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PHASE II REPORT
E-329VOL. 1
World Bank
West Bank and Gaza Solid
Waste and Environmental
Management Project(SWEMP): Solid Waste
Mainagemienit Study
Volume 2. EnvironmentalAnalysis of the ZaharatFlinjan landfill site
July 1998
Environmental Resources Management8 Cavendish Square, London WIM OER
Telephone 0171 465 7200Facsimile 0171 465 7272Email [email protected]:lHwww.ermuk.com
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PHASE II REPORT
World Bank
West Bank and Gaza Solid Wasteand Environmental MIanagementProject (SWEMP): Solid WasteMalnagement Study
VOIlLme 2: Environmental Analysis of
the Zaharat Finjan site
July 1998
Reference 5155
For and on behalf of
Environmental Resources Management
Approved bv:
Signed:
Position:
Date:
This report has heen prepared by Environmental ResourcesManagement the trading name of Environmental ResourcesManagement Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligencewithin the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporatng ourGeneral Tenns and Conditions of Business and taking account ofthe resources devoted to it by agreement With the client.
We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect ofany matters outside the scope of the above.
This report is confidential to the client and we accept noresponsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom thisreport, or any part thereof. is made known. Any such party relies onthe report at their own risk.
in line with our company environmental policy we purchase paper forour documents only from ISO 14001 certified or EMAS verifiedmanufacturers This includes paper with the Nordic EnvtronmentalLabel
I .iNTRODUCTION I
7.1 BACKGROUND 7
7.2 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT I
1.3 INSTITUTIO.NAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2
1.4 LEIEL OF BA CKGROUND JNFORMIATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY 6
7.5 PRO[ECTALTERNATIV Es 6
1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE 7 0
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 11
2.7 INTRODUCTION ll
2.2 SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 712.3 CLIMATiC REGIME 13
2.4 GEOLOGY 16
2.5 HYDROGEOLOGY. 19
2.6 HYDROLOGY 20
2.7 ECOLOGY 20
2.8 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND LAND-USE 242.9 TRAFFIC 32
2.10 AIR QUALm7y 32
2.11 NOISE 33
3 LANDFILL DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL MVIANA GEMVIENT 34
3.1 INTRODUCTION 34
3.2 SITE LOCATIONAND SUAMMIARY DESCRIPTION 34
3.3 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 35
3.4 KEY ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN 36
3.5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT 38
4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MIEASURES 43
4.1 INTRODUCTION 43
4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMICAND CULTURAL 43
4.3 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGYAND WVATER QUALITY 47
4.4 HEALTH AND SAFETY 504.5 AiR QUALITY IMPACTS 574.6 NOISE 55
4.7 ECOLOGY 56
4.S OFF-STE TRAFFIC 584.9 ViSUAL/LANDSCAPE AND AMIENITY IMPACTS 60
5 CONCLUS[ONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63
5.1 INTRODLICTION 63
5.2 SUMMARY OF POTErNTIAL KEY NEGATIVE IMPACTS 635.3 SUMIMARY OF POTENTIAL KEY POSITIVE IMPACTS 65
5.4 ISSUES REQUIRING ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION 66
D.D CONCLUSIONS 67
Appendix A - Puiblic Consuiltaztions - Swimnhnary of FindingsAppendix B - Glossary
TN TRODUCTION
Z.Z B.ACKGROU'ND
Environmentai Resources Management KER") has been commissioned by theW%7orld BanK, rn associat.on with the Palestine Environmental Authoritv(REnA), ro undertake the SoliLd Waste %lanagement Studv of the Ve`st BankaDid Gaza . :'f:i l ste and En:bnient Nlanagenzent Project (S'VEtvMP)
This study is arranged in three phases as follows:
Pilase f Assessment of Existing Concditions and Feasibilitv Studies
Phlase IS Priority Investment Programme
Plhase [IT Detailed Terms of Reference for Project Implementation
This document, the Environmental Analvsis of the proposed Zaharat Finjan(ZF) landfill site, forms part of the Phase II report, the Priority InvestmentProgramme, and documents the environmental issues that must beconsidered as part of the proposed development. In addition, this reportidentifies further environmental assessment work that should be completedprior to the site development and the timing of such requirements.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT
This report identifies the kev environmental issues and provides apreLiminary environmental assessment of the potential impacts of developingthe ZF sanitarv landfill site. The report has been designed to serve thefollowing purposes:
i To provide an assessment of the suitabilitv of the proposed sitedevelopment from an environmentai perspective;
*to identify the key issues with respect to the environmental impacts of thesite on the environment;
*to specify the further environmental impact assessment requirements-needed as part of the project implementation; and
* to identify the need for, and specifications of, further environmentalassessment work and the timing of such inputs.
This report was prepared in Julv 1997 and was completed to provide theenvironmental foundation for the recommended implementable projectswhich are required as part of this study.
One of the main requirements of this report is the identification of the kevpotential impacts of the development of the ZF landfill. All key issues andimpacts identified in this report need to be further considered prior to projectimplementation in accordance with the EIA requirements of the World Bankand PEnA. In addition, specific efforts would need to focus on ensuring that
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a comprehensive monitoring, operational and environmental managementplar. is developed in conjunction with the detailed design stage to mitigateand manage the defined potential environmental impacts.
Z.3 [NSTITUTIO.NAL AND LEGAL FR4MEWORK
7.3.1 Overview
The legal and institutional framework was fully described within the Phase I,Draft NlasterPlan report. A summarv of the framework, valid at the time ofreport preparation, is provided below:
Local authorities are responsible for solid waste collection and disposal in theWest Bank. In theory, this means that municipalities take care of thecollection of wastes in their municipal boundaries and subsequentlv organisethe removal of these wastes to a dump. In practice there are manyunspecified responsibilities and not all wastes are collected.
To establish a competent authority at the PA level, the Mlinistry of Planningand International Co-operation (iMvIoPIC) created the Environmental PlanningDirectorate (EPD) within it's structure. The Solid and Hazardous WasteDirectorate (SHWD) of EPD became the focal point of governmental activitiesin the sector.
In September 1995, the Oslo-ll Interim Agreement was signed. Article 12 ofthis agreement deals completely with solid waste. It binds the PalestinianAuthoritv to deal with wastes in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
In December 1996 the Palestinian Environmental Authoritv (PEnA) wascreated bv decree of President Arafat. During 1997, its mandates andresponsibilities were settled. In August 1997, a hMemorandum ofUnderstanding was signed between PEnA and EPD. The latter handed overall documents and most of its equipment.
In April 1998, the .Mvinistrv of Health and PEnA signed a M9emorandum ofUnderstanding. The Mlinistry of Health's mandate in SWNM is now restrictedto medical wastes in the hospitals (not waste from private clinics orpharmacies). The transportation and disposal of hospital waste is theresponsibilitv of municipalities under the supervision of PEnA.
1.3.2 Institntional Responsibilities
General
The Israeli Civil Administration administered all municipal services untilNvlav 1994. The Palestinians gained limited autonomy, first over the GazaStrip and Jericho in 1994, and then over other parts of the West Bank during1996. When formed, the Palestinian Authority and the municipalities hadlittle to no experience in administering services like solid waste management.The relatively low performance level of SWMI services is related to this lack ofexperience and lack of strategies or policies.
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2
Solid wvaste collectorn and transportation is the direct and immediateresocnsibilitv of the iocal governments (munic:palities). Implicitlv ancd dueto the lack of organised disposal methods, the dumpmig cf tne wvastesremoved from municipal areas Is executed by municiralities.
Village councils in rural areas also co-operate in the transport and/ ordisposal of solid waste to varymn g extents anci in an informal way.The desired increase in co-operation between such small municipalitiestowarls regional solid waste councils has not vet materialised.
Solid Waste Couincils
Some villages in the West Bank have an informal agreement for dealing withthe transportation and disposal of solid wastes. There is no formal co-operation.
Ministry of Local Gooernrnents
On a national level the fMinistrv of Local Govemments is responsible for theactivities of municipalities. This implies that policies and implementation formunicipal services, including the organisation and administration of solidwaste services, fall under the remit of this M'vlinistrv. This Mivlinistry plays animportant role in, for example, the financing of soLid waste collectionequipment, selection of disposal sites and introduction of cost-recovery.
UNZR VA
Apart from the municipalities, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency(UNRWA) specificallv deals with waste collection and transportation forrefugee camps.
Atinistry of Healtlh
Until vlav 1998, the Mylinistry of Health monitored the dumps used fordisposal of collected waste. Their concern was limited to the direct risks topublic health and not for indirect risks via the environment such as thepollution of the aquifers.
The Mfinistrv of Health continues to be responsible for medical wastes fromhospitals although there is no registration of hazardous waste producers andthere are no data for medical waste generation. In addition, data on clinicsand pharmacies is incomplete and there are neither reliable data norregistrations of (imports of) chemical or nuclear substances.
Mvtinistry of Industry
Industries produce a substantial quantitv of waste and a significantpercentage of the toxic wastes. The 'vlinistrv of Industrv does not, however,have a Department that deals with solid waste issues on an ad-hoc basis.There is no registration of hazardous waste producers.
FNM IRNW\iN r \. RISC( RS'rs MX. \ . r W\' F'Ri'rxir
3
AVinistrt/ of Justice
Although not directly involved in solid waste management, this Ministryplavs an important role in enforcement of laws, including municipal bv-laws.
Palestinian VVatLr'1 Alithorit:t
This was the first inter-ministerial Authority to be established (1995). ThePWVA deals mainlv with water resources and related environmental issues. Itgrants or rejects licences for activities with a 'water component', includingdumpsites, which might pollute aquifers.
The PWA is verv active and well represented at meetings related to water. Ithas a comprehensive set of strategies and policies that could function as an
example for the PEnA.
Palestinian Environmental Authority
The Palestinian Environmental Authoritv (PEnA) is the current authorityresponsible for environmental issues.
1.3.3 Legislation
Some of the laws relevant to solid waste in the West Bank can be traced backto Ottoman or British roots and these are complemented by some recentlvissued orders from Palestinian Governors and heads of municipal healthdepartments.
It will take some time until a unified Palestinian Law is in place. The futureEnvironmental Law is now in its second draft and under discussion in thePalestinian Legislative Council. The Environmental Planning Directorate hasalso undertaken some preparatorv studies and initiated debate in this field,with regard to a general environmental framework law and specialregulations concerning solid wastes.
There are several currently applicable Laws and Regulations and theseinclude:
* Jordanian Public Health Law;-Municipality Regulatory System;[sraeli Military Orders;
. Palestinian Authoritv Orders;* lunicipal Policies and Regulations; and
Palestinian iMvlunicipal Law.
Details of each are documented in the Phase I Draft MlasterPlan report.
The Legal Enforcenient Systenm
All the above mentioned laws, orders and regulations have'enforcementpower'. The main base of the enforcement svstem is the lordanian PublicHealth Law # 43 and the municipalitv regulatorv svstem. Enforcement
4
actions are usuallv taken by munlcipai,tv court, s5oilur court, police and
sometnmes district Governors.
I.3.4 Environmental impact Assessmnent (ELA)
The IPEn A are currentlY developing a draft environmental assessment policyto assist in meetLing the foilowLng goals:
To conserve social, historical an.1 cultural values of the Palestinian peopleand their communities;to ensure an adequate qualitv of life, health, safety and welfare for thePalestinian people;to preserve natural processes;
* to maintain the sustainable use and the long-term abilitv of natural
resources to support human, plant and animal life;* to conserve biodiversitv and landscapes;* to avoid irreversible environmental damage from development activities;
and* to ensure that the basic needs of the people affected or likely to be affected
by a development activity are not jeopardized.
Within the terms of the draft policv PEnA are responsible for theimplementation and are responsible for the approval and assessment ofenvironmental considerations in relation to proposed developments. It isexpected that the PEnA wil liaise with relevant institutions, such as the PWA,in relation to the proposed developments.
The form of the policv is similar to that of the World Bank (see details below)and it specifies the requirement for comprehensive ElAs (necessarv forprojects likelv to have significant impacts) and an Initial EnvironmentalEvaluation (IEE) for projects where significant impacts are uncertain, orwhere compliance with environmental regulations must be ensured.Completion of an IEE may necessitate the conduct of a comprehensive EIA.
Under the policv development of solid waste facilities, the completion of acomprehensive EIA prior to implementation is required.
The prevailing EIA guideline procedures used at an international level arethose set out in the World Bank Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 (to bereissued as Operational Policy 4.01). OD 4.01 provides guidance on theWorld Bank's requirements for scope and content of EIA submissions. Thedocument indicates that the content of an EIA should not oniv coverevaluation of baseline environmental conditions, potential impacts andrequired mitigation measures, but also discuss wider issues such asstakeholder concerns and potential project altematives.
This first stage environmental analysis report has been prepared in fullconsideration of these guidelines to allow project planning decisions to takeinto account kev environmental issues associated with the site. Thedocument is preliminary, however, in that its focus is to provide a rapidassessment of potential impacts and kev issues' which will need to beaddressed prior to project implementation.
EN TICO, I ''R N .F XI Ri- *'( 15 M.. M ;\t:FNtIi;r WW-KI m t
D
1.4 LEVEL OF BACKGROUND !WFORAIATION AND LMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY
The ZF site has previously been considered and found suitable bv the Officeof the Environment of the State of Israel. A permit was granted for the sitedevelopment and conceptual designs and tender documents were preparedf
by civil andt environmental engineers, 4variniansckv Associates, Tel Aviv.
The site was first considered for development in 1987. Through directdiscussions between the Consultant and the Israeli Director of EnvironmentalAffairs of the Regional Liaison and Co-ordination Office, West Bank it wasconfirmed that whilst environmental consideration was given to the site(which included a review of such issues as site topography, geology,
hydrogeoiogy, hvdrology, and land-use) no formal ETA was completed. Inaddition, it was confirmed that any supporting environmental data whichformed the basis for project development was unavailable.
As discussed in Section 1.3 above, PEnA's and World Bank's requirements forthe dtevelopment of a new sanitarv landfill site include the completion of acomprehensive EIA which assesses the full environmental implications ofsuch a project.
As the absence of an existing Israeli prepared EIA has been confirmed it isclear that additional work in relation to environmental assessment is requiredprior to project implementation. The scope, focus and timing of thisadditional work has been identified and is discussed in Section 5.
2.5 PROJECTALrERNATIVES
1.5.1 Introduiction
In the West Bank, the need for improvement of the waste sector has beenclearly identified and continuation of 'open dump site' waste disposalpractices (with no environmental protection) is widelv recognised as nolonger being acceptable.
WVithin Phase I of this studv, and through consultations with representativesof PEnA, MvIoLC, NloPIC, PWA, World Bank, and ENEA Consultants, it wasdetermined that the development of the ZF landfill should be stronglyconsidered as part of the upgrade of waste management services in the WestBank.
The role of the proposed ZF landfill is to provide sufficient capacitv todispose of wastes from the towns of Jenin and Tubas and the surroundingvillages for a period of 20 vears.
1.5.2 Existing Solidf Waste Malznaigemnent in thte lenit balzl)s Areti
A review of the existing solid waste managenment situation in the Jenin/Tubasarea was completed as part of Phase I of this project. A summarv of thefindiings are provided below.
FN% IF, I;\ 1 \I IN i' I F, FN MAN N.mr. i W.Rl 1R
6
The two Districts to be served ho the ZF landfill have a reiatvvelv lc,wpopulation densitY in 1098. the Jenir. Dis -r ct has approximateIv 19 ,000innabitants, Tubas District counts 35,000 9 Durm.g the foreseen lifetime of thesite, these figures mao r more than double to approximatel. 4180,000 and 8&CCGresoectiv elo .
lenin is the biggest town in the West Bank north of Nablus. The number offixed establishments (shops, offices, restaurants etc.) is around half thenumber of residences and the trading has made Jenin relatively affluent and itis the richest municipalitv in the West Bank.
The waste collection exists of dailv curb-side collection, dailv containersemptving and daily cleansing of the vegetable market. The collection coversapproximatelv 100 km of streets in the urban areas (around 6.4 km2) inaddition to some rural areas (1.6 km 2). In June 1998, the tlunicipalitvreceived two container, trucks and a skiplift truck, in addition to 160containers. Existing equipment remained in place and included 4 skip lifttrucks, 75 metal bins, approximately 200 oil drums, 75 skip lift containers, 10wheel barrows and 60 push carts.
The future solid waste collection schemes will focus on more efficient use ofthe collection vehicles and an increase in containers, a higher rate ofcommunity participation and a higher ratio of cleaning staff per givennumber of inhabitants. For the latter, it is believed that increasing the numberof cleaners will result in higher financial SWN/4 contributions from the public.
The collection of solid waste Ln the town of Jenin is not, however,representative of the Jenin District. Rural collection is not well organised andwaste is dumped on open land (fields/wadis) and is often set on fire.
Solid waste disposal was carried out on the residential border to the west ofthe clt until 1996. Since 1996, a dump site located 3km south of Jenin hasbeen used as a waste disposal site. This existing dump is situated on a hilltopand leachate is noted to flow untreated to the local wadi. The site isunsuitable for waste disposal and it is not considered feasible for upgrade.
The waste generation per capita (1.4 kg/pc/dav) 2 is high aind ranks secondonlv after Bethlehem (2 kg/pc/dasv) in the West Bank. Per year andcommencing in 1999, the waste generation of the District is estimated at660,000 tonnes per vear (tpy), of which 30% originates from Jenin Nvlunicipalitv.
Tubas
! West f,mkl. dGn- (,ofn Fi<i W-V,t- -dn F.0 ,,-nmr'nt M-,nmgn,enl lrnrt tFWEMI' Solid Wn,te MknnagementStudv. Vni.I i)r.,fi M.,,teri'k. EPRM (I'JV8)
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Tubas is a village in the north of the West Bank, locate on the mountainouseastern road from Nablus to [enin. The area is not densely populated. Tubaswith 10, 690 inhabitants and is the biggest town in the District.
An estimate of the waste generation was determined bv the Consultants andTubas %lunicipality and is considered be approximately to 0.6 kg per capitaper dav.
The collection services in Tubas are not to the standards of [enin. Theavailable waste disposal contairers within the town are of different typesinclude often broken wheeled containers and rusted barrels. Collection iscarried out with one truck and one tractor. The collection frequencv variesbetween once a day (main road and 'Al-Wasta') and 'never' in the more
distant neighbourhoods.
Waste piles are visible, at open spots, between houses on the main streets andaround waste containers where rotten organics are commonlv found adjacentto sharps such as folded tins and glass. Bumring garbage is normal practicethroughout the town.
Under the development of a regional facilitv waste should be transported, tothe new ZF landfill. Prior to this studv Tubas Mvlunicipalitv has acquired a siteof 3ha, located 3 km east of the citv to use as a further open dump site. Anynew sites have to be approved bv PEnA, the Ministry of Health and theIsraelis authorities. These authorities have previously agreed to look into therequest of the Tubas Municipalitv in relation to the development of this opendump. Smaller surrounding villages in the area have a low organisationlevels of solid waste collection. Random waste dumping and burning arecommon practice. The waste generation for the whole Tubas District isestimated at 7,000 tpv.
During the Public Consultations manv residents in Jenin and Tubas expressedsignificant dissatisfaction that waste was being dumped in an uncontrolledmanner and burnt. Mlany residents appear to have been affected bv the thesepoor waste disposal practices and complain of the following:
P Odour from the dump sites;flies; andnausea resulting from waste buming.
1.5.3 Tire 'Do Npothing' Option
As deseribed above, the existing waste disposal practices in the areas of theproposed landfill facility consist of open dumping and burning of waste invacant areas and plots of land.
If the proposedc landfill facility is not developed in the Jenin District, it isapparent that, within the required planning horizon for this studv and inaddition to on-going dumping at the existing sites, further open dump siteswill be required.
TV' %IN: XI RI l'(( I VM 11.1 I ''.W.'FI I' H \'.i
8
As discussed in the Phase I reports, and as Lndicated above, there are majorenvironmental and social concerns associated wvith the prachce of opendumping and burning of waste and the need for improvements to wastemanagement services have been clearly identified. This has been reiteratedbv stakeholders hVling Ln the service area or the proposed ZF landfill.
7.5.4 Waste Dispos5al A Itematives
Landfills are an essential component of any Vwaste management system. Evenin countries where wvaste treatment technologies such as incinerators (orwaste to-energy facilities) and composting have been emploved it is stillessential to landfill process residues and other non-treatable wastes. In thecontext of a 'developing countrv', the high comparative cost and heavvtechnical demands of these waste treatment technologies, means that landfillwill remaLn the cornerstone of waste disposal systems for the foreseeablefuture.
With careful planning, design, construction and operation, landfill can be asafe, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable means of final solid wastedisposal. The constraints on the introduction of other mainstream wastetreatment technologies have been discussed in Volume 1 of the Phase I report.
1.5.5 Alternative Sitesfor the Proposed Landfill to serve the lenin and Nabluisareas
As a result of work completed in Phase 1 of this study, which included areview of irnpienzentable landfill facilities, the proposed ZF site was consideredto be the best option for development. This was confirmed during theconsultation workshops with representatives of ERNlv, PEnA, MoLG, MoPIC,PWA, World Bank, and ENEA Consultants. The criteria used to confirm theplanning decision are summarised as follows:
* Ease of project implementation (whether the city is ready to form a SWMNICfor disposal, and proven skills in the municipal organisation);
* the willingness to pay (commitment to introduce cost-recoverv);* no existing donor assistance for SWN'l services; anda a current dumpsite that could be upgraded or a new site with the
necessary Israeli approval and permits.
For the Jenin District there are, at present, no alternative sites which could beupgraded or new site areas that hold the necessarv permitting requirementsof the Israeli Authorities. As such, there are no alternative sites forimplementable landfill sites at present.
Given the time required to obtain the necessarv approval and permits fromthe Israeli Authorities, it is considered that returning to the site selectionprocess and choosing an alternative waste disposal site would cause anunacceptable delav to the implementation of badlv needed improved wastedisposal standards. As such, and within the political constraints of the WestBank, the ZF site is considered to be the only implementable waste disposalsite for the Jenin District.
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1.6 REPORTSTRUURE
This preliminary environmental assessment report is divided into thefollowing sections.
* Section 2: A summary description of baseline environmental condltions atthe site based on the available information;
* Section 3: An outline of the conceptual design and operationalmanagement features of the proposed landfill;
Section 4: An initial assessment of potential environmental impacts andmitigation measures; and
. Section 5: Conclusions and Recommendations, including identification ofanv kev issues requiring further environmental assessment andinvestigation.
Full recommendations for environmental mitigation measures andmanagement and monitoring requirements have not been identified in thisreport. An environmental mitigation, management and monitoring planwould need to be developed prior to implementation of the ZF site andshould be completed in parallel with the detailed design.
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I0
BASELENE. EN VTRONM TENTAL CO0, DITTOiNS
X.? INRODUCTION
This Section presents the available data on baselLne environmental conditionsof the ZF site. The keY site characteristics which influence the potential forsignificant environmental impacts cduring both construction and operation ofthe proposed sanitary landfill are described with respect to tthe following:
* Site location and general characteristics;* climatic regime;
* geology;
* hydrogeology;hvdrology and water quaiitv;
* ecology (flora and fauna);* social-cultural factors and land-use;
air qualitv;traffic; and
. noise.
-2.2 SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The proposed ZF site is tocated at grid reference (1693E,1984N) based on themapping co-ordinates adopted bv the Ministry of Planning. The site islocated 18 km to the west of Tubas and 13km to the south-west of Jenin.Road travel distances between the proposed site and the border of thesetowns are approximately 27km and 16 km respectivelv. It would take refusevehicles around 35 minutes from Tubas and 15 minutes from Jenin to arrive atthe entrance road to the ZF landfill. A site location plan is provided as Figure2.2a.
The topographical appearance of the site is of an open vallev area. Workundertaken previouslv bv Israeli Consultants as part of landfill developmentinvestigations determined approximate site elevations as 320m to 340m abovesea level.
The vallev area proposed for the landfill site is located within a local drainagecatchment. As is common throughout the West Bank surface drainage is bv asporadicallv flowing ephemeral water course.
The nearest residential settlement is located 450m to the east of the site. Froman assessment of the site area it was considered that approximately 70 people,located in four small residential areas (including one Bedouin camp) werelocated within 1km of the site. At a distance of 2km from the proposed siteare three larger residential areas, Fahme, Fahme Camp and 'Aija with a totalpopulation of approximately 5020 people. In addition to the residences a'turkev farm' is situated approximatelv 400m to the west north-west of thesite at an approximate distance of 400rn. The farm is maintained dailv by aca reta ker.
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Figuire 2.72 : Site Location Plan
(From MoPIC 199-,
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~~~ = <-'~ - N ~ \ \
.2~~~~~~~~~~~~J
X -E 0 X g C f A slf~~~~~~_ 'I,, 0
-i I : - - ' -~ (exact footprint to be defined) ;
\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- _.>-- , , ., ----
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
7 iq -, y , - F j _-- ''[ 'i j\ S
. rKeLL BUiLT UrP ABQEAS Sources
'SBlELI SET-EMENTS PALGRICWaeAuoryA/ IsOb^ rxXrDrcr - ~~~~~~~~Palestintan Water Authority
.5 -lo.. .. coErou s - West Bank Water Depariment- Applied Researcn Institute
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~M.nstry of Plannuig and~ |N"r>De ' einiemlIoGnal Cooperaton
Novembne 1997
The curren,t site access road to the rro-osed lancidfiD Is as a 'spur' off to thenorth-west of the main Nablus to Jenin route. The road is currently unpavedand, as part of the landfill development, upgrading and asphalting of thisroute will be required.
At present. some of the land area required For the landfill development isow,-ned by the NMunicipality of Jenin. The Consultants have receivedassurances from the PEnA that the additional land required will be madeavailable for the project development, as will full access to the site along thepath of the current access road.
One of the factors influencing the 'implementation' of the project is the'permitting' of the landfill dievelopment bv the Israeli authorities. TheConsultants have been assured that the necessary permits are in place, andthat implementation of a sanitarv landfill at the site has been approved.
2.3 CLIMATIC REGIME
The climate' of the Jenin District is characterised by hot and dry summers andmoderate and rainv winters. The mean annual rainfall across the district isapproximatelv 528mm/year with a maximum average of 778mm/yearrecorded to the west of the district. The maximum documented rainfallrecorded between 1980 and 1995 was 1417.5mm in 1991/2 at 'Arrabe. Meanannual rainfall data for the West Bank are provided in Figure 2.3a.
Mean monthlv rainfall totals for the Qabatva rainfall station are provided inTable 2.3a. Qabatva station is located approximatelv 6km to the east of theproposed site area.
Tiable 2.3.na Monthly Rainfall Totals (mnm): Qabatya Station
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr M4ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec1963 - - - - - 167.10
1964 63.20 215.(X) 58.20 1.50 3.70 0.00 0(X) .O0 0.00 0.00 170.30 65.(X)
1965 156.10 58.80 53.52 43.(X 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.60 10.60 54.40)
1966 3880 58-20 87.10 0.0X 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.00 720. 2 7.50
1967 151.70 74.40 156.50 4.30 0.00 0.00 0.0(1 0.00 0(X) 0.00 77.40 68.40
1968 171.80 44.60 14.20 I5.60 26.(X) 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 4.20 63.70 211.9(0
1969 194.00 44.30 86.40 27.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.10 37.30 30.201970 146.70 53.60 148.20 31.70 0.00 0.!)0 0.(00 0,00 0.00 2.70 3.90 65.(X
- 1971 86.10 121.90 38.50 165.60 0.10 1. (X) 0.00 0(X) 0.0(0 0.(X0 47.10 162.(00
197 1(08.70 1(17.60 1(09.50 15.8(1 l1.0X0 ()(X 0.00 0.00 0.00 (). 0 35.80 39.8(01973 116.40 39.80 97.7( 18.70 20.4) 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.( 0 1(X) 110.40 62.80
1974 325.30 76.00 39.50 15.10 0.1)0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.40 123.60
1975 7 291 184.51) 44.50 6.30 11.(11) 0.(10 0.(X) 0.) 0.() 10.(10 16.80 120.0101976 73.01) 143.20 99.30) 32.701 t7.1 70.lN 0 (U) 0.00 0.00 31.80 104.30 41.3)
1977 132.70 55.4(1 133.40 85.7(0 2.00 0.00 0.0(1 0.00 0.01) 58.80 5.20 184.1(01978 90.70 17.6(0 86.00 17 201 110 1..0 0.00 1O.00 0.00 29.90 17.60 103.Q(1
1979 71.0X0 17.11) 4751) 55.80 1(.8(1 0o(W) 0.01) 0.00 0.(X) 27.60 112.90 264.-6(1
1980 83.70 136.50 126.50 18.801 U,X) 1).00 0.0(0 0.00 0.00 11.60 5.70 147.20
1uXl 222.5(1 1(18.N) 86.3( 22.9( 0.(111 11.(X) 11.00 0.(X) 0.00 0.1K) 83.80 37.5(1982 74.01) 139.oo r9 9(1 7.8(1 0.001 (.1K) 1.00 11.0(1) OAX) 0.1K) 83.6(1 112.1(1
E,n,,r,, -enGil Il- il, I, r the W ,t h.,nk. Vl,. 7. enmn ikl,j t. A lill IQi )
F';I: u -r\1 1I; 1 M N4 %Ii %II '.r W 1 I, f 1'Ft,3 k
1 3
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1983 169.eo 19J,0 142.50 11.10 3.10 O.00 l.00) t)0.00 0.00 53.0 73.00 33.901984 166.20) 72.bO 1019. 34350 0.00 0.(00 0.00 0.00 000 23.30 42.O 59.70(
1983 81.70 179.90 13 80 39.1( 0.0 0.00 M .( 0 0.00 0.00 36,.9) 55.40 32.00
1986 994)0 108.80 24.41) 44.30 33.90 (.00 0000 (1.1CO (1.01) 70.90 216.50 139 401987 113.30 39. l3 0 11.70 0.00 0.0 .0(( 0.0 (0.((0 0.003 25'.01) 3.3(0 192.90
1988 207.90 144.30 173 (X) O. CO 00 0 (.00 0(.01) 0.00 () .() 17, 0 63_5 1 11_'t
189 77.70 43.0)()0 86.60 0. 0.00 ()0 0.00 (.0( 0.00 13. 20 14.90 175.9(
The rairnv season begins in October, with approximatelv 80. of the annualrainfall occurring between November and February. Rain between June toSeptember is rare. Rainfall is sometimes highly concentrated with much ofthe annual rainfall falling within only a short period.
Between December and March the average dailv temperature has beenrecorded as 13.4oC with a minimum temperature of 7.80C and a maximum of19CC. The average daily temperatures from June to August is 33.6-C with anaverage minimum of 19.30C.
Evaporation is particularly high in summer, due to the rise in temperatures,intensive sunshine and relatively low humidity. The average evaporationrate in Nablus', located approximatelv 27km to the south of the site, betweenDecember to February is 277.3mm/month. Between June and August this ismuch reduced to approximately 55.1mm/month.
The prevailing wind over the Jenin District comes from the south-west andnorth-west, being more northerly in the summer months. The Khamaseen'winds from the Arabian Desert Area may occur during the period from Aprilto June and these characteristicallv cause a rise in temperature and a decreasein humidity. Humidity ranges from approximatelv 39% during the'Khamaseen' period to an average of around 84,° in winter.
The' tuus lftile Fn iir,,n,ent in it Wl.,t f4,nk. ARiI (fi )
14
Figure 2.3n: Nean Annual Rainfall Dntaofor the WVest Bank(Fromi t'loPIC 1997) MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL(Feo° --oPIC 1997~ (1931 - 1960)
Legend
Landfill Site(exact footprint to be defined)
RAINFALL IN MM
150 299
-s, '. '- I l c~~~<150 NATIONAL BORDER
'= ,_ '
-, -,
JEUAE ̀ ..-,',.'
! w > s- _, -
=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* -- 4
Sources
-MOPIG
Alias of Israel -985
0 1 0 20 30 M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ensmry Dr Plaufln9 amO
l&Sinlernalionla COOPe~rallon
Kilormeters 19
l S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o.-,,'. I5
2.4 GEOLOGY
The geological mapping tor the West Bank was first published by ConsultantsRofe and Raffetv in 1965 with certain specific areas further updated by theGeological Survev ot Israel. The geological colurnn of the Jenin District fromoldest to youngest is summarizeci below:
* Limestone, dolomite and mar! (Cretaceous);* Chalk and chert (Tertiary);
* Chalk, limestone and chert (Eocene); and* Alluvium (Pleistocene to Recent).
From a review of the broad geological units in mapping provided within theJenin District Environmental Profile it is apparent that the site area is situatedon the boundarv of geological units of the Senonian age (chalk and chert) andunits of Cenomanian-Turonian age (limestone, dolomite and marl).
A review of the Rofe and Raffetyl geological mapping confirmed the site islocated in an area of local geological variation, often with faulted boundariesbetween the two differing units. Specifically, the site is located in an areaclassified as the Jerusalem formation (KTj) which is characterised by massive,bedded limestones, dolomite and chalkv limestone. This rests unconformablyagainst rocks of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition (K/T-c) characterised bvchalk and chert. An extract from the geological mapping of Rofe and Raffetywith the approximate site location is provided as Figure 2.4a. It should benoted that the final site profile mav be located across the geologicalboundaries. Table 2.4a shows the geological column of the West Bank area.
The regional geological structure in the area is the Nablus-Beit Qad syncLine.The geological mapping in the site area indicates local faulting of the twoprevalent geological units. Fault throw distances are not indicated.The site area is located in a region characterised bv thin soil cover. Site walk-overs confirmed that the area is bordered by locally exposed bedrock.Towards the centre of the valley area the greatest extent of cover was notedand here soils are used to support small scale agriculture. This, the mostextensive area of cover, is characterised by reddish brown, slightlv clavev soil.Soil thickness is unknown, but it is not expected to be considerable.
W. I,lll l)i't'ji t W., tr rRr-."-ll Stir-r .ols I R"i lvifm f I "h5)
FI;A ' ix 1' i N. KIR M \NV: .;MFpr W,'1 I) H
16
Table 2.4a: Geological Map.(From Rofe and Rafferty !960,)
167, 16S 1 h9 1 70
200
- I
2 ~~KIT-c ! f _
lf orsmo g X~~~~~~~~~u 2 <199
Kcb _ / 1968
Fa \%m )V _f - c tbd
N /~~~~~~K-
K/T - C Cretaceous Tertiary Transition
K I
KT1 Jerusalem Formation
Scale 1:25.000
Tarble 2.4a Lithological uinzits in thte West Banzk
Era Period Geologic Series Geological Lithology Thickness
Age Formation (in)
I i ~~~~~~~~Nar;
C Quaternarv Holocene Recent Alluvium marl, sand, ,ravel variable
EIN Graveis and
o OLa FansZ Pleistocene Lisan Lisan gypsum marl, gravei, limestone >200
0I Teriarv Pliocene Beida Beida limestone, conglomerate, chalk >200
C
Eocene lenin chalk, numulitic chert, reef 0-635
Santoniain- Belqa Abu Dies chalk, ciert 0450
Conaciai.
Cretaceous Turonian lerusalem bedded limestone, chalky limestone 50-140
M E Bethlehem limestone, dolomite, chalk, marl 30-150
Ep
S p
O c l Hebron dIolomitic limestone, doiomite, chaikv 130-260
I E I limestone
C N d A0 d I
NI I L Yatta chalky limestone, dolomite, marl 50-120
A e U
N L N upper Beit limestone, marl, chalky limestone 110-250
1 o E Kahil _
A w lower Beit massive limestone, shale, sandy marl 160-290
N e Kahil
rNeocomian Kurnub Ramali sandstone, sandy limestone, 260-290
conglomerate
Albian
urassic Bajocian- Zerqa upper MSlaleh chalkv limestone, marl 190
Calloviaii lo%ver NIaleh massive limestone, basalt 5t
I&
2-5 HYDROGEOLOGY
Although only liimited information on the hvdrogeological regime of the sitearea is available, a general hydrogeological Lnterpretation has beendetermined from an appraisal of published information, from site geology,topographv, climate anrd from discussions w ith representarives o, appropriateinsti'utions.
The nature of the site geologv is one of the keys to determLn-ng the basis forthe local hydrogeological conditions at the site. From the geological mappingthe site is situated across geological units with characteristically differinghvdrogeological properties.
The younger of the two units, characterised bv chalk and chert deposits isconsidered to be an aquiclude within the region and, as such, is often a partialbarrier to groundwater flow and contaminant transfer. Conversely, theJerusalem Formation, characterised bv limestones, dolomite and marls isgenerally considered to be a major aquifer and is known throughout the WestBank to be one of the most hydrogeologically sensitive recharge areas.N4oPIC's Sensitive Aquifer Recharge Areas for the West Bank defines theregion in the vicinitv of the site as 'locally highlv sensitive'. It should benoted, however, that these classifications should be treated as broad andregional, and not site specific.
Groundwater flow in the latter formation is dominantly through fissures andfractures and the units have high 'secondary' permeabilities and fastgroundwater travel times. The fissure and fracture system controls thegroundwater flow routes. The deposits have Little groundwater storagecapacitv and the groundwater regime is very vuLnerable to contamination.The formation has little contaminant attenuation capacitv.
The thickness of the Jerusalem Formation ranges between 50m and 140m andis characteristically less variable in lithology and thickness than otherformations within the region. These deposits are underlain by the BethlehemFormation, which in the north of the West Bank is also considered to be anaquifer unit. The Jerusalem, Bethlehem and underlving Hebron Formationare viewed as a single svstem of aquifers, known as the Cenomanian-Turonian Aquifer System.
During discussions with the Israeli Director of Environmental Affairs for theWest Bank the Consultants were informed that the site had beenrecommended and had favourable site specific geological and hvdrogeologicalconditions for landfill development. However, no data was available to theConsultants to substantiate these recommendations and the sensitivitv of thegeological units has to be based on the published geological mapping andassociated descriptions.
From the review of the available geological mapping it was apparent thatsensitive groundwater recharge areas are located in the site area. Further, thepresence of faults and fractures in the vicinitv of the site mav also provideadditional contaminant and pollution pathwavs to the underlying
m w r '.r Ris.,i F 'r' -S I \,% \(; ii,i 'r W 'rI, M,'H.K
19
groundwater regime. As such, the site must be considered sensitive withrespect to the potenrial for groundw, ater contamination.
Published information on the hvdrogeologv of the site area indicates that nosprings or wells are located wvithin the site boundarv area and fromdiscussions with local people at the site it was confirmed that neither tvpe ofwater source wvas located in the immediate vicinitv of the site.
From the data made available from MIoPIC who have combined informationwith that of PALGRIC, PVWA, W'3BWD, and ARIJ the nearest known well islocated approximately 3.5km to the north-east of the site. Publishedinformation on groundwater depths in the area is verv limited and is onlvprovided on a regional scale. The available information' gives an indication ofwater levels below ground levet (bgl) in the vicinity of the site. From thisregional assessment ARIJ considered the groundwater to be around 90m bglwith the approximate groundwater table at 230mAOD. Little information ongroundwater levels was available during the course of this initial assessmentand it is considered necessarv to follow-up local information sources todetermine a more accurate picture of the groundwater network in the area.
2.6 HYDROLOGY
As is common throughout the region, no permanent surface water courses arepresent in the vicinitv of the site and no wadi or stream baseflow (watersupplied by groundwater discharge) is evident in the proposed ZF site area.Surface flood run-off in the site area is expected to be sporadic and will occuronlv after significant rainfall events. The topography of the proposed sitearea is such that provision for surface water flow events must be consideredin the detailed design stage and anv surface flow discharges occurring as localflood events must be taken into account at the detailed design stage.
2.7 ECOLOGY
2.7.1 Overview
Under studies conducted by tVIoPIC for the Emergency Natural ResourcesProtection Plan in 1996, all ecologicaliv highlv significant areas wereidentified and classified taking into account their value, importance,sensitivitv and vulnerabilitv. According to this studv, the closest 'highlvsignificant ecological area' to the proposed site is at Kfar Rai. This area(approximatelv 120 ha) is located at a distance of more than D km from theproposed landfill.
t W,te, R.-n,urc-o ,nd fmrrig.te d Agmuriture in the We-t Ft-nk. ARI (1996)
Entironmental Profile for the Wet B.nk. Vol.r,1Jiennll itrnt. ARI (1996)
Th. 5tS- of the s-rcnm entinth V,t F-tnk. AR g((L997)
A Ir'inin-,rv Inve,1ig', ii-n ( fii,kiivr-itv in P',lJ-tin-. IIAI.ES ( 1996)
)..Lrndk-p:r A,o',,rnent of tih- W-st Bnk; C ..s.rnc,r.L..n. MlPC ( 99I6)
E N z~r.l V,; ', I ,(" isV~tC MAv k,T ' -. C ,,'rt.r' ft NINK
20
Figurc 2.,, taken from ARIJ shows the regional land use plan for the JeninDistrict. The site area is marked onlv as 'other' and the site is not recorded onan area classified with sensitive land-use characteristics. Figure 2. 7. shows theecologically significant areas determined by M'vloPIC, in conjunction withPIALES, and ecological expert Dr. Mlohammed 5. Shtayeh. The location offorests and nature reserves within the West Bank are marked on FiSuirc 2. .
Published data specific to the site area of the proposed landfill site is notavailable and only general information on species generic to the region hasbeen documented. From the data review 2 a summarv of the flora and faunaprofiles of the general area has been determined.
Figutre 2;7a: Jenin District Land Use(From ARIJ, Environmental Profile for the West Bank, Vol. 7, Jenin District 1996)
"1~~~~~~~~~~;
- ~~~Lafndfill Site :a;
(exact footprint to be defined)ii -
_ 'XS ' _ ' ~, , 'I
Laf .ill Si . -'te"P.l
21
Figuire 2.7b: Ecologically Signiflcant Areas(From NIoPIC 1997) ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT AREAS
j ~I Legend
HIGHLY SIGNIFICAN/T
Landfill Site - j1 [ NATIONAL BORDER
(exact footprint to be defined) ,- GOVERNORATE BORDER
f,-,.. a i MAIN ROADS
(\-;:2-*1 ,JnE j J j Jn3 N.wUnT,,,,,T
) 8 \ ! gH2,u ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J,,4 KUTn R. I
2 _- _3 j,ua) -k g ;1 Jntl Wed *t-Fass - Ea
I' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TI Salran n0
(fz. / ( 1-1 \ v n2 WadAit..Sha r
(Thj~~~~~T, f1T t ! S /f T.t Jo"IAzumn
, ~~~~~~ | l (V fi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TS Stsirr nsiFwti
NABLUSNI Sabsfby.
.n , ) ~,1 N2 An ls. ea-wiwy I aJ.Ba\ s/r2 ( Rtf ff y w<~~~~~~~~~3 tSWAWb"/ -~~~~~~~~~~ -'in ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 i I-IZ1\j ~~ ^ < L" . tl-@t;_ / 4 / ~~~~NA EIhWd"
J > RS / r ,__ i t RAtAJALLMRg C, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RI Jaba*nf-NI0m. St~rMtcunW0t)
r. RJ ,< _3 \ 5R3 J4iu,,,R4 Tumm,. -NoRS -Ein Omy.
t ; J03 |R Li, R a5 a I Nnbi Sail
\} -- R5 . ? j § ~~~~~~~~~~~~ERICHCtRS. J I r Jel liu
R!mar , -' A2z Wad HTE
J7 t 9 9 ~~-- ~~r- Je dJERUSALEM
Jo J3 8aQnnwg Of Wad Na45 8y 0-Thyl.
*U M JJ7 Rears Aima Of Wad "MtiE
BETHLEHEM
. ~~~~~~~~~B2 ! / va &f l odN.el e { R2 M- Sob
83 Va. beyd/ , B~tN//Etit.t r.n. 8.1
84 H9 Abu Gi H, H/eui)
go RNUwm I Wad Fuqer
HE H2 S n PRO|RON{ \ /7 z s \ {t I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hi Bell Kten
HI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H2 Ta.qwauu I Nuba| Su.bsNd Soutr-wa/aol a l.&awa
e" ZHo- /S Sw of dl UR
HS AOM -, a4KAIAtl.lad/Ak
Ho SOutR-iriat of elu,rrwarH I 0SOABthat Ol A,rnHI ¶Sootft-va/ l Arr,8
HS H t 2'AmeI Bed Fsawr
- PIALES\ - - ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~N D r. SOd . 51hW
0 10 20 30 ji; mry of PannIng andIrrte,naua Cowemon
Kilomneters () J. 1997
Figure 2.7c: Forests anid .N'ature Reserz'es
(From NIoPIC 1997)
FORESTS ANDJ A JRE RESERVE 5
Landil 5itiSt bTl
(oxnct t ,ostirinat to) ;> citeefin-e- d
(xCT !:e(trln. fr a r~ H-~ dir -
d, i,
TA,, .',.
rI
A~~~~~~~~~- IS, < ' ._4
I C X,,
~~a ' , C,:
/ _
sI .. ,,,'_
JI , _
Flora
The region contains a high density of species due to the meeting of threegeographical plant regions, the Mediterranean Territory, the Irano-Turanianand the Saharo-Sindian.
Palestine has 114 families of plants recorded and 2483 species. The CentralHighlands Region on which the site is located is dominated by Quzerczuscallirrinos, Cer-atoria siliqua, Pistacia palestina, Pistacia lenticus, Sarcapteritunspinstun, Prosopsis td!Cta, Inub.a c!scosa. Pitragmzites aoustr-ais, Nforincandia nitensand Convonlvolus oleiroiuniz.
Work completed by PIALES does not specify the area of the proposed landfilldevelopment as being of specific importance with respect to its 'biodiversitv'(either flora or fauna) or 'important rangeland'. Within this same study ofnative flora a list of species defined as 'protected national assets' has beendrawn up. Further work should be carried out on a site specific basis toconfirm that none of the flora present on-site is of a protected species.
The land in the proposed site area has not been agriculturallv developedother than for low intensitv crop and olive tree growth and these are locatedtowards the centre of the vallev area.
Ftuna
Fauna in the West Bank area is wide ranging in response to the considerablevariation of natural habitats. Fauna in the region has been documented ashaving 67 families of birds of which 45 are local breeds, 33 families ofmammals, 93 species and sub-species of reptiles, and 7 different species ofamphibians.
As part of the PIALES study, native fauna species defined as 'protectednational assets' have been drawn up and the list includes birds, reptiles andamphibians, and mammals. Although it is considered unlikely that the sitehas specific valie with respect to wildlife territories and corridors a sitespecific studv prior to the development of the site should be completed inorder to confirm this assumption.
2.8 SO CIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND LAND-USE
This sub-section presents an overview of the socio-cultural environment inthe vicinitv of the proposed landfill site. Documented findings of the PublicConsultation exercise executed in Pliase I of this Project was provided in thePlase I reports. The finding of the first stage of Public Consultation, carriedout specificallv in relation to the development of the site at the communitylevel, are provided as Atiner A. Brief findings included in this Section areprovided below.
2.S.1 Overview
An overview of baseline socio-economic datat is presented below. Data hasbeen gathered from available data sources and publications on the Jenin
F% K iz I; xa ; r i Mt Ts, T S .M,. \% I \11 N R W,'JI '1M F NK
-24
District and the West Bank. Only limiited data on the site specific area isavailable.
The Jenim District has approximately 230,000 inhabitants. The available dataon 'he percentages of people living Ln urban, semi-urban, rural and refugeecarmip comrmrunities differs to sucn a considerable extent that they areconsidered unreliable. Accurate data will be available when the PalestinianHousing and Estabiishments census data of 1997 is available, expected in thelatter half of 1998.
The jenin district covers an area of approximatelv 37,314 ha. This area isdividied bv the Osio 11 interim agreement as follows:i
Area A680ha (1.2%) of the district's land CJenLn City and Jenin refugee camp).
Area B30,480ha (53.2%0) of the district (villages and camps).
Area C26,154ha (45.6%) of the district's land, includes areas of Israeli settlements,
closed military areas and militarv bases.
The land use patterns in this district are greatly influenced by thetopographv, climate and poLitical conflict over land and natural resources.Such factors have affected the distribution of cultivated areas, urban areas,road construction and other land uses. The main categories for land-use inthe JenLn district are:
* 78 Palestinian built-up areas (2,150 ha, 3.8%.);* Israeli settlements (11 settlements, covering 140 hectares of the district's
land, 0.24%0);* closed Israeli MSlilitarv Areas and Bases (280 ha, 0.49%¢D);
* cultivated areas (39,000 ha, 68'%);* [srael has declared five nature reserves in the Jenin district, with a total
area of almost 2,260 hectares (4%,'o); and* others including forests, industrial areas, dumping sites, quarries and
roads (13,305 ha, 23.5%).
The proposed landfill site is situated to the south west of Jenin in Area C. Thefootprint forms part of a landscape characterised bv gentle hills currentlvused for low intensity grazing and rain-fed agricultural growth.
During the assessment of the site development it was determined that severalcommunities were located in the vicinity of the proposed sanitarv landfill site.These were:
* A turkey farm;d a Bedouin camp of four tents;
IF .n- rnm,-n Li l'-fii-lf ti, W,,t H., nk, V,,L 1.,l n Dl)i,Ui, t A Iio 25
IN\. ;.^NF%r Nl I V I. l~ PX, s11 \, X.; I 8 W R 1, H........ wX%;\K
25
* one farm;• tvo residential complexes with two extended families;* two village settiements;* one Israeli military site; and* a camp adjacent to the militarv site supporting approximatelv 53
Palestinian faml[ies.
These areas dre all within a 2 km radius of the proposed site and have accessto it via secondary unpaved roads. The distance to the site via the main jenin-Nablus road and the main site access is greater than 5km for both the villagesand the military camp.
The villages of 'Arrabe, Kufr Rai, 'Anza and Az-Zawive are all located at adistance of approximatelv 3 km from the site and are not considered to beadverselv affected bv the site development since they do not lie in theimmediate vicinitv of the site and do not lie adjacent to the access roadand/or proposed haulage routes.
At this stage the detailed design of the proposed ZF landfill has not beenundertaken and the final site footprint has not been determined. However,the proposed site will occupy an area of approximately 12 ha of 'open vallev'area and the site is currently used for low intensitv grazing. In addition,areas of olive trees, a little wheat and some 'Sabal' (a plant used to makebroom brushes) were noted within the proposed site area.
The land comprising of the proposed site area is owned both by the JeninMunicipalitv and private landowners from the villages of 'Arrabe, 'Ajja and'Anza. As stated above, PEnA confirmed that all the land required for thedevelopment will be available should the project be implemented. It isreported that the landowners will wish for compensation for each of the olivetrees lost during the site development.
The Jenin District, in common with manv areas throughout the West Bank,has several sites of historical and cultural importance. The nearestdocumented areas of importance are at Fahme and 'Ajja where ancientstructures, water canals, rock-cut tombs and pottery fragments have beenrecorded. From the published information, the proposed site is notconsidered to have specific historical or cultural significance. A West Bankmap of the cultural heritage sites is reproduced as Figure 2.Sa, provided bvMoPIC in conjunction with the Mlinistry of Tourism and Antiquities.
2.8.2 Em ploymnent *nd Economic Statuts Oven'iew
For the last 30 years, the West Bank and Gaza Strip's (WBG) economicdevelopment has been conditioned by its relationship to the Israeli economv.By the late 1980's over one third of the Palestinian labour force worked inIsrael and average incomes and living levels grew considerably. Between1993 and 1996, there was a deterioration in economic conditions, explained, toa large extent, bv the complex political situation and Israeli closure andseparation policies. Between 1992 and 1996 there was an estimated 18,o
FNN I: '-N \l% f vi. a l Ir 1s M x . XT ; r WI 'WII' H Nk
26
decline m real ONPt, and at the sarne time the pcpulati.en grewn by 26.3%o.The WvBG had a GNP of U551.710 per capita in 1996, which categorises it as alowver-middle income economv.2 ON? in the West Bank is U552,150 percapita. The average real monthly expenditures for seven-person householdsin \WBG Ln 1997 averaged U55750 as compared to LS582S Ln 1996, a decline of9.4%) Comparing averages for the two years, there was a 7 decline n basicexpenditures (housLng, food, clothing, medical care, transportation,education and taxes) and a more than 15 %'0 fall in secondarv expenditures(household, furniture, personal care, recreation and other cash expenditures).
IT lie Wr-t iA,,nk mdn(l i,zn Strrr P'risate F"nnms C:ondi,inn Pedi'nrosp-v tnvi. Stpv Repo rt f NSCO (19)8)
:W-.,rt -k-in d ( :n Me!,,: ni .. i m T- lr P-.,i rn-enf -tr,, y .,ndl I',: Ii, Fifln, gn P'rr,,,e, fn, th- Hei,, h e, -e-r. repr-t N.,
U70531-7. World Kink (IiWJ7)
UNSCO Rep,,rt .n F-ornr mi, rnd ; ,,nditLrin in l-re W-et Ia,,nk and ( '.si, 'trip. Quwrterly relrt . UNCO(O ( UIJQ)
!-\ IK(,NxiI N r ,I iA,o.,-r'F, 1'. SWf \N ~\ .I ,1''r-. I W. 't I, H rK
2,/
Figutre 2.8a: Czltural Heritage Sites
(Frorr. MoFT C 1997) CULTURAL HERITAGE
A ~~~~~~~~Le_wrnd/jy Landfill Site,/. S
(exact tootprint to be defined) C GLLTLPL 9TES
8 4 -an~~~~~~~~~~~~~LL)A MRCNIMENT
MAIN R M
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The Jenm district is considered to be of major agricultural importance in theWest 3ank, particularly the fertile Ibn A'amer plains around jenin Citv whereirrigated agriculture predominates. Alrnost all klnds of Nlediterranean fruitsand vegetables are produced here. .Major irrigated crops are tomatoes,cucumbers, eggplants and melons. Rain-fed crops include olives, almonds,and figs, as well as cereals such as wheat and1 barely.
Approximately 30% of the total area of the WVest Bank- Governorates are usedfor agricultural purposes.' Agriculture is estimated to contribute about 25"o tothe CDP of WB Governorates.
Other than the agricultural sector Palestinians are emploved in industrialactivities, that include stone and marble quarrying and cutting, and smallscale manufacturLng and processing industries such as the manufacturing oftins and agricultural ploughs. In addition, employment in Israel is a majorsource of income for manv Palestinians.
2.8.3 Services and Sanitation2
The level and extent of infrastructure in the district varv between urban andrural areas. The urban areas enjoy relatively good access and intemal roadnetworks, water and electric power supplv, waste management services andtelephone services. The rural areas suffer from lack of adequate infrastructureparticularly in water, sewage, waste management and continuous electricpower supplv.
Vater Supply
The Jenin district depends on groundwater as the main source of water. Lessthan 50%. of the population have access to piped water. The rest of thecommunities are supplied with water from local wells and springs or throughrain water collection reservoirs. Rainwater from the roofs and vards is storedin cistems to be used during the summer. Some of these cistems aredepleted during the summer months and water is purchased to refill them.The village of Fahme 2km to the north-west of the site has no piped watersupply.
Electi-icity Services
About 75% of all communities have some form of electric power supplv,either through the Israeli grid or bv generators. The village of Fahme has nocontinuous electric power supplv.
Transportation Serviices
t f to 1ttnliR 'ign if., .inl Art i- In lit. W ,it 'i. n k ( ;--vrni,i (,tis. Fmerg- nt N Ii i.tI R( s,u t s P' lte tittm i'tIn. M P 'lKt t4u6)
Inh-grntmmi Rur.li.srhipm, nt in i' NDirPsti. uNi)I'/ PA 1'' C )
F i P'N\tMNIN \1. Ri N 'I RS M \N t .1-MI Nr W. 'Rl.l it a'.k
29
75%0 of all communities have paved access roads, although the qualitv oithese roads is commonlv very poor. Nearly all communities have access toone form or another of public transportation.
SL'zvage D!spoi5l Fo ci;alcs
All communities in the area, except the city of Jenin depend on cess pits forsewage collection.
EduLication and Healt/h
The educational network is moderately well developed and there are 122schools throughout the Jenin District.
In general, the health sector has a low quality of service, a low doctor topopulahon rato, and a shortage of modem equipment. In the northemregion of the West Bank, the ratio is 0.5 beds for every 1000 persons. Sincethe Palestinian Authority has been established, health services, especiallvmother and child care and primary health care are improving.' There are 168health care centres and clinics, and two small hospitals in the Jenin district. 2
Within the village of Fahme there is one elementarv school and one healthclinic
2.8.4 Putblic Consiltations
Public consultations were carried out in Phase I and were referred to withinthe Phase I output, the Draft MasterPlan. Throughout the course of the studvon-going consultation and discussions between the relevant municipalities,PEnA, ERM, NGOs, World Bank and other relevant parties (such as theIsraeli Director-of Environmental Affairs) have been carried out.
Once the specific site for the preferred landfill development was determined,and as part of the environmental analvsis and assessment programme, directpublic consultations were held with the local community potentiallv affectedby the landfill development.
Public consultation is a tool for managing two-way communication between aproject and the public to improve decision making and to buildunderstandings through involving individuals, groups and organisations. Inthfs project, stakeholders are those affected by the proposed sanitarv landfillsite selected and the overall SWNI project, and those that have the abilitv topositively or negatively influence the course and outcome of the project.
As part of this first stage of environmental analysis and assessment,interviews and discussions were held with the communities considered to bedirectly affected bv the site development. These communities are listed belowin Table 2.8a
' I'lhtiiji l5rrl PTmen 1 9'1.| 00 IYS IX '.M-t2ini-i A"tlh-it, ( 1947)
fntvgrn r-IRum Ir m D-e-r-n lan.mN'lrn in IfineVUN DP/ PA P ( 5)
30
Table 2.Sa Commnunities witlhin az 2kmn rtadiuis of the Zahaxlrat Finjan proposed landfillsite
Community Location Population
FaHrac 2 km North-West I 10)
Fahiine camp '. km N'orth-Norh- 420) Paiestunmans and zin
East ukianoxn Ttimbe- ol Israeh
militaries
AJjj 2 km South .0. )I)
Family houise of Abdel El Mina im Abu El Watat 80)) meters East 20)
(200 trneters froni
Jenin-Nablus
asphalt road)
Familv house 80)) meters East 21)
(20)) meters fromJenin-Nablus
asplhalt road)
Bedouii camp of Shawaheent brothers 500 meters East 25-30(50() meters fromJenin-Nablus
asphalt road)
Walid El Aarda house 450 meters East 2- I(650 meters tromJenin-Nablus
asphalt road)
Turkev tarn 140) meters West- I care takerNorth-West ( 16(60meters fromFahme)
In the context of this project, the goals of the local stakeholder consultationswere to initiate the following:
* Raising awareness of and informing the community about the proposeddevelopment and the decision making timeframe;
* informing stakeholders of the basis of the site use, the timescale of use, andfhe implications of the development;
* understanding and documenting any concems stakeholders have aboutthe sites and receiving their inputs on project relevant issues; and
* working towards public support for, and agreement on, the developmentof the site.
In order to ensure that the identified communities within 2km of the site weregiven the opportunity to express their views, discussions were held withmembers of each of the residences/farms and with those househoids thatoverlooked the site from the village of Fahme. A summarv of the commentsand findings of the consultations is provided as Anncx A. Recommendationsfor thow to develop and work with the communitv to minimize the impacts ofthe site are provided in Scction 5.
FI %IF - u 'N r F tl-si 0 FF M.\N.i .1 1 N- W.uzll 14 F k
31
General Rentarks
The expectations of the residents in the vicinitv of the site is that full sanitarylandfilling practises will not be instigated and waste burnmng, exposed wasteand poor site operation will be prevalent. These form the basis of theirobjections to the site.
As such, site construchon, operation and control must be undertaken to highperformance targets and must be subject to adequate monitoring and control.In addition, there is a further requirement to develop the relationship with thelocal communitv, in order to further discuss the advantages and mitigationmeasures included with the development of sanitary landfilling, and to workwith them to determine what can be done on a local scale to mitigate againstthe negative impacts of the development. Further, it is necessary during thedetailed design and implementation to assist the residents to develop a pointof contact with the authority responsible for solid waste and management ofthe landfill development and operation.
2.9 TRAFFIC
The site is located to the east of the Jenin to Nablus highwav, and all wastedisposal vehicles will need to access the site via this route.
An assessment of approximate additional dailv traffic movements has beenmade based on waste generation rates and the proposed increase in collectionservicing. These are summarized in Table 2.9a below.
Tiible 2.9ai Approximnate Traffic Movements
Year Truck Movements'dayI 15-20
2~~~~~~~~~~~2123 25-304 0L-35
40
The increase in traffic over the first five years is in response to increasedwaste generation and collection servicing. It is anticipated that most of thetruck arrivals at the site will be between 11:00 and 14:00 hours each dav.
Baseline traffic volumes on the waste disposal routes are not known atpresent and no traffic count has been completed at this stage. It isrecommended that a traffic count be completed along the main proposedroute to the site, and in the main areas of local residential dLwellings likely tobe affected by the increase in waste disposal collection. However, it should benoted that from projected traffic rates, it is not considered likelv that theincrease in traffic loading will have a significant'adverse impact in the area.
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32
2.10 AIR QUALITY
There are no quantitative data available on the air qualitv at the site or thesurrounding area. The site is located an open area with no significantindustrial activitv being carried out. Background anmbient air qualityv istherefore considered to be good.
2.11 NOISE
There are no data available on noise levels at the site or the surroundingareas. Observations made at and around the site indicated that thebackground levels are los.
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3 LANDFILL DESIGN .AND OPERATIONAL AL4A.VAGEMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Following development of the dlraft WVaste \lanagement \lasterPlan for theWest Bank in Phase [ of this study, three cities were selected to be the subjectof funcding via a credit from the W,Vorld Bank. This prioritv investmentprogramme will cover weaste collection, transport and disposal.
This report deals with the proposed ZF landfill. The site has been the subjectof previous studies, commissioned bv the Israeli administration, whichculminated in the development of an outline design and tender documentsfor the design and construction of the landfill site. These previous proposalsbeen reviewed and a design concept has been clevi,sed. The detailed design ofthe site will be undertaken at a later stage as part of the implementationprogramme.
This Section describes the salient features of the proposed landfill and
provides, for each element of the landfill, background information on thefollowing:
* overall design philosophv;• concepts of the design;• some of the principal engineering issues; and* some of the principal operational issues.
3.2 SITE LOC4TIONAND SU,MMARY DESCRIPTION
The site is located lkm south-west of Jenin and is accessed via a spur fromthe main Jenin-Nablus highwav. The site covers a total area of approximatelvl2ha.
The site will be designed and operated to high engineering standards for thedisposal of domestic and non-hazardous commercial/industrial wastescollected within the studv area. The site wvill comprise the followingcomponents:
* Access road, administration buildings and securitv fencing;• weighbridge and reception area;* waste deposition area which will be prepared and lined prior to filling;* leachate collection and treatment svstem;* passive gas venting system; and
* a vehicle wheel washing facilith.
The site will be developed progressivelv and operated in accordance withgeneral sanitarv landfilling techniques used internationaliv. Following wastedeposition, the site will be restored and subject to ongoing aftercare.
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34
3.3 DESIGN PHfLOSOPI-l
Dcsgnit C 7r::V, tX
It is intended that the site ulVirmatelv becomes d regional waste disposalfacilitv for the i ider lenin "Tubas area and willl receive wastes from all thesurrounding villages, in order -o spread1 the investment costs and to avoidthe need to Lievelop a new site Xwithin a short time frame, the site wvill have anoperational lifehtme of at least 20 vears.
Tabcl 3.3a provides an estimate of the total waste arisings for this area over the
next 20 sears. On this basis, and taking into account the density, compacting,gas venting and1 required cover material, the site will need to have a totalcapacity of 2.4 million cubic meters to provide the required lifetime.
Table 3.3i1 Waiste Arisings Projection
Year Waste Generation Accumulated Waste Required landfill
(tpy) (tpy) capacitv (xlO3m3)1999 45 45 610
200(0 53 1((1 125200( n 1CS 200
2002 72 237 2Q9
2003 78 315 380
2004 83 398 475
2005 86 484 590
2006 9l ,, 690
2007 95 670 800
2L0)8 99 769 920
2009 103 872 1 l 9
2()10( 107 979 11752011 112 1(91 1310
2012 116 1207 1450
2)13 121 1328 15902014 12' 1453 1740
2(15 129 1582 19Q(X)2016 134 171 2060
2)17 13Cl 1855 22252018 143 2000 2400
En mironniental Protection
A fundamental principle of the design approach is that the site design shouldmake suitable provision for the control, collection and, as appropriate,treatment of potential pollutants generated from decomposition of depositedwastes. One of the kev aspects is the protection of groundwater which isparticularlv sensitive and vulnerable in the West Bank. The present practiceof open dumpning allows contaminated liquid, generated through thepercolation of water through the deposited wastes within the landfill(leachate), to escape in an uncontrolled manner and hence pollutegroundwater and surface waters (where present).
The proposed landifill design makes provision for the containment andeffective segregation of waste and ieachate from the surroundingenvironment through the use of a lining system. This will minimise the risk
',.% ITv N\11 ',i\ XIi' ': I''' , \'. \( NIT %I W,' l I \it,3
35
of pollution during construction and operation of the site and following itscompletion.
The burning of waste at the existing open dumps causes significant airpollution and potential health risks to people living on or near to the sites andwill be prohibited during the operation of the landfill site
The standard of engineering to be adopted has also taken into considerationthe cost of developing the site and the level of fees which the residents ofTubas and the surrounding area can reasonably afford. Thus, whileproviding sufficient protection of the environment, the site has not been over-engineered given the socio-economic situation in the WVest Bank.
3.4 KEY ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN
The detailed design will need to address specific details of how the site will beengineered. The following sub-sections describe the overall requirements ofthe design and how these mav be addressed in general terms.
3.4.1 Containmnent
As discussed above, there is a need to contain leachate in order to preventpollution of the underlying aquifer. A number of different lining svstemsmav be used to prevent the uncontrolled escape of leachate but, given thescarcitv of natural low permeabilitv soils such as clavs, the conceptual designincorporates an artificial (geosynthetic) lining svstem. It is proposed that thesides and base of the site are lined bv a 2mm thick high density polvethvlene(HDPE) membrane. Provided that it is properlv installed, this will provide ahigh level of containment. The HDPE membrane will need to be protectedfrom damage by the use of soil and/or filter fabric lavers.
The Lining svstem will be constructed in stages across the base and sides ofthe site and will need to be installed bv experienced, specialist contractors. Aspart of the installation process, a rigorous inz situ testing programme shouldbe emploved to meet approved construction quality assurance procedures.
3.4.2 Leacziite Collection indf Treiibnent
It is proposed that the site should be operated so as to minimise the amountof leachate which is generated by operating in sniall areas and throughprogressive covering of the waste (see below). Inevitablt, however, someleachate will be generated and measures must therefore be included in thedesign of the site to drain this leachate to prevent a head of leachate buildinguLp within the waste.
A leachate collection system will therefore be installed above the basal liner todrain adlV leachate which collects and convev it to a holding lagoon outsidethe waste. The collection system should comprise a laver of coarse sand/finegravel into which perforated collection pipes are installedL. The base of the
site and the drainage system will be sloped to facilitate the effective drainage
F l' R\I ll V V i !s Ni \ . \(v ' fI .
36
o, ecnate-to c iov, Poirt ar surnL from where it man drain under gravity or
be pumped to a holdiing rond.
Consideration of the meteorological data for the lenin area indicates that on
an annual basis there is a verv large w.ater deficlt (i.e. potential evaporation
greatlY exceeds ramfall) for the area of the proposed landfill. [t is proposed to
utiise this wvater deficit in the management of ieachate arising at the site. Bv
carefullv operating the site so as to minimLise the amount of leachate
generated (see belov) and bv utilising the absorptive capacitv of the
deposited wastes, it should be possible to manage the leachate which does
arise bv a combination of recirculaihon anc evaporation.
Operations at the site should commence early in the drv season (vlarch -i\vlav) so that the absorptive capacity of the waste is maximised before theonset of the 'wet season' in November. Leachate which drains from the wasteshould be collected in a holding pond and then recirculated onto the waste -where possible, onto waste which was deposited during the drv season. Ifnecessarv, aeration of the leachate held Ln the pond should be undertaken toavoid any odour due to the development of anoxic conditions.
3.4.3 Water Control
One of the kev aspects which distinguishes a controlled landfill site from adump is the control of water. Bv minimising the amount of water, fromrainfall, run-off and groundwater, which enters the deposited waste, theamount of leachate which is generated is also minimised. Control of thewater which drains from different areas of the site also preventscontamination of surface water courses and minimises the total volume ofcontaminated water which is generated.
In order to minimise the amount of leachate which is generated at the ZF site,the landfill should be operated bv depositing waste in small operational areaswhich minimise the area of waste exposed to incident rainfall. In addition,permanent and temporary bunds and ditches should be constructed arounddifferent parts of the site to prevent surface water from entering areas ofdeposited waste and to ensure that anv contaminated surface water run-offfrom operational waste deposition areas of the site is segregated from cleanwater run-off from unfilled areas and those areas which have been filled andcapped (see below).
3.4.4 Site Phlasing
As discussed above, the site should be filled progressivelv with onlv a smalloperational area for waste deposition at an' one time. As anv one area isfilled, its final profile should be sloped and it should be covered bv atemporary or final cap to encourage surface run-off and to minimise theamount of rainfall entering the waste. The site should be operated so that thewaste is brought up to final levels as soon as practical and so that the site maybe progressively restored.
11 1 ! r \ 1 Iwf W.%FI, H \ .K37
3.4.5 Landfill Gais Control
Landfill gas is the uitimate product of the degradaton of organic waste underanaerobic conditions. It comorrses a mixture of mainlv methane and carbondioxide although it also contains a verv large number of other co mponents,present at 'trace levels, which give rise to its odour. Landfill gas generationcommences shortly after waste deposition and, depending on a number offactors, can continue for many vears, or even decades, following comrpletionof waste filling.
Landfill gas need1s to be vented or extracted from the deposited waste in orderto prevent the build up of pressure wvithin the waste which may lead to itsuncontrolled release through the restoration soils and/or its lateral migrationinto the surrounding ground.
Given the proposed relativelv low rates of waste deposition, the lack ofnearbv sensitive.receivers and the low likelihood of gas utilisation beingfavourable, it is considered that passive venting wilt be the most appropriatemeans of controlling gas at the ZF landfill. Landfill gas mav be vented bvmeans of stone columns built up as the waste is deposited. Perforatedcollection pipes should be instaHled within the stone columins and should beconnected to plain (unperforated) sections of pipe which extend through thecapping and restoration lavers to allow gas to vent to atmosphere.
3;4.6 Site Infrastructiure
In order to ensure that the landfilling operations at the site can be properlvmanaged and that thev are undertaken in an effective manner, it is importantthat there is a certain level of site infrastructure. This should includeadequate access and site roads which permit access to the site and the wastedeposition area in all weathers, a waste reception and inspection area, aweighbridge for monitoring waste inputs and securitv fencing to ensure thereis no unauthorised access to the site.
The current access road to the site from the Jenin to Nablus highwav willneed to be upgraded by widennig and surfacing it so that waste deliverv andother vehicles may use it. A passing place may also have to be constructed onthe access road. It mav be necessary to maintain and/or repair the roadLuring the lifetime of the landfill site.
A weighbridge and small office building, housing the electronic equipment(computer and printer) for the weighbridge, will be located close to the siteentrance.
A securitv fence, to deter unauthorised access, should be erected around allsides of the site with suitablv constructed gates at the site entrance.
3.5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
As part of the detailed design, an Operational Plan should be developedwhich specifies, in detail, how the site should be operated. The followingsuk-sections describe, in general terms, tle key features of the site operations
F tF. '. I %i. R 'Is P( is NlX. e W, 'FlI' i
to achieve cost effective and safe waste 1iisposal with minimal environmentalimnact.
3.5.1 Manzrrageinent, Equipment and Staffing
A Site Mlanager wvould have overall responsibility for the operation of the siteand its environmental performance. There would be a full-time OperationsMianager at the site wvho wvould have dav-to-dav responsibilitv for all aspectsof the site's operation including the environmental controls.
Sufficient planit and eciu-ipment will be used to enable the operations, asdescribed below, to be undertaken efficientlt in a timely manner. [t isexpected that a landfill compactor and a bulldozer will be stationedpermanentlv on site to undertake the waste compaction and coveringoperations. It is expected that each of these vehicles would be able toundertake waste handling operations on its own in the event of a mechanicalbreakdown of one vehicle. Alternativelv the operation could be undertakenwith just one of these stationed permanently at the site provided that suitablearrangements were made in the event of its non-serviceability.
Further equipment will need to be purchased or hired as required for the civilengineering involved in preparation and construction of the site. Exactdetails of staffing and equipment will be specified in the Operational Plan.
3.5.2 Site Operntions
Vaste rt'ceptionlinspection
All waste which is received at the site will be weighed bv means of a vehicleweighbridge and the waste loads will be inspected to ensure that they are noton fire aind that thev do not contain materials which will present potentialproblems. In particular, anv loads which are on fire or which obviouslycontain difficult wastes such as chemicals, medical wastes or bulkv items.which might p,resent operational problems, will be held in an area close to thesite entrance while further inspection/investigations are undertaken.
Any fires should be thoroughly extinguished before the load is taken to theoperational area of the landfill.
Progrcssi,vL' Fillitng
The site -would be developed in a progressive cellular fashion, consistent withgeneral sanitarv lancdfilling techniques used internationallv, such that waste isonly deposited within a small operational area at anv given time. Theoperational area will be no larger than is required to allow efficient operatiohof the waste delivery and cornpaction vehicles. Non-operational areas of thesite in which waste has alreadi been deposited will be covered to minimisethe ingress of rainwater and thereby minimise the amount leachate which isgeneratedc.
Collpaction and coucring of was te
-. 1 x, RI 1 e !, Nxi W.'Fi I' 3.k
39
aste wil! be iepos ed and compacted in layers which are no more than
O._rr.. thick. Tne ;waste will be progressively covered bv inert soil materialssuch that the area or wvaste exposed at anv one time is minimised for thefollowing reasons:
* To minimise the potential for windblown litter:• to reduce the risk or Infestation bv vermin and insects;
* to reduce the attractiveness of the site to birds;
* to minimise rainfall infiltration;* to minimise odours from the Waste; and
* to improve the visual appearance of the operation.
Leachlate inanagcnment
The first step of leachate management is to reduce, as far as possible, theamount of leachate generated. As discussed above, the operational area forwaste deposition will be kept small to minimise leachate generation.Leachate which is generated will be collected bv the drainage svstem abovethe basal liner and conveved, bv gravity, to a holding lagoon. From here, theleachate will be recirculated to the landfill bv means of flexible distributionlines, pumps and spray guns. As discussed earlier, maximum use will bemade of the absorptive capacity of the deposited waste and the very highpotential evaporation rates. It is not expected that there will be a need todispose of leachate off site although this would need to be confirmed duringthe detailed dtesign and appropriate measures for leachate treatmentincorporated in the design as required.
Landfill gas ?izazagettiert
The oniv requirements in terms of landfill gas management will be to ensurethat the gas vents, built up as the waste is deposited, are protected fromdamaged by the machinerv on site and that any damage which does occur isrepaired or replacement vents are installed. The vents must be inspectedregularly to ensure that they are free from blockage and that gas is beingreleased to atmosphere.
Environnwn tal controls aind mionitoring
Control of the major impact of water pollution, bv lining of the site andcareful control over surface water, has been discussed above. iMvonitoring ofgroundvwater should be undertaken to confirm that the site is havingnegligible impact on groundwater quality.
It will be the responsibiliy of the operator to monitor routinelv for thefollowing impacts and1 adLjust operationdl practices and/or take appropriatemeasures to control these impacts:
* Litter;* vermin and insects;. birdis;* odo u rs;
". -1 '11x I 1 'f " ' '!t .'!
* dust;* mud;* fires and smoke; anc* noise of oreratin, plant.
The operational procedures described above. particularly miriimising the areaof exposed1 waste, w ill assist in minimising environmental impacts and1
nuisances such as odour, mnfestation by Flies and vermin, wvndblown litterand visuai impact. In addition, recognised methods are available forminimising all the typical impacts from landfill operations and should beemployed as required. Example techniaues include the following:
* Use of litter fences and regular collection of windblown litter;• selective use of pesticides to control vermin and insects;* use of diifferent bird scaring techniques;• use odour masking agents;* use of properlv surfaced roads, as far as possible, and water spraying to
damp down dust;* use of properiv surfaced roads, as far as possible, and, wheel cleaning to
prevent spread of mud onto roads outside the site;* banning of fires on site and immediate extinguishing of anv accidental
fires; and* use of properly silenced plant, switching off of engines when not in use
and portable sounci attenuation barriers if necessary.
The Working Plan for the site should include an Environmental Control andMonitoring Plan which specifies the operational controls and monitoringwhich will be undertaken to ensure that all potential environmental impactsare minimised.
3.5.3 Restoration anJd Aftercare
As discussed previously, it is the intention that the site should be filledprogressivelv with individual areas being completed as soon as possible toallow phased restoration. This will have the benefit of minimising visual andother environmental impacts and will allow parts of the site to be returned tobeneficial use as waste is still being deposited in other areas.
Upon reaching the final level in any area of the site, the waste will be cappedwith a low permeabilitv barrier to minimise the ingress of rainwater and1hence leachate generation. It is anticipated that a linear low densitypolyethvlene (LLDPE) membrane will be used as the capping material butthis will be subject to the final, detailed, design. The capping membrane willneedl to be protected from damage by the underlying waste bv means of alayer of sand, soil or other granular material. Drainage and restoration soilswill be placed on top of the capping laver. Restoration soils will be chosen tobe compatible with the so[is on the surrounding land. The restored surface ofthe site will be landscaped and planted to blend in with the surrounding land.
The site should be monitored for a period of time following the completion ofwaste deposition to ensure that the restoration is not adverselv affected bvsettlement of the waste as it tdegratdes and to ensure that the leachate and gas
41
conitrois continue to onerate eFfectivelv. Nlaintenance and1 remedial worksshouli' be undertaien diurng this period as necessary.
I-FA I;2
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42
4 POTENTAL IM'PACTS AND MITIGATION ME.ASURES
4,1 INTRODUCTION
This section provides an assessment of the potential positive and negativeenvironmental impacts resulting from the development of the proposed ZFlandfill site and the potential significance of the residual impacts. The range ofissues addressed in this section are as follows:
• Socio-economic and cultural impacts;
m hvdrology, hvdrogeology and water qualitv impacts;* health and safetv impacts;* air quality impacts;
* noise impacts;* ecological impacts (flora and fauna);
* off-site traffic impacts; and• visual/landscape impacts.
4.2 Socio-EcoNOMIC AND CULTUR4aL
4.2.1 Introduiction
The potential socio-economic and cultural impacts associated with theproposed ZF landfill, and their significance, are discussed below.
4.2.2. - Resettlement of Poputlation directly displaced by thte Landfill
There are no houses, semni-permanent or permanent dwellings located withinthe footprint or within 400 metres from the site. As a consequence, there is norequirement for direct resettlement of the local population.
4.2.3 Permlanent Loss of Land itn Produictive Use
The land-use of the proposed footprint currently supports olive trees, 'Sabal',wheat and grazing in the following proportions:
c. 30 dunam (3ha) of olive trees;* c. 15 dunam (1.5ha) of 'Sabal';
c e. 30 dunam (3ha) of wheat; andc. 45 dunam (4.5ha) of low intensity grazing land.
As part of the engineering design of the site the landfill development will bephased progressivelt over the area identified for the landfill footprint (120dunam, 12ha). On completion of each phase, the landfill will be capped andavailable for restoration. It is envisaged that with professional site restorationand replanting, the site can be retumred to productive use. As such, nopermanent loss of productive land will occur as a result of the development.
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4.2.4 Temporary Loss of Land in Produictive Use
The landfill is to be developed in phases. During the lifetime of the site therewill be periods when a particular area of land will not be in productive use.The loss of land used for crop growth (as opposed to grazing ) isapproximately 60%.
Although a temporarv loss of ag-icultural productivity is expected, it isdifficult to identify the significance of this impact and this will have to beclassified as part of the further socio-economic assessment. The reason forthis is that at present the exact boundaries of land and crop ownership havenot yet been confirmed bv the municipality and the local communitv and, assuch, the level of dependence of the local communitv on the incomegenerated from crops cannot be established.
Throughout the lifetime of the proposed project it is expected that thetemporarv loss of land will be of minimal significance given that it is unlikelvthat these crops will be a sole source of income. This must, however, beconfirmed before the final assessment of the impact can be determined.
It is understood that the owner of the oLive trees seeks compensation for theiranticipated loss of productivitv. This would need to be addressed as part ofthe land acquisition and prior to the landfill development.
4.2.5 Creation of Local Emnployment Opportutnities (Low/Seni-Skilled)
There may be some opportunity for creation of employment opportunitiesduring both construction and operation of the site, depending on the localskills profile.
Although construction will, in all-likelihood, be carried out by externalcontractors, these parties should be encouraged to recruit engineers andlabourers locallv where appropriate. The Public Consultation exercise hasrevealed that some local people are interested in employment opportunitiesin the landfill development. The opportunities for these people should beexplored at the appropriate time. It should be noted, however, that thenumber of staff required to operate the sanitarv landfill is onlv small.
Overall, the positive impact of the landfill development on the availability ofjob opportunities for local people is likelv to be minimal.
4.2.6 Creation of Local Emnploymnent Opportutnities (Skilledt)
The impact of the development on job opportunities for trained localenvironmental, mechanical and civil engineers is likelv to be of similar lowsignificance. There is, however, a definite potential for recruitment orredeplovment of skilled waste management staff awav from collectionservices (ds thev become more efficient) to the disposal sector.
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4.2.7 Loss of EnPlow/nent at Existing Sites
A broad assessment of the emplovment loss from the closure of existingdump sites on completion and beginnirng of operation at the new facility hasbeen carried out as nart of this initial environmental analysis and assessment.
This assessment indicated that there are four existing scavengers on theexisting Jenin dumpsite. none at Tubas. It is considered likely that thosescavengers on the existing Jenmin site w,ould wish to move to the new site tocontinue waste pickling, and in addition it is expected that the development ofa regionai facility will attract 10-25 further waste pickers within 3-5 years.
The impact on the existing waste pickers from the development of the newfacilitv needs to be considered as 'art of the further environmentalassessment. However, from the Lnitial review, provision of on-going wastepicking activities at the new site should be considered, albeit with tightercontrols on access and on site activities.
Under this system waste pickers should be registered at the gate andpermitted to recover materials for a given length of time before waste istransported to the tipping face or they could be allowed access to the tippingface for a set period prior to compaction of the waste. Children would not beallowed on-site at anv time. At dusk all rag-pickers will be required to leavethe site, and their exit registered. Screening at the point of exit to ensure thatno on-site injuries have occurred could be carried out as an occupationalhealth and safety check.
Although an expansion of the number of waste pickers in the area could be adisbenefit to the local resident population, these effects are considered to berelatively insignificant when viewed against the potential negative impact ofexcluding rag-pickers altogether. It should be the policy of the PA to ensurethat the rag-pickers do not set up squatter settlements on-site. This would beachieved bv making regular patrols of the site perirneter, the installation ofsecurity fencing and control of the site access area. If such practices wereinstigated at the new site the impact from the loss of existing emplovmentshould be minimal.
Currentlv landfill tractor operators work the existing sites 2-3 davs everv twoweeks. These personnel should be considered for employment at the newsite.
One further issue relating to the loss of the existing sites was determinedduring the Public Consultation process, and that was the loss of available ashwhich is currentlv being used to help agricultural growth in some areas. Thelevel of benefit gained from this practice is difficult to quantify, but on aregional scale is considered minimal. There is also potential for thedevelopment of compost manufacture at the landfill in the medium term asdiscussed in the Phase I reports.
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4.2.S Loss of Locai Recreationazl and Religious Amenit'4
From the published information the proposed site is not considered to havespecific recreational, historical or cultural significance and, as such, thedevelopment of the site will have no impact through loss of such amenities.
It should be noted, however, that the published assessment of the culturalsignificance was carried out in broad terms. It is, therefore, stronglyrecommended that a site wvalk-over and an information review be carried outbv a suitably qualified local expert to confirm the findings of the publishedassessment. Recommendations are provided in Section .
4.2.9 Redtction in Local Property Values
Solid waste disposal in West Bank has a poor reputation, due to the historv ofpoor existing disposal practices. Therefore, the expectation of local residentswill be that the landfill operation will be of similar poor quality and that therewill be a major detrimental impact on the qualitv of their local environment.
Arising from this perception, there mav be an adverse impact on propertyand land values in the area resulting from the development of the landfill.Consequentlv, it is imperative that PEnA and the authoritv responsible forthe operation and 'ownership of the landfill convinces local stakeholders oftheir commitment to ensuring high operational and environmental standardsat the site should the development go ahead.
Overall, the negative impact of the landfill development on the value of theexisting and proposed local property in the vicinitv of the site is likelv to benegative and of moderate significance. Apart from careful planning, publicrelations work and professional implementation of the project (taking intoaccount the needs and concerns of local people), there are no other mitigationmeasures available to reduce this impact.
4.2.10 Sumtmary of Impacts
A summary of the significance of the potential socio-economic and culturalimpacts from the development of the proposed ZF sanitary landfill ispresented in Table 4.2a below.
46
Tazble 4.2L Significance of Potential Socio-Econoinic aind Cultiural Impacts
Potential Impact Positive/! PotentialNegative Significance
Resettlement of population directly Negative None.displaced bv the landfill... .. . ... .... . .. . . ......... . ......... ... .. ..... .. ................................................ .... . . . . . . . . .. .. ......................................... .. . . . . . . . . . .
Permnanent toss of land in productive Negative Noneuse
......................................... ............................................................................... .............................................. .........................................................................
Temporarv loss of land in productive Negative Mlinimalluse
.................................. .............. .................................... ......................... ................. ................................. ................,;
. Return of land to productive use (post- Positive Mloderate
. restoration)
:Creation of local emplovment Positive Minimal:opportunities (low-semi skilled)
.................................................... ....................................................................................... ................ .............................................................................
::Creation of local employment Positive Mlinimalopportunities (skilled)
................................................................................ ..................... ................................................................. .........................................................................
Loss of employment at existing dumps Negative Moderate 2
......................................................................................................... .............................................................................................
. Loss of local recreational and religious Negative None'amenitv
7.......................... ............................ .............................................. ....................................... .....................................................
. Reduction in local propertv values Negative .Moderate
To be confirmedCould be minimized by adopting controlled waste-picking at the new site and will be a
positive benefit if waste picking on the regional landfill can support further scavengers..
4.3 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND WATER QUALTY
4.3.1 Introduiction
This sub-section discusses the range of potential hvdrogeological,hydrological and water quality impacts associated with the proposed landfill,and their potential significance.
4.3.2 Contaimination of water resourcesfrom leachate enissions
As discussed in Section 2, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the underlyinggeological formations varies between the two geological units understood tobe present in the site area (units KTj and K/T-c). As site specific study of thelocal geology has not been completed it must be assumed that the geologicalprofile is such that adequate protection of the groundwater regime must beafforded in the landfill design, particularly given the level of reliance on thegroundwater for potable and irrigation use throughout the region.
As discussed in Scction 3, the outline site design should take into account therequired level of groundwater protection. It is proposed that management ofleachate emissions from the site be achieved through the installation of a basal
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liner and preferential drainage layer. Leachate would flow along thisdrainage layer to the leachate management system. The site should bedesigned such that monitoring wells are installed within the waste in order tomonitor leachate levels, and to ensure a heacd of leachate does not build up.
Regardless of the degree of containment specified, there is always some riskof leachate emission fTom a landfill site. Good operational management willgreatly minimise this risk. It should be noted that the groundwater table isconsidered to be of a significant depth below the site and, although the site islocated in a potentiallv sensitive recharge area, the recommended landfilldesign is considered to include the minimum suitable level of environmentalprotection. Monitoring requirements of the baseline groundwater regimeneeds to be finaiised at the detailed design stage when further informationhas been determined on the specific hvdrogeological regime in the vicinitv ofthe site. It is recommended that existing groundwater wells located in thevicinity of the site should be incorporated into the monitoring network, asappropriate.
Overall, the potential impact on the groundwater regime is considered to bemoderate, but with professional site design, construction and operation, theimpacts on local water quality from emnissions of leachate are likely to be ofminimal significance. It is essential, however, that site managers be trained inleachate management and monitoring techniques as part of a well structuredsanitarv landfill training programme.
4.3.3 Redutced Risk of Water Resouirce Contaminationfrom Uncontrolled Duimnping
The construction of a well designed sanitary landfill site and the subsequenteffective management and monitoring of the landfill facilitv will havesignificantly less impact on the human and environmental resources than thecontinued uncontrolled dumping of waste.
At present waste disposal in the West Bank is undertaken at open dump siteswhere, in the past, nothing has been done to effect good operational practicesor provide environmental protection. The development of a sanitary landfillsite with the. required contractual obligations for the effective management ofthe facility will, therefore, have a significant positive impact assuming thatthe existing sites are closed.
4.3.4 Alteration of Surface WVater Regime
Surface water drains would be constructed to divert surface water awav fromthe site to take into account high intensity rainfall events that induce localisedflow in the area of the site. Although this will modify the drainage outfallfrom the area, the quantity of water would not-be significantly affected sincethe drains would feed the vallev profile downstream of the site. Drainagechannels should be constructed to ensure that there are no erosional effectsfrom the diversion of surface waters. As discussed in the evaluation of thebaseline conditions (Scction 2), surface water courses in the vicinity of the site,and indeed in much of the West Bank, are ephemeral and the impact of thesite on the availability of surface waters is not considered significant.
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4.3.5 Modification of lVzWter Storage Caipacity
Flooding of the area is considered unlikely given the hydrological andgeological regime of the proposed site area. The site design should, however,take into account the potential of the valley area to have sporadic surfacewater flows and perimeter drainage must be designed to mitigate againstsurface water impacts.
4.3.6 Contamination of Water Resoutrces bv, Fuiel Spillazge
There is some limited potential for fuel spillage from the site reception areaduring times of minor vehicular maintenance expected to be carried out at thesite area. In order to negate anv such impacts from fuel spillage, oil/waterinterceptors should be incorporated into the design of the site reception areadrainage svstem. With such protective measures, and given the limitednumber of mechanical plant which would be in operation at the site, there areunlikelv to be anv significant uncontrolled releases of fuel oils to thesurrounding environment.
There will be no refuelling of waste collection vehicles in the vicinity of thesite. Overall, no environmental impact of this nature is envisaged.
4.3.7 Stunmary of lInpacts
A summarv of the significance of the potential hydrological, hvdrogeologicaland water oualitv impacts from the development of the ZF landfill ispresented in Table 4.3a below.
TIable 4.3a Suitnmary of Potential Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Water Qtality Impacts
. Potential Impact Positive/ Potential. Negative Significance
::Contamination of water resources from Negative .Moderate'leachate emissions
Reduced risk of water resource Positive Significant:contamination from uncontrolleddumping.................. ............................................................................... ............................................. ..............................................
Mlodification of water storage capacity Negative Minimal 2
Increased risk of flooding downstream Negative Minimal2
of site...................................................................... . ................. .................................................................... ....................................................................
Contamination of water resources bv Negative Minimalfuel spillage
With professional site design, construction and operation (to include leachate containmentand management) the impact to the groundwvater regime can be effectively negated. Furtherinformation on the baseline groundwater regime shouldi collated.2 Based on knowledge of the region onlv, further investigation would be required to completethe appropriaite detailed design. This impact is not considered to prevent project development.
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4.4 HEALTH AND SAFET'
4.4.1 Introductioni
This sub-section ciiscusses the range of potential health and safetv impactsassociated with the proposed ZF land1fill, anct their potential significance.
4.4.2 Potential Healtlh Imnacts
The operational practices being proposed are primarilv designed to minimisethe potential health risks from the sanitary landfill. In general thev include:
e Strict control over entrv and exit to the site;
* control of vermin, insects and birds by compaction of deposited waste anduse of daily cover;
* control of vermin, insects and birds by adoption of ceLlular filling practices;* control of birds through use of bird scaring methods, as appropriate;
* training and good hygiene practices;* ensuring protective clothing is wom by personnel when working on-site;
* provision of first aid facilities; andregular health checks for personnel.
It is recommended that a health monitoring programme be maintained toensure that an early warning is given to the presence of any infectiousdiseases in site staff, and that operational practices be maintained at a highstandard in order to minimise health impacts.
Through adherence to these standard operational protocols the risk of diseasetransmission to local communities would be extremely low. The impact cantherefore be defined as of minimal significance.
4.4.3 Reduiced Health Risksfrom Uncontrolled Dutmping
Health and safety practices such as those highlighted above have not beenpresent at the current open dump facilities in the region. The burning ofwaste, the lack of groundwater protection, the lack of daily cover allcontribute to the short and long-term health risks associated withuncontrolled dumping. Although there is no data available on the actualhealth impact of these existing dumping practices, the reduced health risk ofdeveloping a sanitary landfill as an altemative to open dumping is consideredto be significant.
4.4.4 Potentialtfor Exposure to/Explosion of Landfill Gais
Landfill gas is a product of the degradation of wastes under anaerobicconditions. With its high content of methane, toxic and inflammable gases,the generation of landfill gas poses significant risks to human health and life(due to risk of exposure to and explosion of the gas). The risk is greatestwhere gas is allowed to build-up in confined spaces, such as within buildingsor in void spaces within the deposited waste.
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In order to mminmise the nsks to human health from landfill gas, a passiveventing svstem is proposed at the site. This design feature will allow the safeescape of landfill gases from the site and also allows for the potential upgradeof the svstem to active gas management and flaring at a later date, ifnecessary. .Mvonitoring the occurrence of landfill gas at the margins of the sitewould determine the effectiveness of the control measures proposed and,although not considered likelv given the location of the site and the currentlevel of development in the site area, further gas protection measures couldbe retro-fitted at the facilitv.
Although landfill gas control should minimize the impacts associated withthis issue there is a potential for moderate risk from landfill gas impacts ifmanagement of landfill gas issues are not dealt with effectively.Consideration should be given in the detailed design to the definition of azone around the site, within which anv proposed developments should takeinto account the presence of the landfill. Typical provisions made to controlthese risks include well constructed and ventilated foundations to prevent thebuild up of any gases which mav migrate.
4.4.5 Sumnmary of lhnpacts
A summary of the significance of the potential health and safety impacts fromthe development of the proposed ZF landfill are presented in Table 4.4a below.
Table 4.4a Summary of Potential Health and Safety Impacts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
Potential health impacts Negative Minimal...................................................................................................... ....................................... ........................................................ ..............................................
Reduced health risk from uncontrolled Positive Significantdumnping............ i ....... " - ", - ", - -............................. 7.............-----------.................................
Risk of exposure to/explosion of Negative Moderatellandfill gas
Assurming current level ot dwellings, installation of passive venting and on-going monitoringthis will be mitigated.
4.5 AIR QUALFTY IMPACTS
4.5.1 Introduiction
This sub-section discusses the range of potential air qualitv impactsassociated with the proposed ZF sanitarv landfill, and their potentialsignificance.
4.5.2 Odoutr lInpactsfrom Site Activities
Odours at landfill sites are generated from movement, placement anddecomposition of waste. Waste transported to the landfill is likely to havealreadv undergone some decomposition, and as a result, would be odorouson arrival at the site.
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51
The main method of reduc=ng rhe generation of odours from the site is to fillthe landfill site in small well-defined cells and to use daily cover to preventprolonged exposure of potentially odorous wastes to the atmosphere. Typicalcover soils and clays are not readilv available within the VWest Bank and soils,where present in significant volumes, are mostly utilized for agriculturalpurposes.
The dailv cover at the site will therefore mainly compromise crushed andsorted inert construction wastes, of which significant volumes are beinggenerated throughout the region. A rock crusher will be required on-site toensure suitable graded material is available for the daily cover. Inertconstruction wastes should be stored from the waste stream for preparationas dailv cover. A further potential source of cover is the composting of sourcesegregated organic wastes. Onlv compost which is stable and non-odorousshould be used as dailv cover.
Winds predominantly come from the south-west to north-west. As such thenearest anticipated receptors to odour are the dwellings locatedapproximatelv 450m to 800m to the east of the site and the Bedouin camp500m to the east. At present none of these dwellings are screened from theproposed site development.
It is, therefore, necessarv to ensure odour is minimized by good operationalpractices, particularly the application of daily cover to the organic wastes. Inaddition, anv future developments in the close vicinity of the site should takeinto account the presence of the landfill site.
Overall, with strict adherence to proper operational management procedures,it is anticipated that odour impacts from the development of the ZF landfillcan be kept to moderate levels of significance. It is considered that the localdwellings mav potentiallv suffer some impact from site odours.
4.5.3 Control of Duist Generatedfroin On-Site Vehicle Movements, Stone Crutshzingand Placement of Waiste and Cover Material
Dust generated from site operations, including the crushing of stone for dailvcover must be minimized and through good site practices, as follows:
* Filling the landfill in small well-defined cells;* use of waste compaction and dailv cover;
* damping down when water available (potential for rainwater storage inwet season);
* construction of well-formed site roads throughout the site;* ensuring that there is no open burning carried-out on site; and• ensuring that all vehicles pass through wheel washes on departure from
the site.
Dust from stone crushing at the site should be minimized through baffles andscreening, as appropriate. With judicious application of these mitigationmeasures the impact of dust emissions can be kept to a minimum.Potentiallv, and particularlv* when strong winds are noted, dust emissions
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could effect local res:dential dwellings and the impact is considered to bemoderate.
4.5.4 Vehiicle Exhiast Emnissions fromn On-Site Vehiicle Aloveinents
Vehicle exhaust emissions from landfill oiant have a potenhal to cause adeterioration L° local air qualitY.
There are no data available on the baseline air quality in the vicinity of the sitealthough it is expected to be reasonably high as little development is presentLn the vicinitv of the site.
Vehicle emissions from the development of the landfill site will marginallvreduce the air qualitv at the site, although it is noted that in general onlv onesite plant will be working throughout the dav. Overall, the potential impactof vehicle emissions resulting from landfill-related traffic is likelv to beminimal.
4.5.5 Dustfromn Construction Activities
In line with modem sanitary landfill practices, it is proposed that the site beconstructed and filled in a number of operational cells during thedevelopment of the site. The purpose of adopting such practices is tominimise the environmental impact of the construction and operation of thelandfill. Among other reasons, confining the working area to a small part ofthe site makes it easier to manage the construction activities on site to highenvironmental standards.
Dust emrussions from bunding, site earthworks and site facilityv constructionare likelv to be a source of potential air qualitv impacts during construction.However, as the site is already reasonablv topographically suited to thedevelopment as a landfill, site preparation works will not be intensive, andthe majority of impacts would onlv occur over the eight to twelve monthperiod of initial of site development. Subsequent site works, particularlvlandfill earthworks for preparation of cells, would be developed sequentiallyin a phased manner and in different parts of the site for different periods oftime. MSleasures to reduce potential impacts should be emploved, including:
*Covering of material stockpiles in dry weather conditions to reduce thepotential for windblown dust;
*damping down of site roads in dry weather conditions, if water available(potential for some small local storage of water during wet season); and
*earlv construction of the wheel wash, and use for all vehicles leaving thesite.
It is considered that the overall impact on air qualitv from constructionactivities are likely to be moderate. Care must be taken throughout theinitial construction period to ensure that the potential impact is minimized.
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4.5.6 Effectsf:ron Emission of Greenhouse Gaises
Tnere is considerable debate over the existence., causes and effects ofgreenhouse warming. However, methane gas, one of the major gaseousproducts from the decomposition of wvaste in anaerobic conditions, is widelYunderstood to be a major greenhouse gas.
Landcfll gas is, however, only a minor contributor to the overall problem ofmethane emissions into the atmosphere. with emissions from animals andnatural decomposition of vegetabie matter considered to be the major sourcesof emissions.
There is little data or research available on the impact of sanitary landfilis onthe global environment. In the absence of such data or research, it is difficultto comment on the environmental impact of greenhouse emissions from theproposed ZF landfill.
However, when viewed in comparison with national or even regionalemissions the impacts are likelv to be minimal. It should be noted that if theZF landfill is developed the existing open dumping areas would be closedand the control of landfill gas would, therefore, be carried out moreeffectivelv.
4.5.7 Improvement to overall air quaizlity on closiure of existing sites
With the development of the new sanitary landfill facility the existing dumpsites will be closed. It is expected that the reduction in poor waste disposalpractices in the region, particularlv the cessation of burning will have a
- positive impact to the overall air quality in the region.
Waste burning occurs at manv of the dump sites throughout the region andthe thick smoke and emission of potentially very harmful partial combustionproducts has commonly been the subject of local complaints.
The improvement to the overall air quality in the region as a result of the newdevelopment is therefore considered to be of significant and positive impact.
4.5.8 Siiininary of uInpacts
A summary of the significance of the potential air quality impacts from thedevelopment of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.5a below.
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54
Taible 4.5ai Sumnnzmary of Potential Air Quality Inpalcts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
Odour impacts from site activities Negative Moderate
Dust generated .rom on-site vehicle Negative %Moderatemovements, and placement of wasteand cover material
.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. . .. . .. ,................ ........... d.......... ........ ................... .............................. .. . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle exhaust emissions from on-site Negative Mlinimalvehicle movements
Dust from construction activities Negative .Mvfoderate
Effects from emission of greenhouse Negative Minimalgases...................................... ................ ..................... ....................................................
Overall improvement to regional air Positive Significant'quaLity on cessation of burning at the
. existing site
4.6 NoISE
4.6.1 Introduction
This sub-section qualitatively discusses the range of potential noise impactsassociated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance.
4.6.2 Constrtction Noisefrom Landfill Development Works
Construction and operational work would be required in order to develop thevalley area into a sanitary landfill site. The most significant period ofconstruction noise generation would be during the initial site infrastructureworks, which are anticipated to be carried out over a period of 8-12 months.Following this initial phase, construction activities would extend throughoutthe lifetime of the facility, as new cells are required during site development.
Noise from sanitarv landfill construction activities is primarily dependent onthe specific plant deployment and the proximlty of construction activities tonoise sensitive receivers (NSRs). It is likely that construction would bedependent on use of skilled and un-skilled labour as well as mechanical plant.
The noisiest construction work most likelv to impact nearbv NSRs is expectedto be during the preparation phase of the site for subsequent waste disposal.The mechanical plant used for this activity would be similar to that for thelandfilling operations and are likely to comprise of a:
* Dump truck;* tracked bulldozer; and* backhoe.
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In order to minirmize noise impacts on the locai residences and receptorsthroughout the construction, working a-d operational hours shouldcontrolled and defined to cause minimum nuisance. With adherence to goodoperational practices and deftned working hours it is expected that theimpacts can be minimized. However, given lo;w- baseline noise conditionsand the proximitv ot several local receptors it is considered that negativenoise impacts on NSRs will be of moderate significance durmig the landfill sitepreparation.
4.6.3 Operational Noise
Sources of operational noise from the landfill site will include:
* Movement of vehicles on site roads;* deposition, levelling and compaction of waste;* placement of waste and daily cover material; and
* audible bird scaring devises (if used).
The highest noise levels expected from the landfilling operations wouLdapproximate to worst case construction noise levels. In relation to currentbaseline noise conditions the development and operation of the proposedlandfill site will increase the overall noise levels at the site. Noise levels willpotentially effect the local residential community and the impact is consideredto be of moderate significance.
4.6.4 Suxmmary of Impacts
A summary of the significance of the potential noise impacts from thedevelopment of the proposed ZF is presented in Table 4.6a below.
Taoble 4.6a Suimmnry of Potential Noise Impacts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
Construction noise from landfill Negative Moderate
development
Operational noise at sensitive receivers Negative Moderate
Possible mitigation measures to reduce these impacts include ensuring thatplant vehicles are well maintained and properly silenced, engines areswitched off when not in use and noise attenuation barriers are considered forparticularly sensitive areas.
4.7 ECOLOGY
4.7.1 Introduiction
This sub-section discusses the range of potential ecological impacts associatedwith the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance. It is not in the
f.N56MXNA1:Fkr W"rt.n RANK
56
scope of this environmental analysis to carry out a detailed ecological survevand, as such, this Sec-io7n provides Lnitial interpretations of the likelvecological sensitivity based on the available published information.
4.7.2 Loss offora andfnana htibitats
From an initial review of the t1ora and fauna habitats at the site it is notanticipated that the area to be developed as a landfill is of major/uniqueecological importance. Tne habitat noted at the proposed site is similar to thatnoted throughout the local area.
As such, the impact on tlora and fauna habitats is considered to be minimal.It should be noted, however, that an ecological survey/walk-over, by asuitably qualified local expert should be carried out to confirm this initialconclusion, and, if necessary, assist in defining acceptable mitigationmeasures to alleviate anv impacts on flora and fauna habitats.
4.7.3 Severance of wildlife corridors
Severance of wildlife corridors due to the development of the proposedlandfill site is not considered likely. This, however, should also be assessedduring the recommended follow-up ecological survey.
4.7.4 Creation of new habitats (post-restoration)
One of the major arguments in favour of sanitary landfilling is that followingcompletion of infilhing activities, the site can be restored and used for lowintensitv developments. Although such restoration represents a sizeableproportion of the overalL costs of developing sanitary landfiLL facilities, itallows the land to be used again.
It should be noted that housing, offices or industry cannot be delveloped onthe restored site for many vears after completion. One of the principalreasons for this is that the continued degradation of waste causes the landfillto settle and in some cases to subside unpredictably; therefore, majorstructures developed on the landfill may have foundations that arestructurallv unsound. The restoration strategy for the site proposed is,therefore, to retuin the land to low-intensity grazing with the planting of localflora species.
Site restoration presents an opportunity to restore the site to its former ruralecological character. As such, the progressive restoration of the site is likelvto be of ecological benefit to the area.
4.7.5 Siumnmnary of impacts
A summarv of the significance of the potential ecology impacts from thedevelopment of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.7a below.
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Taib le 4.7a Sturtniry or f Potential Ecology bmpacts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
Loss of flora and fauna habitats \iegative None,................................................................ ............................... ......... . ............................. .......................................................
:Severance of wildlife corridors Negative None'i..............................................I............................I.......................... .......... ........................ ............ ..............................................
Creation of new habitats (post- Positive Mlinimal. restoration)
To be confirmed through ecological survey
4.8 OFF-SFTE TRAFFIC
4.8.1 Introduiction
This sub-section discusses the range of potential off-site traffic impactsassociated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance.
4.8.2 Increased Traffic Loading and Congestion
The ZF landfill is proposed to serve Tubas and parts of Jenin, Tulkarm,and Nablus. Waste collection and haulage vehicles destined for the site willmostly travel along the Jenin-Nablus road which has a current baseline oflow- moderate traffic flow throughout the day.
Landfill related traffic would tum off the jenin to Nablus highway onto thesite access road to the west. The existing access road is currently in areasonable state of repair, but is not asphalted. This should be undertaken aspart of the initial site development. In addition, it is recommended that apassing place' be prepared along the access road.
As discussed above in Section 2 the projected traffic is expected beapproximately 40 waste disposal vehicle arrivals at the site per day bv yearfive of landfill operation. It is expected that this will have only a minimalimpact on the loading and congestion of haulage routes. However, as statedabove it is recommended that a traffic count and assessment is carried out onthe main Jenin-Nablus highwav and in the main residential areas on thehaulage route. It is again noted that waste disposal is carried out at theadjacent dump site and traffic associated with this site will cease on thetransfer of operations to the proposed site.
From the initial assessment, however, it is expected that in terms of increasedcongestion and traffic in the area the impacts are likely to be minimal.
4.8.3 Air Quaiility imnpacts fromn Vehiicle Emnissions
Air quality impacts are dependent upon the baseline levels of pollutants (SO2,NO,, particutates and lead) along the haulage routes, existing traffic flowsand patterns, and number of additional vehicle movements caused by thedevelopment of the site. Given the absence of data in the first category it isnot possible to quantify the significance of these impacts.
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As baseline air qualith appears to be reasonably high in the site area it isconsidered that the additional projected haulage vehicle movements to theproposed ZF landfill would not reduce the air quality to unacceptable levelson either the haulage routes and in the site area.
In order to fullv quantifv the significance of these impacts within a full EIA, itwould be necessarv to undertake an extensive programme of ambient airquaiity sampling and testing. Such a programme would be extremely costlyto carry out and it is not considered to be justified as part of theenvironmental dssessment work in this instance.
Regular maintenance of vehicles to avoid unnecessarilv high emissions, andscheduling haulage movements outside of peak traffic periods as far aspossible should be carried out as a matter of good fleet management. This isconsidered to be the only practicable means of minimising these impacts.
4.8.4 Traffic Noise
The proposed landfill will locally increase traffic noise along main Jenin-Nablus highway although given the expected overall volume of traffic thisincrease is not considered to have a significant negative impact. Traffic alongthe site access road will all be related to the landfill development and it islikelv to be concentrated between 2-3 hours each side of rnidday. As such, theincrease in traffic volume, the delivery of waste and the return of trucks alongthe access road is expected to have an adverse and moderate impact on localNSRs, particularly the residences located between the proposed site and themain highwav.
4.8.5 Littering dutring Waste Transit
Improvements to the standards of collection vehicles are to be instigated aspart of the proposed increase is waste management services. Waste in transitwill be either fullv contained in a refuse collection vehicle or haulagecontainer, or covered by tarpaulin, sheet or netting (in the case of open bulk-loaded containers). Those responsible for the collection services will berequired to ensure the cleanliness and proper specification of vehicles. It willbe the responsibility of the landfill site operators to keep the site access roadfree of litter.
With these management measures, the litter impact along the transportcorridor to the site is anticipated to be of minimal significance.
4.8.6 Stiunmnary of linpacts
A summary of the significance of the potential off-site traffic impacts from thedevelopment of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.8a below.
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Table 4.8a Srnimnary of Potential Oft-site Traffic Impacts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
. Increased traffic congestion and loading \Neatve Mlnirnal
Air qualith impacts from vehicle Negahve ;.Mfinimalemissions
.. . . .. . . .......... .................... .................... ....... . ... *..zv.... ............ .^f... e.. ............ v~.... ... .. . .. . ........ ...
Traffic noise Negatve Moderatei......................................................................................................... ..................... ............................................................. ..................................................
Littering during waste transit Negative . Minimal
Moderate on site atcess road otherwise minimal
4.9 VISuLAI/LANDSCAPE AND AAENrTY IMPACTS
4.9.1 Introduiction
This sub-section discusses the range of potential visual/landscape and otheramenity impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potentialsignificance.
4.9.2 Loss of Vistal Amnenity dutring Site Operation
In terms of cost-effectiveness of sanitarv landfilling, it is preferable tomaximise the available void space capacity and minimise the area (and cost)of land required. As such, sanitary landfills tend to be filled with waste tosignificant depths (or heights). Where waste is being filled into an openvalley area such as at the proposed ZF landfill site, the result is that sanitarylandfilling resembles that of a valley filling domed structure which changesthe natural contours.
The proposed site area is in the direct line of sight of several residences/communities as listed below in Table 4.9a:
Tnble 4.9a Residences/commtnities in-siglht of tire proposed landfill
Residence/Community Comments
Fahme 2km north-wvest, 15 houses in sight ofthe proposed landfill
Familv House of Abdel El Pvlina'im 800m east of site, 20 peopleAbu El WafatBedouin camp of Shawaheen Brothers 500m east of the site, 25-30 people, not
full time residenceHouse of Walid El 'Aarda 450m east of the site, 2-3 peopleTurkev Farm 400m west north-west of the site, 1
non-resident caretaker
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Whilst affected communities in the area did not comment on the loss of visualamenitv durmg the public consultation exercise it is clear that this will occurduring the construction and operational period of the site.
Due to the nature of the groundmass and climate it is not easv to provideextensive site screening of the operational areas, although during the detaileddesign stage this should be fully considered and where possible landscapingand buffer zone wvorks should be incorporated to provide the maximumpossible screening of the iandfill site.
Mitigation measures which are mncluded as a standard operational practiceinclude the progressive restoration throughout the lifetime of the site tomini-mise the visual impact of the site, the filling of the landfill in small, welldefined cells to minimise the areas of waste exposed, and use of daily cover toavoid prolonged visual exposure of deposited waste to sensitive receivers.
Overall, it is considered likely that moderate/significant loss of visualamenitv will occur as a result of the site development. Further discussionswith the local communitv are recommended to determine what can be doneon a local scale to help mitigate this impact.
4.9.3 Visual Impact of Site Restoration
Following the completion of filling activities, the site should be capped andrestored in character with its former condition prior to commencement oflandfilling activities. As discussed earlier, it is not possible to developbuilding structures on the site foilowing completion of filling. The continueddecomposition of waste in the landfill will lead to progressive settlement, anda gradual reduction in the profile of the site. Therefore the site will be anunstable base for anv structures requiring foundations.
It is proposed, therefore, that the restored site be replanted and allowed toreturn to the existing state throughout the progressive restoration. Thisimpact will be positive, and will be of mmimnal significance.
4.9.4 Windblown Litter
Given the relative proximitv to surrounding developments, the potential forwindblown litter impacts is considered to be of moderate significance.Windblown litter was also highlighted during the public consultation exerciseas one of the potential impacts of concem, particularly in relation to animalgrazing and animal health.
The site area is commonlv subject to the prevailing winds and as the landfillsite develops the potential for windblown litter would increase. Althoughmuch of the impact from litter can be mitigated bv good operational practisessuch as cellular filing and dailv covering of waste it is recommended thatlitter screens are placed around the active tipping area to ensure that litter isconfined within a small area.
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4.9.5 Closure of Unsigihthi Dumps
The development of the new regional sanitarv landfill site and the cessation otcontinued dumping at the existing sites will be of positive visual impact tothe region as a whole. The existing sites are very unsightly. and areparticularlv so w hen waste burning is carried out. In this Lnstance smoke isvery visibie over a verv wide area (several kilometres) around the dump sites.The closure of the existing sites is therefore likely to have significant positiveimpact.
4.9.6 Suimmnany of lhnpacts
A summary of the significance of the potential visual/landscape impacts fromthe development of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.9b below.
Table 4.9b Suimmary of Potential Visl/nLaindscape Imnpacts
Potential Impact Positive/ PotentialNegative Significance
Loss of visual amenitv during site Negative Moderate/operation Significant
Visual impact of site restoration Positive .Minimal.................................................................... ......................... .................... ..................... ......................... ........................ .............................................................
Windblown litter . .. Negative . loderate....................................... .............. .............................. .....--------................. -?' ''''''''''''''''' ' ..............................
.Closure of unsightlv dumps . Positive Significant
62
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMfENDATIONS
5.2 INTRODUCTION
This Sec.-tion summarizes the key impacts, both negative and positive, of thelandfill development determined within this environmentai analvsis. Thissummarv is based on the level of currentlv available intormation. As such,recommendations have been made with respect to further necessarvinvestigations and studies required to complete the environmental appraisalof this proposed landfill development.
5.2 SUMMARYOFPOTENTIAL KEYNEGATIVEIATPACTS
A summarv of the potential key negative impacts are provided below in Table5.2a
Table 5.2n Sutmmary of Potential Key Negative fInpacts
Potential Impact PotentialSignificance
Contamination of water resources from leachate . Moderateemissions
Loss of employment at existing dump sites Moderate.... .................................................................................................................................. .................................... .
Reduction in local property values M vloderate:.........I................................ ................................ I..... ........................................................................ ................................................................ ......................
Risk of exposure to/explosion of landfIll gas Moderate
' Odour Impacts from site activities Moderate.............................................. .................................. ................................. ......................................... 7...........................................
Dust generated from on-site vehicle movements Moderateand placement of waste and cover material
.............. ...................... ........................................................... ..... ......................
Dust from construction activities Mivoderate
Construction noise from landfill development Mloderate.......... . -..... .................................................................................................. .........................................................................................................
Operational noise at nearest sensitive receivers Moderate
iModerate.,Traffic Noise1 M r
Loss of Visual AAmenity during site operation Moderate
Windblown litter .Moderate
I On Access Roadf
The kev negative impacts of the proposed landfill development have beenidentified above and are considered to be of 'moderate' significance. [tshould be noted that although it is not possible to totallv eliminate relating tothe impacts of the proposed landfill it is possible to minimize the impact ineach case. Each of these issues would be addressed in the mitigation planrequired as part of the site design.
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Tne kev potential negati.ve impacts identified in this environmental analvsiscan be mLnimized ir 'lhe sanitarv landfill design and through goodoperational practice and all of the risks identified above can be reduced toacceptable levels. A final com-ment on each of the potential negative impactsis provided below:
* Tne conceptual site design takes into account the potenthal impact ofcontamination of water resources as a result of leachate emissions. A highstandard of leachate contamnment and management is a fundamentalaspect of the proposed site design;
* the impact with respect to loss of employment at the existing sites will besignificantlv reduced should the new site make provision for the controiledaccess of waste pickers to the site. Further, if the regional facilitv cansupport a greater number of scavengers, then the development of a newsite could be of positive benefit;
* reduction of propertv values can be minimized by professional sanitarylandfill operations and public relations work;
* the risk of exposure to/explosion of landfill gas is minimized through sitedesign which should include passive venting and landfill gas monitoring.Given the location of the site the potential impact can be effectivelyritigated;
• the potential impact from noise, dust and odour at the site can beminimized through site design and good operational practice whichshould be strictly enforced;
C litter impacts can be greatlv minimized by mitigation measures whichinclude the operation of small waste cells and litter screens, as necessary.
As most of the potential impacts above are such that they will be felt by thelocal communitv in the vicinitv of the site it is considered necessary thatfurther public consultation and discussion be carried out to involve them inthe project implementation process. The benefits of this include:
* To further explain the operational aspects of sanitarv landfiliing and theadvantages this method of waste disposal will have on environment. Thisshould focus on the improvements to waste disposal that will beintroduced (such as the elimination of burning, covering of waste, use oflitter screens etc.);
* to help determine the community's perspective on possible mitigationmeasures; and
* to explain to the residents the likelv method of on-going liaison betweenthemselves and the authority responsible for waste disposal at the ZF site.
In addition, it is the responsibilitv of PEnA, with Technical Assistance asappropriate, to ensure that mitigation measures are adequate and in-place.Further, the on-going monitoring requirements and regulatorv frameworkmust be defined and implemented. In order to achieve this it isrecommended that a capacitv building and training programme be instigatedfollowing the completion of planning decisions, particularlv at the municipallevel. This is considered essential to ensure institutional development issufficient to undertake the responsibilities associated with sanitarv landfillingpractices.
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The need for good environmental management throughout the operanonaland 'after-care' period is essential, and assuming this can be achieved andthe local community are further consulted with respect to the site constructionand operation, these issues are not considered to be prohibitive to theproposed developmert.
53SUMMARY OF POTE2VTIAL KEY POSITIVE [AIPAC7S
A summary of the potential key positive impacts are provided below in Tablc5.3a
Tiible 5.3a Smrnrnany of Potential Key Positive Impacts
Potential Impact Potential.Significance
............................... ....................................................................................................... ............. ..............................................................................................
Return of land to productive use (post-restoration) Moderate........................................................................................... I.......................................... . ..................................................................................... .....................
Reduced risk of water contamination from Significantuncontroled dumping
Reduced health risk from uncontrolled dumping .Significant.............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................
::Overall improvement to regional air quality from :Significantthe cessation of burning at open dumps
,................... ..................................................... I................................. .............................. ......................................
::Closure of existing unsightly sites :'Significant
The potential kev positive impacts at the site are considered to be 'significant'and 'moderate' as identified above.
The main benefits of the development of proposed development whichinclude the reduced risk of water resource contamination, the substantialimprovement in air qualitv, improved public health, and the regionalimprovement of visual impacts from waste disposal sites are considered to beof significant positive benefit and importance.
These issues are the main driving forces behind the desire to upgrade,regulate and control waste dumping practices within the West Bank andunder good management and operation practices the proposed developmentwill alleviate the risks associated with uncontrolled open dumping of waste.On a regional scale these positive impacts considerably outway the negativeimpacts of the proposed site development assuming mitigation measures areset in place and enforced.
The return of land to productive use on completion of the proposed landfilldevelopment will be of long term benefit only. However, on the long termbasis the site will be able to return to grazing land and this is considered to beof positive and moderate impact.
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5.4 Issu1Es REQUIRING ADDITION.AL INVESTIGATION
5.4.1 Introduiction
Some additional information is required in order to complete the assessmentof potenhal impacts. This further assessment can be divided Lnto twocategories which can be defined as:
* Information required to confirm the suitability of the site for the proposeddevelopment and to help facilitate the conceptttai design; and
* information required to facilitate the detailedL design of the landfill site on
conclusion of planning strategy decisions.
The information required and the recommended timing of such inputs aredetailed below.
5.4.2 Recoinmendatiotis for additional work to confinn site suitability
From the initial environmental analvsis the site appears to be suitable fordevelopment as a sanitary landfill. However, from the assessment of thepotential site development it is apparent that further work should beundertaken to confirm the various potential and specific impacts to confirmthe overall suitability of the site. This additional work should include:
* Specific discussions with the local community to explain likely impactsand proposed mitigation measures to be emploved as part of sitedevelopment.. To include discussiotis with people to be affected by theclosure of the existing sites;
* discussion with the local community on their perspective of the mitigationmeasures likely to be employed at the site;
* confirmation of geological and hydrogeological conditions by site walk-overs and surface assessments;
* further data collection and discussions with relevant institutions involved
in groundwater supplv, regulation, monitoring and control;* traffic assessments on major haulage routes and in specific local residential
areas;* flora and fauna assessment including walkovers/surveys and a data
review including reporting on the presence (if any) of protected speciesand discussion of mitigation measures, as appropriate; and
* cultural and religious heritage assessment including walkovers/surveysand a data review.
The follow-up assessment to confirm the suitabilitv of the site should bereported as a Supplementarv Environmental Analysis and AssessmentReport.
It is recommended that this follow-up work is mobilized and completed assoon as possible, in order to confirm the suitability of the site for the landfilldevelopment and to further assess the potential kev impacts associated withit.
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5.4.3 infornation requiired at thte detailed design stage
In addition to the further environmental assessment recomrnmended forimmediate completion, definition of a full mnitigation, environmentalmonitoring, managemen. and trainLng programme as part of projectimplementation is required. These Plans should be developed in conjunctionwith site specific engineering design and in full consideration of both theinitial environmental analvsis and findings from the supplementaryassessment.
As such, it is recommended that these plans be developed and completed atthe detailed design stage, in full consideration of all determined kev issuesand impacts, and therefore carried out on completion of this study as part ofproject implementation.
5.5 CONCLUSIONS
Notwithstanding the completion of further investigations it is considered thatthe overall positive impacts from the replacement of open dumps/burning ofwaste bv a modem sanitarv waste disposal site are very significant.
As discussed in this report there will be local environmental impacts whichcan be kept to within acceptable levels as long as professional standards ofdesign, construction, operation and restoration/ aftercare are adhered to.
It will be important to maintain high standards of site operation, site andenvironmental management and environmental protection to preventunacceptable impacts on the local receptors. The site is in relativelv closeproximitv to sensitive receivers, and all due diligence would have to taken toensure impacts were minimized.
As a result, the implementation of this proposed development is stronglyrecomnmended but is contingent on a firm commitment to high environmentalmanagement stanclards, and on the development and strict enforcement of arigorous operational/environmental management plan.
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L
Anne \A
PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
PUBLIC CONS ULTATIO.N
Surmmrarv of Findings
there are 15 houses that overlook the proposed site. Discussions were heldwith the residents and the project and the site described. No possible
negative impacts were mentioned by the residents concerning theconstruction or operation of the sanitarv landfill and the project waswelcomed by the residents who considered that the village's waste disposal
problem would finallv be solved.
Fahme Canip
Discussions were held with the Palestinian residents of the Fahme Camp andthey were fully consulted on the landfill development. The residents of the
camp interviewed stated no objection to the proposed site and expressed
interest in being employed during both the construction and operation of the
facility.
Family house of Abdel El Mina'ini Abu El Wafat
Discussions with the family confirmed they owned 70 dunams (7ha) in thevicinity of the site which they bought for 470 Jordian Dinar UD) per dunam in1974. In 1991 they built a new house on the land. They family operate a
small slaughterhouse on their premises which has been registered bv theiviunicipality of Jenin but does not hold an official permit. Liquid waste fromthe slaughterhouse is collected in a cess pit which is emptied every 3 weeks.Solid slaughter wastes are bumed near the proposed landfill site. The familvfelt that their slaughter practices posed no nuisance to the environment orresidents living nearbv.
The house is connected to the water supply of the West Bank WaterDepartment and electricity is provided bv a generator. Thev expect in thenear future to be connected to the electricity grid. A Bedouin camp is locatedapproximately 25 metres from the house. At the time of visiting, the campwas emptv, and reportedly the Bedouin live in Az-Zawiye and onlv use the
camp infrequently.
Since the development of the Palestinian Authoritv the family have beenaware of plans to construct a sanitarv landfill. In addition, they reported thatthe Israeli Civil Administration dumped waste in the vicinitv of the proposedsite in the past.
From discussions with the familv it was determined that they expect the
negative impacts of the project to be:
. Flies;
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* odours;* pigs and dogs;
* mosquitos; and
* dust.
The dust impact was considered to have a detrimental effect on their olive
trees, and the impact +was considered to be likely to occur even if the access
road was asphalted.
Although the residence is in clear view of the proposed site area possiblevisual impacts were not highlighted as a concern.
Famtily House
During the public consultation no-one was available for interview.Discussions and consultation with this family are recommended as part of the
further socio-economic impact evaluation. Full recommendations arediscussed in Section 5 of the EA report.
I'Walid El 'Aarda House
The family owns 36 dunams which they bought for 100,000 JD in 1997 (2,777
JD per dunam). In 1998 they built a new house on the land. They have a
farm with chickens, cows and sheep and olive trees. The owner plans to
extend his farm. Water is bought from a tank wagon and electricitv is
provided by a generator.
In 1997 the family were aware of plans to construct a sanitary landfill in theproposed site area. They were informed that the private landowners of someof the site 'footprint' had sent a letter of complaint to Chairman Arafat
regarding the site location. The family were then told that the plans to buildand operate the landfill had been frozen.
If the site development goes ahead the negative impacts of the project wereconsidered to be:
* Bad odours;
* dust, which will affect their livestock, even if the access road was
asphalted; and* a dramatic decrease in value of his propertv.
Bedouin Canmp of 'Sharwaheen' Brothers
The 4 brothers and their families are from Yatta (near Hebron) and have livedin the jenin District for the past 10 years. The land their tents occupy isrented for 200 JD per year from Walid El 'Aarda on a yearly basis without
contract. They have about ;00 sheep. The grazing area of the sheep isapproximatelv 500 ha.
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Sheep manure is used aS a soil iMprover by alid E, 'Aarda. Tnev have noelectricit-v or water supply services. On a daily basis they bring water with atank wagon at the cost of 30 N15 per dav. In discussions thev stated thev
were not aware of any plans for landfill constructicn.
The brothers expected the negative impacts of the project to be mainLy Litter
impacts blowing onto the grazing hills. They are particularlv afraid that their
animals will eat the piastics and other materials not suitable for animalconsumption.
They specifically stated they are not interested in being employed at theproposed site. They are, and wish to remain shepherds and their sheep's
health is their main concern. They confirmed they wish to continue their
current life styLe. They did, however, express an interest in the possibiLity of
getting connected to the water supply of the proposed site, if any is
established.
Turkey Farnm
The farm houses around 400 turkeys and is tended by a caretaker. No
permanent residents Live at the farm. Until the consultation process was
initiated the caretaker was not aware of any plans for a landfiEl construction.
'Ajje
The proposed site cannot be seen from the village and the viUlage is not
considered to be directly impacted by the landfill, as discussed. In addition,the site is not down gradient of prevailing winds and no impact fromdegraded air quality is expected.
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Annex B
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
ARIJ Applied Research Institute, Jerusalembgl Below Ground LevelEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEPD Environmental Planning DirectorateERM Environmental Resources ManagementGNP Gross National ProductHDPE High Density PolyethyleneIEE Initial Environmental EvaluationKTj Jerusalem FormationK/T-c Cretaceous-Tertiary transitionLLDPE Linear Low Density PolyethyleneMoLG Ministry of Local GovernmentMoP[C Ministry of Planning [nternational Co-operationNGO Non Govemment OrganisationNSRs Noise Sensitive ReceiversPA Palestinian AuthoritvPALGRIC Palestinian Geography CentrePAPP Programme of Assistance to Palestinian PeoplePEnA Palestine Environmental AuthorityPIALES Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental
StudiesPW-A Palestinian Water AuthoritySHWD Solid and Hazardous Waste DirectorateSWEMvIP Solid Waste Environmental ProjectSWM Solid Waste ManagementSWNIC Solid Waste Management CouncilUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works AgencyWBG West Bank and Gaza StripWBWD West Bank Water DepartmentWRAP Water Resources Action ProgrammeZF Zaharat Finjan
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