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7 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Zya`fc Bflglcfln kb Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl

Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`iAf``v Ckqqfhiq Eicidaiq 71, 1:71

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hksi ~fh ilkynh dkliv k eklgi

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yles2 Zgqfcfzgfln cglefegis qicifri dkqi hgl %1::,::: fl zya`fc lglcfln, ay

hiv cgl kl`v szile hg syd gle hi wyg`fvfln cklqfayfkls kl hifq cgdzgfnls> 

Li~ Dixfck flsfyie g sfdf`gq svsid kq sgi~fei oyefcfg` qgcis fl 1::>8

Lkqh Cgqk`flg‖s zqknqgd hgs aiil hi`e ky gs g dkei` kq khiq sgis cklsfeiqfln

qikqds k miiz szicfg` fliqis dkliv ky k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls, ay hfs vigq‖s i`icfkl

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fln cgdzgfnl lglci ~iqi shgqz`v `fdfie av qicil YS Syzqidi Ckyq cgsis

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1 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

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szil dkqi hgl hi gdkyl grgf`ga`i hqkynh hi zya`fc syasfev Ufs dgchfln yles

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 ~hfch hi`e hg efsqfayfln yles k zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegis fl qiszklsi k gl

kzzklil‖s szilefln fs iicfri`v g ‐zilg`v— kq hi kzzklil‖s zk`ffcg` sziich7: 

 ^hf`i hi qgeffklg` kqd k ‐dgchfln yles— fs lk~ ylcklsfyfklg`, skdi oyqfsefc$

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k yl`fdfie fleizileil szilefln

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fdz`idil rfga`i zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgds hg ek lk rfk`gi YS Syzqidi Ckyq

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hisi cklciqls

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3 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

szicfg` fliqiss qkd flyilcfln hi `g~78 Gs hi sgi ~gs eiagfln hi fssyi, Oyeni

 Ogdis vll k hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Ckyq k Gzzig`s sgfe hi ixfsfln svsid g``k~ie

hksi ~fh gl fliqis fl zilefln cgsis kk dych flyilci Oyeni ^vll sgfe f ~gs ‐ `fmi

`iufln dgokq ignyi agsiag`` z`gviqs cklqfayi dkliv k flyilci hi si`icfkl k 

ydzfqis k cg`` hifq ngdis—76

Ui ikq ~gs g qiskylefln sycciss fl miizfln szicfg` fliqiss qkd flyilcfln hickdzksffkl k hi ckyq gle fs eicfsfkls Fl 1::1 cglefegis kq hi sgi syzqidi

ckyq qgfsie gqkyle %8::,:::, ~fh dkqi hgl hg` k hfs dkliv ckdfln qkd `g~viqs

kq aysfliss fliqiss1: Fl hi 1::8 qgci, av cklqgs, cglefegis qgfsie g`dks %>::,:::,

gle >1 ziqcil k hg cgdi qkd hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd17

Ufs vigq‖s i`icfkl, hk~iriq, sg~ fleizileil szilefln qkd szicfg` fliqiss kysfei

hi sgi kriq~hi`dfln Lkqh Cgqk`flg‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid Ui YS Syzqidi

Ckyq, fl cgsis `fmi Cffils Ylfie , hgs sqycm ek~l qisqfcfkls kl fleizileil szile$

fln gle dgei f igsfiq kq hksi ~fh dkliv k ysi hifq qiskyqcis k flyilci i`icfkls

Ilffis ~fh gl fliqis fl cgsis aikqi hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Syzqidi Ckyq szil %1df``fkl fl 1:71 k i`ic hifq zqiiqqie oyeni Oysfci Li~av‖s kzzklil ks, hgrfln

 aiil dgssfri`v kyszil av hi fleizileil nqkyzs syzzkqfln hi flcydail Ui

chg``ilniq ~ky`e hgri wyg`fie kq dgchfln yles f g qicil YS Syzqidi Ckyq cgsi

hge lk dgei hksi yles ylgrgf`ga`i11

Cklsufuyufklg` `fdfus kl zya`fc bflglci

Fl g `gledgqm 76>2 cgdzgfnl lglci cgsi, Aycm`iv r Rg`ik , hi YS Syzqidi Ckyq

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k hi giqngi scgleg`, gsmfln ~hihiq hi qikqds rfk`gi hi Bfqs Gdiledil13 

Ui ieiqg` zya`fc lglcfln svsid ~gs yzhi`e av hi Ckyq gs g digls k yqhiqfln,

lk gaqfenfln, zk`ffcg` sziich Ui Ckyq sgfe hg Cklnqiss, fl isga`fshfln hfs svs$

id, skynh k ‐gcf`fgi gle il`gqni zya`fc efscyssfkl gle zgqfcfzgfkl fl hi i`ickqg`

zqkciss, nkg`s rfg` k g si`$nkriqlfln zikz`i—15

Fl g 1:77 cgsi, Gqfklg Bqii Iliqzqfsi C`ya‖s Bqiiekd C`ya ZGC r Ailliu  , hi YS

Syzqidi Ckyq cgs dglv zya`fc lglcfln svsids flk ekya av qy`fln hg qgeffklg`

dgchfln yles gqi ylcklsfyfklg`19 Ui Ailliu cgsi cklciqlie gl Gqfklg zya`fc

lglcfln zqknqgd kq sgi~fei cglefegis―lk flc`yefln oyefcfg` cglefegis―~hk

gnqii k ciqgfl szilefln gle cklqfayfkl fdfs Zgqfcfzgfln cglefegis ~iqi i`fnfa`i kq

qgeffklg` dgchfln yles12 Bkq iriqv ek``gq hi zqfrgi`v lglcie cgdzgfnl szil gakri

hi gdkyl k zya`fc lglcfln, hi sgi ngri g ek``gq k hi zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi1>

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5 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Fl gl kzflfkl av Chfi Oysfci Okhl Qkaiqs, g ri$oysfci dgokqfv eiscqfaie hi dgch$

fln yles gs g ‐zilg`v— kl zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis ~hk szile gakri g ciqgfl

gdkyl kl zk`ffcg` sziich18 ‐Ui efqic qisy` k hi sziich k zqfrgi`v lglcie

cglefegis gle fleizileil ixzilefyqi nqkyzs fs g sgi$zqkrfeie dkligqv syasfev 

k g zk`ffcg` qfrg`—16 Ui Ckyq qy`ie hg hfs ‐zilg`v— kl sziich rfk`gis hi Bfqs

 Gdiledil qfnhs k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis

 Gqfklg gqnyie hi yles ~iqi licissgqv k ckdag ckqqyzfkl gle hi gzzigqglci k 

ckqqyzfkl hqkynh fs zya`fc lglcfln svsid, ay hi Ckyq c`gfdie hi qig` nkg` k 

hi dgchfln yles ~gs k ‐`iri` hi z`gvfln i`e— fl zk`ffcg` qgcis3: Ui Ckyq sgie,

‐Ui Bfqs Gdiledil idakefis kyq chkfci gs g Lgfkl hg, ~hil f ckdis k sych

sziich, hi nyfefln zqflcfz`i fs qiiekd―hi ‘yliuiqie fliqchglni k feigs―lk

 ~hgiriq hi Sgi dgv rfi~ gs gfq—37

 Oysfci I`ilg Mgngl ~qki g sflnfln efssil eiscqfafln hi dgchfln yles gs g ‐rfi~$

zkfl$liyqg`— nkriqldil syasfev kq sziich, ~hfch hi Ckyq hge liriq aikqi hi`e

ylcklsfyfklg` Oysfci Mgngl gqnyie hi dgchfln yles zqknqgd qisy`s fl dkqisziich, lk iss sziich, sflci f zqkrfeis dkqi dkliv kq cgdzgfnlfln31 Ui dgokqfv 

qiszkleie hg glv flcqigsi fl sziich ckdis ‐g hi ixzilsi k fdziqdfssfa`v ayqeil$

fln (gle hys qieycfln& hi sziich k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis gle fleizileil

ixzilefyqi nqkyzs—33

 Giq hi qy`fln fl Ailliu  , skdi sgis qizig`ie hifq dgchfln yles zqkrfsfkls, gle

ieiqg` ckyqs sqycm ek~l khiqs35 Vi, gs Oysfci Mgngl lkie fl hiq efssil, zya`fc

lglcfln svsids dys ai ixfa`i aicgysi ‐hi evlgdfc lgyqi k kyq i`ickqg` svsid

dgmis ix gli zqiefcfkls gaky cgdzgfnl ixzilefyqis g`dks fdzkssfa`i—39 Ufs fs

iszicfg``v qyi fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls fhky dgchfln yles, hk~ cgl zya`fc lglcflnmiiz zgci ~fh hi ylzqiefcga`i, smvqkcmifln ckss k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls; Skdi sgis

gle kcg`ffis gqi ixziqfdilfln ~fh g zqkdfsfln li~ svsid k sdg``$eklkq dgch$

fln yles, g li~ kqd k zya`fc lglcfln hg zqkrfeis cglefegis ixfaf`fv gle rgs`v 

ixzgles hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl eklkqs k flc`yei kqeflgqv cffils

Idzk~iqfln sdg`` eklkqs av ‐dy`ufz`vfln— uhifq ckluqfayufkls

Fl hi ~gmi k  Ailliu  , skdi sgis gqi `kkmfln k Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid

gs g dkei` Ui cfv nfris zgqfcfzgfln dylfcfzg` cglefegis %2 fl dgchfln yles kq igch

%7 k hi qs %7>9 hg g cfv qisfeil eklgis k g cgdzgfnl32 Uisi yles dy`fz`v hi

fdzgc k sdg`` eklgfkls G %7>9 eklgfkl, kq ixgdz`i, aickdis g %7,119 eklgfkl

Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s svsid hgs hge nqig sycciss fl dgmfln sdg`` eklkqs dych dkqi fdzkq$

gl qi`gfri k gqni eklkqs fl cgdzgfnl yleqgfsfln3> Flsige k qi`vfln sk`i`v kl ~ig`hv 

cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs, cglefegis qicifri dks k hifq zqfrgi cgdzgfnl eklgfkls qkd

dfee`i$c`gss gle ~kqmfln$c`gss eklkqs ~hk gqi dgchie av zya`fc yles

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9 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Ui cfv‖s Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Akgqe qizkqs, ‐Ui dks ckddkl flefrfeyg` cklqfay$

fkl sfi kq cglefegis zgqfcfzgfln fl hi Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Zqknqgd kq hi 1::6

i`icfkl ~gs %7::,— ckdzgqie k sgi$`iri` cgdzgfnls, fl ~hfch dkqi hgl hg` k hi

cklqfayfkls ~iqi %9,::: kq dkqi38 Ui cfv‖s 1::6 i`icfkl sg~ kqnglfgfkls fmi

zk`ffcg` gcfkl ckddfuiis, kq ZGCs= ckqzkqgfkls= kq ylfkls cklqfayfln kl`v 28

ziqcil k cgdzgfnl cgsh, ckdzgqie k 297 ziqcil fl sgi$`iri` i`icfkls36

 Gcckqefln k g qicil syev av hi Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Flsfyi, hi ‐ziqcilgni qk`i k 

sdg`` eklkqs ~gs hfnhiq fl iriqv ]Li~ Vkqm CfvT i`icfkl giq 1:::— 5: Ui Cgdzgfnl

Bflglci Flsfyi kyle hg hi svsid dgei hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl eklkqs dkqi efriqsi

gle dkqi qizqisilgfri k hi cfv‖s zkzy`gfkl Ligq`v g`` k Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s ‐cilsys

 a`kcm nqkyzs— ~iqi hkdi k g `igs kli sdg`` eklkq, gle hi a`kcms ~hiqi cffils ngri

sdg`` eklgfkls hge ‐hfnhiq iri`s k zkriqv, hfnhiq ziqcilgnis k lkl$~hfis, hfnhiq

ziqcilgnis k gey` qisfeils ~hk efe lk ckdz`ii hfnh schkk`,— gle sk kqh57

 Gerkcgis kq cgdzgfnl lglci qikqd gqnyi hg hfs svsid hgs g``k~ie cglefegis

‐k ysi hifq yleqgfsfln ikqs ~fh rkiq kyqigch, gle hgs flcilfrfie zk`ffcg`ilngnidil av ckddylffis hg cgl kl`v gkqe dkeis cklqfayfkls–ckddylffis

g`` kk kil fnlkqie av qgeffklg``v yleie cglefegis—51 Ui svsid hgs nfril qfsi

k ‐hkysi zgqfis—―sdg`` zk`ffcg` nghiqflns ~hiqi kqeflgqv cffils cgl igql gaky

cglefegis gle dgmi sdg`` cklqfayfkls53

Ui sgi k Li~ Vkqm, gdkln khiqs, fs cklsfeiqfln g sdg``$eklkq dgchfln svsid

kq sgi~fei i`icfkls,55 gle skdi dgokq cffis hgri g`qigev gekzie sfdf`gq svsids59 

Siriqg` sgis dgch sdg`` cklqfayfkls kl g ek``gq$kq$ek``gq agsfs,52 ay hfs ekis lk

hgri hi sgdi eqgdgfc iic kl cgdzgfnl lglci gs ‐dy`fz`fiq— dgchfln yles G 

i~ sgis, flc`yefln Qhkei Fs`gle gle Li~ Oiqsiv, zqkrfei ~k$kq$kli dgchfln kqciqgfl cglefegis ~hk gnqii k k~iq cklqfayfkl `fdfs gle khiq ckleffkls5> G af``

 ~gs qicil`v flqkeycie fl hi YS Hkysi k Qizqisilgfris k fdz`idil g svsid `fmi

hi kli fl Li~ Vkqm Cfv kq ieiqg` i`icfkls58

Sdg``$eklkq dguchfln bkq oyefcfg` qgcis

Aicgysi cgdzgfnl cgsh fs zgqfcy`gq`v zqka`idgfc fl oyefcfg` qgcis, hisi sdg``$eklkq

dgchfln zqknqgds cky`e ai ysiy` fl sgis hg i`ic hifq oyenis @infs`gkqs dfnh

gcciz cklqfayfkls qkd ckqzkqgfkls kq fleysqfis gicie av infs`gfkl, ay yl`fmi

 oyenis, g infs`gkq‖s rki kl g sfln`i af`` ~f`` qgqi`v fdzgc oys kli cgdzgfnl cklqfay$

kq Oyenis, kl hi khiq hgle, dgmi eicfsfkls hg gic szicfc flefrfeyg`s gle ckqzk$

qgfkls Ufs digls hg ~hiliriq gl gukqliv kq g zgqv aikqi g ckyq cklqfayis k

g oyeni‖s cgdzgfnl, hiqi fs g dkqi hgqdy` cklfc k fliqis hgl hi vzi siil fl hi

zk`ffcg` aqglchis k nkriqldil Ui syqni fl oyefcfg` cgdzgfnl cgsh hgs ie cffils k

 ai`firi hg oyenis gqi dkqi qiszklsfri k cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs hgl k hi g~56

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2 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Ui YS Syzqidi Ckyq qicknlfie hi ylfwyi fliqiss g sgmi fl oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls

fl g 1::6 cgsi flrk`rfln gl ixqidi cklfc k fliqis siddfln qkd hi 1::5 i`icfkl

kq hi is Rfqnflfg Syzqidi Ckyq Oysfci Aqil Ailogdfl ~kl g sig kl hi sgi‖s

hfnh ckyq giq ailifln qkd %3 df``fkl fl fleizileil szilefln yleie av hi chfi 

ixicyfri kbciq k Dgssiv Ckg`, ~hfch hge g %9: df``fkl riqefc gngfls f zilefln aikqi

hi ckyq9: Uisi eklgfkls gdkylie k hqii fdis hi gdkyl qgfsie av hi cgdzgfnl

fsi` Giq Oysfci Ailogdfl ~kl av i~iq hgl 9:,::: rkis, hi cgs hi eicfefln rki kkriqyql hi %9: df``fkl riqefc gngfls Dgssiv Ckg` Ui YS Syzqidi Ckyq qy`ie hg

hi z`gflf ‖s eyi zqkciss qfnhs ~iqi rfk`gie av Oysfci Ailogdfl‖s qiysg` k qicysi hfd$

si` giq hi qicifrie ‐ixqgkqeflgqv— zk`ffcg` syzzkq qkd hi ckg` ckdzglv97 Ui Ckyq

sgfe, ‐Oys gs lk dgl fs g``k~ie k ai g oyeni fl hfs k~l cgysi, sfdf`gq igqs k afgs cgl gqfsi

 ~hil • g dgl chkksis hi oyeni fl hfs k~l cgysi—91

Ui sgi k is Rfqnflfg, fl hi ~gmi k hi scgleg`, cqigie g zf`k zya`fc lglcfln

zqknqgd kq hi 1:71 sgi syzqidi ckyq i`icfkl Ui infs`gyqi sgfe hi zqknqgd ~ky`e

‐zqkic hi fdzgqfg`fv gle flinqfv k hi oyefcfgqv gle sqilnhil zya`fc ckleilci

fl hi oyefcfgqv—93

Ui svsid flc`yeie ‐dgchfln yles,— ay hi sgi qiysie k efsayqsihi dkliv aicgysi k hi qy`fln fl Ailliu 95 Ui is Rfqnflfg Syzqidi Ckyq gnqiie

 ~fh hi sgi, ay f ziqdfuie hi zya`fc v lglcie cglefegi k qgfsi dkliv kysfei k 

hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd99 F f ~fshis k fdz`idil hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd kq

g`` hfnh ckyq cglefegis, is Rfqnflfg ~f`` hgri k qiz`gci hi dgchfln$yles zqkrfsfkl

 ~fh skdihfln hg ~f`` miiz zya`fc lglcfln rfga`i ay zgss cklsfyfklg` dysiq

 G svsid k sdg` $eklkq dgchfln yles s hg eiscqfzfkl F zqkrfeis zya fc`v lglcie

cglefegis hi ixfaf`fv hiv liie nfril hi ylzqiefcga`i cks k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls

Aicgysi hisi yles gqi lk efsayqsie fl qigcfkl k gl kzzklil‖s ixzilefyqis, hiv cgl$

lk ai cklsqyie gs g ‐zilg`v— kq sziich fmi hi dgchfln yles g fssyi fl Ailliu 

Fl g sgi sych gs is Rfqnflfg, ~hiqi kl`v g i~ ~kdil gle Gqfcgl Gdiqfcgls hgri

iriq siqrie kl hi hfnh ckyq, sdg``$eklkq dgchfln cgl g`sk dgmi hi ailch dkqi

efriqsi gle dkqi qizqisilgfri k hi sgi‖s zkzy`gfkl Skdi syefis hgri kyle hg

zkilfg` cglefegis ~hk gqi idg`i kq didaiqs k g qgcfg` dflkqfv gci hfnh hyqe`is

fl eicfefln ~hihiq k qyl kq kbci92 Uisi zkilfg` cglefegis kil gcm gcciss k

isga`fshie yleqgfsfln li~kqms

 ^hil cglefegis qi`v kl ixfsfln yleqgfsfln li~kqms, hiv gqi `kkmfln k g riqv sdg``

s`friq k hi zkzy`gfkl Ui Ciliq kq Qiszklsfri Zk`ffcs qizkqs hg fl 1:71 g diqi

:3> ziqcil k hi zkzy`gfkl ~gs qiszklsfa`i kq ~k$hfqes k g`` ieiqg` cgdzgfnl

cklqfayfkls k dkqi hgl %1::, gle ~k$hfqes k hksi cklqfayfkls cgdi qkd

dil9> Ui Gsskcfgie Zqiss syqrivie hi sgdi cklqfayfkls g hi zqisfeilfg` iri`

gle cklc`yeie hg ‐dkqi hgl 6: ziqcil cgdi qkd dgokqfv ~hfi lifnhakqhkkes—98 

Aicgysi eklkqs gqi efszqkzkqfklgi`v ~hfi gle dg`i, ~kdil gle qgcfg` dflkqffis

dgv lk ii` gs ckleil fl hifq chglcis k qgfsfln ilkynh dkliv k ckdzii

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> Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Byqhiqdkqi, flcydails g`dks g`~gvs hgri g yleqgfsfln gerglgni kriq hifq chg``iln$

iqs,96 gle ~kdil gle dflkqffis gqi dych `iss `fmi`v k ai flcydails hgl ~hfi dil G 

1::6 syev kyle hg oys 718 ziqcil k sgi syzqidi ckyq oysfcis ai`kln k g qgcfg`

dflkqfv nqkyz, gle kl`v 376 ziqcil gqi ~kdil2: G qicil syev kyle hg idg`i

cglefegis gqi dkqi fmi`v hgl dg`i cglefegis k gmi gerglgni k zya`fc lglcfln27 

Av rgs`v aqkgeilfln hi agsi k zkilfg` cklqfaykqs, sdg``$eklkq dgchfln cgl dgmi

ckyqs dkqi efriqsi gle nfri chg``ilniqs g aiuiq chglci g eiigfln flcydails

Qisukqfln uhi zya`fc‖s cklbfeilci fl uhi oyefcfgqv

Dglv oyenis hgri qicknlfie hi k`` hg zk`ffcfgfkl ixgcs kl hi zya`fc‖s rfi~ k 

hi ckyqs gle hgri okflie fl cg``s kq qikqd Oysfci Ogdis Li`skl k hi Dklglg

Syzqidi Ckyq gdils hi fdi hg oyenis gqi kqcie k eirki k zk`ffcs gle yle$

qgfsfln Eyqfln hfs `gs oyefcfg` qgci, Oysfci Li`skl sgfe hi hge fu`i fdi k eirki k

hi gcyg` oka k eicfefln cgsis Flsige, hi sgfe, ‐F aicgdi g y`` fdi zk`ffcfgl kq il

dklhs—21

Cffils ek lk ~gl hi schiey`i k oyenis k qisida`i hksi k didaiqsk Cklnqiss, ~hk lk~ szile dkqi fdi ckddylfcgfln ~fh yleqgfsiqs gle cgdzgfnl

eklkqs hgl ei`faiqgfln zk`fcv chkfcis23

Fl fscklsfl hi zya`fc‖s ziqcizfkl k hi sgi syzqidi ckyq hgs aiil egdgnie av 

lgsv gugcm ges yleie av df``fkls k ek``gqs fl fleizileil szilefln G Oy`v 1:77 zk``

k fscklsflfis kyle hg kl`v 33 ziqcil k qiszkleils hge ckleilci fl hifq sgi

syzqidi ckyq, ~fh 88 ziqcil qizkqfln cklciqls hg ‐cgdzgfnl szilefln gle hi

eiiqfkqgfln ilkq k oyefcfg` i`icfkls gqi gqlfshfln hi qizygfkl k hi ^fscklsfl

Syzqidi Ckyq—25

Fl 1::> hi ckyq gsmie hi infs`gyqi k zqkrfei geiwygi zya`fc lglcfln kq hfnh

ckyq qgcis, ~gqlfln hg ‐hi zya`fc dgv flgccyqgi`v ziqcifri g oysfci gs aihk`eil k

flefrfeyg`s kq nqkyzs hg cklqfayi k hfs kq hiq cgdzgfnl—29 Ui infs`gyqi ckdz`fie

fl 1::6, gle akh cglefegis qicifrie zya`fc lglcfln kq hi 1:77 fscklsfl Syzqidi

Ckyq qgci Ui zya`fc lglcfln svsid, hk~iriq, ~gs kriq~hi`die av dkqi hgl %39

df``fkl fl fleizileil szilefln22 Cklsiqrgfri Oysfci Egrfe Zqkssiq ~gs syzzkqie

 av df``fkls k ek``gqs qkd afn aysfliss nqkyzs Ligq`v hg` k hi dkliv syzzkqfln

 Oysfci Zqkssiq cgdi qkd Cffils kq g Sqkln Gdiqfcg, g shgek~v kqnglfgfkl gb`f$

gie ~fh Gdiqfcgls kq Zqksziqfv―hi zk`ffcg` gerkcgcv nqkyz kyleie av af``fkl$

gfqi aqkhiqs Chgq`is gle Egrfe Mkch2>

 ^hv dfnh hi Mkch aqkhiqs hgri gl fliqis fl hi`zfln hi ckyq‖s cklsiqrgfri, zqk$

ckqzkqgi dgokqfv sgv fl zk~iq; Ui 5$3 dgokqfv idiqnie gs g qisy` k hi 1::6 i`ic$

fkl, giq ~hfch hi kyq zqk$ckqzkqgi oysfcis rkie k qioic g ~fek~‖s `g~syf gngfls

g ckdzglv ~hksi gsaisks$`geil zqkeycs dgv hgri mf``ie hiq hysagle 28 Fl 1::9 Mkch

Fleysqfis zyqchgsie hi hyni zgziq gle ayf`efln zqkeycs dglygcyqiq Nikqnfg$Zgcfc―

G 1::6 suyev kyle

uhgu oysu 718 ziqcil

k sugui syzqidi

ckyqu oysufcis ai`kln

uk g qgcfg` dflkqfuv

nqkyz, gle kl`v 376

ziqcilu gqi ~kdil

Av rgsu`v aqkgeilfln

uhi agsi k zkuilufg

ckluqfayukqs, sdg``$

eklkq dguchfln cgl

dgmi ckyqus dkqi

efriqsi gle nfri

chg``ilniqs g aiuuiqchglci gu eiigufln

flcydailus

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8 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

hi gqni k dkqi hgl 35:,::: gsaisks `g~syfs qkd idz`kviis gle khiqs ~hk eiri`$

kzie cglciq kq `yln efsigsi26 Fl ayvfln Nikqnfg$Zgcfc, Mkch Fleysqfis gssydie hisi

`fgaf`ffis, gle hys, f hgs gl fliqis fl hk~ hi `g~ k gsaisks fgaf`fv eiri`kzs

Cgdzgfnl cgsh hgs g``k~ie szicfg` fliqiss k shgzi hi g~ av flyilcfln hi ckdzksf$

fkl k hi ^fscklsfl hfnh ckyq, gle hfs hgs egdgnie ^fscklsfl cffils‖ ckleilci fl

 oyefcfg` fdzgqfg`fv Oysfci Gll g`sh Aqge`iv sgfe hi hfnh ckyq fs cgynh ‐fl hi cqkss$qi k hi agu`i aifln kynh ai~iil szicfg` fliqis nqkyzs,— gle shi sgvs hi dkliv 

qkd hisi nqkyzs hgs `ie k ‐hvziq$zgqfsglshfz— kl hi ailch>: Oysfci Zqkssiq qiiqqie

k kli k hfs ck``ignyis gs g ‐kg` afch— gle fs gccysie k zyufln Oysfci Aqge`iv fl g

‐chkmihk`e—>7 Ui ckyq hgs aiil afuiq`v efrfeie kriq hisi gle khiq ihfcg` fssyis

 Giq f ~gs kriq~hi`die fl hi 1:77 i`icfkls, ^fscklsfl‖s oyefcfg` zya`fc lglcfln

svsid ~gs qizig`ie av hi Qizya`fcgl$`ie sgi infs`gyqi>1 Ay g svsid k sdg``$

eklkq dgchfln yles cky`e qieyci hi kzzkqylffis kq szicfg` fliqiss k flyilci

hi g~ gle qiskqi fscklsflfis‖ ckleilci fl hifq oyefcfgqv fscklsfl gerkcgis

k cgdzgfnl lglci qikqd hgri zqkzksie g sgi~fei zya`fc lglcfln svsid hgdgchis g eklgfkl k %9: kq `iss ~fh kyq$kq$kli dgchfln yles (hqii$kq$kli kq

eklgfkls ai~iil %9: gle %7::&>3

F sych g svsid ~iqi fdz`idilie, hi cklfcs k fliqis cqigie av `gqni cgdzgfnl

cklqfayfkls qkd `ffngls kq gukqlivs ~ky`e ai dflfdfie gs oyefcfg` cglefegis yleie

hifq cgdzgfnls hqkynh sdg`` eklgfkls qkd hifq dfee`i$ gle ~kqmfln$c`gss cklsfyils

Uisi sdg`` eklgfkls ~ky`e ai gdz`fie av zya`fc lglcfln gle fl yql, cffils ~ky`e

ziqcifri oyenis gs aihk`eil k sdg`` eklkqs gle rkiqs, lk ~ig`hv cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs

Cklc`ysfkl

Ui gdkyl k dkliv fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls hgs ixz`keie, gle lk~ hg szicfg` fliqiss

gqi flcqigsfln`v ysfln fleizileil szilefln k cfqcydril cklqfayfkl fdfs, hfs

qile shk~s lk sfnls k s`k~fln Cffils gqi hiqikqi oysfie fl gsmfln ~hihiq g

 oyeni dfnh ai flyilcie av df``fkls k ek``gqs fl cgdzgfnl cgsh

Sgis shky`e siz fl k cyqa hi nqk~fln flyilci k cgdzgfnl cgsh kl oyenis av fdz`i$

dilfln qkays zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgds Aikqi hi 1:71 i`icfkl fl Lkqh Cgqk`flg

sg~ g kqqil k fleizileil szilefln, hi sgi‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid ~gs g dkei`

 ^fhky qgeffklg` dgchfln yles, hk~iriq, hi zya`fc`v lglcie chg``ilniq cky`e lk

cklile ~fh hi df``fkls fl fleizileil szilefln kl aihg` k hi flcydail oysfci

Sgis hg kiq zya`fc lglcfln dys cklile ~fh hi qig`fv k yl`fdfie fleizil$

eil ixzilefyqis>5 Iril aikqi f qy`ie qgeffklg` dgchfln yles ylcklsfyfklg`,

hi YS Syzqidi Ckyq hge ainyl ~igmilfln qisqfcfkls kl cgdzgfnl lglci>9 Zya`fc

Cgdzgfnl cgsh

hgs g``k~ie

szicfg` fluiqisus

uk shgzi uhi `g~

av flbyilcfln

uhi ckdzksfufkl

k uhi ^fscklsfl

hfnh ckyqu, gle

uhfs hgs egdgnie

^fscklsfl cfufils‖

ckleilci fl oyefcfg

fdzgqufg`fuv

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6 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

lglcfln zqknqgds kq oyefcfg` qgcis dys zqkrfei skdi dichglfsd hg g``k~s zgqfcf$

zgfln cglefegis k miiz zgci ~fh fleizileil szilefln

Kli zqkdfsfln kzfkl fs sdg``$eklkq dgchfln yles hg zqkrfei hi ixfaf`fv liieie

k miiz oyefcfg` zya`fc lglcfln svsids rfga`i fl hfs iqg k smvqkcmifln cgdzgfnl

ckss F g zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegi ailis qkd df``fkls fl cgdzgfnl cgsh kq df`$

`fkls fl fleizileil szilefln, hi zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi cgl siim ky dkqi sdg``eklkqs k miiz zgci Ui svsid ~ky`e g`sk grkfe hi Bfqs Gdiledil zqka`ids cqi$

gie av qgeffklg` dgchfln yle svsids Ui efsayqsg` k sdg``$eklkq dgchfln yles

fs lk qi`gie fl glv ~gv k hi cgdzgfnl yles k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis, sk f

cgllk ai cklsqyie gs ‐zylfshfln— zk`ffcg` sziich

Iicfri zya`fc lglcfln svsids kq oyefcfg` qgcis ~ky`e ziqdf oyenis k szile dkqi

fdi ei`faiqgfln cgsis gle ~qffln kzflfkls, qghiq hgl eirkfln hifq iliqnv k yle$

qgfsfln Sdg``$eklkq dgchfln svsids ~ky`e g`sk ige k ckyqs hg gqi dkqi efriqsi―

ckyqs hg dkqi c`ksi`v qisida`i hi zkzy`gfkls hiv siqri

 Gs ~fh ixfsfln zya`fc lglcfln svsids, skdi cglefegis dgv chkksi lk k zgqfcf$

zgi Ay f hi iqds k sdg``$eklkq dgchfln ~iqi gs niliqkys gs Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s

zqknqgd―%2 kq iriqv %7 fl sdg`` eklgfkls―hi cglefegis ~hk ek lk zgqfcfzgi

 ~ky`e ai `igrfln dkliv kl hi ga i

Skdi hgri zkflie k hi syccissy` cglefegcfis k Li~ Vkqm Dgvkq Dfchgi`

A`kkdaiqn, ~hk szil hyleqies k df``fkls k ek``gqs k hfs k~l dkliv fl hfs cgd$

zgfnls, gs irfeilci hg hi cfv‖s svsid ekis lk miiz dkliv ky k i`icfkls>2 

@fmi~fsi, hi sk`i zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi fl is Rfqnflfg gcie g si`$lglcie cgl$

efegi ~hk szil g df``fkl ek``gqs k hiq k~l dkliv>>

G ~ig`hv cglefegi ysfln hiqkq hfs k~l dkliv, hk~iriq, ekis lk nfri qfsi k glv cklfc k fliqis G oyeni cgllk

zgqfcfzgi fl g ckqqyz qglsgcfkl ~fh hfd kq hiqsi`

Zya`fc lglcfln, dkqikriq, cgl hi`z cglefegis sgv ckdziffri fl qgcis gngfls si`$

lglcie cglefegis Kli cglefegi ~hk gcie Dgvkq A`kkdaiqn sgie, ‐F fs fqqgfklg` k

gqnyi gngfls g svsid hg ilga`is g efriqsi nqkyz k zikz`i k qyl ckdziffri cgdzgfnls

 aicgysi g ~ig`hv cglefegi cgl kccgsfklg``v kyszile g zgqfcfzgfln cglefegi—>8

Zya`fc lglcfln svsids agsie kl sdg``$eklkq dgchfln ~ky`e dgnlfv hi fdzgc k 

sdg`` eklgfkls, dgmfln hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs aqkgeiq gle dkqi qizqisil$

gfri k g sgi‖s zkzy`gfkl Qghiq hgl aifln qiszklsfri k ckqzkqgfkls gle g~viqs

hg hgri kls k dkliv k eklgi, oyenis ~ky`e ai aihk`eil k kqeflgqv cffils dgm$

fln sdg`` eklgfkls Ufs ~ky`e ai gl fdzkqgl siz k~gqe g oysfci svsid hg ~kqms

kq g`` cffils, lk oys hksi ~fh dkliv k szile flyilcfln hi `g~

 Af``v Ckqqfhiq fs hi Gsskcfgi Efqickq k Qisigqch kq @ing` Zqknqiss g hi Ciliq kq 

 Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss

Qguhiq uhgl aifln

qiszklsfri uk

ckqzkqgufkls gle

`g~viqs uhgu hgri

ukls k dkliv uk

eklgui, oyenis

~ky`e ai aihk`eil

uk kqeflgqv

cfufils dgmfln

sdg`` eklgufkls

 Uhfs ~ky`e ai gl

fdzkquglu suiz

uk~gqe g oysufci

svsuid uhgu ~kqms kg`` cfufils, lku oysu

uhksi ~fuh dkliv

uk szile flbyilcfln

uhi `g~

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7: Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p  Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i

Ilelkuis

7 Cfufils Ylfuie r BIC , 998 YS 37: (1:7:& Uhi SyzqidiCkyqu qy`ie ylcklsufuyufklg` g agl kl ciqugfl fleizileiluzk`fufcg` szilefln av ckqzkqgufkls gle ylfkls, qigsklflnuhgu ‐fleizileilu ixzilefuyqis, flc`yefln uhksi dgei avckqzkqgufkls, ek lku nfri qfsi uk ckqqyzufkl kq uhi gzzigq$glci k ckqqyzufkl—SziichLK^kqn r BIC , 966 B3e 282 (ECCfq 1:7:& Uhi EC Cfqcyfu Ckyqu k Gzzig`s qy`ie ylckl$

sufuyufklg` `fdfus kl ckluqfayufkls uk kqnglfgufkls dgmflnfleizileilu ixzilefuyqis, agsie kl Cfufils Ylfuie 

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2> Rfricg Lkrgm, ‐Yleiq uhi Flyilci,— Uhi Gdiqfcgl Zqkszicu ,Sizuidaiq 76, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++zqkszicukqn+gqufc`i+yleiq$flyilci= @fsg Nqgris, ‐Nqkyz Cg``ie ‘Cfufils kqSuqkln Gdiqfcg‖ Kziqguis kyu k g YZS Dgf` Eqkz ayu QylsIxzilsfri Ges fl Syzqidi Ckyqu Qgci;—, ZQ guch, Ciluiq

kq Diefg gle Eidkcqgcv, Gzqf` 1, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~zq~guchkqn+li~s+1:77+:5+7:935+nqkyz$cg``ie$cfufils$suqkln$gdiqfcg$kziqguis$kyu$yzs$dgf`$eqkz$qyls$ixzilsfri$ge 

28 Uguiqg r BDC Ckqz, >82 L^1e 87: (1:7:&

26 Okhl G`kvsfys Bgqqi``, ‐Mkch‖s ~ia k flyilci,— Ciluiq kqZya`fc Fluinqfuv, Gzqf` 2, 1:77, huuz?++~~~zya`fcfluinqfuvkqn+1:77+:5+:2+3632+mkchs$~ia$flyilci

>: Oysufci Gll ^g`sh Aqge`iv, qidgqms gu Gdiqfcgl Cklsufuy$ufkl Skcfiuv Gllyg` Cklrilufkl, Oyli 72, 1:71

>7 Fgl Df``hfsiq, ‐Cklsiqrgufri Oysufci Zqkssiq Synnisus HiDiqi`v Aqigchie ‘Iufwyiuui‖ hil Hi G``inie`v Chkmieg Ck``ignyi,— UhflmZqknqiss, Dgv 7, 1:71, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++uhflmzqknqisskqn+oysufci+1:71+:9+:7+5>5292+cklsiqrgufri$ oysufci$zqkssiq$c`gfds$hi$diqi`v$aqigchieiufwyiuui$~hil$hi$g``inie`v$chkmie$g$ck``ignyi= Zguqfcm Dgq`iv, ‐Syzqidi

Ckyqu uilsfkls akf` kriq,—Df`~gymii Okyqlg`$Silufli` , Dgqch76, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~oskl`flickd+li~s+sugui$zk`fufcs+77837:5>6hud

>1 Ziuiq Hgqefl, ‐^F Ayeniu Gxis Zya`fc Bflglcfln Ek``gqs,—Ngri` Nqga, Oyli 1>, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~ngri`$nqgakqn+;z411:31

>3 ^fscklsfl Eidkcqgcv Cgdzgfnl, ‐Ilefln ^ig`uhgqi Gs ^iMlk~ Fu? G qikqd uk sukz `ing` aqfaiqv fl ^fscklsfl— (1:77&,grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~~fseckqn+ilefln~ig`uhgqizhz

>5 Fl uhi 1:71 i`icufkl, fleizileilu szilefln ixciieie uhiixzilefuyqis av cglefeguis Oysufci gu Sugmi Cgdzgfnl gleAqillgl Ciluiq kq Oysufci, ‐Oyefcfg` I`icufkl UR SzileflnSius Li~ Qickqe, Viu Rkuiqs Qioicu Cgdzgfnls uk Zk`fufcfiOyefcfgqv—

>9 Cfufils Ylfuie r BIC= Egrfs r BIC , 995 YS >15 (1::8& UhiSyzqidi Ckyqu qy`ie ylcklsufuyufklg` uhi ‐Df``fklgfqi‖sGdiledilu— uk uhi Afzgqufsgl Cgdzgfnl Bflglci QikqdGcu, ~hfch qisuqfcuie g si`$lglcie cglefegui‖s ixzilef$uyqis

>2 Glni`g Dfng``v gle Sysgl @fss, ‐Sdg`` Eklkq DguchflnByles? Uhi LVC I`icufkl Ixziqfilci— (Li~ Vkqm? Aqil$lgl Ciluiq kq Oysufci, 1:7:&, z 11, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++aqillgl3celliu+8772ai132>85cc613[fgd2ailr~ze 

>> Qv Qfrgqe, ‐Eidkcqgu Egrfs qiugfls sigu kl hfnh ckyqu,Qizya`fcgl @kynhqv g` sk ~fls,—Chgq`isukl Egf`v Dgf` ,Lkridaiq >, 1:71, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~egf`vdgf`ckd+Li~s+suguili~s+1:7177:>::78

>8 Dfng``v gle @fss, ‐Sdg`` Eklkq Dguchfln Byles? Uhi LVCI`icufkl Ixziqfilci,— z 11