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PUBLIC LIESPUBLIC LIES
““In certain circumstances, the In certain circumstances, the government has not only the right, but a government has not only the right, but a positive obligation to lie.”positive obligation to lie.”
– Jody Powell, Jody Powell, – former White House Press Secretaryformer White House Press Secretary
““The political arena is second only to The political arena is second only to warfare as a domain where lies are warfare as a domain where lies are expected, do in fact occur, and to a expected, do in fact occur, and to a substantial extent are tolerated.”substantial extent are tolerated.”
– J.A. BARNESJ.A. BARNES– A PACK OF LIES, A PACK OF LIES, p. 30p. 30
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC LIESPUBLIC LIES
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION• MUST BE ADAPTED TO MULTIPLE MUST BE ADAPTED TO MULTIPLE
AUDIENCESAUDIENCES• OFTEN PREPARED STATEMENTS WITH OFTEN PREPARED STATEMENTS WITH
LITTLE OPPORTUNITY FOR LITTLE OPPORTUNITY FOR QUESTIONINGQUESTIONING
• RESPONSIBILITY FOR LIE OFTEN RESPONSIBILITY FOR LIE OFTEN DIFFUSEDDIFFUSED
DETECTIONDETECTION• DETECTION RESPONSIBILITY MAY BE DETECTION RESPONSIBILITY MAY BE
ASSUMED BY MULTIPLE AUDIENCESASSUMED BY MULTIPLE AUDIENCES
CASE STUDIES OF PUBLIC LIESCASE STUDIES OF PUBLIC LIES
OLIVER NORTH & THE IRAN OLIVER NORTH & THE IRAN CONTRA AFFAIRCONTRA AFFAIR
THE WATERGATE SCANDALTHE WATERGATE SCANDAL• PRESIDENT NIXON AND THE COVERUPPRESIDENT NIXON AND THE COVERUP• JOHN DEAN AS THE WHISTLEBLOWERJOHN DEAN AS THE WHISTLEBLOWER
PRESIDENT CARTER & THE PRESIDENT CARTER & THE HOSTAGE RESCUE LIEHOSTAGE RESCUE LIE
PRESIDENT KENNEDY & THE BAY OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY & THE BAY OF PIGSPIGS
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER & THE U-2 PRESIDENT EISENHOWER & THE U-2 INCIDENTINCIDENT
PRESIDENT JOHNSON & THE VIET PRESIDENT JOHNSON & THE VIET NAM WARNAM WAR
THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTERDISASTER
JUDGE CLARENCE THOMAS & JUDGE CLARENCE THOMAS & PROFESSOR ANITA HILLPROFESSOR ANITA HILL
PRESIDENT CLINTON AND THE PRESIDENT CLINTON AND THE MONICA LEWINSKY AFFAIRMONICA LEWINSKY AFFAIR
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
ARE GOVERNMENTAL LEADERS ARE GOVERNMENTAL LEADERS OBLIGATED TO INFORM AND SEEK OBLIGATED TO INFORM AND SEEK ADVICE FROM THE AMERICAN PUBLIC ADVICE FROM THE AMERICAN PUBLIC ON ALL ISSUES?ON ALL ISSUES?
ARE THERE THINGS THEY SHOULDN’T ARE THERE THINGS THEY SHOULDN’T OR CAN’T EXPLAIN TO THE AMERICAN OR CAN’T EXPLAIN TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC?PUBLIC?
WHAT CONSTITUTES “NATIONAL WHAT CONSTITUTES “NATIONAL SECURITY?”SECURITY?”
CASE STUDY: WASHINGTON CASE STUDY: WASHINGTON STATE SUPREME COURT STATE SUPREME COURT
DECISION:DECISION:
POLITICAL LYING IS NO CRIMEPOLITICAL LYING IS NO CRIME
State of Washington Ex Rel State of Washington Ex Rel v. 119 Vote No et alv. 119 Vote No et al
June 11, 1998June 11, 1998
LEADERSHIP & LYINGLEADERSHIP & LYING
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT IT IS NOT UNEXPECTED THAT THAT IT IS NOT UNEXPECTED THAT PEOPLE WHO SPEND THEIR LIVES PEOPLE WHO SPEND THEIR LIVES IN LEADERSHIP ROLES BECOME IN LEADERSHIP ROLES BECOME SKILLED AT LYING BECAUSE IT IS A SKILLED AT LYING BECAUSE IT IS A REQUIREMENT FOR REQUIREMENT FOR OCCUPATIONAL SUCCESS. WHAT OCCUPATIONAL SUCCESS. WHAT DO YOU THINK?DO YOU THINK?
IS LYING BY THOSE IN LEADERSHIP IS LYING BY THOSE IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS A REFLECTION OF POSITIONS A REFLECTION OF THEIR:THEIR:• COMMUNICATION SKILLS ?COMMUNICATION SKILLS ?• THEIR LACK OF ETHICS? THEIR LACK OF ETHICS? • BOTH? BOTH? • IT VARIES?IT VARIES?