Public Disclosure Authorized MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT T ...documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/737991491290924713/pdf/113… · Pazaryeri district, and since 1993 solid wastes are

T.R. BERGAMA MUNICIPALITY MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT

SOLID WASTE LANDFILL FACILITY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

STUDY

FINAL REPORT

Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions Project Manager/ Research Development Ltd Co. M.Sc Env.Engineer

Env. Engineer Murat Ertürk io Environmental Solutions Researcher/ Research Development Co. Author

Env. Engineer Utku Vardar io Environmental Solutions Researcher/ Research Development Co. Author

Dr. Süleyman Övez İstanbul Technical University Biologist Environmental Engineering Department

M.Sc Engineer. Tahir Öngür M.Sc Geology Engineer.

NOVEMBER 2007

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November 2007

Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Project | Environmental Assessment Study Final Report

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This report is prepared for T.R Bergama Municipality by the io Environmental Solutions Research & Development Company. Project No : 2007/1037 Report Date : 22.11.2007

io Environmental Solutions Research and Development Company İTÜ Ayazağa Kampusü, Teknokent, ARI 1 Binası, No:3, 34469, Maslak – İSTANBUL / TURKEY

Tel. 0212 276 65 48 Fax. 0212 276 33 67

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Indexes

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ ix 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................................... 2

2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework ...................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Bergama Municipality ...................................................................................................... 2

2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry ............................................................................ 3

2.2 Related international agreements .......................................................................................... 3 3 DEFINITION OF PROJECT.................................................................................................................. 5

3.1 Purpose of Environmental Assessment Study ......................................................................... 5 3.2 Definition and Purpose of project ........................................................................................... 6

3.2.1 Existing Situation ............................................................................................................. 6

3.2.2 Importance and necessity of project ............................................................................... 7

3.2.3 Suggested Project ............................................................................................................ 7

3.2.4 Introduction of facility units ............................................................................................ 8

3.2.5 Other Investments ......................................................................................................... 13

3.2.6 Wastes acceptable by the facility .................................................................................. 15

3.3 Rehabilitation of old dump site ............................................................................................. 15 3.3.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 15

3.3.2 Introduction of rehabilitation study .............................................................................. 16

3.4 Soil Pollution Analysis Study .................................................................................................. 17 3.5 Re-settlement and domestic public development plan ........................................................ 19 3.6 Time content ......................................................................................................................... 19

4 INITIAL DATA ................................................................................................................................. 21 4.1 General characteristics of project area ................................................................................. 21

4.1.1 Geographical Location ................................................................................................... 21

4.1.2 Meteorological condition and climatic characteristics ................................................. 24

4.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics .......................................................................................... 27

4.1.4 Geological and hydro geological structure .................................................................... 27

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4.1.5 Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................................. 37

4.1.6 Protection Areas ............................................................................................................ 46

4.1.7 Forestry areas ................................................................................................................ 46

4.1.8 Roads to be used for transportation of wastes ............................................................. 47

4.2 Socio-economical conditions ................................................................................................. 47 4.2.1 Population ..................................................................................................................... 47

4.2.2 Economical characteristics ............................................................................................ 48

4.2.3 Social infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 48

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................................... 49 5.1 Benefits of Project ................................................................................................................. 49

5.1.1 Protection and improvement of public health .............................................................. 49

5.1.2 Prevention of soil pollution ........................................................................................... 49

5.1.3 Prevention of water pollution ....................................................................................... 49

5.1.4 Prevention of air pollution ............................................................................................ 49

5.1.5 Recycling ........................................................................................................................ 50

5.1.6 Income obtained from recyclable wastes ..................................................................... 50

5.2 Environmental impacts of project and impact mitigation measures .................................... 50 5.2.1 Soil ................................................................................................................................. 50

5.2.2 Air Quality ...................................................................................................................... 52

5.2.3 Water quality ................................................................................................................. 57

5.2.4 Biological diversity ......................................................................................................... 69

5.2.5 Noise .............................................................................................................................. 69

5.2.6 Traffic ............................................................................................................................. 74

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................................... 75 6.1 ALTERNATIVES RESEARCHED AS A PROJECT PLACE .............................................................. 75 6.2 No Action Alternative ............................................................................................................ 75 6.3 Alternative technologies ....................................................................................................... 75

6.3.1 Composting .................................................................................................................... 75

6.3.2 Incineration ................................................................................................................... 76

6.4 Transfer Center Alternative ................................................................................................... 78 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................................... 79

7.1 Purpose of Environmental Management Plan ...................................................................... 79

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7.2 Management and Scope........................................................................................................ 80 7.3 Basics of project .................................................................................................................... 80 7.4 Impact Mitigation Plan .......................................................................................................... 81 7.5 Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................................... 84

7.5.1 Monitoring of meteorological data ............................................................................... 84

7.5.2 Monitoring plan for Leachate ........................................................................................ 84

7.5.3 Monitoring plan for underground water and drainage water ...................................... 84

7.5.4 Monitoring plan for surface water ................................................................................ 84

7.5.5 Monitoring plan for landfill gas ..................................................................................... 84

7.5.6 Monitoring plan for sanitary landfill ............................................................................. 85

7.6 Urgent intervening plans ....................................................................................................... 92 7.7 Institutional strengthening .................................................................................................... 93

7.7.1 Equipments to be purchased ......................................................................................... 93

7.7.2 Educational and working hours ..................................................................................... 93

7.7.3 Consultancy services ..................................................................................................... 93

7.8 Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................................... 94 7.8.1 Arrangement of Organization........................................................................................ 94

7.8.2 Procedures related to impact increasing and tracing ................................................... 96

7.9 Meeting to give information to the public ............................................................................ 96 7.9.1 First Meeting ................................................................................................................. 96

7.9.2 Second Meeting ........................................................................................................... 100

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List of Tables

Table 2.1: Targets of landfill directive determined for the member states ............................................ 4

Table 2.2: Targets of Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive ........................................................... 5

Table 3.1: Placement detail of administration building .......................................................................... 9

Table 3.2 Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings ............................................................. 18

Table 3.3 Limit Values of Soil Pollution Control Regulation ................................................................. 18

Table 4.1: Mean relative humidity rates measured at Bergama Meteorology station......................... 25

Table 4.2: Monthly rainfall values measured at Bergama Meteorology Station .................................. 26

Table 4.3: Dominant wind and direction according to blowing numbers ............................................. 26

Table 4.4: Evaporation information according to months ................................................................... 27

Table 4.5: Project area and near surrounding- flora ............................................................................. 39

Table 4.6: Regional fauna list ................................................................................................................ 43

Table 4.7: Fauna of Project area and surroundings .............................................................................. 44

Table 4.8: Census results in Bergama .................................................................................................... 47

Table 4.9: Population projection of Bergama district ........................................................................... 47

Table 5.1: Typical compound of landfill gas .......................................................................................... 54

Table 5.2: The projection of landfill gas ................................................................................................ 55

Table 5.3 Leachate contamination concentrations at solid waste landfill facilities ............................. 57

Table 5.4 Rainfall catchment areas of lots ............................................................................................ 58

Table 5.5: Standards for discharge of wastewater into wastewater infrastructure (sewerage) .......... 61

Table 5.6 Discharge limits for solid waste disposal facilities ................................................................. 62

Table 5.7: Machines to be used during the construction activities and their noise levels ................... 70

Table 5.8: Results of noise dispersion modeling ................................................................................... 73

Table 6.1: Comparison of project alternatives ...................................................................................... 77

Table 7.1: Impact mitigation plan (in construction phase) ................................................................... 81

Table 7.2: Impact mitigation plan.......................................................................................................... 83

Table 7.3: Monitoring Plan (Construction Phase) ................................................................................. 86

Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan (Operation Phase) ...................................................................................... 87

Table 7.5: Monitoring plan (after closure) ............................................................................................ 91

Table 7.6 Equipments to be purchased ................................................................................................. 93

Table 7.7: List of Participants of First Public Awareness Meeting ........................................................ 96

Table 7.8: List of Participants of Second Public Awareness Meeting .................................................. 100

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List of Figures

Figure 3.1: The satellite photograph of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility of which construction

was left unfinished. ................................................................................................................................. 6

Figure 3.2 Suggested Points of Observation Well ................................................................................. 11

Figure 3.3: Satellite photograph of solid waste landfill plan ................................................................. 14

Figure 3.4: Time schedule of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill facility project ......................................... 20

Figure 4.1: Position of İzmir Province in Turkey .................................................................................... 21

Figure 4.2: Position of Bergama District in İzmir province .................................................................... 22

Figure 4.3: Position of Bergama solid waste landfill facility project in Bergama District ...................... 23

Figure 4.4: Mean temperatures in Bergama District according to months (2002-2006) ..................... 24

Figure 4.5: Mean rainfall information in Bergama District ................................................................... 25

Figure 4.6 Geological Map of Project Area ............................................................................................ 28

Figure 4.7 View of Rock Formation at the Project Area ........................................................................ 29

Figure 4.8 Views of Formation at the Project Area ............................................................................... 29

Figure 4.9 Views of Sedimentary Layers at the Project Area ................................................................ 30

Figure 4.10 Satellite View of Structural Geology ................................................................................... 31

Figure 4.11 Hydrogeological Map of the Project Region ...................................................................... 32

Figure 4.12 Fault Movements ............................................................................................................... 33

Figure 4.13 Bergama Foça Fault Zone ................................................................................................... 34

Figure 4.14 Seismic Activity of West Anatolia ....................................................................................... 35

Figure 4.15 Intensity Map of Dikili Earthquake ..................................................................................... 36

Figure 4.16 General Views of the Study Site ......................................................................................... 41

Figure 5.1 Flow Diagram for Leachate Treatment System .................................................................... 63

Figure 5.2 Leachate drainage system .................................................................................................... 65

Figure 5.3 Leachate Recirculation System ............................................................................................. 66

Figure 5.4: Noise dispersion modeling .................................................................................................. 73

Figure 7.1: Bergama Municipality, Cleaning Works Department, existing organization schema ......... 95

Figure 7.2: Bergama Municipality, Solid Waste Management Directorate, suggested organization

schema .................................................................................................................................................. 95

Figure 7.3: Photographs of Bergama First Public Awareness Meeting 28.06.2007 .............................. 99

Figure 7.4 Photograps of Second Public Awareness Meeting 18.10.2007 .......................................... 103

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List of Appendices

Appendix 1 : Maps

Appendix 2 : Photographs

Appendix 3 : List of persons who prepare environmental assessment report

Appendix 4 : Resources

Appendix 5 : Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings

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List of Abbreviations

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

BOD5 : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

AKM : Suspended Solid Matter

R.G. : Official Gazette

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In Bergama between 1963 – 1993, municipal solid wastes have been dumped at the front of

Pazaryeri district, and since 1993 solid wastes are being dumped to Fevzipaşa District irregularly.

These locations are open dump sites, causing an important environmental and public health problem

in Bergama, especially in districts around the dumpsite.

Bergama Municipality has started its studies in 2000 to eliminate the existing negativity such as

environmental hazards and public health problems. For this reason a land has been assigned by the

municipality between Armağanlar and Sindel Villages where distance to Bergama is 15 km. In scope

of project an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared in 2001 and construction of

project has been started in 2002. But construction has been stopped because of design faults related

with the slopes.

Bergama Municipality has applied to Bank of Provinces to complete the landfill construction. In this

direction a feasibility study has been made in year 2005 to benefit from the credit which is provided

by World Bank to Bank of Provinces. The project has been renewed in 2007. Previous design faults

were corrected within this project. Renovation of EIA study had been necessary according to World

Bank procedures. As a result of this necessity Environmental Assessment study is implemented.

In scope of Environmental Assessment impacts of construction and operation phases have been

analyzed. Negative impacts of project have been determined and a plan has been established for

measuring these impacts. A Public Awareness Meeting has been implemented for sharing these

impacts and measures that will be taken, and to put public’s requests into practice.

In scope of Environmental Assessment two Public Awareness Meetings and two reporting will be

made. This report has a status of Final Report and is formed by detailing the content mentioned

above. Final Report will be prepared with incorporation of World Bank proposals and second Public

Awareness Meeting inputs, and then this report will become operative as an Environmental

Management Plan.

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2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Legal and Administrative Framework

2.1.1 Bergama Municipality

Bergama Municipality is founded according to the Municipalities Law dated April 3, 1930 and

numbered 1580 and as stated in the incorporation law, it is responsible for ensuring the below given

services pursuant to the Municipality law dated 09.07.2004:

- To carry out and make others to carry out all the services related to collection,

transportation, decomposition, recycling and disposal of solid wastes (Article 15,

subparagraph e)

- The Municipality firstly carries out or make others to carry out urban infrastructure services

such as development, water and sewerage network, transportation; environment and

environment health, cleaning and solid waste; municipal police, fire brigade, urgent aid,

rescuing and ambulance; inner-city traffic; burial and graveyards, tree planting, park and

green areas; housing; culture and art, tourism and introduction, youth and sport; social

service and aid, marriage, profession and art training; economy and development of trade

services. The municipality installs the geographical city information systems (Article 14).

The municipalities are authorized to borrow money and accept donations to give above stated

services. Pursuant to Article 17 of law, the Municipal Council is the decision organ of municipality and

consists of members who are elected according to the principles and rules determined in the

relevant law. The Municipal Council is authorized to negotiate and accept the strategic plan and

investment and study programs and performance measures of municipal activities and personnel, to

negotiate and approve the development plans, and to make resolutions on establishment of

partnerships subject to the Turkish Commerce Law or withdrawal from such partnership, to give

privileges in name of the municipality, make municipal investments under build-operate or build-

operate-transfer model and privatization of companies, operational enterprises and subsidiaries

owned by the municipality. The municipality is authorized to make resolutions on establishment of

unions in other local administrations, to participate in established unions or withdrawal from such

unions, to develop, cancel and change the staff of municipality and affiliates within framework of

norm staff and to give municipality services in contiguous areas.

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2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forestry

It is responsible for publishing regulations on protection of environment and auditing and observing

whether such regulations are fulfilled. The main regulations related to sectors under the scope of

project are given below:

Regulation on Water Pollution Control (21.12.2004, R.G. 25687)

Regulation on Solid Wastes Control (14.03.1991, R.G. 20814)

Regulation on Hazardous Wastes Control (14.03.2005, R.G. 25755)

Regulation on Medical Wastes (22.07.2005, R.G. 25883)

Regulation on Waste Batteries and Accumulators (31.08.2004, R.G. 25569)

Regulation on Packaging and Packaging Wastes Control

Regulation on Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes (18.03.2004, R.G. 25406)

Regulation on Waste Oils Control (21.01.2004, R.G. 25353)

Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (16.12.2003, R.G. 25318)

Regulation on Soil Pollution Control (31.05.2005, R.G. 25831)

2.2 Related international agreements

Our country is in the process to be a member of the European Union and within this process, our

country is responsible for bringing her legislation in compatible with the EU legislation. The basic

approach related to solid waste management in general of the EU is determined with

- Waste Framework Directive (2006/12/EC)

The member states establish their waste management strategies according to the said directive. The

directive mainly defines the “waste” concept, presents a waste terminology and gives a list of waste

kinds.

The technical and environmental needs required by the solid waste management system compatible

with the EU are regulated under two basic EU directives: 1. EU Landfill Directive, 2. Packaging and

Packaging Wastes Directive

- EU Landfill Directive

The purpose of landfill directive is to minimize the landfill demand to prevent or decrease the

negative impacts of emissions resulting from the landfill process on soil, air, surface waters,

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=Directive&an_doc=2006&nu_doc=12

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underground waters and so human health. The targets of directive determined for the member

states are given in Table 2.1.

The Directive determines general conditions on placement, design, tracing and observation for

landfill of wastes.

Table 2.1: Targets of landfill directive determined for the member states1

Target year Directive requirements

2001 National law and regulations must be compatible with the directive 2001 All the new sanitary landfills must be compatible with the directive.

2002 Operators of the existing landfills must present the directive plan to be applied in 2007 to bring the landfills in compatible with the directive.

2009 The date when the directive will be fully conformed to ( this means regular landfills that are not compatible with the directive will be closed as of determined date).

The directive determines detailed technical/operational standards for the landfill facilities. Landfill

gas shall be collected from new landfills where biological decomposable wastes are stored and be

incinerated. In operation phase of landfill facilities, there must be a drainage layer thicker than 0.5 m

to collect impermeable layer (geological barrier and sub-drainage composition) and Leachate. To

prevent pollution of soil, underground water and surface waters, Leachate must be disposed. Gas

drainage layer, water drainage layer and upper soil layer together can form a surface cover.

The directive states that the existing sanitary landfills must be improved until 2009 according to the

conditions given in the directive and to the directive plan or be closed in conformity to the closing

and supervision procedures given in the directive.

- Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive

The purpose of Packaging Wastes Directive (AB, 1994) is to create principles of the packaging wastes

management. In this manner, negative impacts of packaging wastes on the environments shall be

minimized. Directives impose obligations related to packaging design on companies that

manufacture packaging. The purpose of this application is to minimize negative impacts of packaging

1 AB, 1999

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and packaging wastes on the environment and decrease their amount. Directives also determine the

level of heavy metal concentration and necessary materials in composition of packaging.

On December 2001, the EU Commission presented its final proposal related to packaging and

packaging wastes. This proposal contains higher targets on recovery and recycling that must be

realized until date of 30.06.2006. Recovery and recycling targets are expected to be 60%-75% and

55%-70% respectively.

Packaging wastes that are recovered and recycled according to the EU Packaging Wastes Directive

must reach to targets given in Table 2 until at the end of 2008 year.

Table 2.2: Targets of Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive

Waste Kind Directive Targets (%)

Glass 60 Paper and carton paper 60 Metals 50 Plastics 22,5 Wood 15 Total recycled 55-80 Total recovered >60

The EU Commission requires 10 new members of EU to obtain these targets until the end of 2012

year during the additional 4-year adaptation period.

3 DEFINITION OF PROJECT

3.1 Purpose of Environmental Assessment Study

This document is the report of Category “A” Environmental Impact Assessment study made

according to the World Bank OP- Operational Policies -4.01 Environmental Assessment. Solid Waste

Rehabilitation Projects are categorized under Category A of World Bank OP and Environmental

Assessment Criteria. For Category A projects an EIA report and 2 Public Awareness Meetings are

mandatory.

The purpose of the environmental assessment study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of

Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility investment, to study alternatives to determine the most

sustainable choice in respect to environment and decrease the potential impacts.

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3.2 Definition and Purpose of project

3.2.1 Existing Situation

Since waste is filled wildly in this area, a condition is prepared for hosting and reproduction of

harmful organisms, odor is emitted when methane, etc. gases are released to atmosphere from the

site, and fire and explosion risks arise because gases cannot be discharged properly. Groundwater

sources are polluted because of the leachate in the waste content. Additionally, part of the waste are

scattered around by birds and other animals. This situation causes a threat to environment and

human health.

The municipality carried out a project study in year 2000 to construct a solid waste landfill facility,

obtained the necessary area and later in 2001 by preparing a EIA report, took an approval. Following

this, in year 2002 construction of the facility was commenced. Some definite parts of Excavation-

Filling works were completed but as problems, mainly miscalculation of slopes, resulting from the

design was determined and the construction was stopped by the Municipality. The satellite

photograph of the semi-completed facility is given in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: The satellite photograph of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Facility of which construction was left unfinished.

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Currently, solid wastes are disposed in nylon packs or directly in containers located in the streets in

are collected by the municipality every day from these containers. Solid wastes are irregularly

dumped in an area near the city, in a 4.5 ha land at the edge of river bed. Trash pickers primitively

separate nylon bags, pet bottles and other recoverable wastes and get an income by selling them.

The garbage disposed in the landfill is stacked by laying soil layers between them.

3.2.2 Importance and necessity of project

As a result of the wild dumping, underground water, surface water and soil are being polluted,

pollutants spread in the atmosphere because of free emission of gases resulting from uncontrolled

decay, this causes the bad odor problem, and people living around and collectors who collect

recoverable wastes in the garbage face with negative hygiene conditions. Besides, combustible and

flammable gases so formed cause fire and explosion risks.

3.2.3 Suggested Project

To remove the negative situations resulted from the existing situation, it is decided to take the

following measures;

- A social awareness-raising campaign to decompose solid wastes at source must be started

and continued.

- Disposal of solid wastes must be carried out in a manner eliminating negative environmental

impacts.

- The solid waste unit of municipality must be restructured and trained to provide effective

services in accordance with Environmental Regulations.

With 1580 No Municipalities Law, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of solid wastes

are under responsibility of municipalities. Disposal methods of solid wastes are determined with the

Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes that came into effect after it was published in the Official

Gazette dated 25.04.2005 and numbered 24736. The widely used solid waste disposal methods are

as follows;

- Landfill

- Composting

- Incineration

This will be financed by the World Bank by means of İller Bank under the scope of “Municipal

Services Project” to eliminate existing environmental problems, for rehabilitation of pollution in the

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region and during the European Union (EU) adaptation process, to support fulfillment of

environmental obligations.

In the 2005 year feasibility report, composting and incineration alternatives were examined to

determine the most suitable technology for solid waste disposal and recovery facility and landfill

were determined as the most suitable method for disposal. The facility planned to be constructed

consists of the following units;

- Entrance Unit

- Weighing Unit

- Administration Unit

- Workshop-Garage Building

- Tire Washing Unit

- Underground Water Observation Wells. (If Necessary)

- Garbage Leachate Stabilization Pond Recycling System

- Separating and recycling unit

- Landfill Lots

- Storm water drainage system

After the facility is constructed and commissioned, the local public shall be trained on separation

of solid wastes at source and decomposition at source shall be realized in the district by means of

voluntary campaigns, meetings, seminaries, brochures and pilot area applications in the district.

Recoverable waste containers in different color and shape shall be placed near the garbage

containers in the streets. With this application, especially during the first years, a low output is

expected. However, as a result of continues training campaigns and sanctions to be put in force

in a time, both decomposition at source in conformity to the international legislations shall be

ensured and Bergama shall establish an integrated solid waste management system that may be

imitable by other municipalities in our country.

3.2.4 Introduction of facility units

a Entrance Control building

4 m2 fixed entrance control building shall take place at the entrance of facility. A person here shall

be in charge of controlling the entrance and exit of the building and ensuring security of the area.

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b Steelyard unit

The steelyard unit and steelyard building shall be constructed on an unfilled natural ground in 85 m

distance to the entrance. The steelyard shall be in 3x18 m platform size and have minimum 35 tons

capacity. About 8m2 building is suggested for the steelyard unit and a person in charge of steelyard

shall be in this building. As steelyard manufacturing projects vary depending on companies, in phase

of steelyard manufacturing, project of a manufacturer shall be used.

Vehicles coming to the facility shall be weighted here in full-empty manner and after they are

registered, they shall be sent to the pouring area. Weighting results made at the steelyard building

shall be delivered to the authorized person at the administration building and statistical information

shall be kept there.22

c Administration Building

A 70m2x 2 floored administrative building on an unfilled natural ground and in about 200 m distance

to the entrance is planned. The administration building shall contain the following details. Table 3.1

Table 3.1: Placement detail of administration building

B01 General Depot 8,9 m2

B02 General Depot 15 m2

B03 Main table room 8,25 m2

B04 Boiler room 31 m2

Ground floor Z01 Lobby 12,8 m2

Administration Z02 Office 8,6 m2

Z03 WC-shower 8 m2

Z04 Office 12,55 m2

Z05 Workshop 12,55 m2

Z06 Kitchen 7 m2

Z07 Laboratory 10 m2

1st floor 110 Kitchen 12,6 m2

Housing 111 Living room +Balcony 19 + 6,5 m2

112 Lobby 10 m2

113 Bedroom 12,6 m2

2 Directive on control of solid wastes, Article 25-5

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114 WC-bathroom 8 m2

115 Bedroom 11 m2

116 Balcony 6 m2

d Workshop-garage building

As a workshop-garage building, a 70 m2 building in height of 5 meters, near the administration

building and in size two garbage vehicles can enter is planned. Small scale defects that may occur

within the area shall be intervened here. There will be a spare part depot in the building.

e Tire washing unit

The waste vehicles coming to the solid waste regular landfill shall empty their wastes at the pouring

point and here, wastes shall contaminate the tires of vehicles. For vehicles with contaminated tires,

the tire sterilization and washing unit is planned in the facility to prevent carriage of contamination

outside. This unit is in structure of a pool full of limy water. While waste collecting vehicles are

passing from the pool, possible particulars shall drop thanks to border stones on the base and tires

be sterilized.

f Underground water and gas monitoring wells

To monitor the impacts of landfill on the underground water in the region, three monitoring wells

shall be opened around the area and bottom altitudes and impacts of the area on the environments

shall be monitored from here. The depth of monitoring wells must be in underground water level and

in diameter of 150 mm.

Observation wells must be constructed at locations shown at below figure due to the NNW dipping

stratigraphycal sequence and ESE dipping topographical landforms.

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Figure 3.2 Suggested Points of Observation Well

g Garbage Leachate Stabilization Pond

Leachate shall be collected and brought to stabilization pond. Amount of Leachate is calculated by

considering extraordinary rains and accordingly, a stabilization pond in capacity of 7500 m3 is

designed. As extraordinary rain fall amount, the most rain fallen day (173,6 mm) between years of

1965-2000, in 35-year period, was considered. An adequate safety factor (which is preferably

between 1.10 -1.50) must be considered regarding global warming and its future consequences. The

stabilization pond shall be constructed in the bottom altitude of the area.

h Solid waste lots

Landfills are planned at 3 lots. However, with a revision in the project, 1 and 2 numbered lots are

combined and solid waste landfill design is made on 2 lots. The loading values shall be as follows;

Lot 1 : 247.318 ton

Lot 2 : 356.991 ton

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According to the results of the feasibility study, medical wastes shall also be disposed at the facility in

conformity to the provisions such as separate collection and formation of an independent medical

waste lot. Furthermore provisions of the “Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes” should be taken

into account (as published in the Official Gazette dated 22.07.2005 and numbered 25883). On the

other hand a medical waste sterilization unit was planned in the scope of the application project.

Medical wastes: wastes from hospitals, health clinics, polyclinics, special health establishments,

private hospitals, etc.

i Medical waste sterilization unit

In order to dispose the wastes of hospitals and health clinics in Bergama municipality in a healthy

manner, a medical waste sterilization unit should be operated before disposal of medical waste in

the regular landfill lots. This concept has been considered suitable in accordance with the Regulation

on Medical Wastes (22.07.2005, R.G. 25883). Same regulation also refers to use of chemical and

biological indicators for the applicability of the sterilization process. Also additional periodic

laboratory analysis must be carried out in order to receive certification for sterilization.

Sterilization unit is planned to be auto-loading steam sterilizer, with an approximately capacity of 100

kg/day. This will consume electricity and water, providing sterilization via applying pressured hot

steam (@600oC). No chemicals (oxidizer etc.) will be used and the only emission will be the spent

steam which will be filtered. Because the system will not provide incineration, formation of ash will

not be a concern. Sterilized medical wastes will undergo a shredder and then will be finally disposed

at landfill lots.

j Separation and recovery unit

There will be a separation and recovery unit in the facility area. In this unit, wastes collected at

source individually shall be decomposed. Separation and recovery unit shall consist of sub units such

as waste reception, temporary storage, separator, conditioning of recyclable fraction (plastics,

metals, glass, paper etc.) and finally vehicles. (loader, lifter etc.)

k Storm water drainage system

Surface water drainage plans are prepared to discharge the storm water resulting from rains both

inside and outside of the solid waste regular landfill in Bergama district. This drainage system is

planned to drain the surface water coming from outside of the landfill, the surface water to drop in

November 2007


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lots of which landfill is completed and then covered and the surface water to drop on roads and

empty parts around the area.

Though the solid waste landfill is 95.000 m2, the storm water basin that may come in the area is

about 250ha. However, as the water coming from the basin shall be disposed by means of a bracing

channel around the landfill before it enters into the landfill area, only reserve area suggested for the

landfill area is considered for the storm water intensity.

Estimated lifetimes for Lot 1 and Lot 2 are 13 and 7 years respectively providing a total of 20 years.

l Car park

A car park arrangement for five vehicles shall be made to meet the car park needs of service vehicles

and guest vehicles that may visit the facility.

m Wire fence

Wire fence surrounding the area shall be made to control entrances-exits, to prevent entering of

foreign persons in the area and to determine the boundary of facility. The wire fence shall also

prevent scattering of materials around such as nylon bags, papers that may fly under effect of wind

and entering of all animals in the area. As the dominant wind of region is east-north east, the height

of wire fence at that direction must be about 5 meters.

3.2.5 Other Investments

a Energy

Energy to be provided for the area shall be taken from the energy transfer line of Armağanlar village

in 1700 m west of the area. The energy shall be taken from Armağanlar village energy transfer line,

Yunt mountain 26 no pole owned by TEDAŞ, carried to the facility under high tension and with 50kVA

pole type transformer to be constructed in the facility, fixed facilities and area illumination systems

shall be determined. Use of PCB’s as heat transfer fluid in power transformers must be avoided.

Since they are non-biodegradable and persistent in the environment causing serious human health

problems.

b . Water

It is planned that 7 staff (personnel) will be employed to operate the facility. Daily water

consumption per person is 75 lt×7 = 525 lt. Besides, 1500 liters water is required for building and

November 2007


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environment cleaning and 2500 liters water for vehicle cleaning, so the daily water demand of facility

is 5000 lt.

As the fire hydrants shall be fed from the same system (consumption for hydrants is 4-5lt/s), a 50-ton

water depot is planned for the facility.

This water can be supplied by ground water extraction. To do this, a ground water production well

which will have 150 m depth and 12 ¼” diameter hole and 8 5/8” diameter casing and filter pipes.

This well may be located at neighbor to the Site.

Domestic type waste waters accumulated in the facility shall be collected with impermeable septic

tank. Septic tank shall be emptied by a sewage truck by the municipality and be disposed.

c Transportation

Transportation to the facility shall be ensured by means of 1500 m2 road from Armağanlar village to

the area. During the construction activities, the road shall be coated with asphalt.

The satellite photograph of the planned facility is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Satellite photograph of solid waste landfill plan

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3.2.6 Wastes acceptable by the facility

The source of wastes to be accepted by the facility shall comprise of domestic solid wastes of the

Bergama district. Wastes collected from the health establishments in the district shall be treated in

sterilization unit and disposed in waste lots. Wastes to be collected are as follows;

- Domestic wastes collected from residence

- Wastes from hotels, restaurants, offices, markets etc

- Vegetable and fruit wastes from the fruit - vegetable markets

- Domestic wastes from industry

- Office and domestic wastes from public establishments and institutions

- Domestic wastes of public units of public establishments and institutions

3.3 Rehabilitation of old dump site

3.3.1 Scope

Currently, domestic wastes and industrial and medical toxic wastes from hospitals are being

irregularly stored in a 4.5ha land in Bergama district. Such dumping of wastes in that area causes

formation and production of harmful organisms, emission of gases like methane etc in the

atmosphere, spreading of bad odor in the environment, and because of irregular discharge of gases,

fire and explosion risks occur.

To put under control the methane gas that is one of the greenhouse gases causing the global heating

that treats our earth and all the living things is very significant. As methane gas has a greenhouse

impact 20 times more than carbon dioxide among the greenhouse gases makes disposal of this gas

mandatory.

The current environmental legislation and EU environmental legislation contain provisions and

sanctions on improvement of solid waste old dump site. To prevent existing risks is significant in

respect to compatibility with the legislations.

The main compositions suggested under scope of rehabilitation of old dump site are given under

titles below.

- Slope arrangement

- Barrier arrangement

- Arrangement of filtrate water drainage and collection tank

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- Final cover arrangement

- Gas drainage and disposal

By means of this explained basic approach, secured gas drainage at Bergama old dump site shall be

ensured, odor problem shall be disposed, surface water be drained in a balanced manner, filtrate

water be collected under control, accumulated temporarily and disposed suitably.

3.3.2 Introduction of rehabilitation study

a Slope and barrier arrangement

Slope arrangement may be required in Bergama old dump site. As a result of the slope arrangement,

the waste mass shall have a regular geometry and final cover layers shall be applied in secured

manner. With the slope arrangement, the waste mass shall be given a definite incline (2-3%) and in

this manner, design of drainage system shall be facilitated and its output be increased.

Barrier arrangement is very important in the rehabilitation phase. Barrier must completely surround

the garbage mass and prevent surface water leakage in the garbage mass. During formation of final

cover on the waste mass which is leveled and slopes are arranged, layers forming the final cover shall

be anchored within this barrier.

b Surface water drainage

As the effective factor in formation of surface water is the rain fall, meteorological conditions in the

region are a determinative factor. In addition to rain fall, evaporation is also an important factor.

There is a surface water drainage channel around the landfill area.(Figure 3.3) As this channel has

built before, it must be restored and made available to use. Besides, around the each lot also must

be built drainage channels. These channels it must drain the storm water that will immediately run

because of ground impermeability and incline and must transfer it to the river passing just near the

old dump site.

c Arrangement of final cover layer

There are 1 m soil layer, 15 cm gravel layer under this layer and impermeability layer (clay) on the

final cover section to be applied to the waste level under rehabilitation scope. After the final cover is

applied, when the rehabilitation construction is completed, most of the rainfall on the surface shall

be drained by means of the channel explained above. On the other hand, some part of the rain fall

on the surface shall evaporate and some part of it be kept in the soil and be consumed by soil and

November 2007


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vegetables. The remaining part shall filter from the soil layer and reach to impermeable layer. The

rainfall reaching to that layer shall be drained to the gravelF contented channel established on the

barrier and advancing in a manner to be continuance of the cover layer with impermeable base.

d Gas collection and disposal

The gas forming in the solid waste landfill fields must be collected (drained) and be treated in a

manner not causing any danger. There are two basic choices related to gas drainage and disposal.

- Passive gas disposal

- Active gas disposal

In passive gas disposal, gas is collected by using gas collection wells and then given directly in the

atmosphere. Gas reaches to the atmosphere by means of wells under the effect of pressure in the

waste mass.

In active gas disposal, gas is collected by using gas collection wells and then incinerated in a gas

incineration unit. In this choice, there are also two sub-choices whether to apply a suction system for

collection of gas. With this method, the gas can be incinerated to obtain energy.

Because of the odor problem and as methane gas increases global heating 20 times more than Co2 ,

gas that is collected by means of wells must be incinerated. However, the process to obtain energy

from the incinerated gas was investigated by the company who makes the application project and

not found feasible. Gas collected from wells shall be incinerated by means of open burning method

by using a incineration stack.

After the rehabilitation studies are completed, landscaping arrangement shall be made for natural

and aesthetic appearance of the old dump site. During these studies, garbage moving with wind

around the area shall be collected (bags, papers etc) and rehabilitated dump site shall be used for

purpose of recreation.

3.4 Soil Pollution Analysis Study

Extent of pollution was investigated as a guide for old dumpsite rehabilitation works. Soil samples

were taken for this purpose. Samples were analyzed in an authorized laboratory and existence of

heavy metal contamination was examined in particular. Test results and Limit Values of Soil Pollution

Control Regulation, that should be observed, are given in tables below. (Table 3.2, Table 3.3,)

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Table 3.2 Soil Analysis Results of Old Dumpsite Surroundings

Tests Results mg/kg Dried Soil Test Method

Lead 6,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Cadmium < 0,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Chrome 5,6 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Copper 2,5 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Nickel 3,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Zinc 73 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Quicksilver < 0,1 EPA 3051 (ICP-MSD)

Test Method: EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste

(SW-846)

Table 3.3 Limit Values of Soil Pollution Control Regulation

Heavy Metal (Total) PH 5- 6 mg/kg Dried Soil

PH>6 mg/kg Dried Soil

Lead 50 300

Cadmium 1 3

Chrome 100 100

Copper 50 140

Nickel 30 75

Zinc 150 300

Quicksilver 1 1,5

When the test results are compared with regulation values, they are seen to be below the limit

values. (Table 3.2, Table 3.3) Accordingly it was concluded that no special investment was needed for

direct reclamation of the existing soil in the rehabilitation works.

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3.5 Re-settlement and domestic public development plan

There is no need for re-settlement and domestic public development plan for the project.

3.6 Time content

It is suggested that the project shall meet the solid waste disposal need of Bergama until 2029. After

the project is finished, the construction shall be completed within 12 months. During the first phase

of construction, excavation and digging works and “Lot 3” construction to meet the first 10 –year

period need shall be completed. In the second phase, the landfill to store solid wastes of the second

10-year period shall be completed. The time schedule of the project is given in Figure 3.4.

November 2007


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4Consultancy - Feasibility

Environmental Impact Assesment

Finishing the Application Project

1. Step Construction

Old Dumpsite Rehbilitation

Institutional Structure

Education of Staff

Awareness-raising campaign

Assuming Hardware/Software

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 41. Step Construction

Closure of Dumpsite

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

2024

2013 2014 2015 20162012

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 20302025 2026 2027 2028 2029

2017 2018

Figure 3.4: Time schedule of Bergama Solid Waste Landfill facility project

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4 INITIAL DATA

4.1 General characteristics of project area

4.1.1 Geographical Location

The project area is in 39o03’48’’N, 27o11’58’’E coordinates. The area is in Aegean Region, within

boundaries of İzmir province and in 105 km distance to the city center. The position of project area in

the country is given in Figure 4.1 and its position in İzmir region in Figure 4.2. Transportation to the

province center is realized via highway and its distance to the nearest airport is about 100 km.

Figure 4.1: Position of İzmir Province in Turkey

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Figure 4.2: Position of Bergama District in İzmir province

The position of planned facility in Bergama district is given in Figure 4.3. The facility area is 2km south

of Bakırçay that is the important water source of the region and 10 km to Bergama. From the satellite

photographs, the facility construction left halt can be seen clearly.

Figure 4.3: Position of Bergama solid waste landfill facility project in Bergama District

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4.1.2 Meteorological condition and climatic characteristics

The climate of Bergama and its surrounding is a typical Mediterranean climate, drought and hot in

summers and warm and rainy in winters. In examination of meteorological situation and climatic

characteristics, data obtained in observations made between years of 2002-2006 were used.

a Temperature

The temperature values of Bergama and its surrounding is 4C0 below the region mean.3 These parts

of the region are defined as sub-climate type and called as Aegean mountain climate. As a result of

the observation studies made in the region between years of 2002-2006, the annual mean

temperature was found as 16.6C0. The hottest months of year are July- August and the coldest

months are December-January. The mean temperature values found as a result of the observations

made between years of 2002-2006 are given in Figure 4.4. The highest measured temperature is

41.3C0 and the lowest temperature is -9C0.

Figure 4.4: Mean temperatures in Bergama District according to months (2002-2006)

b Relative humidity

Relative humidity in Bergama is high in winter months and low in summer months. (Table 4.1)

3 İzmir Environmental Report, 2004 (p.42)

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Table 4.1: Mean relative humidity rates measured at Bergama Meteorology station

YIL

JAN

FEB

MA

RC

H

APR

IL

MA

Y

JUN

E

JULY

AU

GU

ST

SEP

OC

T

NO

V

DEC

2002 72 70 70 68 59 56 59 61 67 67 73 72 2003 76 68 63 68 57 48 51 54 62 64 70 71 2004 71 65 61 60 59 55 50 51 57 60 64 70 2005 69 67 65 56 59 50 51 53 56 60 71 69 2006 65 66 63 55 50 48 46 45 58 65 69 67

Average 71 67 64 61 57 51 51 53 60 63 69 70 Units are expressed in percentage %.

c Rain falls

Total annual rain fall in Bergama is 592mm. The highest rainfall mean is in January, February and

November months and the lowest rainfall mean is in July and August months as seen in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: Mean rainfall information in Bergama District

Monthly rainfall values according to years are given in Table 4.2. As it is seen from the differences

between 2005-2006 December and 2004-2005 March months, monthly rainfall intensity can vary

dramatically according to years.

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Table 4.2: Monthly rainfall values measured at Bergama Meteorology Station

Months 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Average

January 31,4 36 0 57 70,5 208,6 30,8 94,4 77,8

February 85,5 57,9 18 146,6 95,2 28,3 209,6 20,5 81,3

March 21,8 24,9 76,4 91,2 78,3 185,8 37,3 124,2 85,9

April 64,9 46,9 37,4 48,4 49,3 38,9 90,6 93,4 56

May 3,9 100,5 9,6 30,8 32,5 36,1 18,2 13 40,7

June 2,6 0 ,39 0,1 1,3 - 0,1 2 1,4

July - 28 - - 0 - 0 - -

August 2 0,1 1,7 0 0,4 8,9 0,3 0 1,7

September 8,1 0 0 2,8 0 21 112,3 0 20,4

October 19,9 14,5 10,2 9,1 68,8 3,9 39,9 48,5 33,2

November 23,6 32,8 110,9 108,5 85 175,7 69,7 84,2 106,9

December 278,7 123,7 93,4 177,8 154,5 82,8 195 206,6 163,2

Annual total 542,6 465,3 361,5 672,3 635,8 790 803,8 686,8 676,3 Units are expressed in millimeters, mm.

d Wind

According to Bergama Meteorology station monitoring records (Table 4.3), the dominant wind

direction is east-south east in the first degree and north east in the second degree.

Table 4.3: Dominant wind and direction according to blowing numbers

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 January 35 NE 34 ENE 32 ENE 34 ENE 46 NE February 21 ENE 40 ENE 29 ENE 30 ENE 28 NE March 34 NE 47 ENE 27 ENE 33 ENE 22 ENE April 25 ENE 37 ENE 33 ENE 28 WSW 26 NE May 27 NE 33 ENE 26 E 25 ENE 25 ENE June 31 NE 50 ENE 25 ENE 36 ENE 31 ENE July 20 NE 36 ENE 43 ENE 41 ENE 50 ENE August 31 ENE 56 ENE 26 E 38 ENE 29 ENE September 23 NE 46 ENE 38 ENE 32 NE 36 ENE October 28 ENE 26 ENE 29 ENE 36 NNE 33 NE November 26 NE 39 ENE 36 ENE 26 NE 31 ENE December 38 ENE 49 ENE 39 ENE 35 NE 39 NE

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e Evaporation

Bergama District meteorology station evaporation records could not be found. Monthly total

evaporation values measured between years of 1990-1997 at Güzelyalı meteorology station in 100

km distance to Bergama are given in Table 4.4. As evaporation density is very low in winter months,

total evaporation values are given for April-November months. Total evaporation values in eight-

month periods varied between 1194mm and 1462 mm and annual mean was realized as 1373mm

Table 4.4: Evaporation information according to months 4

Months 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Average

April 101 99 132 99 118 110 119 85 108

May 170 130 181 136 179 209 187 212 176

June 228 210 226 233 221 253 268 241 235

July 278 236 261 268 270 281 292 296 273

August 243 233 266 246 257 251 270 232 250

September 161 148 197 167 175 184 163 177 172

October 106 99 132 105 89 107 97 107 105

November 66 39 66 56 48 42 60 57 54

Annual total 1353 1194 1461 1310 1357 1437 1456 1407 1372 Units are expressed in millimeters, mm.

4.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics

There is not any surface water source continuously flowing in near surrounding of the project area.

Bakırçay is the nearest surface water source in the area in distance of 1575m. In existing conditions

there is a peripheral channel around the landfill site. This channel is shown in Figure 3.3 with a green

line.

4.1.4 Geological and hydro geological structure

As a result of the geological research, the ground of the area is determined as formed from bottom-

middle myocen old volcanic serial.

4 İzmir Environmental Report, 2004

November 2007


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a Geology

Figure 4.6 Geological Map of Project Area

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The stratigraphycal sequence at this region consists of Yuntdağ Formation volcanites and

sedimentary layers of the Soma Formation as interlayering situation. Yuntdağ Formation consists of

lava, tuffbreccia and laaharic volcanic breccias at this region. Top horizon of this sequence consists of

this tuffbreccias. This unit is a massive, irregularly and rarely jointed soft rock which was formed by

angular small volcanic rock fragments, silt and sand sized material comminuted from these and from

pumice and mineral fragments.

Figure 4.7 View of Rock Formation at the Project Area

Some of these breccias levels are typical laaharic breccias. These are characterized by coarse and

angular lava blocks and fragments. This material were deposited as chaotically, nonsorted.

Figure 4.8 Views of Formation at the Project Area

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Yuntdağı Lavas underlying these. These lavas are massive, beige grey at their weathered surfaces and

pinky very dark grey at fresh parts, mostly with rare phenocrysts and with microcrystalline texture,

hard, fragmented irregularly with cooling joints.

Yuntdağı vulcanite has been deposited at an environment where Soma Formation lacustrine

sediments have already being deposited. Thus, vulcanite are interlayered with chalky marls or

fingered. These sedimentary layers outcropping at a belt at south of Site and at around Armağanlar

Village. These consist of locally thin and regular limestone beds and some medium thick chalky marl

and marly clays.

Figure 4.9 Views of Sedimentary Layers at the Project Area

Contacts of these sedimentary layers are seen as unconformable at locally.

Tuffbreccia layers are being directly outcropping at the Site according to the soil investigation borings

which have been done at the Site. But southern quarter of the Site is covered by a sandy clayey

gravel deposit with maximum 7 m thickness. Gravels are angular, coarse gravel and boulder sized and

lava and tuffbreccia origin.

b Structural Geology

This volcano sedimentary sequence wholly dipping to NNW at Site and its surroundings. Volcanic

cover horizons are being outcropped at whole of these slopes.

On the other side, at outside of the southern margin of the Site a lower belt is being extended

between NE-SW directions. Soma Formation sedimentary layers are being outcropped at this belt

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Figure 4.10 Satellite View of Structural Geology

There is parallel ridge at the SE of this belt, now SSE dipping volcanic cover is being outcropped again.

This spatial distribution exhibits an anticline structure with NE-SW extending axis , at the center of

which Soma Formation sediments are being exposed and Yuntdağı Volcanites cover its NNW and SSE

flanks. The Site is situated at the N’ern flank of this anticline.

c Hydrogeology:

Tuff breccias at where the Site will be laid onto have very limited matrix type permeability. Pressured

water tests which have been conducted during the soil investigation tests resulted Lugeon

Coefficients as L<1. Permeabilities had been estimated at about k=1x10-8 cm/s.

Lavas are impermeable, excluding very small local secondary permeabilities around cooling fractures.

Similarly, Soma Formation is impermeable, excluding some hard limestone layers.

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As has been shown at the below given map which was prepared by DSİ as an attachment to the

Bakırçay Basin Report alluvial plain is situated over a thick and permeable aquifer. There are plenty

of wells constructed in it and provides large amounts of water for irrigation.

Figure 4.11 Hydrogeological Map of the Project Region

The secured reserve of underground water within district boundaries is 38hm3/a. almost all of the

water is drawn by the wells then opened. Underground water within district boundaries generally

locates on bottom lands or alluviums in river valleys. At the geological-geo-technique Study made in

year of 2001, no underground water was determined in the project area.

d Young Tectonic:

The landfill is situated in the Western Anatolia, which is shaped under control of young tectonic

activities that also control the current seismicity.

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Western Anatolia is being broken in the stress environment

specified with movement of the Anatolian Plaque which is

pushed to west along the Northern Anatolian Fault and pulled

at the dip-& sink zone at the Aegean Island Arc..

Mainly E-W Büyük oriented Menderes, Küçük Menderes,

Gediz, Bakırçay, etc. grabens have been formed at the tensile

stress environment thus happened. The investigation area is

situated by the southern side of Bakırçay Graben. Southern

fault of the graben extents from Sindel Village at the southern

side of the Plain and along E-W.

Figure 4.12 Fault Movements

This structures is interrupted by the

Bergama-Foça Fault Zone with NNE-

SSW elongation. This fault, shown on

the “Active Fault Map of Turkey "

published by MTA, has the character

of a regional and alive tensile fault

which also has a slight left lateral

shooting component.

In a 3-page section prepared by Prof

Dr Aykut Barka in the appendix of a

report made prepared by TÜBİTAK

(Appendix 8)

It is stated that there are slopes

remaining from the faults formed by

post-Holosen earthquakes at the

Bergama-Foça Fault Zone of left

lateral shooting with NNE-SSW elongation. According to Barka, activities between 1964-94 at the

Bergama-Foça Fault Zone is very intensive. As a result, Barka states that some faults are alive, some

may be staying passive since Halosen and that an earthquake of M>6 may happen at the Bergama

Catchment and surrounding.

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In a study carried out by JICA, structural counters of the area was mapped with aerial photograph

investigation. Impacts of Bergama-Foça Fault Zone are seen clearly in this map, part of which is

quoted below.

Figure 4.13 Bergama Foça Fault Zone

These data shows that the investigation area is situated in a region with intensive young tectonic

discontinuities.

e Seismicity

It is known that earthquakes are intensively distributed in the Izmir-Bergama region and this

distribution becomes so frequent in some areas to be called as earthquake storm (the map below)

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Figure 4.14 Seismic Activity of West Anatolia

Focus of the 1939 Dikili Earthquake is near Kaynarca between Dikili and Bergama in the Kandilli

records and immediately south of Ovacık in the USGS records.

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In the1939 Earthquake co-intensity map prepared by Salomon-Calvi(1940), the area where the

highest intensity was specified had a shape of arc from Dikili to the east. Intensity of IX was seen in

this area and the intensity was VI around the investigation area.

No doubt that the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone passes 5 km near the Landfill.

Figure 4.15 Intensity Map of Dikili Earthquake

In the "2. GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS" section, prepared by Prof Dr Aykut Barka, of "Izmir Province

Earthquake Scenario" work prepared by ITU and BU academy staff, the Bergama-Foça Fault Zone

November 2007


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(Zeytindağ-Bergama Fault Zone in MTA Alive Fault Map) is examined in more detail and it is described

that the 1919 (M=7) earthquake was happened on this fault and there were also some destructive

earthquakes in this region in historical age. “Figure 4.14” shows that antique Eleaa, Myrina (Aliağa)

and Pitane (Çandarlı) towns here were destroyed in the Earthquake of AD 17. Stating that the AD 175

Earthquake may also be related with this fault, Barka believes that this fault may have left lateral

shooting.

In an assessment made by Prof Ansal (1999) for a natural gas cycling center constructed in a place

quite nearby, it was specified that the design earthquake, in a distance of 50 km, with exceeding

possibility of 10% in 50 year period might be M=6.8. When these values and 5 km focus distance and

3 km depth assumption and Ansal's approach are followed, the horizontal ground acceleration to be

used in the design will be

ah=0.48.

During design of landfill structures and particularly when calculating the resistance against ground

movements of the clay layer to be laid to provide impermeability, it is recommended to consider the

Design Earthquake and parameters introduces above. All the necessary earthquake related measures

(formation of layers, gas handling equipment etc.) should be taken into account during the design

phase.

4.1.5 Flora and Fauna

a Flora

The said land is involved in Mediterranean Phyto-geography (Main Mediterranean) region. This

phyto-geography region comprises of Gelibolu peninsula, west part of Biga peninsula and especially

north coasts of the Marmara Sea, Aegean part of the Aegean Region and the Mediterranean region.

Vegetation in the region mostly has a drought character depending on hot and drought summer

season. For this reason, generally huge green plants with thick, pointed and glossy leafs that require

great light and temperature are seen in the region. The most important property of the plants in this

region is that they are resistant to drought in summer. Plants of the Mediterranean Region are the

plants that do not like hot (such as cactuses) but resistant to hot. Trees and small trees, especially red

pine (Pinus brutia), grow very rapidly in areas where base water is high. Even, in such environments,

biomass increase or growing rate of red pine approaches to trees in equatorial trees. Bush (scrub)

formation in the Mediterranean phyto-geography region begins from the Aegean coast and

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especially by means of tectonic origin depressions, extends to the Inner West Anatolia. Areas where

red pine forests are destroyed are mostly coated with bushes. However, kinds vary significantly. In

general, kermez oaks ((Quercus coccifera) are widely seen on metamorphic schists where the natural

balance is degenerated because of erosion of the soil cover. On the other hand, Daphne (Laurus

nobilis), (Arbutus andrachne), strawberry (Arbutus unedo),mersin (Mrytus communis), broom

((Spartium junceum) are dominant in humid environments and carstic areas.

Frigana or garig is a plant group consists of bushes in height of knee length resulting from demolition

of bush vegetation or excessive pasturage. The most important property of garigs is that they are

yellow in summer months and the appearance of environment becomes very yellow. In fact, garigs

spread in areas where natural balance is greatly degenerated and soils are completely eroded. The

first coming vegetation to such areas is generally the garig members. So, Gragis come to areas where

the natural balance is greatly degenerated in the Mediterranean Vegetable Geography Region and

form stabile vegetation there. Besides, as the garig members have the rapidly spreading ability, they

reach to red pine forests and brushy areas that are destroyed and fields that are abandoned as a

leading plant.

As it is understood from the Turkey Flora and bibliography published by the Flora of Turkey and the

Aegean Islands (Davis, 1965-1988) and Turkey Scientific and technical Research Institute to

determine the plant kinds in the region, many researchers have collected plant samples in the region.

Flora and fauna of the area was determined by Biologist Ahmet İşçen in April-May (2001) months by

means of examinations and land observations, detailed literature screening, estimations and

experiences of the local people. The updating study of flora and fauna information in the region is

being realized by the İstanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, Biologist

Dr. Sülayman Övez.

In the report, flora and fauna is defined with their biotope properties, relative abundance, whether

they are endemic, their general spread in Turkey, bio-geographic region they characterize.

The terrestrial biotopes in the study area are degenerated in great extent because of excessive land

use. Depending on the biotope loss, also the bio-diversity decreases.

As a result of the research made in the region, flora names in near surrounding of the project area

are given below (Table 4.5). The flora kinds seen in the facility land are marked as “+”.

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39

Table 4.5: Project area and near surrounding- flora

FAMILIA-GENUS Seen in the land N.B. Flora Region Spread

1. RANUNCULACEAE (Düğün çiçeğigiller) Clamatis L. (Akasma)

2 Mediterranean West Anatolia

2. MORACEAE (Dutgiller) Morus Alba (Beyaz dut ağacı) Ficus Carica (incir)

4 3

Mediterranean Mediterranean

Wide

3. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (karanfilgiller) Silene behen (gıcı gıcı otu)

3 Mediterranean Wide

4. CRUCIFERAE Alyssum strigosum (otsu çayır bitkisi) Alyssum verna (otsu çayır bitkisi)

+

+

4

4


Wide

Wide

5. CRUCIFERAE Alyssum strigosum (otsu çayır bitkisi) Alyssum verna (otsu çayır bitkisi)

+

+

4

4

Mediterranean

Mediterranean

Wide

Wide

6. ASTERECEAE (papatyagiller) Xanthium spinosum (küçük pıtrak)

+ 4 Mediterranean Wide

7. COMPOSITEAE Anthemis tinctoria (papatya) Calendula arvensis (sarı papatya) Inula viscosa (Yapışkan otu) Spartium junceum (katır tırnağı)

+ +

4 4 3 4

Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean

Wide Wide Wide Wide

8. URTICACEAE (ısırgangiller) Urtica L. (ısırgan) + 3-4 Mediterranean Wide

9. LABIATE Origanum anites (İzmir kekiği) Salvia L. (adaçayı) Mentha L. (nane)

2 4 4

K. N.Mediterranean E.Mediterranean

Tr. Tr. Tr.

10. LEGUMINOSEAE Trifolium globosum (tırfıl) Medicago intertexta (kaba yonca)

4 4


Wide Wide

11. MALVACEAE Malva sylvestris (büyük ebegümeci) Alcea pallida (hatmi)

4 3

Mediterranean West Anatolia

Wide Wide

12. OLEACEAE (zeytingiller) Olea europaea (zeytin)

+

4

Mediterranean

West

Anatolia 13. PAPAVERACEAE (gelincikgiller)

Papaver L. (gelincik) 4 Mediterranean West

Anatolia

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FAMILIA-GENUS Seen in the land N.B. Flora Region Spread

14. FABACEAE (baklagiller) Phaceolus vulgarist (fasulye) Meticago sativa (yonca)

3-4 3-4

N. Mediterranean

N.Mediterranean Wide

Tr. 15. GRAMINEAE

Lolium rigidum (çim bitkisi) Tritieum monococum (buğday) Hordeum bulbosum (arpa)

+

4 4 4

Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean

Wide Wide Wide

16. PINACEAE Pinus brutia (kızılçam) Pinus pinea (çam)

4 4

K.Mediterranean K.Mediterranean

West Anatolia

West Anatolia

17. SCROPHULIACEAE (sıracaotugiller) Veronica cymbalaria (yavşan otu)

4 Mediterranean Wide 18. SOLANACEAE (patlıcangiller)

Solanum tuberasum (patates)

4 O.

K.Mediterranean Wide 19. FAGACEAE

Quercus coccifera (kermes meşesi)

4 O.

K.Mediterranean Wide 20. ERICACEAE

Arbutus unedo (kocayemiş) Arbutus andrachne (sandal)

4 4

O. K.Mediterranean

Wide Wide

21. MYRTACEAE Myrus communis (mersin) Laurus nobilis (defne)

4 4

O. K.Mediterranean

Wide Wide

Abbreviations used in the flora list :

(N.B.) relative abundance: 1: very rare

2: rare

3: abundant

4: very abundant

5: forms a pure population

Flora Region i: K: north

D: east

B: west

O: middle

Mediterranean : Mediterranean flora element

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Spreading in Turkey: Wide: almost all around Turkey

Tr.: Turkey

Observation of Flora

In the studies carried out by Biologist Dr. Süleyman Övez in August 17, 2007, at the site that is

considered as the location to deposit solid waste of the Bergama District, a very poor plant

community was seen in the area within the borders of the study site (Figure 4.16). This situation is

also seen in photographs taken from the space. There is no herbaceous or ligneous plant and no

species of trees were seen in the major part (about %80) of the site considered as the landfill.

However there is a brushwood and maquis area at the eastern part of the study site borders that

may be marked as flora. It was determined the floristic structure in the entire site has disappeared or

there are some very rate herbaceous roadside plants. No notable structure was seen in this study site

other than few roadside thorns, marquis and bush. It is immediately seen that desert and infertile

structure and the land and inexistence of surface water source cause a negative effect on flora

population and diversity.

Figure 4.16 General Views of the Study Site

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b Fauna

The fauna of the study area was determined by means of field observations made on different dates,

detailed literature screening, and experiences of the local people. Living environments of kinds,

whether they are hunted animals in Turkey, and their risk classes according to Red Data Book were

determined. Risk classes only exist for birds in the fauna.

A.1 : extinct kinds or kinds in danger of extinct

A1.1 : extinct kinds

A1.2 : kinds whose individual number is between 1-25 couples all around Turkey

A2 : kinds whose individual numbers are below 26-50 couples and under big risk in regions they

spread

A3 : kinds whose individual numbers are between 51-200 couples but decreased in number in

some regions

A4 : kinds who are decreased in some regions though their individual numbers are high

B : kinds who temporarily come to Turkey and be under risk when their biotopes are destroyed

B1 : kinds who use the Anatolia in winters but not reproduce in the Anatolia

B2-B3 : kinds who pass from the Anatolia in transit or use the Anatolia in winters and whose risk

degree is lower

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Table 4.6: Regional fauna list

Familia Genus Sp. Living

environment

Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern agreement

CLASSIS: INSECTA (INSECTS) Coccinellidae (ladybirds)

Coccinella septempunctata (Ladybirds)

Bushy land - - -

Diploptera (wasps)

Vespa crabro (wasp)

Bushy land - - -

Musca domestica Black fly land - - - Apininae (honey-bees)

Apis mellifera (honey-bee) land - - -

Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Living environment

Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern agreement

CLASSIS: AMPHIBIA (FROGS) Rana ridibunda

(frog) Land - - Appendix list III

CLASSIS: REPTILIA (REPTILES)

Agamidae Agama stellio (Dikenli keler) Rocky area - - Appendix

list III

Sauria Lacertidae Ophisops elegans (field lizard)

Field, desert area - - Appendix

list III

Scincidae Ablepharus kitaibeli (thin lizard)

Field, rocky and brushy

area - - Appendix

list III

Ophidia Colubridae Coluber jugularis (black snake

Brushy area, field - - Appendix

list III

Eirenis modestus (snake)

Brushy area, field - - Appendix

list III

Testudines Testudinidae Testudo graeca (Adi tosbağa)

Field, road edge - - Appendix

list III

Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern agreement

CLASSIS: AVES (BIRDS)

Columbiformes Columbidae (pigeons)

Columba palumbus (Tahtalı güvercin) - A4 -

Streptopelia decaocta (Dove) - - -

Streptopelia turtur (turtle dove)

Hunted in permitted seasons

A2 -

Coracuformes Coracidae (raven family)

Coracias garrulus (Raven)

Hunted freely A2 -

Upupidae (Çavuşkuşugiller)

Upupo epops (Çavuşkuşu) - A2 -

Upupidae (Çavuşkuşugiller)

Upupo epops (Çavuşkuşu) - A2 -

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Passeriformes Motocillidae (Kuyruksallayangiller)

Motacilla flava (Sarı kuyruksallayan) - - -

Troglodytidae (Çitkuşları)

Troglodytes troglodytes (Wren)


A3 -

Turdus merula (Blackbird)


- -

Paridae (Baştankaragiller)

Parus ater (Çam Baştankarası)


- -

Parus major (Büyük Baştankara)


- -

Pica pica (Magpie) - - -

Passeridae (sparrow family)

Passer domesticus (home sparrow) - - -

Fringillidae (snowbird family)

Carduelis carduelis (Saka) - A4 -

CLASSIS: MAMMALIA (mammals ) Rodentia (rodents)

Soricidae (house mouse)

Crocidura russula (house mouse) - - Liste III

Moridae (long tail mouses)

Mus musculus (house rat) - - -

Felidae Felis domesticus (cat) - - -

Table 4.7: Fauna of Project area and surroundings

Familia Genus Sp. Living environment

Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern Agreem

ent

CLASSIS: INSECTA (INSECTS) Coccinellidae (ladybirds)

Coccinella septempunctata (lady birds)

Brushy land - - -

Musca domestica Black fly Land - - - Apininae (honey-bee)

Apis mellifera (honey-bee) Land - - -

Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Living environment

Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern Agreem

ent

CLASSIS: AMPHIBIA Rana ridibunda

(frogs) Land - - Ek Liste III

CLASSIS: REPTILIA (REPTILES)

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Eirenis modestus (snake)

Brushy, field - - Ek Liste III

Ordo Familia Genus Sp. Mer. Av. Kom. Ka.

Red Data Book

Bern Agreem

ent

CLASSIS: AVES (BIRDS)

Streptopelia decaocta (dove)

- - -

Troglodytidae (wrens)

Troglodytes troglodytes (Wren)


A3 -

Turdus merula (Blackbird)


- -

Passeridae (sparrow family)

Passer domesticus (house sparrow) - - -

Fringillidae (snowbird family)

Carduelis carduelis (Saka) - A4 -

CLASSIS: MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)

Moridae (long-tail mouse)

Mus musculus (house rat) - - -

Kinds that are under protection according to the Agreement on Protection of Wild Life and Living

Environments of Europe can be found in regions near the facility area. Besides, there are animal

kinds who are under protection or hunted in some definite permitted seasons in pursuant to the

resolution of the Central Hunting Commission of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, National

Parks, Hunting and Wild Life General Directorate in 1998-1999. However, these kinds are not only

peculiar to that region and can continue their life in a very wide area. According to the Agreement on

Protection of Wild Life and Living Environments of Europe (BERN) published in the Official Gazette

dated 20.02.1984 and numbered 18318, the kinds in the region shall be protected.

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Observation of Fauna

In the studies carried out by Biologist Dr. Süleyman Övez in August 17, 2007, at the site that is

considered as the location to deposit solid waste of the Bergama District, during the investigations

and observation performed, very few faunal structures species was seen in the area within the

borders of the study site also due to the floristic structure. Several bird species (bee eaters, sparrows

and magpies) flying around the land, which is considered as the landfill, and bees, lizard and insects,

that may be seen almost everywhere in this region, were seen. Since there are no trees in the study

site and it is a very droughty place, wild life of higher organization and mammals were not

encountered. It seems to be an ecological environment that cannot provide requirements (water,

food, shelter, hiding, hunting, etc.) needed to perform vital activities of the faunal structure because

there are no water sources and the flora is poor and has no diversity. Thus, the study area is far away

from being an environment to be preferred by the faunal structure (Figure 4.16) and it is a quite

desert structure. It is very difficult for the faunal structure to meet its primary hunting and sheltering

needs at such a dry and infertile environments. Since it will not be preferred because in particular it

lacks shelters that mammals, wild life and birds can make nests, hunt, reproduce or lay egg, and

because there are no trees of higher organization and with fruits, and no surface fresh water source,

the study site will not cause any threatening element for the faunal structure. However, there are

more appropriate sites with green trees to become habitats for the faunal structure around and 2-3

km away from the landfill.

4.1.6 Protection Areas

In and around the facility, there are no national parks, natural parks, watery areas, nature

monuments, archeological heritage, wild life protection areas, wild animal raising areas, cultural

assets, natural assets, sit and protection areas, bio-diversity reserve areas, biosphere reserves, ,

potential water resources protection areas, tourism areas and other protection areas.

4.1.7 Forestry areas

Although facility area is shown in the cadastral plan under the name of forestry area does not show

any characteristics of being forest.

The required prior authorization was received from the Directorate of Forestry District. (No:

18.KD.33/02-G-ÇED.185-347 Date: August, 2000)

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4.1.8 Roads to be used for transportation of wastes

There are some possible road alternative where surrounding of the lots but final alignments of this

service roads will be determined after projects being finalized.

The alignment of the road to be used by trucks carrying clay from clay yards to the landfill area is

shown in 1/50 000 scale map in appendix.

This map also shows the alignment of the main roads connecting facility to Armağanlar village.

4.2 Socio-economical conditions

4.2.1 Population

Population of the Bergama city center determined in previous censuses is given in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Census results in Bergama

Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 2000 population 21.689 24.121 27.044 29.749 34.716 38.849 42.554 46.880 52.100

The population projection is given below which prepared for the Final Feasibility report of Feasibility

Report Consultancy Services, Bergama Municipality that was prepared by “Erbil-Temelsu Joint

Enterprise “ and approved by the İller Bank General Directorate, Project Planning and Road

Department for “Group A Municipalities” is given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Population projection of Bergama district

Year population Year population Year population

2007 57.552 2015 64.325 2023 71.098

2008 58.398 2016 65.172 2024 71.944 2009 59.245 2017 66.018 2025 72.791 2010 60.092 2018 66.865 2026 73.638 2011 60.939 2019 67.711 2027 74.484 2012 61.785 2020 68.558 2028 75.331 2013 62.632 2021 69.405 2029 76.177 2014 63.478 2022 70.251 2030 77.024

The total population of the district was 110.249 people in 1997 census. 61.8% of total population is

men and 32.2% is women. 22.6% of the population in Bergama district is between ages of 0-11 and

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22.2% is between ages of 12-19. 48.7% of the population consists of 20-64 age group and 4.6% of 65-

98 age groups5.

4.2.2 Economical characteristics

32 % of economically active population in Bergama district works in manufacturing industry, 17% in

agriculture, 11% in construction, 10% retail sale, 6% in transportation, 18% social services and 3% in

other activities.

Majority of the public works in agricultural fields and factories in the near surrounding. The income

level of the public is medium and below medium. Rural life is widespread in plain area villages. The

life standard in mountain villages is low. The people here earn their money from cereal plantation

and livestock production.

When dispersion of active population in the business area is considered, 40.9% of active population

consists of employees. Family worker people make 34.9% of active population and people who work

for their own make %20 of active population.

4.2.3 Social infrastructure

While 16.3% of Bergama district population is not literate, 83.7% of it is literate. 16.3% of population

is not graduated from any educational institute, 51,5% is primary school graduates, 6.6% is secondary

school or equivalent school graduates, 5.4% is high school graduates, 1.5 is vocational school

graduates and 2.4% is college graduates16.

Bergama is a historical and cultural heritage district which is being visited by many tourists. There is a

museum in the district containing 10.516 art works.

Transportation to the district is made by means of highway from center of İzmir city and Balıkesir,

Çanakkale city centers. In addition to primary and secondary schools, there is also a college in

Bergama district. A public library gives service to the people in Bergama.

5 DİE, 1997

6 DİE, 1999

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5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

5.1 Benefits of Project

5.1.1 Protection and improvement of public health

Through strengthening of institutional structure and raising awareness of the public, problems being

faced during garbage collection and disposal shall be minimized and be completely removed at the

end of a definite process. Besides, prospect fire and explosion risk resulting from landfill gases shall

be disposed.

5.1.2 Prevention of soil pollution

Since the solid waste will be layed on a lot where all surfaces being coated by some materials to

satisfy the required impermeability criteria. As recyclable wastes shall be recovered and solid wastes

in the landfill shall be compressed in conformity to the prescribed technique, the solid waste volume

storable in the same area shall increase and lesser area shall be used as a solid waste landfill.

5.1.3 Prevention of water pollution

At present, leachate of stored solid wastes reaches to the underground water layer, this pollutes the

underground water, rainfall water that contacts to wastes in raining periods reaches to Bakırçay by

means of surface flow and causes pollution. Annually 25.000 m3 water is being polluted coming to

waste landfill by means of storm water. This negative impact shall be removed when the existing

area is improved and the new area with drainage system is used. Leachate to be collected from the

planned landfill will be disposed of by recirculating with back spraying method to the site for first 4

years of the plant, then it will be treated in coming years by conveying to the municipal wastewater

treatment plant to be constructed. With rehabilitation of old dump site, the pollution impact of that

area on underground water shall be minimized.

5.1.4 Prevention of air pollution

After the existing area is closed, gas emission shall be put under control and in case it reaches to

rates that may cause negative effects, it will be incinerated and disposed. As the gas shall be

incinerated in high heats in the new landfill, its negative effects on air quality shall be disposed.

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5.1.5 Recycling

Recycling is the most positively recognized and practical waste management application. Recycling

ensures recyclable materials in urban solid wastes to be separated and converted into production.

Thanks to recycling, limited mine sources are protected and lesser raw material and energy is used.

Besides, recycling increases the service life of waste landfill facilities.

5.1.6 Income obtained from recyclable wastes

Collection of recycling wastes at source and their separation at the regular solid waste landfill shall

ensure obtaining of income from selling of such materials. Through awareness –raising campaigns,

collection at source shall increase and cleaner and more regular materials be obtained and this shall

increase the selling value of materials. Besides, by converting these materials to raw materials and

reproducing them, indirect benefit shall be ensured to the economy of our country.

5.2 Environmental impacts of project and impact mitigation measures

5.2.1 Soil

a Excavation

Digging in the project area shall be realized during excavation works to be made for preparation of

landfill lots and construction of other units. Excavation of the 1st lot has been completed in great

extent and not important digging shall be made in that construction. Digging in construction of the

2nd lot shall be used in establishment of barrier. If sufficient amount of digging cannot be removed in

this manner, the remaining digging shall be used as a daily cover layer of solid waste cells, to cover

above side of landfill and as a final cover in rehabilitation of existing wild dump site.

Municipality shall ensure waste management in a manner to minimize the negative impacts of

digging soil, construction and debris wastes on human health and environment in conformity to the

Regulation on Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes published in the Official

Gazette dated 18.03.2004 and numbered 25406. This regulation, mainly favors the reuse of

excavation soil and other construction wastes. Excavation soil shall be reused as cover soil for the

landfill as advised in the regulation. The activity owner shall obtain necessary permits and approvals

in phases of formation, transportation and landfill of digging (excavation) soil, construction and

debris wastes, collect such wastes according to their compositions, recycle them, eliminate harmful,

dangerous or foreign matters in wastes, cover all expenses to be made for purpose of waste

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management, compensate all losses resulting from accidents that may occur during phases of

formation, transportation and landfill of wastes and remove contamination resulting from the

accident.

b Base impermeability material

In the geotechnical studies carried out, natural base of the 2nd lot, which is excavated in the present

case in the dumpsite, was seen to be impermeable, with permeability values7 between 0,5*10-10 –

1,3*10-10 m/sec. A 10 cm thick sand layer will be formed at the bottom of this lot and the drainage

pipes will be laid in this layer. A 30 cm thick gravel drainage layer will be formed on the sand layer.

The base impermeability system will be constructed in accordance with the Regulation on Control of

Solid Wastes. (Official Gazette dated 14.03.1991 and numbered 20814).

Since the base of lot no 1 to be excavated sits on the alluvium layer, it will be covered with two

impermeable clay layers of 30 cm thickness. 10 cm thick sand layer, in which the drainage pipes are

placed, and two coats of clay layers each being 30 cm thick will be laid on these clay layers. Clay shall

be laid and compressed in at last 30 cm layers on places where coating of impermeability material is

required and a clay layer in thickness of 60 cm shall be established. The compressing shall be made

by wetting and crack formation be prevented. For this process and for other clay needs, clay to be

purchased from a clay yard in 24.5 km distance to the facility shall be used. The said clay both meets

the impermeability values given in the regulation on control of solid wastes (Official Gazette dated

14.03.1991 and numbered 20814) and gives a very high proctor values7.

c Geotechnical Assessment

The landfill and all its structures will be located directly on tuff breaches of Yuntdağı Vulcanite

Formation.

Tuff breaches have characteristics of soft rock. Free Pressure Resistance was found as

qu=13-18 Mpa (Mega Pascal) (132 – 185 kg/cm2)

There is no excavation difficulty. It can be excavated with any kind of excavation machine.

Bearing Power of this unit is high and in the design of structure foundations, it can be takes as

7 Pre examination and Design Report, Gentek Engineering Consulting Co. (April, 2007)

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qall= 300 kPa=3,0 kg/cm2 .

No consolidation settlement may happen at pedestrian environment under structure and landfill

loads; elastic settlements cannot exceed few millimeters because of the height of the elasticity

module of the rock environment.

In the excavations to be made in the landfill area, excavation slopes may stay still be durable in the

long run and under earthquake loads with 1/1 (horizontal/vertical) slope.

Since the slope inclination is <15° in the place of landfill and the ground environment is made of rock

with high sliding resistance, there is no possibility of slope activity undurable in the long term.

5.2.2 Air Quality

a Using of fossil fuels

The work machines at the landfill and other sections of facility, trucks coming from clay yard and

garbage collection vehicles shall cause incineration of fossil fuels such as fuel oil and emission of

polluting gases. However, it is considered that such amounts will not cause significant change in the

air quality of region. It is planned to use 1 compactor, 1 loading ladle and 10 Trucks at the facility.

b Dust emissions

The processes that may cause dust emission before commissioning of the project are digging for

construction, land arrangements, transportation and unloading of construction materials etc. The

pollutant kinds resulting from such processes are particular matters and dust. Every matter bigger

that one molecular size (0,0002μm) , smaller than 500μm size and can be suspended in air for a while

is involved in the particular class.

Dusting ,whether resulting from natural reasons or artificial reasons, is a pollution kind that shortens

visibility range, changes the band absorbing sunbeams, and has negative impact on human, animal

and plant health. Dusts smaller than 1μm behave in manner of gases ,and enter into lugs by passing

from upper and bottom respiratory track.

During excavations and diggings, the following measures given in Article7, paragraph 5 of the

Regulation on Control of Air Pollution shall be fulfilled;

- Wind preventing soil stacks are established in the area, vegetables preventing the wind are

implanted and wind protector is placed.

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- Above parts of carriers are closed

- Loading and unloading is made without throwing

- Above of materials are covered with a nylon cloth

- Upper layers of digging soil are kept at 10% humid.

- Irrigation is made on road to prevent dusting

No explosion process causing dust emission shall be realized during the excavation works.

c Landfill gas

As there is no composting or incineration unit, all of the organic wastes shall be brought to landfill.

Wastes shall enter into biological reaction and subject to organic degradation at the landfill. After the

landfill filler is established, as contact of solid wastes with air shall be prevented, anaerobic reaction

shall star after the existing oxygen is consumed. Degradation process occurs in 4 phases:

1st phase: oxidation

2nd phase: anaerobic sour fermentation

3rd phase: unbalanced anaerobic methane fermentation

4th phase: balanced anaerobic methane fermentation

In the first phase, oxygen inside of wastes is consumed and after wastes are covered with other

wastes, soil and another material, the first decaying process starts. In this phase, complex organic

compounds (oils, protein, cellulose) decompose to basic compounds (amino acids, lipids, sugar etc).

In the second phase, the basic compounds formed in the first phase are converted to H2, Co2 and

lipids. As in this phase the lipid concentration increases in great rate, the name of this phase is the

“sour fermentation”. If wastes contact to air in this phase, their odor emissions will very high. In this

phase, contamination level of leachate is also very high.

In the third and fourth phases, intermediate products of the second phase are converted to CH4

(methane), CO2 and H2O. These gases are the final product and the compounds determining the

properties of landfill gas.

The above processes are very complex. As the conversion speeds in such processes can change in

different parts of the landfill body, four phases develop in parallel in the landfill body. Properties of

leachate and landfill gas vary depending on age of the landfill body.

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As a result of these anaerobic reactions, landfill gas in high concentrations containing CH4, CO2, water

and various trace compounds (ammonium ,H2S and volatile organics) shall be produced.8 The other

trace matters are benzene, toluene, sulfur dioxide, methylene chloride. Typical compound of landfill

gas is given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Typical compound of landfill gas

Compound %

CH4 48-48 (55)

CO2 34-45

N2 < 1~20

O2 < 1~5

H2 < 1~5

Water steam < 1~5

Trace compounds (volatile organics < 1~3

During the first years of landfill activities, oxygen concentration shall be very high and methane

concentration shall be very low. The reason of this is that the oxygen in wastes they bear before they

are stored shall cause an oxygenous (aerobic) medium in that period.

The quality of landfill gas and production rate of landfill gas varies depending on the following

conditions;

- Composition of waste (carbon concentration , nutrient content, existence of compounds

(inhibitors) preventing degradation reactions, humid rate, etc)

- Pre-treatment degree of wastes ( waste decreasing, recycling, composting)

- Kind and degree of compression

- Operation type of landfill

- Kind and thickness of cover layer

- Amount of wastes

- Geometry and hydro-geological properties of landfill

- Climate (temperature, evaporation)

8 Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Environmental Management General Directorate, Solid Waste Master Plan, Vol.1, 2006, p.181

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Per ton of disposed domestic wastes forms approximately 100-400 m3 landfill gas during the life

of landfill. 60% of landfill gas forms within 10 years after the waste is stored. This figure increases

to 90% within 15-20 years. In case inorganic matters such as construction wastes and rubbles are

disposed at landfills, formation of landfill gas shall be lesser. Gas formation is more limited in

such areas as a result of inhibition on disposal of dangerous wastes.

At solid waste landfills, there are literature and observational data related to gas formation.

However, if only landfill is ensured, gas drainage can be performed productively.

To determine the gas formation potential at the facility, Tabasaran-Rettenberger (1987) correlation

was used. Gas formation projection is shown in Table 5.2.

Gt = 1,868 × Co × (0,014 × θ + 0,28) × (1-10-kt)

Gt: total landfill gas amount to be produced until t.year , m3

k: landfill gas production speed constant, year-1 (0,035-0,04)

t: period passing from acceptance year for waste to waste landfill period ,year

Co: total organic carbon amount in stored solid waste (170-220 kg/ton)

θ: temperature in the landfill facility (30-35oC)

Table 5.2: The projection of landfill gas

Year

Garbage amount to be accumulated

Gas amount to form

ton/day ton/year m3/year m3/hour

2009 59.245 55,7 23.700 604.794 69 2010 60.092 57,1 24.231 1.165.598 133 2011 60.939 58,5 24.762 1.692.819 194 2012 61.785 59,9 25.299 2.182.247 250 2013 62.632 61,4 25.842 2.644.220 303 2014 63.478 62,8 26.391 3.073.704 352 2015 64.325 64,3 26.946 3.480.897 398 2016 65.172 65,8 27.508 3.860.040 442 2017 66.018 67,3 28.075 4.221.244 483 2018 66.865 68,9 28.649 4.558.061 522 2019 67.711 70,4 29.229 4.880.637 559 2020 68.558 72,0 29.815 5.190.312 594 2021 69.405 73,6 30.408 5.479.712 627 2022 70.251 75,2 31.006 5.759.109 659 2023 71.098 76,8 31.611 6.020.545 689 2024 71.944 78,4 32.222 6.274.457 718 2025 72.791 80,1 32.839 6.512.306 745

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Year

Garbage amount to be accumulated

Gas amount to form

ton/day ton/year m3/year m3/hour

2026 73.638 81,7 33.462 6.744.713 772 2027 74.484 81,7 33.462 6.948.161 795 2028 75.331 82,5 33.759 7.141.385 817 2029 76.177 83,3 34.065 7.315.791 837 2030 77.024 6.702.877 767 2031 6.141.314 703 2032 5.626.797 644 2033 5.155.387 590 2034 4.723.471 541 2035 4.327.741 495 2036 3.965.165 454 2037 3.632.965 416 2038 3.328.597 381 2039 3.049.729 349 2040 2.794.224 320 2041 2.560.126 293 2042 2.345.640 269 2043 2.149.123 246 2044 1.969.071 225 2045 1.804.103 207 2046 1.652.956 189 2047 1.514.472 173 2048 1.387.590 159 2049 1.271.339 146 2050 1.164.827 133 2051 1.067.238 122 2052 963.778 110 2053 868.830 99

The landfill gas shall be collected through vertical gas wells established on waste lots. The collected

gas shall be incinerated with torches on stacks and emissions of methane gas and trace compounds

in atmosphere shall be prevented.

During the operation period, together with the increased waste level, waste stacks shall also be

developed. Gas collection wells shall be constructed by using 16/32 mm carbonate free gravels in

perforated polyethylene pipe placed in a steel frame and area between the pipe and frame.

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d Odor

After the wastes are laid on the area, they shall be compressed with a compactor in the landfill and

be covered with soil. This method shall decrease the odor formation as much as possible and also the

reproduction of fly and insects.

5.2.3 Water quality

a Leachate

One of the most important compounds that must be controlled at the solid waste landfills is the

garbage leachate. Leachate has very pollutant concentration especially during the first years of

landfill. The characteristic pollution concentrations of landfill leachate according to years are given in

Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Leachate contamination concentrations at solid waste landfill facilities 9

Parameter 1.Year 5. Year 16. Year

pH 5,2-6,4 5,0-6,6 5,6-6,1 COD 10.000-40.000 8000 400

BOD5 7500-28.000 4000 80 TOK 7300-16.350 83-9150 108-3080

NH3-N 56-482 36 10 Top-P 25-35 12 8 Total Solid matter 10.000-33.000 718-18.400 1920-5350 Total volatile solid matter 5350-20.330 124-10.300 770-3300 Alkalinity 600-800 1330 70 Chloride 620-1880 5,3-730 115-193 Cd - < 0,05 < 0,05 Mn 75-125 0,06 0,06 Cu - < 0,5 < 0,5 Fe 210-325 6,3 0,6 Pb - 0,5 1 SO4 400-650 2 2 Zn 10-30 0,4 0,1

9 T.C. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Environment Management General Directorate Waste Management Presidency ,Solid Waste Master Plan Final Report Volume 1,2006

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As shown in Table 5.3, pollution parameters begin to decrease in a certain time. Disposal of the

leachate is difficult because of the high pollutant concentrations it contains. This natural requirement

has been determined also with national and international legislation.

Regulation on Control of Solid Waste, Clause 26 states that the landfill base should be made

impermeable to avoid mixing of leachate with groundwater, and it should be collected and disposed

of with a drainage system made at the landfill bottom. In this project, leachate will be collected with

the drainage system and accordingly will be deposited in an impermeable lagoon to be constructed.

Leachate Collection System

Once the leachate drainage pipes are laid on the bottom of the landfill site, about 50 cm thick

drainage layer will be formed with 16-32 mm gravels. This drainage layer will ensure that the

leachate generated from the solid waste will reach in controlled manner to the drainage pipes, and

the leachate will be drained to the leachate collection tank by pipes. Permeability coefficient of this

drainage layer will be k≥10-3. Leachate drainage lines are planned only at the base part of the landfill;

pipes will be perforated HDPE pipes and minimum 1% inclination will be given to provide flow with

gravity.

b Leachate Lagoon and Amount Calculation

Leachate amount and maximum rainfall in the region should be considered in calculation of the

volume of the leachate lagoon. 173 mm rainfall for 24 hours of precipitation with 35 year periods has

been taken as a meteorological data in tank design of the project. Rainfall catchment areas of lots

have also been provided in the Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Rainfall catchment areas of lots

Lot Number Area (m2) Rainfall catchment areas (ha)

Lot 1 37135 3,71

Lot 2 18541 1,85

Total 55676 5,57

• Lot-2 Leachate Calculation

A = Leachate of waste with domestic origin (Daily Waste Amount x 10 %)

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B = Leachate from precipitation (173 mm rainfall for 24 hours with 35 year periods)

A = 100 ton/day x 10 % = 10 m3/day

B = 18541 m2 x 173 mm = 3208 m3/day

Qlot-2A = A +B = 321 m3/day

• Lot-2 Leachate Calculation

A = 100 ton/day x 10 % = 10 m3/day

B = 37135 m2 x 173 mm = 6425 m3/day

Qlot-2A = A +B = 6435 m3/day

c On-Site Treatment Alternative

The leachate treatment requires using of serial treatment processes together to realize the desired

treatment level. A process chain that will meet the change in composition and altitude of leachate

depending on age of the solid waste landfill must be established. In selection and design of a

treatment facility, the following factors must be considered.

- Character of leachate: organic and inorganic matter content

- Harmfulness potential: high concentrations of organic and inorganic poisonous chemical

matters

- Discharge alternatives: surface water, city sewer system, treatment in land, recovery on

landfill

- Treatment degree: leachate composition, discharge standards (Please see Table 5.6)

- Treatment ability studies: obtained experimental data, applicable technologies

- Operation: maintenance and repair of equipment, personnel security training, analytic tests

- Cost: to determine necessary budget, construction of final cover layer

Changing of compositions of leachate depending on the age of landfill requires application of

different treatment processes. Treatment of leachate by means of physical-chemical methods in

young landfills is not sufficient in respect to organic matter removal when compared to biological

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processes. On the other hand, physical –chemical treatment gives good results on stabilized leachate

collected in old dumpsites.

For the leachate, there are two discharge standards as in other waters.

- The discharge standard in city sewerage network system

- The discharge standard in receiving water body. (Regulation on Water Pollution Control)

The waste water permitted to be discharged in the city waste water network must give the values in

Table 25 of the “Water Pollution Control” directive in Turkey. These values are given in Table 5.5.

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Table 5.5: Standards for discharge of wastewater into wastewater infrastructure (sewerage)

PARAMETER

At wastewater infrastructure facilities of which sewerage network

systems result with complete treatment

At wastewater infrastructure facilities of which sewerage network systems result with sea

outfall

Temperature (˚C) 40 40

pH 6.5-10.0 6.0-10.0

Solid matter in suspension (mg/L) 500 350

Oil and grease (mg/L) 250 50

Bitumen and petroleum origin oils (mg/L)

50 10

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L)

4000 600

Sulfate (SO4=) (mg/L) 1700 1700

Total sulfide (S) (mg/L) 2 2

phenol (mg/L) 20 10

Free chlorine (mg/L) 5 5

Total azot (N) (mg/L) - (a) 40

Total phosphor (P) (mg/L) - (a) 10

Arsenic (As) (mg/L) 3 10

Total cyanide (Total CNˉ) (mg/L) 10 10

Total lead (Pb) (mg/L) 3 3

Total cadmium (Cd) (mg/L) 2 2

Total chrome (Cr) (mg/L) 5 5

Total mercury (Hg) (mg/L) 0.2 0.2

Total copper(Cu) (mg/L) 2 2

Total nickel (Ni) (mg/L) 5 5

Total zinc (Zn) (mg/L) 10 10

Total tin (Sn) (mg/L) 5 5

Total silver (Ag) (mg/L) 5 5

Clˉ (chloride) (mg/L) 10000 -

Surface active matters that give reaction with methylene MBAS) (mg/L)

Discharge of matters of which biological degradation is not in conformity to the standards of Turkish Standards Institute is banned in principle.

Following the chemical+ biological treatment for leachate, pretreatment limits (Table 5.5 -

COD<4000mg/l) might be provided. However, the receiving water discharge limits (Table 5.6 -

COD<700mg/l) cannot be provided with only chemical+ biological treatment so an additional 2nd

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phase biological treatment (anaerobic - aerobic), and even membrane treatment with ultra

filtration+ nano filtration might be required. For discharge of leachate in surface water (receiving

water), limits given in the “Water Pollution Control” Directive Table 20.6” for Solid Waste Assessment

and Disposal Facilities must be provided (in 24-hour composite samples COD<500mg/l, TKN<15mg/l).

Table 5.6 Receiving water discharge limits for solid waste disposal facilities

PARAMETER UNIT COMPOSITE SAMPLE FOR 2

HOURS

COMPOSITE SAMPLE FOR 2

4 HOURS

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L) 700 500

Total Kjeldahl-Nitrogen (mg/L) 20 15

Suspended solids (AKM) (mg/L) 200 100

Oil and grease (mg/L) 20 10

Total phosphorus (P) (mg/L) 2 1

Total chrome (mg/L) 2 1

Chrome (Cr+6) (mg/L) 0.5 0.5

Lead (Pb) (mg/L) 2 1

Total cyanide (CNˉ) (mg/L) 1 0.5

Cadmium (Cd) (mg/L) 0.1 -

Iron (Fe) (mg/L) 10 -

Fluoride (Fˉ) (mg/L) 15 -

Copper (Cu) (mg/L) 3 -

Zinc(Zn) (mg/L) 5 -

Fish bio-experiment (ZSF) - 10

pH - 6-9 6-9

An on-site treatment plant requires high capital costs and high level operation, also ensuring the

discharge limits is very important. For these reasons, while proposing a system, financial capacity of

the municipality, qualified stuff availability and whether they can operate such a treatment system

must be considered. The flow diagram for the proposed (ERBİL-TEMELSU Feasibility Report, 2005)

leachate treatment system is given in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Flow Diagram for Leachate Treatment System

Lime Prep. Tank

Lime Prep. Tank Slow Mixing Lime Prep. Tank Flash Mixing Flow Equalization Tank

Acid Prep. Tank

Neutralization Tank

Sedimentation Tank

Biological Treatment (Package)

Leachate

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In the scope of the feasibility study (ERBİL-TEMELSU, 2005), a design of necessary chemical treatment

and package biological treatment systems were proposed.

d Leachate Recirculation System

Leachate will be conveyed from the collection tank to the landfill via recirculation system. With the

recirculation process, it is aimed to reduce flowrate and pollution load of the leachate and to speed up

the decomposition reactions in the landfill.

Leachate recirculation may be performed in two ways:

- Raining method; Applied if top cover soil of landfill is permeable.

- Trickling or injection recirculation; may be performed with aid of pressurized perforated pipes laid

below the cover layer or with aid of trenches or injection wells bored in the landfill. (Figure 5.2, Figure

5.3)

This disposal method will not be continuous in this project. Thus the raining method has been proposed

regarding its operation and control advantages.

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Figure 5.2 Leachate drainage system

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Figure 5.3 Leachate Recirculation System

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e Proposed Leachate Management System

On-site leachate treatment and recirculation alternatives were analyzed in the two previous sections.

The advantages and disadvantages of the related alternatives are given below;

Table 5.1 Leachate Disposal Alternatives

ON-SITE TREATMENT

Advantages Disadvantages

• Effluent limits are met in situ • Realization of ultimate disposal

• Qualified personnel requirement • Volatile Organic Carbon emissions and their

possible carcinogenic effects on personnel • High capital costs

RECIRCULATION

Advantages Disadvantages

• Easiness of operation • Easiness of application • Increased biodegradation rates for the

waste • Low capital costs

• Additional piping and equipment requirements

• Need for a high-level control of landfill gas

When these advantages and disadvantages are considered together with the Bergama’s unique

circumstances, several results were acquired;

A municipal wastewater treatment plant will be implemented within 3 years regarding the

national obligations. It is possible that leachate can be treated in this plant.

With the activation of landfill and after a time period of 3 years the characteristics of the

leachate will become certain. In accordance to these characteristics, the treatability of the

leachate in this plant will be determined.

If the planned municipal wastewater treatment plant is not operational within the proposed

time period, the leachate recirculation will be continued as a disposal method. In this case a

controlled gas disposal system should be operated because the amount and quality of the

gas will be altered.

Leachate in the lagoon will be disposed of by recirculating to the site by spraying method for

approximately 3 years after start of operation of the plant. Domestic wastewater treatment plant in

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Bergama will be constructed in this time and leachate will be treated in the municipal wastewater

treatment plant. Construction of this plant has been stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and

Forestry in accordance with provisions of the circular no. 2006/14 published in 2006. As per the Work

Deadline Plan enclosed to the circular, the Bergama Municipality is obliged to start operation of this

treatment plant until 13.05.2011 due to its liability on population. Until the construction of

wastewater treatment plant, leachate is planned to be recycled in the landfill area. If the treatment

plant is not to be completed by the given time, the recirculation will be continued in the landfill

operations.

Before construction of the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, characteristics of the leachate

will be specified with periodical analysis to be carried out by Bergama Municipality. Parameters on

leachate characteristics will be taken into consideration in design of the Municipal Wastewater

Treatment Plant to be constructed by Bergama Municipality. It is stated in "Regulation About Landfill

Management" that leachate may be treated in municipal treatment plants. "Regulation on Landfill

Management" which was published as an Appendix of the Circular no. 1993/6 dated 17.05.1993

specifies the technical principles for construction of landfills and dumping sites. In relevant sections

of the directive, requirement of leachate treatment has been referred and it was stated that leachate

deposited in the collection tank might be treated in the central (municipal) wastewater treatment

plant.

Based on these reasons, in the first stage, leachate recirculation is proposed as an applicable

leachate disposal method for Bergama Solid Waste Landfill Application Project.

f Impact on surface water

In case the water resulting from rainfall contacts to solid wastes, the water shall be seriously

contaminated. For this reason, it is not convenient to give the leachate from solid wastes to any

receiver medium without being treated.

Surface water drainage plans are prepared to discharge the storm water to flow because of rainfalls

inside and outside of the solid waste sanitary landfill. In existing conditions there is a drainage

channel around the landfill site. This channel must be rehabilitated and besides around the lots

drainage channels must be built. This drainage system will drain the surface water coming out of the

landfill, the rainfall to fall in lots that will be covered with a covering layer and on roads and empty

spaces around the area before they reach to waste mass.

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g Flood risk and measures to be taken

Entering of storm water in the landfill from outside shall not be permitted. For this purpose, the

storm water that may come from high sides of the area shall be collected with head ditches. The

storm water coming from the fixed facility areas and roads shall be discharged by means of ditches to

be constructed at the edges of roads. These ditches shall be designed in capacity capable of keeping

the surface water coming from extraordinary rain conditions outside of the facility against to flood

risk.

Though the solid waste landfill has a 95.000m2 surface, storm water basin is about 250ha. Drainage

plans shall be designed according to the rainfall information to be obtained from meteorology.

The placement manner of the solid waste landfill facility that is planned to be constructed under the

project shall be determined in the definite application projects. Under this scope, the rain feeding

bands of the area shall be determined from the regional maps and the prospect maximum rainfalls in

the region shall be calculated by examining the long-term meteorological data.

h Impact on underground water

As water leakage from the waste landfill lots shall be prevented according to geological survey, the

minimum permeability value (Guidelines on Landfill of Solid Waste, 1993) is being met and therefore

leakage will not have any impact on the underground water. The minimum permeability values are

1*10-8 m/sec and 1*10-7 m/sec for compacted and rarely cracked grounds respectively. The

geological survey reports permeability values between 0,5*10-10–1,3*10-10 m/sec, and based on

these values, declares the ground carries an impermeable characteristic.

5.2.4 Biological diversity

The facilities to be constructed and operated during the construction and operation phases of the

project may cause decreasing/ removal of the existing flora. However, as the vegetation type in the

region is wide, abundant spreading and without risk of extinction, no serious flora losing shall occur.

Besides, no animal kind about to extinct is found in the region.

5.2.5 Noise

Conventional work machines to be used during the construction under scope of project shall be a

noise source. It is suggested to use a rubber wheel ladle, compressor and truck as work machines in

this phase. The noise levels of the machines to be used are given in Table 5.7.

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Table 5.7: Machines to be used during the construction activities and their noise levels

Machines and equipment Quantity (piece) Noise level (dBA)

Compactor (garbage compressor) 1 95 Loader (lathe) 1 110 Truck 10 85

These machines shall be used during digging and in loading, transportation and unloading of digging

wastes and debris. During the construction phase to last about 12 months, these machines shall work

8 hours a day. The estimations about the noise levels of such machines in case they are operated

individually and together are given in table 19. Besides, dispersion of the noise can be modeled.

Usage period of equipment : 8 hours/day

Mean Noise pressure level : , dBA10

Noise pressure in r distance : , dBA11

Lpi : Noise level at source

Q : land reduction factor, 1

r : Distance from source

atmospheric absorption :

f : frequency of noise source (2500 rounds.min-1)

r : Distance

N : Relative humid (%61)

Real noise pressure in r distance :

In the first 100 meters :

After 100 meters :

10 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Directive for Noise Pollution

11 (model), Özgüven,N., Industrial Noise Control, METU Mechanical Engineering Department

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dBA

r = for 1 m ;

dBA

r = for 10 m ;

dBA

r = for 20 m ;

dBA

r = for 30 m;

dBA

r = for 40 m ;

dBA

r = for 50 m ;

dBA

r = for 100 m ;

dBA

dBA

dBA

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r = for 200 m ;

dBA

dBA

dBA

r = for 300 m;

dBA

dBA

dBA

r = for 400 m;

dBA

dBA

dBA

r = for 500 m ;

dBA

dBA

dBA

r = for 1000 m ;

dBA

dBA

dBA

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r = for 2000 m ;

dBA

dBA

dBA

Table 5.8: Results of noise dispersion modeling

r (m) Lpi Aatm Lpg (dBA)

1 100,4 - 100,4

10 80,4 - 80,4

20 74,38 - 74,38

30 70,86 - 70,86

40 68,36 - 68,36

50 66,42 - 66,42

100 60,4 0,82 59,58

200 54,38 1,64 52,74

300 50,86 2,46 48,4

400 48,36 3,28 45,08

500 46,42 4,1 42,32

1000 40,4 8,2 32,2

2000 34,38 16,4 17,98

Figure 5.4: Noise dispersion modeling

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The noise level to occur in Armağanlar village that is the nearest settlement place to the facility

(1000m) is below the limit values (60 dBA) given in the regulation on” Assessment and Management

of Environmental Noise “ came into force and published in 2002.

While the employees who work at the facility in source of noise subject to 100 dBA noise, employees

in 10 m distance subject to at last 80 dBA noise level. Employees who will work at the activity area

must wear plastic ear protectors as it is technically impossible to decrease the noise level at

machines. All the necessary measures shall be taken to protect employees from noise as much as

possible.

5.2.6 Traffic

At present, the waste transportation vehicles carry out their collection works without any problem.

After the facility is constructed, these vehicles shall not cause any different density or traffic problem

in the city.

Drivers are obliged to fulfill and comply with the following conditions while they are using the roads;

- Warnings and signs of officials with special uniform or carrying a special sign who are

authorized to arrange and control the traffic

- Illuminated and voiced traffic signs

- Traffic signs, plates, arrangements and place markings

- Other rules, bans, obligations and responsibilities determined in the Highways Traffic Code

and Highways Traffic Regulation related to traffic security and order.

- Speed rules

- Measures and principles determined for loading of vehicles

In the event technical defects, slipping, sudden disorders or landslips , load slippage or falling and

similar extraordinary situations occur on highways out of the settlement units, drivers are obliged to

drive the vehicles out of highway by moving, pushing and by means of other similar methods; if this

is not possible, to drive the vehicles to the banquette or right side of vehicle road and in any case, to

take necessary warning and security measures depending on the road, air and traffic conditions ,

whether it is day time or night.

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6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 ALTERNATIVES RESEARCHED AS A PROJECT PLACE

7 land areas are determined for the project. These land areas are given in Appendix 1 in a numbered

manner in 1/25000 scale maps. There are river beds near to 1,2,3,4 and 7 no land areas and because

of the prospect floods, they are not deemed convenient as a sanitary landfill. Though 5 and 6 no land

areas are convenient for the project, 6 no land area has property problems. For this reason, the

remaining 6 no land area is preferred for the project.

The solid waste disposal facility is planned to be constructed on the place where the landfill

construction left unfinished after its excavation works were commenced as the project was found

inconvenient for construction. The property of this 95.000 mg area belongs to the Ministry of

Environment and Forestry.

There are no existing watery area, protection area, culture and natural areas and agricultural area in

the project area. There is no need to remake a settlement plan. The project place ensures necessary

conditions for construction of the facility.

6.2 No Action Alternative

The mostly used method in disposal of solid wastes in Turkey is dumping of wastes in dump sites. It is

estimated that there are total 2000 small-scale and 50 big-scale old dump sites. Revolutionary

studies in solid waste field must be carried out in the country in the shortest possible time under the

scope of National Solid Waste Management Master Plan in pursuant to EU Solid Waste Directives to

ensure adaptation to the EU Landfill Directive and EU Packaging Wastes Directive. With this regard,

the usage of irregular dump sites must be stopped. For this reason, inactivity is not evaluated as an

alternative under these conditions.

6.3 Alternative technologies

6.3.1 Composting

A composting facility can be constructed as a project alternative but as a result of analysis carried out

by the Dokuz Eylül University, Environment Engineering Department on garbage of Bergama district,

it has been determined that the garbage does not possess features for composting process. For this

reason, composting is not a convenient alternative for the project.

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6.3.2 Incineration

Incineration is an advantageous alternative to decrease the waste volume and required landfill.

However, the first investment and operation costs of burning facilities are higher than the other

alternatives. The operation and investment costs per ton at low capacity facilities are in higher rates.

For this reason, burning for regions that produce wastes in amounts lesser than 50.000ton/year is

not suggested as a convenient alternative4. Besides, absence of a convenient model in incineration of

domestic wastes in Turkey and insufficient experience on this matter makes this alternative

inconvenient.

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Table 6.1: Comparison of project alternatives

1. Alternative 2. Alternative 3. Alternative

Definition of project Recovery + landfill Recovery + composting + landfill Recovery + incineration + landfill

Technical applicability Easy Difficult. As water content is high,

composting output shall not be high. .

Difficult. Requires experience and technical knowledge

The first investment cost Medium High Very High Operational cost Low Medium High

Social contributions

Resulting product can not be used in agriculture soil. For this reason, the

produced compost shall not be much useful.

Economical contributions Strategic effect - - -

Operation easiness Medium

Difficult. Parameters such as size, carbon/ nitrogen rate, temperature, oxygen

concentration must be followed

Difficult. For high incineration output, fuel feeding amount and waste composition

must be continuously followed .

Pollu

tion

leve

l

Leachate Surface waters Waste amount High Medium Low

Odor High Dust High

Other pollutants

Plants in surrounding of facility In less quantities resulting from landfill

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6.4 Transfer Center Alternative

In cases the waste disposal facility is in far distance, collection through a transfer station (transfer

center) may be required. The waste transfer station is a facility where the wastes are transferred

from small-size garbage vehicles to big-size vehicles such as long-vehicles, vessels or load wagons.

The transfer center may be equipped with very simple or developed equipments. At small transfer

stations, the wastes brought by means of small-size collecting vehicles are firstly emptied on a

platform and then filled in an open trailer case by means of wheeled loader. At bigger and more

complex stations, the wastes are emptied in an acceptable (loading) reservoir and the transfer

vehicles are loaded by using a special compressing vehicle.

The volume of transfer vehicles may high as much as 80m3. The total weight of vehicles is limited

with maximum wheel loads (<36t) permitted at highways. For this reason, at many big transfer

stations, vehicles are weighted and controls are made to determine whether the wheel or axle loads

exceed the limits. In general, net solid waste load carried by such vehicles is about 18-20 tons.

In case the one-direction transportation distance from waste collecting areas to disposal facility is

short, no transfer station is required. In case the said distance is very long, transportation via a

transfer station may be more economical. Under Turkey conditions, in one-direction transportation

distances exceeding 20-25 km, transfer station construction is generally economical. In that case,

there is no need for a transfer station that will cause an additional cost for the Bergama municipality.

The planned disposal facility is in 18km distance from Bergama.

Construction of a transfer station approximately costs 110.000€ (additional cost). To acquire fully

equipped a big capacity transportation vehicle shall cost about 150.000€. The financing to be used in

the first investment under the Municipality Services Project is very limited ,so transfer station for

that project is not acceptable.

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7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Purpose of Environmental Management Plan

The need for landfill of solid waste that increases in parallel to the population increase in Bergama

must be given priority. Uncontrolled landfill at the former unloading area established multi-

directional environmental and social negative impacts.

The Bergama municipality prepared a project to establish a sanitary landfill to remove the existing

problems. However, the construction of area of which project studies were completed, area

expropriation realized and construction works commenced was left unfinished. At current situation,

only some excavation activities were realized at the area and other landfill elements must be

established. To conclude the project, the Bergama Municipality applied to the İller Bank to ensure

credit from the World Bank under the Municipality Services Project.

The Municipality Services Project suggests meeting of investments from the World Bank credits

under coordinatorship of the İller Bank in order to be used in waste water and solid waste projects of

municipalities. The purpose of this project is to support the development of the municipality in

sustainable manner.

The activities to be realized under scope of project shall be in conformity with the existing Turkish

Environmental Regulations and Procedures and the protection and operation policies of the World

Bank as described in the Operation Policy 4.01, mainly in environmental assessment policy. (The

World Bank OP 4.01, 1999). For purpose of tracing of this compatibility, the Environmental Scanning

Criteria meeting both the Turkish and World Bank standards have been established. According to the

said criteria, projects have been evaluated under 4 separate categories. The unfinished project of the

Bergama municipality is involved in Category “A” according to the scanning criteria. Category “A” is

defined as projects involved in Appendix I and Appendix II of EIA Directive according to the Turkish

legislation and are sensitive, non-recyclable, multi-directional projects pursuant to the World Bank

tracing criteria.

According to the Turkish EIA Directive, the solid waste facilities bigger than 10 ha or of which target

year solid waste amount to be stored is above 100 tons per day are evaluated in Appendix I. As the

Bergama Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill Project is smaller than 10ha and target year daily waste

amount is below 100 tons, it is involved in Appendix II.

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The purpose of this section is to prepare an Environmental Management Plan covering the

construction and operation phases of the project. The aim of EMP is to determine the tracing and

measuring procedures to be carried out to minimize the negative environmental effects that may

occur during the application and operation phases of the project.

7.2 Management and Scope

At present, solid wastes collected from Bergama district are irregularly stored just surrounding the

river bed near to the district center. This situation causes multi-directional pollution mainly in surface

and underground waters and treats the public health.

The Bergama municipality carried out a project study, ensured the necessary area and by preparing a

EIA report, took the required approval to construct a regular solid waste landfill facility. The project

of which construction commenced was left unfinished because of the design faults and for this

reason, preparation of an application project and renewal of the EIA report is required. As the

Municipality Services Project is being carried out within the framework of the World Bank Criteria,

EIA report must be adapted to the Environmental Assessment measures as stated in the criteria.

Besides, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) must be prepared according to the

Environmental Assessment Format of the World Bank.

A management plan shall be included in the content of this EMP for examination and assessment of

impacts of the project on the environment during the construction and operation processes and to

minimize such impacts. For this purpose, the Bergama Municipality signed a contract with manager

of io Environmental Solutions Research and Development Company, Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün, on

07.06.2007 to get a consultancy service . A team consists of the individual consultant Erdem Görgün,

a vice-consultant, ecologist and geology engineer participated in this study.

7.3 Basics of project

The facility area is between Kocagöztaşı in north, Akçaağaçlık in east and Harman hills in southeast.

The land incline is 10% in direction decreasing towards to south. Land denims are between 170-

195m.

November 2007


7.4 Impact Mitigation Plan

Table 7.1: Impact mitigation plan (in construction phase)

Phase Subject Impact decreasing measure Responsibility Commencement date Ending date

Construction Digging wastes Digging wastes resulting from excavation works shall be used in the landfill and road works of municipality as a filler material.

Construction Contractor

Construction commencing

Construction ending

Construction Dust spreading from

digging

At last 3 vehicles shall work at the facility area concurrently. During excavation, the soil shall be damped and dust emission be decreased.

Construction Contractor


Construction ending

Construction Dust spreading during transportation of digging

Above part of digging carriers shall be covered with a cloth. Construction Contractor


Construction ending

Construction Dust emission occurring during transportation activities

Road to the facility area shall be coated with asphalt. Construction

Contractor


Construction ending

Construction Noise The number of vehicles being operated concurrently at the facility area shall be limited according to the noise levels measured as in the tracing plan. Employees working near the machines with high noise shall wear ear protectors.

Construction

Contractor


Construction ending

Construction Historical, cultural and archeological assets

In case during excavations any historical, cultural or archeological asset is found, the excavation shall be stopped and the Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate shall be informed, and after confirmation is obtained, works shall be continued. Necessary measures shall be taken to prevent employees to keep any archeological asset.

Construction

Contractor


Construction ending

November 2007


Construction Infrastructure elements Before commencing the excavation, the related departments and institutions (water, natural gas, sewerage network, communication, transportation etc) shall be informed in writing to prevent damage to other infrastructure installations. Necessary institutional permits shall be obtained.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

Construction Public and employee security

The entrance into the construction area shall be put under control by means of plastic bands, barriers, phosphorous and illuminated warning signs to prevent any danger to the public and employees. A security band shall be established around the excavation area. Besides, necessary measures shall be taken together with the related institutions to ensure a secure traffic flow.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

Construction Transportation roads Necessary road and traffic arrangements shall be made in a planned manner for passing of work machines and trucks on transportation roads to construction area.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

Construction Exhaust smoke During the construction, each construction vehicle shall be controlled whether their exhaust measures have been made in conformity with the criteria determined by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry by examining their “Motor vehicle Exhaust emission measurement license”.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

Construction Employee booths Employee booths shall be constructed in a secured distance to the construction area. All the equipment necessary for daily needs of employees shall be placed in booths.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

Construction Construction area restoration

At the end of construction, the construction area shall be improved and be cleaned. Besides, foresting and landscaping works shall be made around the landfill facility.

Construction

Contractor

Construction

commencing

Construction

ending

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Table 7.2: Impact mitigation plan

Phase Subject Impact decreasing measure Responsibility Commencement date Ending date

Operation Landfill gas The landfill gas shall be collected with collection wells and then be incinerated.

Operator Company and Bergama Municipality

Commissioning date of facility

Closing date of facility

Operation Volatile type wastes Before the daily cloth is covered, some papers, packs, bags etc may fly from the landfill. Such wastes shall be prevented with a wire fence.




Operation Odor Above part of the garbage emptied in the solid waste area shall be covered every day.




Operation Leachate The Leachate shall be collected and conveyed/recirculated by means of drainage pipes to be placed on base of the landfill.




Operation Surface water The surface water coming from reservoirs out of the landfill shall be collected by means of channels surrounding the area and their access to the garbage mass shall be prevented. The storm water falling on the area shall be discharged by means of drainage waters.




Operation Flood risk The surface water channels surrounding the area shall be constructed in capacity capable of meeting any flood risk during operation. .




Operation Disasters and accidents An urgent intervening plan shall be developed for disasters such as earthquake, fire etc and be reinforced through field practices.




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7.5 Monitoring Plan

7.5.1 Monitoring of meteorological data

The water balancing shall ensure protection in impermeability of the landfill. The meteorological data

shall be provided from the nearest meteorology station (Bergama) as stated in the tables of tracing

plan.

7.5.2 Monitoring plan for Leachate

The amount and properties of the leachate in the facility is very important in respect to performance

of the urban wastewater treatment plant which will be built in Bergama. The situation of the

leachate collection system shall be traced as stated in the tracing plan tables. The main parameters

to be considered in leachate samples are PH, conductivity, ammonium nitrate, chloride, NO3-N, COD.

7.5.3 Monitoring plan for underground water and drainage water

During the operation, the observation wells shall be controlled once a year to determine whether

water exists. In case water is found, it shall be traced as stated in the tables of the underground

tracing plan. The tracing program shall be applied in case water is found. The main parameters to be

considered in the underground water are COD, NH4-N, NO2-N and color.

7.5.4 Monitoring plan for surface water

On rainy days in the facility area and its surrounding, samples shall be taken from the channel that

prevents entering of surface water in the facility area and pollution parameters in water shall be

examined. Samples shall be taken from at least 2 points in the channel. One point must be at upper

part of the facility area and other point at the bottom part of it. COD and pH parameters shall be

measured in samples.

7.5.5 Monitoring plan for landfill gas

As during construction no landfill shall be realized, there will be no landfill gas formation. The landfill

as tracing plan shall be made as stated in the tables. Gas tracing must be made in a manner

representing each lot of the landfill.

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7.5.6 Monitoring plan for sanitary landfill

The sanitary landfill shall be surrounded with a wire fence, be illuminated with lighting systems and

monitored by means of cameras to be placed at some definite points. The entrances and exits shall

be recorded by the control office at the facility entrance.

November 2007


Table 7.3: Monitoring Plan (Construction Phase)

Phase Parameter to be traced

Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency

Responsibility Commencement date

Ending date

Construction Digging wastes Facility Area, and its surrounding, digging emptying area

With visual audit of charged persons at the region during working hours

Daily Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Air quality (dust) Facility Area its surrounding

With visual and auditory audit of charged persons at the region during working hours

Continuous Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Noise (dBA) Facility Area and its surrounding

Charged persons make measurement at the region with noise measuring devices during working hours.

2 times a week Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Historical, cultural and archeological assets

Excavation Area In case cultural assets are found 2 times a week Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Infrastructure elements

Excavation Area By controlling the permits and visually at the area

At beginnings of excavation

Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Public and employee security

Facility Area and its surrounding

With controls and audits made by charged persons to determine conformity with the standards

Continuous Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Transportation roads

Transportation course

With visual audits of charged persons Daily Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Exhaust smoke Vehicle courses and construction areas

With visual audits of charged persons Daily Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

Construction Construction area restoration

Facility Area its surrounding

With visual audits of charged persons At the end of Construction period

Construction Contractor and controller


Construction Ending

November 2007


Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan (Operation Phase)


Tracing place Tracing type of parameter (equipment) Tracing frequency Responsibility Commencement date

Ending date

Operation Waste amount brought in the facility

At the steelyard unit

The weights of vehicles entering and exiting in to/from the facility shall be measured and the waste amount brought in the facility shall be determined in mass from the difference between them. (steelyard)

While the waste vehicles are entering and exiting into/from the facility (everyday))

Operator company



Operation Waste type brought in the facility

Waste accepting place, at facility

Municipality and/or waste collector company shall control and observe the quality of waste during collecting and transferring processes.

While the waste vehicles are entering and exiting into/from the facility (everyday)))




Operation Meteorological data (rainfall)

Bergama Meteorology Station

Daily report giving rainfall information is taken from the Bergama Meteorology.

Once a month Facility Enterprise



Operation Meteorological data (temperature)


Daily report giving minimum and maximum temperature information is taken from the Bergama Meteorology




Operation Meteorological data (dominant wind direction and power


Daily report giving dominant wind direction and power information is taken from the Bergama Meteorology




Operation Meteorological data (evaporation)


Daily report giving evaporation information is taken from the Bergama Meteorology




Operation Meteorological Bergama Daily report giving relative humid Once a month Facility Commissioning Closing date

November 2007




Ending date

data (relative humid

Meteorology Station

information is taken from the Bergama Meteorology

Enterprise date of facility of facility

Operation in leachate Leachate Lagoon unit inlet

Measurement is made at the Leachate Lagoon inlet(flow meter)

Once a month Municipality Commissioning date of facility


Operation pH in leachate Leachate collection pipe outlet/ or Leachate Lagoon unit inlet

Measurement is made at the point where water channel is open(pH meter)

once in every 3 months



Operation COD in Leachate Leachate collection pipe outlet/ or Leachate Lagoon unit inlet

Samples are taken in conformity to the sampling methods. Analysis is made by a laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures.




Operation Conductivity in Leachate

Leachate collection pipe outlet/ or Leachate Lagoon unit inlet





Operation NH4-N in Leachate






Operation NO3-N in Leachate

Leachate collection pipe

Samples are taken in conformity to the sampling methods. Analysis is made by a




November 2007




Ending date

outlet/ or Leachate Lagoon unit inlet

laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures.

Operation Heavy metal in Leachate






Operation Control of underground water existence

Monitoring wells around the facility

It is controlled whether water in 50 depth of monitoring well exists.(a diver pump is used)

Once a year Municipality Commissioning date of facility


Operation Underground water level


With a diver pump, the depth of underground water is measured. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result. (a diver pump)


Municipality Indefinite Indefinite

Operation COD in Leachate Monitoring wells around the facility

Samples are taken in conformity to the sampling methods. Analysis is made by a laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result.



Operation NH4-N in Leachate


Samples are taken in conformity to the sampling methods. Analysis is made by a laboratory accredited by the TÜRKAK (Laboratory) and capable of making the



November 2007




Ending date

determined measures. This measurement is made in case the measurement of “control of underground water existence” gives a positive result.

Operation NO2-N in Leachate





Operation Color Monitoring wells around the facility




Operation Landfill gas composition

Landfill gas stacks

(portable gas analyzer ) once in every 6 months

Municipality

November 2007


Table 7.5: Monitoring plan (after closure)



Ending date

After closing

Landfill gas flow and composition

Landfill gas stacks

With portable gas analyzer at gas collection stacks

once a month in decreasing frequency


After the facility is closed

The date when field activities are ended

After closing

Leachate Facility surrounding, Leachate stabilization pond

Visually and if necessary with soil and water sample analysis

once a month in decreasing frequency




After closing

Surface water Surface water channels, surface water in the region

With water analysis once in every three months in decreasing frequency




After closing

Underground water

Underground water monitoring wells

With water analysis in case water is found Once a year once a month in decreasing frequency




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7.6 Urgent intervening plans

The urgent intervening plans generally comprise of subjects such as accident, fire, security and

natural disasters that may occur at the facility.

Measures against fire shall be taken at the facility by means of providing all kinds of required

equipment in conformity to the existing regulations and laws.

- There will be total 5 extinguishing apparatuses at the facility

- Trained and qualified teams shall be organized;

- Fire team

- Fire intervening team

- Rescue team

Regular trainings shall be given on employee health and work security subjects.

The urgent intervening plans shall include the following subjects;

- Work security and first aid plans

- To establish an urgent situation center to carry out urgent situation works and to provide

coordination in conformity to the plan

- To establish a control center to give and take instructions to/from the chief and other

departments of operation

The followings must be kept at the center;

- Telephones in sufficient numbers connected to both internal and external lines

- Radio and communication devices

- A plan showing the following points at the facility

- Places full of dangerous matters in great amounts

- Places where work security equipment exist

- Fire fighting systems and additional water depots

- Drainage systems

- Collection points

- The place of facility

- Personal protectors and rescuing equipment

- A record list for employees

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- A list containing addresses, telephone numbers of employees

- Addresses and telephone numbers of local management offices and urgent service units

7.7 Institutional strengthening

Establishment of a healthy and sustainable institutional structure in long-term is more important

than realization of physical investments by obtaining a monetary source. With this regard,

strengthening of institutional structure is not limited with the organization, management, personnel,

policy and procedures of the Bergama Municipality but also covers the laws imposed by the central

authorities.

7.7.1 Equipments to be purchased

The solid waste to be brought in the area shall be regularly laid and compressed. For this process, 1

dozer and 1 compactor shall be sufficient.

Table 7.6 Equipments to be purchased

Equipment to be purchased Unit number

Compactor (garbage compressor) 1 Dozer 1 Beko Loader 1 Truck 1 Pick-up 1

7.7.2 Educational and working hours

The educational and working tours at the facility shall be realized under cooperation of the

municipality and educational institutions to encourage similar solid waste investments at the region,

to be a model for such investments and to contribute development of social conscious on separation

at source. An environmental management plan shall be established for investment and operation

purposes.

7.7.3 Consultancy services

During the application process of the project, establishment of a Project Application Unit under

management of the Municipality is proposed. Consultancy service is suggested to be taken to

prepare tender documents, obtain technical support service during the tender procedures and

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94

perform daily field audit and agreement management. Works such as closing of the existing area and

construction of a transfer station and sanitary landfill can be tendered to a single contractor within

the framework of FIDIC Yellow Book.

It is definite that a technical support is required to train the personnel to be employed at the Solid

Waste Management Directorate , establish a unit related to solid waste, carry out purchasing works,

commence a “ social-awareness “ campaign to separate garbage at source and increase the recycling

rate. This support may be involved in the work scope of the project application consultant and as

well as it may be considered as an individual work item.

As garbage collection, transportation and disposal services shall be given by the private sector, the

Municipality does not have to purchase vehicles for such services.

For restructuring of the unit, to purchase a computer, printer and software for application of

management system shall be sufficient.

7.8 Institutional Arrangements

7.8.1 Arrangement of Organization

First of all, the organization related to solid waste must be rearranged by the Bergama municipality.

Under the current operation conditions, the amounts of collected wastes are not being recorded and

no personnel knowing the basic approach of “solid waste management” concept exist. With this

organization, it must be considered that solid waste services must be carried out more different from

the drinking water and wastewater services. The proposed organization is restructuring of the Solid

Waste Management Directorate.

It is suggested to establish three sub-units under management of the Solid Waste Management

Directorate; Accounting, training and public relations and Operations. It is suggested to employ 1

accountant and assistant for the accounting unit, 1 engineer and 1 socialist /public relations specialist

for the training and public relations unit. The existing structure and suggested structure are given in

Figure 7.1 and Figure 7.2.

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Figure 7.1: Bergama Municipality, Cleaning Works Department, existing organization schema

Figure 7.2: Bergama Municipality, Solid Waste Management Directorate, suggested organization schema

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96

At present, the garbage collection service is given by the private sector. The determined operations

in the suggested organization can be carried out by the special sector. In that case, the organization

of Municipality shall involve tracing of operational service given by the private sector and its general

management. It is estimated that the municipality shall prefer operation of the facilities planed to be

constructed under scope of this project by the private sector. The operation service of the sanitary

landfill during the first years and its construction works may be included in the construction

agreement or be considered as a different tender package. Under this approach, employment of 2

engineers at the operation unit shall be sufficient.

The plan on following page is suggested for purpose of auditing and tracing of special operational

activities. The personnel training programs must be considered as integral part of this plan. In case

the plan is applied, it is expected that recovery rate of recyclable matters shall increase.

7.8.2 Procedures related to impact increasing and tracing

After the facility is constructed, its operation shall be carried out by the municipality. Then, the

municipality can assign operation of the facility, together with solid waste collection and

transportation services, to a private company.

7.9 Meeting to give information to the public

7.9.1 First Meeting

To give information to the public about the project and take their views, a “meeting to give

information to the public” was organized on 28.06.2007 after environmental assessment studies

began. Sub-district headmen, private companies in Bergama District and related civil society

establishments were invited to the meeting. Participants of the meeting are given in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7: List of Participants of First Public Awareness Meeting

Person Title

Zeki Erkin Atatürk Sub-district Headman Ramazan Dalaksız Kurtuluş Sub-district Headman Salih Baydan Turabey Sub-district Headman İlyas Çorman Zeytindağ District Erdoğan Emin Göçbeyli District İsmail Biberci Gazipaşa Sub-district Salih Tücü Ayaskent District

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Person Title

Bayram Kaş Cleaning Works Chief Ahmet Ersin Municipality Official Mehmet Salim Söyler Mücahit Özçelik Yılmaz Kılıç Science Affairs Project Management Department İzzet Çakmak Purchasing-Selling and Tendering Department Hüseyin Üçüncü Architecture- Assembly Member Hakan Çolak Assembly Member Ahmet Büde Assembly Member Hasan Astarla Assembly Member Yunus Güle Assembly Member Zerrin Koçlar World Bank Technical expert Frank van Woenden World Bank Ceren Akıncı World Bank interpreter Sevil Uysal İller Bank Environmental Engineer Yusuf Karabağ Assembly Member Sertan Ergit Public Relations Kemal Uyan İller Bank District Director Cafer Serdal Assembly Member Mustafa Bulha Municipality Water Assessment Chief Adem Aygar Project Director of International Relations Unit Burak Akgün Bergama Chamber of Commerce İrfan Şenal Yamanlar Cleaning Macit Dağ Cleaning Affairs director Ali Arslan Beta Ltd. Şti. Ayşe Göldaş Researcher- Archeologist Önder Öngel Civil Engineer Mustafa Kılıç Civil Technician Necip Esin Map Engineer Ali Rıza Erdem Civil Technician Zeynep Sırma Uslu City Planning Student Eren Esaspehlivan Civil Technician, Project Management Unit Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. Utku Vardar io Environmental Solutions R&D Co.

Invitation to meeting was sent by means of fax- e-mail and delivery at hand. The text of invitation

letter is as follows;

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98

The Bergama Municipality desires to realize the Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill with credit

obtained by İller Bank from the World Bank to support necessary environmental

investments and make investments during the entrance process of Turkey in the European

Union.

The Bergama Municipality Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill project to be carried out under

the scope of Municipality services project shall contain improvement of the existing wild

dump site, construction of transfer station at the existing area in case it is deemed

necessary, and landfill facilities to be constructed at the newly selected area.

An “Environmental Assessment Study” is being carried out to examine the environmental

impacts of the said project and take necessary measures.

A meeting to give information to the public and take their views shall be organized under

the scope of this study carried out by io Environmental Solutions Research &

Development Co. Your attendance to the meeting shall contribute healthy application of

the project.

The meeting shall be held on June 28, 2007, Thursday, at 11:00, at Bergama Municipality,

Service Building, floor 4, Assembly Meeting room.

I kindly inform to your knowledge and request you attend to the meeting.

The meeting was held at the determined date and hour. 35 civil society establishments were invited

to the meeting but attendance by these establishments was below the expectations. The

photographs taken at the meeting are given in Figure 7.3. Information about the place of io

Environmental Solutions Research & Development Co. in the project, recovery output, separation at

source, project period, previously applied landfill projects were given to attendants. The joint action

possibility of the Municipality with the surrounding villages and towns was discussed.

In the first meeting, general information on project’s contents was given and the questions of

participants were answered as well. Participants especially focused on the issue of recycling and how

to encourage it. In conclusion, it was agreed on that the landfill should be implemented as soon as

possible and the existing unhealthy conditions should be removed.

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Figure 7.3: Photographs of Bergama First Public Awareness Meeting 28.06.2007

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100

7.9.2 Second Meeting

2nd Public Awareness Meeting was held in 18.10.2007 in the meeting hall of Bergama Municipality.

Representatives of 34 organizations were invited to the meeting, and a participation of 40 people,

including Mayor and his staff, was realized. Sub-district headmen, private companies in Bergama

District and related civil society establishments were invited to the meeting. Participants of the

meeting are given in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8: List of Participants of Second Public Awareness Meeting

Person Title

Zeki Erkin Atatürk Sub-district Headman Ramazan Dalaksız Kurtuluş Sub-district Headman Salih Baydan Turabey Sub-district Headman İlyas Çorman Zeytindağ District Erdoğan Emin Göçbeyli District İsmail Biberci Gazipaşa Sub-district Headman Salih Tücü Ayaskent Sub-district Headman Mehmet Enhoş Fevzipaşa Sub-district Headman Mustafa Çoban Armağanlar Village Headman Sabahattin Öztürk Kaşıkçı Village Headman Mustafa Uyar Paşaköy Village Headman Raşit Ürper Bergama Mayor İbrahim Şahan Science Affairs Vice Manager Yılmaz Kılıç Science Affairs Project Management Department Akif Çeliker Civil Technician Cihan Arslan Civil Technician Fatma Karacaoğlu Restorator Aydan Kılıç Ali Arslan Civil Technician Şevket Soyaker Architect Bülent Gensoy Veterinarian Şenol Çakı Public Relations Manager İrfan Keskin Habergama Newspaper Journalist Gönül Uçar Town Clerk Firdevs Şekerci Manager of Financial Service Yıldıray Kamal Vice Manager of Housing and Urban Unit Rauf Metin Ahmet Ünal Eroğlu Journalist İzzet Çakmak Purchasing-Selling and Tendering Department

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101

Ferit Özcan Manager of Press Office Ayşe Göldaş Researcher- Archeologist Önder Öngel Civil Engineer Mustafa Kılıç Civil Technician Necip Esin Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineer Ali Rıza Erdem Civil Technician Eren Esaspehlivan Civil Technician, Project Management Unit Erdem Görgün io Environmental Solutions R&D Co. Murat Cem Ertürk io Environmental Solutions R&D Co.

Assoc. Prof. Erdem Görgün, Advisor of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management

Plan, gave a detailed presentation in the meeting about possible environmental impacts of the

design and prevention and alleviation of impacts. Main headings of the presentation are as follows:

• Project Background

• Final Project Content

• Positive Effects of the Project

• Likely Negative Effects of the Project

• Legal Responsibilities

• Impacts Alleviation Plan and Recovery

• Impact Monitoring Plan

• Organizational Responsibility and Regulations

• Conclusion

Questions from audience were answered during and at the end of the presentation. Content of

subjects, addressed and discussed particularly in a wide time interval at the end of the presentation

were briefly as follows:

During the presentation, Mr. İsmail Işık, Headman of Göçbeyli Village asked the outcome of leachate.

Advisor Erdem Görgün gave preliminary information about leachate and explained the disposal

methods.

Mr. Mehmet Enhoş, Headman of Fevzipaşa District, where the old dumpsite was located, stated that

he worked since 1999, when he came to this position, for removal of the dumpsite, and gave

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examples of unfavorable events that the district people met because of the current wild dumping. He

stated that they wanted execution of the project and ending of those problems. Additionally, he

presented a proposal for separate collection of wastes. Advisor Erdem Görgün gave information

about separate collection methods, and told that it would take a long time for sorting at source

appropriately and that it should be supported with educational activities.

Project Coordinator Eren Esaspehlivan, answering the question of Mr. Salih Baydan, Headman of

Turanbey District, about construction time and flying waste likely to scatter around, stated that the

2nd Lot would start operation in 1 year and the wire fences would be made high against flying waste.

Bergama Mayor Raşit Ürper stated that they took all proposals of headmen into consideration and

they would reflect them to the project, and emphasized that they did not think only today as the

investment approach, some delays happened because of their meticulousness and they gave a

special importance to this project.

Armağanlar Village Headman Mustafa Çoban and Kaşıkçı Village Headman Sebahattin Öztürk stated

that there was a water source around the project site and animals of Armağanlar, Sinden and Kaşıkçı

Villages, that the villages were sensitive about this situation, however they were convinced that

leachate would be controlled and that such meetings should be held also at tea houses in villages.

Consequently, Advisor Erdem Görgün stated that they would be glad to participate if such a meeting

would be held for the municipality and villages. He told about developments in Solid Waste

Management in Turkey and that the Bergama Municipality, with this project, would provide an

example for many Municipalities.

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Figure 7.4 Photographs of Second Public Awareness Meeting 18.10.2007

Documents

Public Disclosure Authorized MUNICIPAL SERVICES PROJECT T ...documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/737991491290924713/pdf/113… · Pazaryeri district, and since 1993 solid wastes are