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WorldBank
IN INDIA
THE
I N S I D E
MARCH 2019VOL 17 / NO 5
Social impact bond for women 1-3
Development Dialogue: From schemes to systems 4-6
Lighthouse India: Building resilient communities 7-9
Recent Project Approvals, Signings & Events 10-13
Face to face 14-15
ICR Update: Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 16-18
New Additions to the Public Information Center 19-27
Contact Information 28
Photo by World Bank
New social impact bond for individual women entrepreneurs
Till a few years ago Sudha Devi’s family was dependent on her
husband’s apprenticeship job at a sweet shop in Patna, Bihar. Then,
starting from small incremental loans ranging from Rs. 2,500 to Rs 20,000,
Sudha and her husband Sakhinder built up a successful local business.
Today, the annual revenue for that business is more than Rs. 40 lakh.
Homemaker from Pardi, Maharashtra, Archana Amardeep Bhoir in 2017
took a loan of Rs. 84,000 to set up a successful enterprise of vegetable
cultivation, cutlery shop and photocopy center.
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The World Bank in India • March 2019122
These are no doubt encouraging stories of
women entrepreneurs in India. However,
while women’s collectives can borrow
from banks and microfinance institutions,
individual women entrepreneurs in the
country face many challenges when seeking
to finance their own enterprises. Loans of
Rs. 50,000 – Rs. 5 lakh are often viewed
as being too small and too risky and are
charged an interest of 20 to 24 percent.
New ray of hope for women entrepreneurs
A new social impact bond for women, called
the women’s livelihood bond, launched with
support from World Bank and UN Women,
is the first-ever impact bond in India that
will connect impact investors with women
entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid,
like Sudha Devi and Archana.
Attending the launch of the bond on
February 19 in Mumbai, Sudha Devi and
Archana were hopeful of taking their
businesses to even greater heights.
Talking about her dreams for the enterprise
that employed 30-40 local youth and
women, Sudha Devi said, “Sometimes our
cash flow dries up and we are forced to
stop. But we hope that if we are able to
secure a more consistent flow of investment,
we would be able to scale new heights. That
is my dream and my goal.”
Women in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh and the North Eastern states,
among others, are expected to be the
biggest beneficiaries of this bond.
Helping individual women entrepreneurs
The bond, supported by some ten leading
wealth managers and corporates, will help
rural women in some of India’s poorest
states to set up or scale-up their own
enterprises. Loans are expected to be
around Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1.5 lakh at interest
rates of around 13 percent to 14 percent
per annum. This is likely to create millions of
jobs in the process. An impact investment
of Rs. 1 crore could potentially support 100
women entrepreneurs, which could further
provide jobs to an additional 300 to 400
poor across sectors like agriculture, food
processing, services, manufacturing, etc.
“Investing in women and children is about
investing in the growth of the nation. In the
last several years, this has emerged as the
largest investment in human capital,” said
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12 3
World Bank Country Director Junaid Ahmad
during the launch of the bond.
Private sector participationSome of the biggest wealth management
agencies like Centrum, ASK, Ambit, Aditya
Birla Capital, among others, have reached
out to high net worth individuals and
impact investors to raise funding for the
bond. Companies like Tata Chemicals, Tata
Communications, Trent and Voltas have also
expressed interest in investing in the bond.
It is expected that nearly Rs. 300 crores will
be raised through multiple tranches in the
coming months which will enable women
entrepreneurs in self-help groups to shift
from microfinance and livelihood programs
to market-financed programs. Critically, it
will support them moving from group lending
to individual entrepreneurship.
“One of the biggest challenges we are
facing in India is the declining labor force
participation of women,” said Mr Ahmad.
“We feel that by bringing private market
finance into the game and ensuring that it
goes to individual women entrepreneurship,
we may be able to reverse this decline.”
The women’s livelihood bond will be backed
by a corpus fund to be mobilized through
corporate social responsibility contributions
and through grant support from the UK’s
Department for International Development
(DFID) that will act as a first loss default
guarantee. DFID will also help monitor and
track the program outputs.
SIDBI will deploy an ecosystem of support
in the form of entrepreneurship trainings
and partial credit guarantees for women
entrepreneur participants.
The World Bank and UN Women’s Business
Sector Advisory Council will support SIDBI in
accessing impact investors and also provide
support to achieve and track impact.
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The World Bank in India • March 201912
Development Dialogue
Why difference between schemes and systems matters
Between 1997 and 2017, India’s per capita
national income increased more than
four-fold. The pace of poverty reduction
accelerated, with a three-to-four-fold increase
after 2000. To progress further, India needs a
large, productive, and healthy middle class.
This requires sustained expansion of good
jobs, human capital, and equal opportunities.
While India faces an exceptional task due to
its size and diversity, it doesn’t have to tackle
challenges posed by pursuing fast-paced
economic transformation in isolation.
International experience holds important
insights, particularly on how strong social
protection systems can support the
growth process. Most G20 countries have
increased expenditure on social protection
as they grow. Why? Because while growth
can lift people out of poverty, it cannot
ensure escape from vulnerability to crises.
Rich countries invest significantly in
protecting their citizens from risks posed by
hospitalization, disasters or old age.
Moving forward, social protection in India is
poised for a fundamental transformation from
a set of fragmented schemes to an integrated
system – a fundamental point missed in the
simplistic discussion about Universal Basic
Income (UBI) or quasi-UBI measures such as
guaranteed income support.
Successive Indian state and central
governments have invested in important
building blocks of a social protection
system. Budgets have been enhanced, a
larger number of people are being covered,
and a series of new programs have been
launched with a focus on rights-based
entitlements and technological innovations.
4
World Bank’s Country Director for India Junaid Ahmad analyzes the need for India to have an
overarching social protection strategy which can respond to the country’s diverse and changing
risk profile.
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
The Socio-Economic Census (SEC) in 2011,
which collected new data on asset and
socio-demographic information, can make
the beneficiary identification process more
transparent. Government-to-person payments
have received strong impetus through
campaigns to open bank accounts and to
transition to digital payments through the
Direct Benefit Transfer initiative.
The NITI Aayog and the Fourteenth Finance
Commission have also enabled a framework
for consolidation of schemes and for states to
gain greater fiscal autonomy. New insurance
schemes for health, life, crop failure and
accidents have been announced and given
priority. India has signed on to achieve the UN
SDG, calling for “nationally appropriate social
protection floors and systems”.
But progress towards outcomes remains
Rich and Middle-income Countries spend more on Social Protection
Note: Data for latest year available. Sources: OECD SOCX Database 2014, ADB SP Database
2016, World Bank Brazil Public Expenditure Review 2016, Indian Union Budget 2018
ad hoc, often restricted to specific schemes
and states. And the jump towards UBI or
guaranteed income may fall into a similar trap.
Instead, the focus needs to be on transitioning
the many innovations that currently operate in
silos into a harmonised and scaled-up system
of social protection. How should this be done?
At this stage of development, India needs
an overarching social protection strategy
to guide how various laws, innovations,
schemes, staff and budgets will coordinate
tactics to consolidate delivery costs, avoid
administrative duplication, and respond to
India’s diverse and changing risk profile.
A large share of social protection schemes
operating in modern India are designed for the
past. India, even of the recent past of 1977,
was mired in chronic poverty, with a largely
agrarian labor force, and barely networked.
5
Percent of GDP spent on social protection in selected countries, 2013-2017
The World Bank in India • March 201912
That India now only exists in pockets – most
of the country has seen booming tele-digital
and transport connectivity, sharp declines in
income poverty, and new neglected sources
of risks related to climate, urbanisation,
and migration. This is important policy and
cognitive shift requires national and state
governments to establish a nodal policy
vehicle through which strategic thinking and
coordination across schemes and states can
be achieved.
As India moves towards defining a social
protection strategy for its future, international
experience suggest three important lessons.
Global experience highlights that universal
and adequate insurance cannot be achieved
by hundreds of state and central schemes
operating in silos. Emerging economies have
focussed on comprehensive coverage through
program consolidation and convergence.
Countries like Brazil have streamlined
schemes and established integrated platforms
which combine delivery of cash transfers
to poor households with delivery of health,
nutrition and education. China and Indonesia
implement fewer than 10 national social
assistance programs.
International experience also emphasizes the
need to move away from a one-size-fits-all
model by allowing sub-national governments
greater flexibility as political economy,
labor markets, demographic attributes and
risk profiles vary by location. The Chinese,
Brazilian and Indonesian social protection
architecture are heavily decentralised, enabling
local governments to design, plan, and deliver
a core basket of benefits within a nationally
defined policy framework and budget.
Most importantly, global experience suggests
that no strategy can create an effective
social protection architecture without a
capable state. Of late, there appears to
be a growing political appetite to consider
quasi-UBI schemes at the national and state
level. However, these programs require a
strong tech-enabled delivery chain which
can target and administer benefits. Ensuring
technology is leveraged effectively without
triggering exclusion and privacy violations
requires robust regulation. As more flexibility
is given to states, their capacity to plan,
learn and implement programs must also be
strengthened, particularly at the sub-district
level. Brazil and Mexico have invested heavily
in local administration and social workers to
manage dynamic social registries and public
dealing.
India doesn’t need to mimic programs in Brazil
or China. It must incorporate international
lessons as it evolves and catches up with the
changing needs of its people. It’s time to think
beyond singular schemes. A broader social
protection strategy for a more urban, middle-
income, mobile, diverse and decentralized
India is urgently required.
This article first appeared in The Indian
Express on February 19, 2019.
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6
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
Natural disasters and climate change
don’t recognize national boundaries.
Their impact is becoming more intense in
degree, frequency and scale across South
Asia. An overwhelming 45 million people were
flooded from their homes in South Asia in
2015 alone. Cross-border cooperation is no
longer a choice. It’s an urgent necessity. Poor
people, women and children remain the most
vulnerable and South Asia is still home to one-
third of the world’s poor population.
At the same time, a positive and powerful
trend is emerging, riding on a unique and
formidable strength of the region. Millions
of women across South Asia are no longer
victims and are instead becoming “agents of
community resilience.” They have acquired
confidence and socio-economic power by
becoming part of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
and community collectives. When acting
together as part of such networks, women
have taken an active, even leading, role in
relief, recovery and rehabilitation efforts.
Building resilient communities in South Asia: Women take the lead
In India last year, Kerala was devastated
by its worst floods in a century. A
government-supported community network,
Kudumbashree, stepped forward to help
provide temporary shelter, mobilize relief
supplies, create community kitchens,
provide counselling support to women and
families and micro-enterprise support at relief
camps. Its members, 17,000 women-owned
enterprises, contributed one week of their
savings, reportedly amounting to USD 1 million
for the Chief Minister’s Distress Relief Fund.
Similarly, the SAARC Business Association of
Home Based Workers (Sabah), Nepal played
a “first respondents” role a day after the
devastating 2015 earthquake, reaching out
to communities in six earthquake-affected
districts. In Bangladesh, development
organization BRAC started as a relief response
after the country’s war of liberation in 1971.
In India, the Self-Employed Women’s
Association (SEWA) in India, now with 2 million
Lighthouse India
7
The World Bank in India • March 2019128
women participating, first launched its rural
initiatives in Gujarat in response to the chronic
drought between 1986 and 1988. Later, its
members were at the forefront of relief efforts
following the super cyclone, drought, floods
and earthquake between 1998 and 2001.
It is at the intersection of this growing, cross-
border threat of natural disasters and climate
change in South Asia and the power and
promise of women-led collectives that the
World Bank organized a vibrant and multi-
faceted South-South Conclave in New Delhi
from January 31-February 2, 2019.
“This very much is a regional initiative, there
are regional problems, there are regional
solutions and it’s really important to move
beyond the political boundaries that are set
up by humans,” said Mary Kathryn Hollifield,
Practice Manager, Food and Agriculture Global
Practice, South Asia Region, World Bank.
The conclave also explored how to strengthen
and leverage the immense power of SHGs
towards the economic transformation of
vulnerable communities. “The social capital
from community networks is not just about
social justice; it also contributes to outstanding
and sustainable economic progress,” said
Amarjeet Sinha, Secretary, Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India.
In India, a decade long partnership between
the national and state governments with the
World Bank has resulted in more than 50
million women being organized into SHGs
and their higher-level federations. Since 2011,
these women have saved more than $1.4
billion and leveraged a further $30 billion
through the formal banking system.
BRAC in Bangladesh similarly has 5 million
borrowers and a portfolio of almost $1.5
billion. “We have the skills that can propel us
out of poverty and women are the intrinsic
guarantors of these skills,” said Chime
P. Wangdi, Secretary General, Tarayana
Foundation, which works with 40 of the
poorest communities in Bhutan.
And so, dozens of women artisans and
producers, beneficiaries of World Bank-
supported projects and local SHG partners
from Bhutan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh
and 13 states of India came together in the
Indian capital to showcase and sell over
5000 innovative, handmade goods from farm
and non-farm based livelihoods in a vibrant
“marketplace.”
Producers and customers could both see
the entire value chain – artisanal weaves and
embroidery in finished designs on display
in a unique “Made in South Asia” runway
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
would be to see some special kind of trade
agreement on just artisan products so they
can flow freely across South Asia.”
To enable local women producers go to the
next frontier of enterprise development, the
conclave set up “interactive clinics” with
industry experts such as Ikea, Etsy and HCL
Foundation to provide practical insights on
how to improve product design, strengthen
market linkages, expand distribution and
access online markets and international
retailers.
Many women-owned enterprises have already
made the shift into producer companies or
made women producers shareholders. But
the majority still need business development
capacity, training and support. What the
conclave revealed is that the barriers to reach
this next frontier are breaking down much
faster now due to the power of collectives.
“Now we don’t see impossibilities. Now, we
see possibilities,” said Robin Amatya from
Sabah Nepal which has impacted 3 million
women through enterprise support and trade
facilitation initiatives. “Initially, we used to
think how these people will be able to do,
but now we’re doing it. It’s all because of the
power of women, their confidence, their take
on the changing market.”
9
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show. In panel discussions, participants also
highlighted the untapped economic potential
of regional markets.
“On the one hand, very good policies exist to
protect artisans and on the other hand, we’re
not able to capitalize on them,” said Gayatri
Acharya, Lead Rural Development Economist,
South Asia, World Bank. “So, my one desire
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The World Bank in India • March 201912
utilization of development resources.
The Project will support the state
government’s initiative to build and
modernize the technical and financial
management capabilities of its local bodies
and state-owned enterprises.
The Project components will improve
capacity in the areas of cash and debt
management, planning and budgeting,
appraisal and monitoring of high value
projects and public audit. It will support
measures to improve transparency of budget
and procurement information. Using GIS
mapping technologies, the project will also
strengthen the state’s revenue management
systems, including that of urban local
bodies.
dams in India, benefitting 25 million primary
beneficiaries from urban and rural communities
providing them water and livelihood opportunities.
The additional funding will be used for
construction of an additional spillway for
Hirakud Dam in Odisha state and continue to
help in rehabilitation and improvement of other
dams including strengthening the institutional,
legal and technical framework for dam safety
assurance within the Government of India and
participating states.
Recent Project Approvals
Uttarakhand Public Financial Management Strengthening Project
Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project
The World Bank’s Board of Executive
Directors has approved an additional
$137 million for the Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project (DRIP) that will help
rehabilitate and modernize over 200 selected
large dams in the states of Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and
Uttarakhand.
In 2010, the Bank’s Board approved $350 million
to finance the DRIP to improve the safety and
sustainable performance of over 220 selected
10
The World Bank’s Board of Executive
Directors has approved a loan of $31.58
million for the Uttarakhand Public Financial
Management Strengthening Project that will
help improve the state’s ability to manage
its financial systems and lead to better
Recent Project Signings
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The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
developing viable enterprises for farm and
non-farm products.
A key focus of the Project will be to promote
women-owned and women-led farm and non-
farm enterprises across value chains; enable
them to build businesses that help them
access finance, markets and networks; and
generate employment.
The NRETP will support enterprise
development programs for rural poor women
and youth by creating a platform to access
finance, including start-up financing options,
to build their individual and/or collectively
owned and managed enterprises.
The other key component of the Project includes
developing financial products using digital
financial services to help small producer
collectives scale-up and engage with the market.
National Rural Economic Transformation Project
Chhattisgarh Public Financial Management and Accountability Program
11
The World Bank and the Government
of India have signed a $250 million
agreement for the National Rural Economic
Transformation Project (NRETP) which will
help women in rural households shift to a
new generation of economic initiatives by
The Government of India, the state
Government of Chhattisgarh and the
World Bank have signed a $25.2 million loan
agreement to support the state’s reforms
in expenditure management. This support
will cover expenditure planning, investment
management, budget execution, public
procurement and accountability.
This is the first Bank-financed state-level project
in the state of Chhattisgarh in nearly a decade,
and will also help the state strengthen its direct
benefit transfer and tax administration systems.
The Program will build capacity of the state’s
human resources and the institutions handling
management of public finances. The World
Bank will facilitate cross-learning from public
financial management reforms undertaken by
it in other Indian states while bringing in global
experiences.
Almost 11,000 village panchayats and 168
urban municipalities in Chhattisgarh are likely
to benefit from the program’s emphasis on
transparency and accountability. It will also
support the state government’s initiative to
put in place systems to automate most of
the processing and payment of Direct Benefit
Transfers (DBTs) to beneficiaries; improve
property tax collection through the digitization
of property tax rolls; and extending the
property surveys to 47 municipalities.
Enhanced outreach and improved tax return
filing performance are also likely to help the
state’s objective of increasing the number of
GST taxpayer registrations.
The World Bank in India • March 201912
the project has completed more than 2,000
permanent houses and 23 public buildings
and restored over 1,300 kilometers of roads
and 16 bridges.
The additional financing of $96 million will
further help in the reconstruction of bridges,
road and river bank protection works, and
in the construction of a training facility for the
State Disaster Response Force. The Project
will also help increase the technical capacity
of the state entities to respond promptly and
more effectively to such crises in the future.
Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project – Additional Financing
Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Service Delivery Reform Programmatic
Development Policy Loan
12
The World Bank, Government of India
and Government of Himachal Pradesh
(GoHP) have signed a $40 million loan
agreement to help bring clean and reliable
drinking water supply to the citizens of the
Greater Shimla area, who have been facing
severe water shortages and water-borne
epidemics over the last few years.
The loan is expected to improve water
supply and sanitation services in and around
the hill city of Shimla.
The Bank-supported project, the first in a
series of three development policy loans
(DPL), will support the GoHP’s program of
policy and institutional reform needed to
bring continuous, pressurized water supply,
efficient sewage collection and treatment for
all households in the Greater Shimla Area.
The World Bank DPL will support Shimla Jal
Prabandhan Nigam Limited in its policy and
institutional reform program as it launches
three critical operations to improve water
supply and sanitation services in the state
capital:
l bringing bulk water to Shimla from a new
source on the Sutlej River;
l 24x7 water supply and sewage
management for Shimla City and;
l sewage services for peri-urban areas.
It will also support capacity building for the
Shimla Municipal Corporation to take on its
new role of oversight.
The World Bank, Government of India
and Government of Uttarakhand (GoUK)
have signed a $96 million agreement to
provide additional funds to the state in its
post-disaster recovery plans, ongoing since
the floods of 2013, as well as strengthen its
capacity for disaster risk management.
The World Bank, through the Uttarakhand
Disaster Recovery Project, has been
supporting the state government since 2014
to restore housing and rural connectivity, and
to build resilience of communities. So far,
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Events
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
infrastructure, etc. – and suggest possible
solutions to mitigate the problems.
During the course of the challenge, students
were also presented with an overview of
an ongoing transport management system
working successfully in the city of Mysuru. This
project is supported by the World Bank under
the Sustainable Urban Transport Project and is
being implemented in four states in India.
World Bank country director Junaid Ahmad
gave an overview of public transportation
challenges both in India and other cities of
the world. The presentations by the students
were made to a jury consisting of World Bank
senior staff members.
Transport solutions presented by students for
the city of Varanasi, Kolkata and Bengaluru
won 1st, 2nd and 3rd prizes, respectively.
13
Reimaging Cities
‘Smart’ Public Transport System
January 17, 2019 • New Delhi
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The Economics Society at Shri Ram
College of Commerce (SRCC),
University of Delhi, and the World Bank
came together to listen to young students
propose innovative solutions to development
challenges in the country. Student groups,
selected through a competitive process
from institutions across the country, were
asked to put together a presentation on
implementation challenges and possible
solutions for a ‘Smart’ Public Transport
System in a city in India.
The competition, called Macromania, was
organized as part of SRCC’s annual Economic
Summit. This year, more than 1200 students
enlisted for the competition. Eight groups
from Daulat Ram College, Hans Raj College,
Kirori Mal College, MANAGE Hyderabad,
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow,
and SRCC were selected for the final round.
Each group was required to pick a city of
their choice, list urban transport issues faced
in that city – for example, lack of organized
public transport services, traffic congestion,
The World Bank in India • January 2015The World Bank in India • March 20191214
Why is India rejoining the PISA ranking so important?
India choosing to benchmark itself on PISA, which measures learning outcomes rather
than rote outcomes, signals that India is changing its systems of education to adapt to the
future. It is a massive signal.
It says India wants to be measured globally to know it is adapting in the correct way. Given
India’s size and its scale and the fact that it is becoming one of the top economies in the
world, what it chooses to do is also a huge signal to the rest of the world.
India choosing to benchmark itself on PISA a massive signal...it says India wants to be measured globally: Junaid AhmadIndia recently announced that in 2021 it will be rejoining the Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA), which tests performance of 15-year-old school children in
mathematics, science and reading. India withdrew from this global measurement system
administered by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2009.
Junaid Ahmad, World Bank’s Country Director in India, spoke to Nalin Mehta on the importance
of India rejoining this global ranking system and how the Bank will be working on this with the
government:
Face to Face
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12 15
India, of course, was part of PISA rankings earlier and the last time when India took part it
was 72nd of 74 countries. What did it take for government to change its mind?
There was a feeling that the PISA test was not taking into account the differences of
background, class, caste inside India. India felt that the system of examination was not fair
to all of its citizens. Second, it did get bad results the first time around. It made India pause
and ask if this was the right test for us.
The rethinking is because the education system is changing. It is a recognition by India that
PISA now can actually help in improving the education system. For example, Vietnam chose
to enter PISA and the diagnostic helped it to understand what was wrong with its system.
Today, Vietnam’s PISA numbers are equivalent to Finland and the top nations in the world.
Today India as a nation is aiming for that global benchmark, so it has no issue with taking on
a test like PISA. It is a reflection of India’s own strength.
How will the concerns about taking enough cognizance of India’s diversity be met now?
The fact that it is seen as a capacity enhancement rather than a test per se helps India
deal with it. India is using PISA as one more instrument of evaluation. It has already begun
to change its National Achievement Survey. NAS is beginning to be more about testing
competency learning.
By way of a parallel, there is ease of doing business which is a global test. India has
participated in that and done well but India also created its own sub-national ease of doing
business ranking of its states. NAS is India’s
own survey to assess its education systems
and it is complemented by PISA.
Till 2021, what is the kind of work that will
happen in schools?
We have been asked by the government
to support the skills program and help to
set up the process by which PISA will be
implemented. I can’t tell you the details right
now because we are just in the middle of
saying how many states PISA will be done in,
in what type of schools, and the initial schools
where capacity building on teachers will be
done. World Bank is helping India actually
write out the implementation plan with OECD.
Since the last PISA ranking of 2009, which
Indian states have improved most on
education?
Purely from the point of view of student learning levels in language and mathematics,
the NAS 2017 conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT) suggests that Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Chandigarh, Assam,
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Manipur and Himachal Pradesh
are performing close to or above the national average.
This article was first published in The Times of India on March 1, 2019
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The rethinking is because the education system is changing. It is a recognition by India that PISA now can actually help in improving the education system... Today India as a nation is aiming for that global benchmark, so it has no issue with taking on a test like PISA. It is a reflection of India’s own strength.
The World Bank in India • March 201912
This is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website.
To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section.
ICR Update
Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Project
Approval Date: 5 September, 2006
Closing Date: 31 December, 2015
Total Project Cost US$ 251.86 million
Bank Financing: US$ 133.68 million
Implementing Agency:
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of Uttarakhand (GoUK)
Outcome: Satisfactory
Risk to Development Outcome:
Moderate
Overall Bank Performance:
Satisfactory
Overall Borrower Performance:
Satisfactory
Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Context
In the early 2000s almost 50 percent of
habitations were not covered by a fully
functioning water supply scheme in the state
of Uttarakhand. In addition, water scarcity
led to major health issues in rural areas
where about 75-80 percent of people did not
have access to sanitary latrines. The GoUK
prioritized Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
(RWSS) as a pillar in its development agenda
and envisaged universal coverage of safe and
potable water and sanitation. The World Bank
had earlier successfully implemented the
Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Rural Water
Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project
(Swajal) from 1996 to 2003.
Project Development Objectives
The objective of the project was to improve
the effectiveness of RWSS services through
decentralization and increased role of
16
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and local
communities in the state of Uttarakhand.
The Development Objective was modified
under the additional financing (AF) to include
reconstruction and restoration of RWSS
schemes that were partially damaged by the
severe floods and landslides in June 2013.
The project would directly benefit at least
1.2 million people (12 percent of
Uttarakhand’s population) and improve
sanitation for about 30 percent of the
state’s rural communities. Other intended
beneficiaries of capacity building programs
were identified as the PRIs participating in
the project and RWSS institutions under the
GoUK.
Achievements
Water Supply Services: The project
exceeded targets by 104 percent by directly
benefitting 1.57 million rural people against
the project target of 1.20 million. Water
supply works were completed covering
8,641 habitations against a target of 8,270
habitations.
Sanitation Services: The number of
households that adopted improved hygiene
and sanitation practices increased by 0.85
million. Toilet coverage increased from 21
percent to 97 percent through effective
information, education, communication
and capacity building programs. 857,768
Individual Household Latrines (IHHLs) with
more than 90 percent usage were completed
against a target of 886,301 IHHLs under
national sanitation programs. About 679
Gram Panchayats (GPs) achieved Open
Defecation Free (ODF) status, against a target
of 475 GPs.
Restoration of services of damaged
schemes in disaster-affected areas: The
target to restore schemes damaged during
the 2013 floods and landslides was fully met.
A total of 2,972 schemes were reconstructed
and restored. In addition, 2,265 IHHLs, 1,751
soak pits, and more that 33,000 meters of
drain were also restored.
Capacity Building of RWSS Institutions:
The project successfully built capacity of
state, district and village-level institutions,
which now operate and function under the
new institutional arrangements.
Governance and Accountability:
The project developed and successfully
implemented the scheme-cycle processes,
including independent reviews, technical
and social audits, grievance redressal and
beneficiary feedback programs. The project
has twice received the prestigious RTI Award
for good governance, accountability and
transparency.
17
The World Bank in India • March 201912
Lessons Learned
● Ownership of institutional reforms. The
success of any RWSS project is premised
on political will and the Government’s
commitment to reforms. Experience from
this project suggests that a rigorous
assessment of the political economy
is essential during project preparation
to secure the state’s commitment for
organizational, financial, and technical
resources and to ensure that mitigating
measures are in place to address political
risks as they emerge. The success of this
model requires significant dialogue with
the government before effectiveness.
● Keeping design simple and realistic. The
simplicity of the project design, given such
a massive, complex program, was in part
responsible for the high achievement.
The project’s key components are
complementary and easily replicable in
other parts of India.
● Building capacity of decentralized
institutions. RWSS projects that
are implemented in a decentralized
environment should build in additional time
to enhance capacity of the lowest tier of
the government agencies. For this project,
the GPs lacked project management
experience initially, which led to early
implementation delays. In addition, it
is important to institutionalize capacity
building, as done under this project, to
ensure sustainability of interventions.
● Establishing community procurement.
The project was able to establish effective
community procurement. This played a
key role in empowering communities to
plan, implement, and operate their own
WSS schemes and was a critical element
of the decentralized RWSS program.
(Change background colour as needed)
18
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
WPS8736
Does Culture Matter or Firm? Demand for Female
Labor in Three Indian Cities
By Maitreyi B Das, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Ieva
Zumbyte, Sanjeev Sasmal and Sangeeta Goyal
In discussing the inordinately low employment of Indian
women in urban areas, several studies have argued that
culture and attitudes have created a labor market that
is inherently discriminatory. The unsaid corollary is that
culture is slow and hard to change and so, women will
stay out of the labor market until social change occurs.
The empirical evidence on the role of culture is slim at
best.
This paper fills the void in the policy literature, as it
assesses the relative role of culture, as signified by
attitudes of employers, and firm characteristics in hiring
women. The paper is based on a unique survey of 618
firms in three of the largest cities in the state of Madhya
Pradesh (India) – Bhopal, Indore, and Gwalior. Using
detailed descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis
at the firm level, the hiring process, and attitudes toward
male and female workers, the paper addresses the issue
of culture and firm characteristics, while noting that the
two are not necessarily in binary opposition.
The results reinforce the conventional wisdom in some
ways and are surprising in others. The most salient
result is that employer attitudes matter much less for
the chance that women will be hired, than do firm and
location characteristics. This has significant policy
implications, the most important of which is that female
employment in urban India is amenable to policy
intervention, and that it is not necessary to wait for
culture to change.
WPS8731
The Textile-Clothing Value Chain in India and
Bangladesh: How Appropriate Policies Can Promote
(or Inhibit) Trade and Investment
By Mahfuz Kabir, Surendar Singh and Michael Joseph
Ferrantino
Publications may be consulted and copies
of unpriced items obtained from:
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18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi – 110 001, India
Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753
Website: www.worldbank.org
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This is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office
Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org
New Additions to the Public Information Center
India: Policy Research Working Papers
19
The World Bank in India • March 201912
– identifying which economies are strengthening
their business environment the most. Doing Business
illustrates how reforms in business regulations are
being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic
entrepreneurs and for the wider economy.
It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the
World Bank Group that garners worldwide attention
on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. Almost 140
economies have used the Doing Business indicators to
shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on
the ground.
Global Economic Prospects 2019: Darkening Skies
By World Bank
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
264 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISSN: 1014-8906
ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-
1343-6
ISBN (electronic): 978-1-
4648-1386-3
Global economic prospects have darkened. Financing
conditions have tightened, industrial production has
moderated, and trade tensions remain elevated.
The recovery in emerging market and developing
economies has stalled, and some countries have
experienced significant financial stress. Downside risks
have increased, including the possibility of disorderly
financial market movements and escalating trade
disputes.
Exports to Jobs: Boosting the Gains from Trade in
South Asia
By Erhan Artuc, Gladys
Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond
Robertson and Daniel
Samaan
Available On-Line
Published: February 2019,
200 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1248-4
South Asia has grown
rapidly with significant
reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match
the fast-growing working age population, leading to
lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job
quality.
Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor
market outcomes? This study shows the positive side
of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker
would result in higher wages—mainly for better-off
Doing Business 2019: Training for Reform
By World Bank
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
311 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-
1326-9
ISBN (electronic): 978-1-
4648-1338-2
ISSN: 1729-2638
Sixteenth in a series of annual reports comparing
business regulation in 190 economies, Doing Business
2019 measures aspects of regulation affecting 10 areas
of everyday business activity:
• Starting a business
• Dealing with construction permits
• Getting electricity
• Registering property
• Getting credit
• Protecting minority investors
• Paying taxes
• Trading across borders
• Enforcing contracts
• Resolving insolvency.
These areas are included in the distance to frontier
score and ease of doing business ranking. Doing
Business also measures features of labor market
regulation, which is not included in these two measures.
This edition also presents the findings of the pilot
indicator entitled ‘Contracting with the Government,’
which aims at benchmarking the efficiency, quality and
transparency of public procurement systems worldwide.
The report updates all indicators as of May 1, 2018,
ranks economies on their overall ‘ease of doing
business’, and analyzes reforms to business regulation
There are significant value chain linkages between India
and Bangladesh, particularly in the textile and apparel
sector. India specializes in the upstream segment,
supplying such intermediate inputs as silk, cotton, yarn,
and fabrics to Bangladesh. Bangladesh specializes
in the downstream final apparel segment, exporting
worldwide as well as to India. Tariffs and nontariff
barriers in both countries inhibit the growth of value
chain linkages. In addition, subsidies and other industrial
policies in India distort incentives away from the natural
pattern of specialization.
The results of a new survey of textile and clothing firms
in both countries corroborate these findings. Reforms in
trade policy (including rules of origin), trade facilitation,
trade-related standards, and institutions could help both
countries better take advantage of value chain linkages.
Other Publications
20
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-
experienced workers—although less-skilled workers
would see the largest reduction in informality.
Productivity Revisited: Shifting Paradigms in
Analysis and Policy
By Ana Paula Cusolito and
William F. Maloney
Available On-Line
Published: December 2018
200 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN (paper):
978-1-4648-1334-4
ISBN (electronic):
978-1-4648-1362-7
Productivity Revisited
brings together the new conceptual advances of
“second-wave” productivity analysis that have
revolutionized the study of productivity, calling much
previous analysis into question while providing a new
set of tools for approaching these debates.
The book extends this analysis and, using unique data
sets from multiple developing countries, grounds it in
the developing-country context. It calls for rebalancing
away from an exclusive focus on misallocation toward
a greater focus on upgrading firms and facilitating the
emergence of productive new establishments.
The book is the second volume of the World Bank
Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier
thinking on the measurement and determinants of
productivity to global policy makers.
A Resurgent East Asia: Navigating a Changing World
By Andrew D. Mason and
Sudhir Shetty
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
194 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1333-7
East Asia has been
a paragon of global
development success. The
dramatic transformation of the region over the past
half century—with a succession of countries having
progressed from low-income to middle-income and
even to high-income status—has been built on what
has come to be known as the “East Asian development
model.” Yet East Asia’s economic resurgence remains
incomplete. More than 90 percent of its people
now live in 10 middle-income countries, many of
which can realistically aspire to high-income status
in the next generation or two. But these countries
are still much less affluent and productive than their
high-income counterparts. A Resurgent East Asia:
Navigating a Changing World is about how policy
makers across developing East Asia will need to adapt
their development model to effectively address these
challenges in the coming decade and sustain the
region’s remarkable development performance.
The Analysis of Household Surveys (Reissue Edition
with a New Preface): A Microeconometric Approach
to Development Policy
By Angus Deaton
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
494 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1331-3
Two decades after its
original publication, The
Analysis of Household
Surveys is reissued with a
new preface by its author,
Sir Angus Deaton, recipient
of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This
classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious
interest in using household survey data to shed light on
policy issues.
The book reviews the analysis of household survey
data, including the construction of household surveys,
the econometric tools useful for such analysis, and a
range of problems in development policy for which this
survey analysis can be applied.
The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in
Low-and Middle-ncome Countries
By Steven Jaffee, Spencer
Henson, Laurian Unnevehr,
Delia Grace, and Emilie
Cassou
Available On-Line
Published: December 2018,
208 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1345-0
This report strengthens
the economic case for
increased public investment
and other policy attention on food safety in developing
countries. It is directed primarily at policy-makers,
although researchers, development practitioners and
food safety specialists will also find its content of
value. By synthesizing and interpreting the available
evidence on the economic costs of unsafe food in
relation to both domestic markets and trade, the report
positions food safety as an integral part of economic
21
The World Bank in India • March 201912
strategies are needed to bolster economic resilience to
climate-induced natural disasters.
Modelling suggests that preventive public investments
and measures to build fiscal buffers can help safeguard
stability and growth in the face of rising climate risks.
In this way, environmental tax reforms and climate risk-
management strategies can lay the much-needed fiscal
foundation for development and climate action.
The Rail Freight Challenge for Emerging Economies:
How to Regain Modal Share
By Bernard Aritua
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
68 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1381-8
How can policy makers and
senior officials in railway
organizations support
the movement of more
cargo by rail rather than by road? This report highlights
specific interventions and investments that are critical.
Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the
Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet
Edited by Julie Rozenberg
and Marianne Fay
Available On-Line
Published: February 2019,
196 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1363-4
The book aims to shift
the debate regarding
investment needs away
from a simple focus on
spending more and toward a focus on spending better
on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does
so by offering a careful and systematic approach to
estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps
in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity,
irrigation, and flood protection.
Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that
funding needs depend on the service goals and policy
choices of low- and middle-income countries and could
range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per
year by 2030.
development and food system modernization. It goes
on to provide guidance on ways in which public policy
and investment can improve food safety awareness and
behavior from farm to fork.
Compendium of International and National Legal
Frameworks on Domestic Violence
By World Bank
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
5 Vol.
English Version, Paperback
Domestic Violence (DV) is
a universal phenomenon
that affects millions of
women of all social strata
worldwide. It is the most
pervasive, common, under-recognized, underestimated
and under-reported type of violence against women.
It reflects discriminatory social norms, stereotypes,
impunity and gender inequality. It is all too often
considered as a “private, family issue”, widely accepted
and minimized although it impairs the full enjoyment of
life and fundamental rights and freedoms by victims and
survivors who are overwhelmingly women.
The Compendium on International and National Legal
Frameworks on Domestic Violence provides a survey of
the key international and regional instruments as well as
national legislation as they relate to domestic violence.
Fiscal Policies for Development and Climate Action
By Miria A. Pigato
Available On-Line
Published: January 2019,
243 pages
English Version, Paperback
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1358-0
Fiscal policies can lay the
foundation for low-carbon
and climate-resilient
development. Building on
more than two decades of research in development
and environmental economics, this book argues that
fiscal instruments are crucial for mitigating and adapting
to climate change while raising human welfare. By
implementing environmental tax reforms, developing
countries can reap a “triple dividend”: cutting pollution,
raising economic activity, and generating development
cobenefits, such as cleaner water, safer roads, and
improvements in human health.
These reforms need not harm competitiveness.
Empirical evidence, including from Indonesia and
Mexico, suggests that raising fuel prices can increase
firm productivity. In addition, risk management
22
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12 23
India Project Documents
Agriculture Risk Resilience and Insurance Access Program
Date 19 November 2018
Project ID P165923
Report No. (Project Information Document-
Appraisal Stage)
Andhra Pradesh Telangana Road Sector Project
Date 27 December 2018
Project ID P096021
Report No. RES34961 (Project Paper)
Bihar Kosi Flood Recovery Program
Date 17 December 2018
Project ID P122096
Report No. ICR4517 (Implementation Completion
and Results Report)
Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods Project
Date 14 January 2019
Project ID P088520
Report No. ICRR0021425 (Implementation
Completion Report Review)
Capacity Building for Urban Development Project
Date 28 December 2018
Project ID P099979
Report No. ICR4543 (Implementation Completion
and Results Report)
Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor – I
Date 25 December 2018
Project ID P121774
Report No. RES35651, RES35218 (Project Paper)
Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor – I, II and III
Date 01 December 2018
Project ID P114338
Report No. SFG4931 (Resettlement Plan)
Efficient Sustainable City Bus Services Project
Date 29 December 2018
Project ID P132418
Report No. RES35612 (Project Paper)
Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project
Date 27 December 2018
Project ID P091031
Report No. ICR4424 (Implementation Completion
and Results Report)
Elementary Education – III
Date 04 January 2019
Project ID P144447
Report No. ICRR0021384 (Implementation
Completion Report Review)
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Date 21 December 2018
Project ID P097985
Report No. RES34590 (Project Paper)
Jharkhand Municipal Development Project
Date 19 November 2018
Project ID P158502
Report No. PAD2424 (Project Appraisal Document)
Karnataka Watershed Development – II
Date 19 December 2018
Project ID P122486
Report No. RES34850 (Project Paper)
NHAI Technical Assistance Project
Date 28 December 2018
Project ID P121515
Report No. ICR4581 (Implementation Completion
and Results Report)
Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis
Date 19 December 2018
Project ID P165923
Report No. PIDA175333 (Project Information
Document – Appraisal)
Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Service Delivery Reform
Date 18 December 2018
Project ID P167246
Report No. PGD28 (Program Document)
The World Bank in India • March 201912
Half of the world’s poor live in just 5 countries
By Royt Katayama, Co-author: Divyanshi Wadhwa
Of the world’s 736 million extreme poor in 2015,
368 million—half of the total—lived in just five
countries. The five countries with the highest number
of extreme poor are (in descending order): India,
Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia,
and Bangladesh. They also happen to be the most
populous countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan
Africa, the two regions that together account for 85
percent (629 million) of the world’s poor.
Therefore, to make significant continued progress
towards the global target of reducing extreme poverty
(those living on less than $1.90 a day) to less than 3
percent by 2030, large reductions in poverty in these
five countries will be crucial.
Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yyyd2v4t
From the Blogworld
Teach: Tackling the learning crisis, one classroom
at a time
By Ezequiel Molina,
Co-authors: Adelle Pushparatnam, Tracy Wilichowski
Despite tremendous progress in getting children
into the classroom, we are experiencing a
global learning crisis, where a large share of children
complete primary school lacking even basic reading,
writing, and arithmetic skills. What explains this
phenomenon? To answer this question, consider the
following examples of classrooms that are unlikely to
put students on a path to success.
In Kabul, Afghanistan, a teacher begins his lesson by
reading out the learning objective. He then asks one
student after another to read the same information
again. Over 20 minutes are spent on this activity.
Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yxrf2qay
24
Applauding the women leaders in South Asia
By Hartwig Schaferon
I just ended my first round of country visits as the
World Bank’s Vice President for the South Asia
Region. Over and above all, I have been immensely
impressed by the resilience, determination,
commitment and innovation of the women leaders
that I had the privilege to meet during my visits.
These women are succeeding in a region where it
is hard for women to realize their career dreams. In
South Asia, only 28 percent of women ages 15+ are
employed, compared to 48 percent worldwide. What
better opportunity than International Women’s Day
to give a huge shout-out and applaud those women
who are role models, entrepreneurs, and leaders in
the eight countries of South Asia.
Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yyna6ecf
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
WPS8739
Does Pollution Hinder Urban Competitiveness?
By Matthew Edwin Kahn; Nancy Lozano Gracia and
Maria Edisa Soppelsa
WPS8738
Inflation: Concepts, Evolution, and Correlates
By Jongrim Ha, Anna Ivanova, Franziska Lieselotte
Ohnsorge and Derya Filiz Unsal Portillo Ocando
WPS8737
Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood
Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from
The Gambia
By Moussa Pouguinimpo Blimpo, Pedro Manuel
Amaro Da Costa Luz Carneiro, Pamela Jervis and Todd
Pugatch
WPS8736
Does Culture Matter or Firm? Demand for Female
Labor in Three Indian Cities
By Maitreyi B Das, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Ieva
Zumbyte, Sanjeev Sasmal and Sangeeta Goyal
WPS8735
Estimation of Poverty in Somalia Using Innovative
Methodologies
By Utz Johann Pape and Philip Randolph Wollburg
WPS8734
What Is State Capacity?
By Stuti Khemani
WPS8733
Enhancing Young Children’s Language Acquisition
through Parent-Child Book-Sharing: A Randomized
Trial in Rural Kenya
By Heather Ashley Knauer, Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier,
Frances E Aboud and Lia C.H. Fernald
WPS8732
Sex, Lies, and Surveys: The Role of Interviewer
Characteristics
By Tricia Koroknay-Palicz and Joao Montalvao
WPS8731
The Textile-Clothing Value Chain in India and
Bangladesh: How Appropriate Policies Can Promote
(or Inhibit) Trade and Investment
By Mahfuz Kabir, Surendar Singh and Michael Joseph
Ferrantino
WPS8730
Hitting the Trillion Mark – A Look at How Much
Countries Are Spending on Infrastructure
By Marianne Fay, Sungmin Han, Hyoung Il Lee and et.al.
WPS8729
Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An
Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
By George Joseph, Luis Alberto Andres, Gnanaraj
Chellaraj and et.al.
WPS8728
A Joint Foreign Currency Risk Management Approach
for Sovereign Assets and Liabilities
By Mehmet Coskun Cangoz, Olga Sulla, ChunLan Wang
and Christopher Benjamin Dychala
WPS8727
The Impact of Forced Displacement on Host
Communities: A Review of the Empirical Literature in
Economics
By Paolo Verme and Kirsten Schuettler
WPS8726
Pension Funds with Automatic Enrollment Schemes:
Lessons for Emerging Economies
By Heinz P. Rudolph
WPS8725
Inequality of Access to Opportunities and
Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from the Life in
Transition Survey
By Alexandru Cojocaru
WPS8724
Poverty Impact of Food Price Shocks and Policies
By David Laborde, Csilla Lakatos and William J. Martin
WPS8723
Measuring Natural Risks in the Philippine:
Socioeconomic Resilience and Wellbeing Losses
By Brian James Walsh and Stephane Hallegatte
WPS8722
Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context – The High
Frequency Survey in South Sudan
By Utz Johann Pape and Luca Parisotto
WPS8721
Learning from Developing Country Power Market
Experiences: The Case of the Philippines
By Hugh Rudnick and Constantin Velasquez
WPS8720
Policy Implications of Non-linear Effects of Tax
Changes on Output
By Samara Gunter, Daniel Riera-Crichton, Carlos
Alberto Vegh Gramont and Guillermo Javier Vuletin
WPS8719
Discriminatory Laws Against Women: A Survey of the
Literature
By Sanchari Roy
WPS8718
Reducing Environmental Risks from Belt and Road
Initiative Investments in Transportation Infrastructure
By Elizabeth Claire Losos, Alexander Pfaff, Lydia
Pauline Olander, Sara Mason and Seth Morgan
25
The World Bank in India • March 201912
WPS8717
Measuring Farm Labor: Survey Experimental Evidence
from Ghana
By Isis Gaddis, Gbemisola Oseni Siwatu, Amparo
Palacios-Lopez and Janneke Pieters
WPS8716
Investing in Human Capital: What Can We Learn from
the World Bank’s Portfolio Data?
By Roberta V. Gatti and Aakash Mohpal
WPS8715
Paid Maternity Leave and Female Employment:
Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for
Developing Countries
By Mohammad Amin and Asif Mohammed Islam
WPS8714
Enforcing Competition and Firm Productivity:
Evidence from 1,800 Peruvian Municipalities
By Marc Tobias Schiffbauer and James Robert Ezequiel
Sampi Bravo
WPS8713
Interest Rate Pass-Through: A Meta-Analysis of the
Literature
By Jiri Gregora, Ales Melecky and Martin Melecky
WPS8712
When the Cycle Becomes the Trend: The Emerging
Market Experience with Fiscal Policy during the Last
Commodity Super Cycle
By Rashaad Amra, Marek Hanusch and Charl Jooste
WPS8711
Can Regulation Promote Financial Inclusion?
By Rong Chen and Raian Divanbeigi
WPS8710
Highway Politics in a Divided Government: Evidence
from Mexico
By Harris Selod and Souleymane Soumahoro
WPS8709
A New Tail-Based Correlation Measure and Its
Application in Global Equity Markets
By Jinjing Liu
WPS8708
Using Referenda to Improve Targeting and Decrease
Costs of Conditional Cash Transfers
By Jennifer M. Alix-Garcia, Katharine R. Emans Sims
and Daniel J. Phaneuf
WPS8707
Can Environmental Cash Transfers Reduce
Deforestation and Improve Social Outcomes? A
Regression Discontinuity Analysis of Mexico’s
National Program (2011-2014)
By Jennifer M. Alix-Garcia, Katharine R. Emans Sims,
Victor Hugo Orozco Olvera and et.al.
WPS8706
Assessing Innovation Patterns and Constraints in
Developing East Asia: An Introductory Analysis
By Mariana Iootty De Paiva Dias
WPS8705
Subjective Well-Being and Peaceful Uprisings
By Caroline T. Witte and Elena Ianchovichina
WPS8704
Natural Resources and Total Factor Productivity
Growth in Developing Countries: Testing A New
Methodology
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26
The World Bank in India • March 2019 12
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27
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◆ Institute of Economic Growth New Delhi
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◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad
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