighbrhdsand liing qarters, each sfferingthe lss f famil members andbelngings, and facing great chal-lenges t recer. In the shelters,the sitatin wrsened becase fcrwding and a lack f cmmnitstrctres. Gangs tk adantagef the sitatin, with tragic cnse-qences: there were 18 mrdersinside the shelters. vilence wasthe prdct f a lack f ecnmicpprtnities, edcatinal andrganizatinal resrces, and prsecrit, sas Alarad.

The Hndran Red Crss wrkedwith the Spanish Red Crss andther rganizatins t address theisses in the shelters. We madedealing with this sitatin a pririt,and tk a mch mre actie rle incmmnit rganizing becase werecgnized that sccess in an therarea was dependent n sccess inthis, said Alarad. The began bidentifing psitie leaders in thecmmnit and encraged themt pla a rle in cmmnit prjectcmmittees. Dialge and grpchesin acrss the leadership fthe cmmittees was prmted. TheRed Crss als reached t t fam-ilies f gang members and cnsltedwith eperts n Hndran thgangs t get adice.

Cnsltatin with residents wasdne, in part, b mapping theneeds and perspecties f differentgrps: men, wmen, th, chil-dren, and the elderl. This apprachf segregating the grps led t amre cmprehensie pictre f thechallenges peple faced, incldinggender discriminatin, lack f jbs,high cst f basic staples, ecessiecnsmptin f alchl, dmesticilence, teen pregnanc and predcatin.

This fcs n facilitating cmmni-catin and participatin paid ff,helping shelter residents t breakdwn the islatin and begin taddress, as a cmmnit, the prb-lems the faced. Accrding t nefrmer resident wh plaed a rle inthe shelter cmmittees, the ke wast find the right wa t help the shel-ter residents help themseles: wewere nt lking t hae the fd ptint r mths; we needed cllab-ratin as mch as pssible t sp-prt s in impring the cnditinsf r lies. With greater atnmand participatin, cmmnitiesbecame mre resilient, better ablet tlerate their lsses and t tler-ate each ther in their clse liingsitatins. We prmted the idea fself-management, inling peplein the planning, management andfacilitatin f prgramming, ntesAlarad.

PrOFIlE: hOnDurAS

FAMILy WHoSE HoME WAS DESTRoyED By HuRRICANE MITCH LIvING AT A STADIuM,SAN PEDRo SuLA, HoNDuRAS. \\ SEANSPRAGuE\\ SPRA

te hoda red cossoffes e fooi essoseaed:

Aid, as mch as pssible, mas-sie cncentratins f peple inne place.

Inle cmmnities in the man-agement f shelters and their

prgrams;there is an imprtantrle fr the Red Crss in facilitatingand rganizing participatin,

and ensring that tasks andrespnsibilities are clear.

Pride mre spprt andrespnse t the cnditins fpeple wh are sheltered in hstcmmnities.

Wrk directl with cmmnitiesand families t allw pprtnitiesfr dialge arnd ilence, its

risk factrs and sltins. Seek t ensre that the sta in

shelters is as shrt as pssible

and prse alternaties wathrities t nrmalize thfamilies as qickl as pss

Inest in bilding the skillsrespnse teams, incldingnizing the triggers that canilence.

Recgnize the need fr caacit bilding, awareness

cnselling spprt t stalnteers.



8/19

copoised aess o oods ad

sevies

In sme disaster sitatins, hmani-tarian aid ma be present et accesst it ma be cmprmised. Qestinsf wh cntrls access, wh facesbarriers t access and wh, and whis neglected all becme releantin disasters. A lack f access thmanitarian aid can create depend-enc n peple with harmfl inten-tins, which frther increases therisks f abse f pwer and ilence.

Ke access isses inclde limited access t lielihds

and incme; neqal distribtin f

hmanitarian and emergenc aidwithin and between camps; neqal pwer and scial nrms

that restrict access t serices andspprt fr wmen, children, theelderl and thse with disabilities; lack f spprt fr thse with

mental health isses t accessserices; lack f health care and safe

access t fd, shelter andcking fel; and fear f encntering ilence

while accessing gds, sericesr spprt.

Evioea/siaioa

odiios

In 2009, 42.3 millin peple werefrced t flee their hmes de tcnflict, ilence and hman rightsilatins.ii Man f thse peplewere frced int displacementcamps, slms r temprar shelters.

Specific risk factrs fr ilencewithin displacement camps inclde lack f secrit and plicing; pr perimeter secrit; lack f lighting; inadeqate tilets/latrines and

washing facilities in and arnd

the camps; lack f priac while sing hgiene

facilities; insecre and inadeqate shelters; ercrwding/high densit; lack f frmal r infrmal prtec-

tin sstems; ptential f frced eictins

(ften mltiple times); lack f analsis and nderstand-

ing f the etent/frms f ilencein the immediate aftermath f adisaster;and lack f will amng leadership t

priritize ilence preentin.

coapse o sai po oi

sppo ad poeio sses

In disasters, frmal and infrmalspprt sstems that peple rel nin their dail lies t cpe with stressand adersities can becme strainedr een cllapse. As a reslt, the riskthat stress will be handled in harm-fl was is eleated.

Factrs that can take shape in adisaster inclde disrptins anda decrease in the aailabilit raccess t, and the qalit and speedf, spprt prided b gern-ment, ciil and nn-gernmental

agencies; breakdwn f law and rder

impnit; inadeqate respnse frm law

enfrcement t ictims/srirsand inflictrs f ilence; few prtectie measres fr

srirs f ilence, pttingpeple at risk f reictimizatinand a deficit f spprt t helpwith phsical and pschlgicalwnds; n reprting sstem; limited infrmatin abt the

prcess t reprt ilence; famil separatin, inclding separ-

ated and rphaned children; silence frm bstanders wh

feel nsafe stpping r reprtingilence, d nt knw what td, r wh beliee the ilence isacceptable;and eplitatin f lnerabilities b

thse in psitins f athrit.

la of vioee peveio eda-

io ad poeio sses

The degree t which cmmnitiesnderstand ilence preentin andprtectin sstems in adance f adisaster will hae an impact n thesafet f indiidals and cmmn-ities dring disaster respnse andrecer.iii

Ke gaps ften inclde lack f edcatin and empwer-

ment pprtnities made aail-able t beneficiaries; limited edcatin and training t

disaster respnders;

incnsistent screening f disasterrespnders t ensre the d ntpse a threat t beneficiaries;and deficit f internal sstems within

rganizatins t create safeenirnments free f ilence,inclding within standard per-ating prcedres fr disasterpreparedness, respnse andrecer.

ke is dives a ae oo i disase siaios

Pe-exisi iss of vioee

vilence has a catastrphic tlln hman beings f all ages,backgrnds, abilities, gendersand beliefs. While anne can beaffected, sme grps f peple areat higher risk than thers.

In the time f a disaster, grps fpeple with pre-eisting lnerabil-ities t ilence are mst threatenedbecase the factrs that pt themat risk becme intensified. In mstcmmnities and cltres thesegrps are primaril children andwmen.

cide face disprprtinate risksin disasters becase the are thesmallest, weakest and mst depend-ent members f sciet. In disastersthis lnerabilit is cmpnded.Children wh are separated frmtheir families r becme rphanedare the mst at risk: their lner-abilit is mltiplied b a lss f theircaregiers and the lack f reliableprtectin sstems in disasters.

woe are nt inherentl lner-able bt can be made s de tscial and cltral factrs schas gender-based discriminatinand ineqalities that ma increasein emergencies. The majrit fthse wh die in natral disastersare wmen; wmen tend t haeless access t essential resrcesfr preparedness, mitigatin andrehabilitatin. i

Wman can als face high leels seal ilence in the aftermath disasters, as well as discriminatiwithin the assistance prcess.

Mreer, ilence against wmecan grw when men feel threatenb shifts in pwer relatins caseb wmen ming frm traditinagender rles t acqiring mrerespnsibilit and pprtnities irelief and recer initiaties.i

gede-based vioee is als athreat fr men and fr peple whd nt adhere t traditinal genderles present in their scieties. In

additin t gender, ther factrsrendering sme grps mre l-nerable t ilence ma incldeethnicit, indigens pplatinsspecific tribes, skin clr r shamembership in a class r caste this characterized b lwer scial aecnmic standing, enphbicsteretpes, immigratin statsr internal displacement, sealrientatin, age inclding the eldand th, disabilit, r pliticalr religis beliefs/affiliatin. Angrp that is iewed b thers asless than, different r haingredced hman wrth is at greatrisk f ilence.

vIoLENCE BREAKS uP FAMILIES,CoMMuNITIES AND CouNTRIES;WATCH THoSE ARouND you AND PRoTECT youR CoMMuNITy.RED CRoSS SMS vIoLENCE PREvENTIoN CAMPAIGN,HAITI \\ CANADIAN RED CRoSS



9/19

FoLLoWING THE EARTHQuAKE, WESAW A GREAT SoLIDARITy BETWEENPEoPLE, ESPECIALLy AMoNGSTouR voLuNTEERS. HoWEvER WEHAvE ALSo SEEN THAT THE LIvINGCoNDITIoNS PEoPLE FACE SINCETHE EARTHQuAKE HAvE LED To ANINCREASE IN vIoLENCE. WE AREWoRKING WITH ouR PARTNERS,STAFF AND voLuNTEERS To INTE-GRATE vIoLENCE PREvENTIoNACRoSS ALL ouR PRoGRAMS, ANDINTEGRATE IT INTo THE TRAININGoF ouR voLuNTEERS.

Dr.Michale Amde Gdn,President,Haitian Red Crss Sciet

The Haitian Red Crss Sciet(HRCS), in partnership with theSpanish Red Crss, has wrked tredce leels f ilence in cm-mnities like Bel Air fr a nm-ber f ears. Hweer, fllwingthe deastating earthqake fJanar 12, 2010, this wrk tkn a new pririt. vilence hasincreased, it is phsical, emtinal,and sealthere are man ictims,especiall the ng, said an HRCScmmnit mbilizatin fficer.There are man prblems in thecamps, ercrwding, insfficientlatrines, and man rapes. We seechildren left t themseles, withgirls at particlar risk, added Fernavictr, Branch Deelpment Directrfr the HRCS.

While ilence is nt new t Haiti,the earthqake increased thelnerabilit and risk. Disaster andilence g tgether becase necan case the ther, ntes an HRCSlnteer. There are a nmber ffactrs that can help prmte r preent ilence, een indifficlt cnditins sch as rs,said Dr. Gdn. A camp wherethere is light at night is safer thanne where there is nt. Sme campsare safe spaces, thers are nt.

vilence preentin wrk in Haitihas inclded practical actins, schas wrking with the InternatinalFederatin t impre lighting in thecamps f La Piste and Annee de laMairie, and the neighbrhd fDelmas 30. An SMS/phne tet andradi campaign was als lanchedpriding

infrmatin n ilence preentinand hw ictims f ilence can gethelp. HRCS leadership als par-ticipated in a Canadian Red Crsshsted three-da Ten Steps tCreating Safe Enirnments train-ing t adance nn-ilence withinthe HRCS and its prgrams, anddeelped an actin plan.

vilence is hidden, it is nt eas ttalk abt, said ne staff me mber.This wrk has gien me heart. Thereis t mch ilence in m cntr

With the Red Crss, I can see that thepssibilit t redce ilence eists.

PrOFIlE: hAItIIntegrated int the HRCS actin plan arecncrete steps t prtect lnteers frmilence sch as wrking in pairs andlearning hw t keep themseles safe.Listening t ictims f ilence and giingthem the help the need are critical aspectsf lnteer training.

Net steps fr the HRCS inclde epandingilence preentin wrk acrss the cntrand cntining training fr staff andlnteers in hw t prtect themseles andthers. Engaging cmmnities in ilencepreentin wrk is als a pririt. As ne

HRCS lnteer eplains, adlts train theth, th train the children, and childrenare r ftre.

TALIA FRENKEL,AMERICAN RED CRoSS



10/19

thE cOnSEquEncESOF cOmPlAcEncyThe isible and inisible cnse-qences f interpersnal and self-directed ilence are heightenedwhen thse wh can take actinremain cmplacent. Althgh itis ften kept hidden and secret,the hrt frm seal, phsical rpschlgical ilence and neglectcntines lng after bildings haebeen rebilt, lielihds generatedand clean water becmes aailable.

Nt nl can there be immediate phsical

injries and scars, bt the damage t em-tins and self-esteem and the impact n per-snal relatinships can last ears r a lifetimeand inflence ftre generatins in a famil.The list f hman impacts f interpersnalilence, especiall against children, is lngand incldes increasing the risk f sbstancemisse and ther risk behairs, lw self-esteem, nhealth relatinships, self-harmand sicide, and health cnditins sch ascancer and heart disease.iii

The ecnmic impacts f interpersnaland self-directed ilence inclde csts frtreatment, care and spprt, legal prceed-ings, and lss f wrk r schl time. Recentresearch n the linkages between ilence tcmmnit deelpment shw that the pace,scale and qalit f deelpment is nder-mined b ilencei and has an impact n acntrs grss dmestic prdct. Ecnmichealth is essential t rebilding a ibrantecnm that prides emplment andmtiatin, and generates fnds fr scial

spprt sstems.

BArrIErS tO tAkIngActIOnSoia baiesWhile the prblem f ilence is clear andsltins are aailable, there remain barrieat mltiple leels that restrict actin. A lackf laws, neqal and discriminatr gendernrms, and perceptins f ilence as alegitimate ptin fr sling prblems can bdeepl embedded in scieties and will nt brted t in weeks r mnths.

Oaizaioa baiesWithin rganizatins, barriers like cmplebreacratic sstems, fear f disclsres,erbrdened persnnel, lack f fnding, la

f prtectin sstems, prgrammatic silsthat limit integratin f the isses, and a laf technical gidance are all cmmn. Alscmmn in disasters is a lack f crdina-tin and meaningfl cmmnicatin betwerganizatins.

Idivida baiesIndiidal barriers sch as the emtinalnatre f interpersnal and self-directedilence, beliefs that ilence is ineitable,persnal eperiences and biases, and beingnsre what t d and where t start canhalt r deter actin. Barriers fr benefici-aries inclde nt being inited t participatin sltins, lacking cntrl er preentinprcesses, ecnmic and ther dependen-cies, being naware f helping resrces, aineffectal respnses b disaster respnde

Althgh there are credible tensins thatreqire a particlar balance and respnsein each disaster, the ltimate cmpass frdecisin making remains the hmanitarianimperatie t ensre safet. It is generall

accepted amng the hman rights cmmnthat the first pririt in a disaster is t prtelife, persnal secrit and the phsical integrit and dignit f affected pplatins.

CECILIA GoIN, IFRC

ABuSE OF POwErBy humAnItArIAnAID wOrkErS InDISAStErSReprts frm arnd the wrldhae shwn that een hmanitarianaid wrkers can pse a threat tpeple affected b emergencies.Aid wrkers whse inherent task ist sere the injred, sick, hmeless,hngr and nprtected, haebeen alleged t abse and eplitthe mst lnerable. Allegatinscntine t be made against aidwrkers fr casing phsical injr

and frcing beneficiaries t pridese in echange fr hmanitarianserices, basic care and access tresrces.ii

oer the past decade an alarmingpattern f reprts frm acrsshmanitarian agencies, especiallin emergencies, has becmeapparent. This betraal frespnsibilit reqires actin frmeer hmanitarian agenc andits leadership. The prblem hasgenerated attentin and actin frmhmanitarian agencies, bt mremst be dne.

Simplified sltins like pdatingcdes f cndct are nt engh.Hmanitarian rganizatins haea dt f care fr thse the sere.When ilence des ccr, breachesneed t be reprted with apprpriatefllw-p.

The pattern f abse frm aidwrkers clearl reqires that allhmanitarian agencies address thisprblem in cmprehensie was.Sltins eist; it is nw fr leaderst ensre the are sed.



11/19

uSIng A PuBlIc hEAlth APPrOAchtO PrIOrItIZE PrEVEntIOnDisasters drien b thefrces f natre are ftennpredictable and can-nt be preented, et theirimpact can be redced.Ths disaster risk redc-tin langage is a sit-able paradigm. In cntrast,ilence is nt npredict-able r shaped b ineit-able frces f natre, eenin disasters. vilence is aprdct f hman mindsets,behairs and the chicesindiidals make f theirfree will.

In the same wa that ther pblichealth crises sch as diarrheal dis-ease, respiratr illness, malntri-tin and the spread f infectisdisease can be anticipated andaddressed, s can interpersnaland self-directed ilence.

Part f the sltin lies in theapprach t cntering the risk.Cntering the risk f ilencereqires a me awa frm reactierespnses after ilence happens ta practie pstream apprach t

stp ilence frm happening in thefirst place.i

A pblic health apprach t ilencepreentin fcses n a science-based methdlg in which pplatin-based data is gathered

t describe the prblem, its scpe,cases and cnseqences; risk and prtectie factrs are

defined;and research-based interentins

are pilted, measred and thenscaled p.

Een small inestments in preen-tin can lead t large and lng-

lasting impacts. This is tre nt nlin deelpment settings bt alsin sitatins f emergencies andrecer.

mOVIng FrOmPAPEr tO PrActIcE:ImPlEmEntIngEXIStIng StAnDArDS

Preenting ilence in disastersis nt a new dialge. Wrk frm anmber f agencies and calitinsin recent ears hae prmted theintegratin f safet, prtectinand ilence preentin int thecre practice f hmanitarian wrkin disasters. Hweer, the chal-lenge f ming these standardsfrm paper t practice remains.Belw are eamples f standards,gidelines and a charter that the

Internatinal Federatin has fr-mall spprted.

te Spee Pojehaiaia cae admii Sadads ihaiaia resposeAccrding t the Sphere Standards,the rights t prtectin and secr-it are crss-ctting and incldeprinciples sch as aiding eps-ing peple t frther harm in dis-asters de t hmanitarian actin,ensring peples access t impar-tial assistance, prtecting peplefrm phsical and pschlgicalharm de t ilence and cercin,and assisting with accesst remedies and recer frmabse.ii

Ie-Ae Sadicoiee Gidelines for Gender-Based

violence Interentions in

Hmanitarian Settings: Theessential message f the gidlines is: All hmanitarian actmst take actin, frm theearliest stages f an emergent preent seal ilence andpride apprpriate assistancsrirs/ictims. iii

Gidelines on Mental Health

and Pschosocial Spport in

Emergenc Settings:Thesegidelines help hmanitarianactrs identif, mnitr, pree

and respnd t prtectin threand failres thrgh scialprtectin and t abses thrlegal prtectin.i

cides cae foDisase ris redioThe deelpment f this chartehas been led b seeral hmantarian agencies inclding PLANSae the Children, Wrld visinand uNICEF. Amng its cre elements is that child prtectinmst be a pririt befre, drinand after a disaster.

A pblic health apprach thatrelies n cmprehensie preen-tin strategies, integrates jstice,gender, and hman rights per-specties, and aims t reach theentire pplatin thrgh primarpreentin, rather than nl smesegments, is reqired. The designand implementatin f preentinprgrams and prtectin sstemsneed t acknwledge and leer-age indiidal and cmmnitresilience s that prgrams andsstems are strength-based and

fcs nt nl n peples lner-abilities bt als their capacities.

AMANDA GEoRGE,BRITISH RED CRoSS



12/19

WE ARE REvIEWING ouR RECov-ERy FRAMEWoRK TRyING ToMovE FRoM THE REACTIvE ToTHE PRoACTIvE, NoT JuST PRovID-ING EMERGENCy SERvICES BuTALSo vIoLENCE PREvENTIoNAND PSyCHoSoCIAL SuPPoRT AND LooKING AT BEST PRACTICESWITHIN THE MovEMENT FoRRELIEF AND RECovERy.

Lise Geffrin,Dept Directr,Disaster Management,Canadian Red Crss

In the past seeral ears, the pr-

inces f Saskatchewan, Manitbaand Alberta hae eperiencedcmple, large scale disastersinclding simltanes frest firesand massie flding. Accrding tfrecasts, this is a trend that willcntine fr seeral mre ears. Thereslt has been etended eaca-tins, length recer perids andcmplicated assistance prgramsfr bth hsehlds and cmmn-ities. The cntins re-ccrrencef flding preents fll recer fr

mst families and decreases theirsense f secrit and safet whileincreasing financial cncerns andncertaint.

Accrding t Canadian Red CrssPrincial Directr, Cind Fchs,lcal Red Crss respnders haewitnessed this tensin and frstra-tin trn int ilent reactins ina ariet f was: in sme casesit is an increase in interpersnalilence where eacatin sheltersare lcated. In sme cases the anger

and frstratin is directed at lcalathrities r Red Crss wrkersthemseles.

The impact f ilence can be dif-ficlt t measre. In Slae Lake,Alberta, clients tld lcal recerteams that there had beenan increase in interpersnalilence fllwing the fires whichdestred mch f the twn andcased $700 millin in damages,een thgh fficial statistics n

dmestic ilence had gne dwn.Cmmnit members said thebelieed that less peple werereprting ilence, and that thedisplacement f families t thercmmnities meant that the prb-lem f increased ilence medwith them, said Fchs.

Hweer, Red Crss case wrkershae als heard frm indiidalswh sa that the disrptin casedb a disaster prided them withan pprtnit t leae an alread

absie sitatin.Epsre t isses f interpersnalilence, ilence directed at hstcmmnities, r een at the RedCrss itself can lead t increasedstress, sas Ange Sawh, Directr fDisaster Management fr WesternCanada. In sme cases this has ledt persnal isses at hme if pepleare nable t cpe with the leel fstress the are eperiencing.

PrOFIlE: cAnADA

caadia red coss asideified a be of essoseaed ad bes paies

fo ee esposeexpeiees:

Increase specific prgramming frdealing with the emtinal impactsthat ccr in a disaster eent

bth fr Red Crss respnders aswell as peple in the affected cm-mnit. The respnse t the psch-lgical well-being f indiidalsand families needs t be practie.Waiting fr a prblem t arise,means the respnse is t late.

Prepare staff and lnteers tanticipate and address isses finterpersnal and cmmnit i-

lence, and t prtect peple mreeffectiel when ilent sitatinsarise. Sme steps that hae beenidentified inclde adapting disas-ter respnse training materials tinclde mre cntent n ilencepreentin, and deelping casestdies based n actal eentst help wrkers epand their

EMERGENCy EvACuATIoN oF CoMMuNITy MEMBERS FRoM WoLLASToN LAKE HATCHET LAKE FIRST NATIoNDuE To FoREST FIRES IN NoRTHERN SASKATCHEWAN \\ RICHARD MARJAN,T HE STAR PHoENIx.

nderstanding f hw t handlesitatins in which ilence ccrsr is reprted t hae ccrred.

Cllect data and hae a sense fwhat is ging n in the cmmn-it t anticipate challenges andrespnd t them.

Cnsider the capacit f lcalrganizatins and athrities taddress and respnd t ilence.Red Crss prgrams need t linkwith these lcal prgrams.

Inclde ilence preentinprgramming as part f disasterrespnses;the linkage has shwn

psitie reslts especiall fraddressing interpersnal ilence.Where preentin prgramming hasbeen intrdced, peple are talkingt the Red Crss abt ilence.

Wrk with cmmnities n ilence preentin prir t a disaster becase that apprach

mre effectie than intrdciilence preentin dring ra disaster.

Draw n best practices frmthe ICRC secrit resrceSafer Accessand the eperienf internatinal clleages.



13/19

BESt PrActIcESFOr ActIOnThe fllwing best practicesbild n eisting standardsand eperience, the Inter-national FederationsStrateg on violence Pre-ention, Mitigation andResponse, and data nwhat des and des ntwrk fr addressing ilencedring and after disasters.These best practicescan be taken acrss thedisaster preparedness andrespnse ccle.

1DISAStEr rISk rEDuctIOn

P o aiaia ose i odeEach hmanitarian agenc has arespnsibilit t nt nl spprtdisaster affected cmmnities tpreent ilence, bt als t ensreit has its wn internal sstems (pli-cies, standard perating prced-res, edcatin and mnitring) inplace t create safe enirnments.Eamples f internal sstemsinclde prcedres fr screening disaster

respnders; a cde f cndct, anti-harass-

ment and child prtectin pli-cies that clearl define epectedbehairs; edcatin t all staff and ln-

teers n apprpriate and inappr-priate behair; reprting sstems;and infrmatin n where t refer

beneficiaries if ilence ccrs.

li o Veabii ad capai

AssessesIntegrating the preentin f i-lence within vlnerabilit andCapacit Assessments (vCAs) isessential t nderstanding therisks and strengths f cmmnitiesin preparing fr a disaster and frensring the d n harm principlethrgh addressing ilence. vCAsgather intelligence and perspectiesfrm lcal cmmnities and shapethe actins acrss the disasterrespnse ccle. When the prtectinfrm ilence is mitted frm a dis-

aster respnse, the entire respnsecan be negatiel affected.

EdaeA primar task is t edcate disasterrespnders f all leels and cm-mnities t be prepared t minimizethe risk f ilence and respndrapidl and effectiel if it desccr. Sme f the ke Red CrssRed Crescent training crses inwhich ilence preentin needs tbe strengthened with apprpriateedcatin and tls inclde Cmmnit Based Disaster

Redctin (CBDR), Field Assessment Crdinatin

Teams (FACT), Emergenc Respnse unit (ERu)

fr all persnnel, ERu Pschscial and Cmmnit

Based Health Mdles, Reginal Interentin Team

(RIT) and Natinal InterentinTeam (NIT), Restring Famil Links (RFL), vlnerabilit and Capacit

Assessments (vCA), and Cmmnit-Based Health and

First Aid (CBHFA).

Edcatin fr beneficiaries andRed Crss Red Crescent persn-nel needs t inclde awarenessf eisting glbal standards andhw the appl in lcal settings;the risks and prtectie factrs frilence and hw the can be pre-ented; and hw peple wh haebeen hrt can be spprted.

PaeThere is strength in nmbers. Nsingle agenc, n matter hw large,can address ilence n its wn.Thrgh partnerships and netwrks,the strengths f each agenc can

be crdinated and leeraged, andthe scpe and scale f the respnseincreased. Partnerships need t bedeelped in adance f disasters

as part f preparedness plannings that in emergencies partnerscan mbilize in cmplementarand reinfrcing was. Partnershipsinclde wrking with natinal andlcal gernment agencies, grass-rts and internatinal nn-gernmental rganizatins (NGos) and tunited Natins (uN), and participaing in hmanitarian clsters. Specfcs shld be placed n wrkingwith eisting agencies and netwrthat preent r respnd t ilences that alread actie grassrtscapacities are enhanced and can bdepled in disasters.

DANIEL CIMA,IFRC



14/19

2EmErgEncy rESPOnSE AnDEArly rEcOVEry

Pioiize e peveio of vioeeIn the same wa that the risk frther pblic health emergencies areclsel mnitred and respndedt in disasters, addressing ilenceals reqires attentin and resr-cing and shld inclde preen-tin edcatin campaigns, masscmmnicatin and n the grndmitigatin effrts.

respod apid

Right frm the initial assessmentsdne b FACT r Pan-AmericanDisaster Respnse unit (PADRu)teams, ilence preentin andaddressing the impacts f ilencemst be made a crss-ctting issethat is part f decisin making andplanning pririties. The fllwingqestins can help t determine kefactrs that shld be mapped inthe immediate respnse: What fnctining, trsted and

accessible spprt sstems andprtectie factrs are aailable?

What are the specific risks frilence within the cntet f theaffected cmmnities?

What plice, uN, priate, cmmn-it r ther secrit measres arein place?

Wh is lnerable t ilence, whand where?

coe daa ad oioData and statistics n interpersnaland self-directed ilence need tbe cllected at ke pints f cntactwith beneficiaries. Data cllectincan ccr as a part f patient isitst temprar r permanent health-care facilities as an integral part frtine mrbidit sreillance (seeSphere 2011 Handbookfr samplereprting frms). Statistics can alsbe cllected at fd distribtinpints, shelters, etc.

IFRC

Sppo oi-based soia

sppo ad sef-epFamil and cmmnit mechanismsfr prtectin and pschscialspprt shld be prmted. Keactiities can inclde keepingfamilies tgether, wheneer ps-sible; spprting adlts t preentchildren frm becming separatedfrm their families; rganizing familtracing and renificatin fr childrenand adlts separated frm theirfamilies; and presering famil nitand enabling peple frm particlarillages/cmmnities r spprtnetwrks t lie in the same area ifthe are displaced.

Spea p;aise o oeive voieThe threat f ilence and theaailabilit f preentin strategiesand helping resrces need t becmmnicated rapidl, widel andrepeatedl thrgh technlg,scial media, mass cmmnicatin,high leel and lcal netwrks, andwrd f mth.

Advoae o ovee adaiaia ae paes

Actin at the grnd leel can ieldbenefits, bt it is far mre effectieif it is cmplemented with hmani-tarian diplmac t high-leelathrities. Decisins at these le-els can impact sstems, resrces,

attentin and actin n the grnd.Ke hmanitarian diplmac mes-sages and tls need t fcs npersading releant gernmentand hmanitarian agencies t ptin place enirnmental sstemssch as lighting, adeqate tiletfacilities, preentin/mitigatin/respnse edcatin, prtectin andsecrit sstems.

3lOng-tErm rEcOVEry AnDDEVElOPmEnt

tae a o-e vie ad app

opeesive appoaRespnding t ilence in disasteis essential. Hweer, n its wn iis nt engh actin in crises cnl ield finite reslts. Fr ilent be addressed in a cmprehensmanner, primar preentin actiare reqired in disaster preparedness, dring a disaster and int threcer and deelpment phaseSimilar t ther deepl embeddedprblems like HIv, Mther, Newb

and Child Health, and Tberclsilence cannt be prted in simnth r tw-ear prject cclesRather, a lng-term apprach witadeqate resrces, technical sprt and attentin is essential.

Fos o pioi aios fo vio-

ee peveioBased n the needs f lcal cm-mnities, the capacit f the RedCrss Red Crescent Natinal Scand the rles f ther partnersaddressing ilence, there are anmber f pririt actins that cabe prsed b Natinal Scietiest spprt lng-term safet. Thesinclde initiaties fr addressingalchl and sbstance misse anabse, managing stress, cnteriprejdice against stigmatizingcnditins, and prmting per-snal safet and nn-ilence inhmes, schls, wrkplaces and

cmmnities.



15/19

4crOSS cuttIng ActIOnSAcrOSS thE DISAStErrESPOnSE cyclE

Ese oppoiies fo beefiia

paiipaio ad aoabiiThe peple wh benefit frm inter-entins, sch as children, thand wmen, need t hae the ppr-tnit fr participatin, wnershipand leadership at all leels incldingassessment, design, implementa-tin, mnitring and ealatin.

Beneficiaries strengths as well astheir lnerabilities need t be cn-sidered in defining preentin andprtectin actins. It is als imprt-ant t ensre that beneficiaries haea clear, accessible and safe feed-back/cmplaints mechanism.

leades s eadThe rle f senir leadership incmmnities, gernments andhmanitarian agencies is pital.When leaders priritize safet, mchcan be achieed; when leadersfail t flfil their respnsibilit taddress ilence, the cnseqencesfr rganizatins and beneficiariescan be deep and lng-lasting. Ntnl d leaders set the tne frhw a disaster will be respndedt and what the pririties are, theals determine hw and if peple

absing their pwer will be heldaccntable.

Iopoae edeThe particlar needs and strengthsf wmen, men, girls and bs andther gender identities need t beacknwledged, nderstd andinclded. understanding the gender

rles and respnsibilities f malesand females in affected cmmnitiesand hw the hae been inflencedb the disaster, the stats f femalesin the sciet inclding legal stats,and the leel f access and cntrlf resrces sch as relief items andmne is imprtant.

Ide ide ad oChildren and th need t partic-ipate and be represented, asapprpriate, in decisin makingthat affects them. Preentingilence against children and th

reqires a particlar fcs acrssthe disaster respnse ccle becasethe are the mst at risk and thecnseqences can be mst serisfr them. yng peple are nt nlaffected b disasters; the alshae a alable rle in rebildingcmmnities.

Ieae io exisi oos ad

appoaesThe financial, hman and technicalresrces and capacit t addressinterpersnal and self-directedilence can ar widel amngrganizatins, cntries and eenwithin cities and cmmnities. Assch, a strengths-based apprachthat integrates ilence preentinint eisting prgrams, plicies,prcedres and training is essentialt maimize limited resrces andt leerage what is alread in placeand pren effectie.

moio, evaae ad defie es-

sos eaedEnsring qalit and effectieness inprgramming is critical t sccessflilence preentin. Gd intentinsare nt engh. Clear measrementsf what wrks, what des nt, andhw prgramming can be mdified timpre impact are necessar.

BdeActin reqires mne. Each leef respnse disaster risk redtin, emergenc and earl rec-er, and lng-term recer anddeelpment needs a bdgetfr integrating ilence preentiopprtne and effectie was tsecre fnds inclde adding i-lence preentin int emergencappeals and as a bdget line intDisaster Risk Redctin (DRR)and ther sectrs (e.g. BeneficiarAccntabilit, Cmmnit BasedHealth and First Aid, Hmanitariavales, organizatinal Deelpmeand yth).

BENoIT MATSHA-CARPENTIER, IFRC



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vIoLENCE PREvENTIoN PRo-GRAMMING AMoNG NATIoNALSoCIETIES IN THE AMERICAS HASA LoNG HISToRy. SuPPoRTINGPARTNERSHIPS BETWEENNATIoNAL SoCIETIES To FINDINNovATIvE WAyS To ADDRESSISSuES oF vIoLENCE IS THE NExTSTEP. THE FoCuS oN PRoMoTING

CuLTuRES oF NoN-vIoLENCE INStrAtEgy 2020 AND WITHIN THEAMERICAS ZoNE PLANNING MEANSINCREASED ATTENTIoN AND SuP-PoRT To NATIoNAL SoCIETIESDoING THIS WoRK, AND MoREFoCuS oN HoW To INTEGRATE vIo-LENCE PREvENTIoN INTo DISASTERPREPAREDNESS, RESPoNSE ANDRECovERy ACTIvITIES AND ACRoSSCoMMuNITy PRoGRAMS IN THEREGIoN.

Jan Gelfand,Head f operatins,Internatinal Federatin f Red Crss andRed Crescent Scieties,Americas Zne

In the Americas, we hae t addressilence, sas Jan Gelfand, Head foperatins fr the Americas Zne.vilence has been identified b thePan American Health organizatinas the scial pandemic f the 21stcentr, with ne std finding thatdring the perid f 20042009i

fr f the fie mst ilent cn-tries in the wrld were within theAmericas regin. Scial ineqalit,scial eclsin and a misse f

pwer are majr factrs escalat-ing the risk f ilence. This canbe epressed in the frm f sicide,assalt, abse eplitatin, hmi-cides and gang actiities, eplainsGelfand. When peple feel the cantrel n instittins t spprt andprtect them, ilence ma seem likethe nl aailable wa t negtiate

the challenges the face. We hae tengage mre acrss r prgrams,with a special emphasis n rdisaster-related actiities, t addressthe risk factrs, and preent ilence.

Cnsistent with Strateg 2020, theAmericas zne ffice has increasedthe prfile f ilence preen-tin in the 20122015 zne- andcntr-specific Lng Term PlanningFramewrks. The fcs is bthn strengthening Natinal Scietand the Internatinal Federatinswrk with cmmnities t preentilence, and als ensring a safeenirnment fr Red Crss staffand lnteers, sas Gelfand. Thisincldes ilence preentin insitatins f disaster and crisis, andals integrating ilence preentinactiities acrss instittinal andprgram areas.

Fr thematic fcs areas frintegrated zne prgramming haebeen identified: rban risk, migra-tin, climate change and ilence.In the Americas, the InternatinalFederatin will prse a strategf bilding n the pints f cn-nectin acrss these areas thrghintegrated cmmnit prgramming.

The strateg als places increasedattentin n the grwing lner-abilities and needs f particlarlhigh-risk cmmnities. We see thatthere are peple liing alng thefalt lines f ineqalit, pert andinsecrit, with sme cmmnitiesparticlarl affected b the changingpatterns f disaster risk and crises,eplains Gelfand. In practical terms,this means that ilence preentinbecmes a cre cmpnent f thewrk being dne with cmmnitiesand beneficiaries in disaster andcrisis peratins, in rban settings,with migrant cmmnities as well asther nging prgram areas.

An imprtant part f the Internat-inal Federatins apprach taddressing ilence is a fcs nplicies and sstems t preentilence within r wn instittinsthrgh the adptin f resrces

sch as the Ten Steps to CreatingSafe Enironments.

PrOFIlE:IntErnAtIOnAl FEDErAtIOnAmErIcAS ZOnE

BoLIvIAN RED CRoSS

The Ten Stepsframewrk incldesanalzing the specific cntet fthe prblem f ilence, recgniz-ing peples specific lnerabilitiesand resilience, defining and nder-standing the risks and prtectininstrments, and training. This wrkis particlarl imprtant in prepar-

ing fr, respnding t and receringfrm disasters. The Ten Stepsframe-wrk spprts staff and lnteers,

ensring that Red Crss and RedCrescent prgrams are deliered in asafe enirnment whether that bein the cntet f nging cmmnitactiities r dring the intensit f adisaster peratin.

Strateg 2020, and the InternationalFederations Strateg on violence

Preention, Mitigation and Responseare a wake-p call fr the Red Crss

Red Crescent Mement t asswhat needs t be dne and takcrete actin in the area f ilepreentin, sas Gelfand. We pt ilence preentin, bth inwrk with cmmnities and wir wn instittins, as ne f tpillars f r cmmitment t re

risk and lnerabilit. This is thisin and the plan in the Amer



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rESOurcESIeaioa FedeaioStrateg n vilence Preentin, Mitigatin and Respnse (IFRC)

Gender Strateg (IFRC)forthcoming

Ten Steps t Creating Safe Enirnmentswww.redcrss.ca/tensteps

vilence Preentin Mdles fr IFRC Cmmnit Based Health and First Aid (CBHFA)email: [email protected]

A Practical Gide t Gender-Sensitie Appraches t Disaster Management (IFRC)

IcrcSafer Accesshttp://www.icrc.rg/eng/resrces/dcments/resltin/cncil-delegates-resltin-7-2011.htm r,

http://www.icrc.rg/eng/assets/files/red-crss-crescent-mement/cncil-delegates-2011/cd-2011-6-1-ns-draft-resltin-eng.pdf

naioa SoieiesCanadian Red Crss, Resrces fr preenting child maltreatment, and blling and harassment, and prmtinghealth th relatinships. Specific resrces inclde, Be Safe! violence Preention Resorces for CommnitBased Programs for Adlts, yoth and Childrenwww.redcrss.ca/respected

Canadian Red Crss, violence Preention Modles for Emergenc Response unit trainingemail: [email protected]

Canadian Red Crss, Handbook on Preenting violence against Childrenwww.redcrss.ca/respected

Spanish Red Crss, Estrategia Reginal de Preencin de vilencia CentrAmrica, Mic Caribe. (ERPv)http://www.crzrja.es/prtal/page?_pageid=174,12290203&_dad=prtal30&_schema=PoRTAL30

Clmbian Red Crss, Paz, Accin Cniencia / Peace, Actin and Ceistence. (PACo)http://www.crzrjaclmbiana.rg/pblicacines/pdf/Cartilla%20Pac_1372010_103353.pdf

haiaia AeiesWrld Health organizatin, Preenting iolence and redcing its impact: How deelopment agencies can helphttp://whqlibdc.wh.int/pblicatins/2008/9789241596589_eng.pdf

uN office f the High Cmmissiner fr Hman Rights, uNICEF and Wrld Health organizatin, World report oniolence against childrenhttp://www.nilencestd.rg/

Sphere Prject, Hmanitarian charter and minimm standards in hmanitarian response

http://www.sphereprject.rgInter-Agenc Standing Cmmittee (IASC), Gidelines for gender-based iolence interentions in hmanitarian settings: Focsing on preention of and response to sexal iolence in emergencieshttp://www.hmanitarianinf.rg/iasc/dwnladDc.asp?dcID=4402

Children in a Changing Climate, Childrens charter: An action plan for disaster risk redction for children b childrhttp://plan-internatinal.rg/files/glbal/pblicatins/emergencies/Childrens_Charter%20new.pdf

cOncluSIOnI disase afe disase,e is of iepesoaad sef-dieed vioeeieases fo a obia-io of faos. Aoaoe a be veabeo vioee, peope ipe-exisi veabiiieso vioee, s as i-de, oe ad oeso ae aiaized, aea paia is. Aoe pobe of vioeei disases is opex, i

is o ieviabe. Vioeea be peveed. te isof vioee eeds o beaddessed o a pbiea appoa a is paof a poai seosi a disase. Bes paiesexis ad a be ipe-eed aoss e disaseaaee e.

A CHILD WEARING A STICKER CALLING FoR AN END To vIoLENCE AGAINST WoMEN,LA PISTE CAMP,PoRT-Au-PRINCE, HAITI \\ JuLIET KERR,IFRC vIoLENCE PREvENTIoN



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thE IntErnAtIOnAlrED crOSS AnDrED crEScEntmOVEmEnt OPErAtESunDEr SEVEnFunDAmEntAlPrIncIPlES.

haite red coss edeavos o pevead aeviae a sffei e-eve i a be fod,poei ifead ea ad esi espe fo a bei.

Ipaiaite red coss is ided soe b eeeds of a beis ad aes disiiaio as o aioai,ae

eiios beiefs,ass,o poiiaopiios.

neaiI ode o oie o ejo e ofdee of a, e ovee a o sides i osiiies o eae a a i oovesies of a poiia,aia ,eiios, o ideooia ae.

Idepedeete aioa soieies s aasaiai ei aoo so ae a be abe a a ies o a iaodae i e piipes of eovee.

Voa SevieI is a voa eief ovee opoped i a ae b desie foai.

uitee a be o oe red coss o ored cese soie i a oe oI s be ope o a.I s a ois aiaia o oo iseio.

uivesaite Ieaioa red coss ad redcese movee,i i a soeies ave ea sas ad sae eesposibiiies ad dies i epiea oe,is odide.

rEFErEncESi. Btchart,A.,Brwn,D.,Wilsn,A.,& Miktn,C.(2008).Preentingilenceand

redcingits impact:Hwdeelpment agenciescan help.WrldHealthorganizatin.Retrieed frm:h ttp://whqlibdc.wh.int/p blicatins/2008/ 9789241596589_eng.pdf.

ii. Btchart,A.,Brwn,D.,Wilsn,A.,& Miktn,C.(2008).Preentingilenceandredcingits impact:Hwdeelpment agenciescan help.WrldHealthorganizatin.Retrieed frm:h ttp://whqlibdc.wh.int/p blicatins/2008/ 9789241596589_eng.pdf.

iii. Wrld Health organizatin.(2010). Ten facts n ilence preentin.Retrieed frm:http://www.wh.int/featres/factfiles/ilence/en/inde.html.

i. Pinheir,P.S.(2006).Wrld reprt n ilence against children.New yrk:united Natins;Btchart,A.,Brwn, D.,Wilsn,A., & Miktn,C.(2008).Preenting ilence and redcing its impact:Hw deelpment agencies canhelp.Wrld Health organizatin.Retrieed frm: http://whqlibdc.wh.int/pblicatins/2008/9789241596589_eng.pdf;united Natins,General Assembl.(2006).In-Depth Stdy n All Frms f vilence against Wmen:Reprt f theSecretary General,2006.A/61/122/Add.1.Retrieed frm:http://daccess-dds-n.n.rg/dc/uNDoC/GEN/N06/419/74/PDF/N0641974.pdf?openElement;Btchart,A.,Brwn,D., Wilsn,A.,& Miktn,C. (2008).Preenting ilence and redcing itsimpact:Hw deelpment agencies can help.Wrld Health organizatin. Retrieedfrm:http://whqlibdc.wh.int/pblicatins/2008/9789241596589_eng.pdf.

. Wrld Health organizatin.(2011). Disease and injry reginal estimates:Case-specific mrtality:reginal estimates fr 2008.Retrieed frm:http://www.wh.int/healthinf/glbal_brden_disease/estimates_reginal/en/inde.html.

i. Klnman,y.,Kppari,N.& Mkhier,M.(Eds.).(2007). Wrld disasters reprt 2007:Fcs n discriminatin.Internatinal Federatin f Red Crss and Red Crescent

Scieties (IFRC).ii. Enarsn,E.(2008). vilence against wmen fllwing natral disasters.

Encclpaedia f interpersnal ilence.SAGE Pblicatins.Retrieed frm:http://www.sage-ereference.cmezp1.lib.mn.ed/iew/ilence/n540.ml.

iii. Amnest Internatinal.(2011). Aftershcks:Wmen speak t against sexalilence in Haitis camps.Retrieed frm:http://www.amnest.rg/en/librar/inf/AMR36/001/2011/en;Centre fr Hman Rights and Glbal Jstice.(2011).Sexalilence in Haitis IDPcamps:Reslts f a hsehld srey;Clermnt,C. (2011).alatin de la sitatin de la ilence faite a femmes et a filles dans lesznes de Martissant et Cit Sleil;Dais,L .,Gell,A .,Jseph,M., Richards E.J.,Patel,S.& Rmer,K.(2010). Legal petitin claim f precatinary measres nd.Retrieed frm:article 25 f the Cmmissins rles f prcedre.InternatinalWmens Hman Rights Clinic at the Cit uniersit f New yrk Schl f Law,Madre,The institte fr Jstice & Demcrac in Haiti,Brea des AcatsInternatina,Mrrisn & Ferster LLP,The Centre fr Cnstittinal Rights,andWmens Link Wrldwide;Hman Rights Watch.(2011).Cntr smmar.WrldReprt 2011;Institte fr Jstice & Demcrac in Haiti and uniersit f virginiaSchl f Law.(2010). or bdies are still trembling:Haitian wmens fight againstrape.Retrieed frm:http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resrces/2AFAD9E18B0B66604925776E000646D1-Fll_Reprt.pdf;Internatinal Ga and LesbianHman Rights Cmmissin / SERovIE.(2011). The impact f the earthqake,and relief and recery prgrams n Haitian LGBTpeple.Retrieed frm:http://www.iglhrc.rg/binar-data/ATTACHMENT/file/000/000/505-1.pdf.

i. Centre fr Hman Rights and Glbal Jstice.(2011).Sexal vilence in Haitis IDPCamps:Reslts f a hsehld srey.Retrieed frm:http://www.chrgj.rg/press/dcs/Haiti%20Seal%20vilence%20March%202011.pdf.

. uNHCR.(2011). Drien by desperatin:Transactinal sex as a srial strategyin Prt-a-Prince IDPcamps.Retrieed frm:http://www.nhcrwashingtn.rg/atf/cf/%7Bc07eda5e-ac71-4340-8570-194d98bdc139%7D/SGBv-HAITI-STuDy-MAy2011.PDF.

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ii. Alba,W.& Lcian,D.(2008). Sald sexal y reprdctie y ilencia en persnaslnerables:La trmenta Nel en Repblica Dminicana.Sant Dming,DminicanRepblic:INSTRAW and uNFPA.

iii. WrldHealthorganizatin(2005). Factsheet:vilence& disasters.WrldHealth

organizatinDepartmentf InjriesandvilencePreentin.Retrieedfrm:http://www.wh.int/ilence_injr_preentin/pblicatins/ilence/ilence_disasters.pdf.

i. CIETInternatinal.(1999).Scial adit fr emergenc and recnstrctin,phase 1 April.Crdinadra Ciil para la Emergencia la Recnstrccin (CCER);Managa,Nicaraga.

. Larrance,R.,Anastari,M.& Lawr, L.(2007).Health stats amng internalldisplaced persns in Lisiana and Mississippi trael trailer parks.Annals fEmergency Medicine,49, 590601.

i. Harille,E.W.,Talr,C.A., Tesfai,H.,xing,x. & Bekens P.(2011).Eperience fHrricane Katrina and reprted intimate partner ilence.Jrnal f Interpersnalvilence,26(4),833845.

ii. Keenan,H.T.,Marshall,S.W.,Ncera,M.A.& Rnan,D.K. (2004).Increased incidencef inflicted tramatic brain injr in children after a natral disaster. AmericanJrnal f Preentie Medicine,26 (3),pp.18993.

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i. Adapted frm the eclgical mdel sed in:Krg,E.,Dahlbert,L., Merc,J.,Zwi,A.& Lzan,R. (Eds.) (2002).Wrld reprt n ilence and health.Genea:Wrld Healthorganizatin.

ii. Birkeland,Nina M.,Halff,Kate and Jennings, Edmnd (Eds.) (2010). InternalDisplacement:Glbal oeriew f Trends and Deelpments in 2009.(pp.14).Switzerland:Internal Displacement Mnitring Centre.

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Emergenc%20Preparedness%20in%20British%20Clmbia%20(Mitigating%20vilence%20Against%20Wmen%20in%20Disasters).pdf.

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. Ferris,E.(2010). Natral disasters,cnflict and hman rights:Tracing thecnnectins.The Brkings Instittin.Retrieed frm: http://www.brkings.ed/speeches/2010/0303_natral_disasters_ferris.asp.

i. Enarsn,E.(2008). vilence against wmen fllwing natral disasters.Encclpaedia f interpersnal ilence.SAGE Pblicatins.Retrieed frm:http://www.sage-ereference.cmezp1.lib.mn.ed/iew/ilence/n540.ml.

ii. Hlt,K.& Hghes,S.(2007).uN staff accsed f raping children in Sdan. TelegraphMedia Grp.Retrieed frm: http://www.telegraph.c.k;BBC News.(2007).uN prbes absein Iry Cast.BBC News united Kingdm. Retrieed frm:http://news.bbc.c.k/g/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/6909664.stm;united Natins HighCmmissiner fr Refgees (uNHCR) & Sae the Children united Kingdm.(2002).Nte fr implementing and peratinal partners by uNHCRand Sae the Children-uK n sexal ilence and explitatin:The experience f refgeechildren in Ginea,Liberia and Sierra Lene based n initial findings and recmmendatinsfrmassessment missin 22 octber 30 Nember 2001.Retrieed frm: http://www.nhcr.ch/cgibin/teis/t/partners/pendc.pdf?tbl=PARTNERS&id=3c7cf89a4;Sae the Children united Kingdm.(2006). Frm camp t cmmnity:Liberiastdy n explitatin f children.Retrieed frm:http://www.saethechildren.it/2003/dwnlad/pbblicazini/Liberia/Liberia_seal_eplitatin_editedLB.pdf;Demcratic Repblic f the Cng (DRC):MoNuC trps amng the wrstse ffenders.(2006,Agst 28). IRIN Hmanitarian News and Analysis online.Retrieed frm:http://www.irinnews.rg/reprt.asp?reprtid=60476.

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i. Btchart,A.,Brwn,D.,Wilsn,A.,& Miktn,C.(2008).Preentingilenceandredcingits impact:Hwdeelpment agenciescan help.WrldHealthorganizatin.Retrieed frm: http://whqlibdc.wh.int /pblicatins/20 08/9789241596589_eng .pdf.

. Ferris,E.(2010). Natral disasters,cnflict and hman rights:Tracing thecnnectins.The Brkings Instittin.Retrieed frm: http://www.brkings.ed/speeches/2010/0303_natral_disasters_ferris.asp.

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ii. Sphere Prject.(2011). The Sphere Handbk:Hmanitarian Charter and MinimmStandards in Hmanitarian Respnse.Retrieed frm:http://www.sphereprject.rg/cmpnent/ptin,cm_dcman/task,cat_iew/gid,70/Itemid,203/lang,english/.

iii.Inter-Agenc Standing Cmmittee (IASC) (2005). Gidelines fr gender-basedilence interentins in hmanitarian settings:Fcsing n preentin f andrespnse t sexal ilence in emergencies (Field test ersin).Genea:IASC.

i.Inter-Agenc Standing Cmmittee (IASC) (2008). Mental health and psychscialspprt:Checklist fr field se. Genea:IASC.

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i. GeneaD eclaratinS ecretariat.(2011). TheGlbalBrden fArmedvilence 2011.GeneaDeclaratinn Armedvilenceand Deelpment.Retrieedfrm:http://www.geneadeclaratin.rg/measrabilit/glbal-brden-f-armed-ilence/glbal-brden-f-armed-ilence-2011.html.



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