Public Planning and Political Strategy

8/9/2019 Public Planning and Political Strategy

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\fjmmime tahg{y jmo |{jctich oh{irho b{gncg{|g{jth hq|h{ihmch& njmjehnhmt scihmchjmo {jtigmjf ohcisigm tahg{y ajrh ajo fittfhimbfxhmch gm ohcisigm.njdime im tah |xkficshctg{- _ah |gfiticjf hmri{gmnhmt jmo g{ejm.ipjtigmjf cgn|fhqity gb |xkfic ohcisigmnjdime {hmoh{ cgmrhmtigmjf j||{gjcahs tggk`hctirh& {jtigmjf& cgn|{hahmsirh |fjmmimegb finitho rjfxh im egrh{mnhmt jehmcihsjmo im |{irjth cg{|g{jtigms imrgfrho im|xkfic |gficy njdime- J ng{h hbbhctirhj||{gjca tg st{jtheic |fjmmime jmo njmjeh.nhmt nxst kh kjsho gm jm xmoh{stjmoimegb tah |gfiticjf oymjnics ta{gxea uaica|gficihs j{h njoh- It nxst jog|t j rj{ihtygb styfhs oi{hctfy {hfjtho tg nj`g{ bxmctigmsim tah |gficy njdime |{gchss jmo xsh jrj{ihty gb |gfiticjf imth{rhmtigm jmo im.bfxhmch thcamizxhs tajt bjcifitjth tah in.|fhnhmtjtigm gb |fjms jmo |gficihs-

\ JMMIME AJS J FGME _[JOI_IGM IM EGRH[M.nhmt jmo |fjys j siemibicjmt {gfh im mjtigmjfjmo fgcjf kxoehtime& |{ge{jnnime jmo njmjeh.nhmt- _ahg{ihs jmo |{jctichs gb |xkfic |fjmmimeuh{h oh{irho |{inj{ify b{gn |{imci|fhs gb njmjeh.nhmt scihmch jmo b{gn tah st{jtheic |fjmmimehq|h{ihmch gb fj{eh cg{|g{jtigms- \fjmmime& im itsk{gjohst shmsh& kg{{guho its |{hsc{i|tigms b{gn{jtigmjf ohcisigm tahg{y& jmo cgmsists gb j sht gb|{gchox{hs uah{hky ohcisigm njdh{s jtthn|t tg 0iohmtiby jmo ohbimh nj`g{ |{gkfhns jmo egjfs&jmjfyph {hfhrjmt hmri{gmnhmtjf jmo st{jtheiccgmoitigms&|{g`hct t{hmos& mhhos& g||g{txmitihs jmocgmst{jimts&t{jmsbg{n egjfs imtg g|h{jtigmjf tj{ehts&iohmtiby jfth{mjtirh cgx{shs gb jctigm bg{jcaihrime egjfs jmo tj{ehts&

*Ohmmis J- [gmoimhffi is Shmig{ Bhffgu jt tah _ah Hjst.Uhst Chmth{& Agmgfxfx& Ajujii-

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cjfcxfjth cgsts jmo khmhbits gb hjca jfth{mjtirh&hstinjth tah |{gkjkifitihs gb bxtx{h hrhmts jmo|{g`hctho t{hmos gccx{{ime&ohth{nimh tah |gthmtijf mgm.hcgmgnic ejims&fgsshs jmo cgmshzxhmchs gb hjca jfth{mjtirh&caggsh tah g|tinjf jfth{mjtirh g{ sht gbjctigms&imthe{jth cagshm cgx{shs gb jctigm imtg jcgn|{hahmsirh fgme.{jmeh |fjm-

\fjms j{h tahm t{jmsbg{nho imtg g|h{jtigmjf|{ge{jns& kxoehts jmo scahoxfhs bg{ in|fhnhmtj.tigm-_ais iohjf ngohf gb fgme {jmeh |fjmmime ajsehmh{jffy bjifho& aguhrh{& tg |{goxch ohsi{ho{hsxfts im tah |xkfic shctg{- Imohho tah iohjf ngohfajs {j{hfy khhm g|h{jtigmjfipho im |xkfic |gficy.njdime- Imthmsirh hrjfxjtigms gb |xkfic ohcisigm.njdime.jt mjtigmjf js uhff js fgcjf fhrhfs& im kgtajorjmcho jmo ohrhfg|ime mjtigms.ogcxnhmt tahoibbicxftihs gb ogime cgn|{hahmsirh |fjmmime-[hrihuime tah |{gchss im j mxnkh{ gb cgxmt{ihs&Uifojrsdy bgxmo bhu t{xfy sxcchssbxf hbbg{ts- _ah|jxcity gb hbbhctirh |fjmmime systhns& ah cgmcfxoho&sxeehsts tajt tah {hcg{o gb |fjmmime ajs aj{ofy khhmk{iffijmt- Bg{ jff uh dmgu& tah bhu j||j{hmt sxc.chsshs !ib tah{h j{h jmy) cgmstitxth mg ng{h tajm{jmogn gccx{{hmchs- Hqjnimime tah Jnh{icjmhq|h{ihmch uita njsth{ |fjmmime im fgcjf egrhn.nhmt fho gmh hq|h{t tg cgmcfxoh tajt uah{h it ujst{iho jmo `xoeho ky its gum cfjins& cgn|{hahmsirh|fjmmime tx{mho gxt tg kh j cgfgssjf bjifx{h-3Jmjfysts mgth tajt imoirioxjfs jmo g{ejmipjtigmsog mgt& jmo imohho cjmmgt& njdh ohcisigms im tahaieafy {jtigmjf jmo cgn|{hahmsirh njmmh{ |{h.sc{ikho ky cgmrhmtigmjf |fjmmime tahg{y- _ahy cithcgemitirh finits gm {jtigmjfity& imjkifity gb imoi.rioxjfs tg tjdh imtg jccgxmt cgn|fhq shts gbrjfxhs& egjfs jmo cgmshzxhmchs& jmo tah aiea cgstsgb shj{caime uiohfy bg{ g|tinjf sgfxtigms js|j{jnhth{s tajt dhh| ohcisigm.njdime imhritjkfyj sjtisbicime& jmo imc{hnhmtjf |{gchss-?\{gkfhns gb g|h{jtigmjfipime cgn|{hahmsirh|fjmmime im egrh{mnhmt j{h jtt{ikxtjkfh& tg j fj{eh

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hqthmt& tg tah bjct tajt |xkfic |gficy.njdime issxkstjmtijffy oibbh{hmt b{gn jmo ng{h cgn|fhq tajmohcisigm.njdime im j simefh cg{|g{jtigm- Njmjeh.nhmt scihmch rh{sigms gb |fjmmime tahg{y ehmh{jffyjssxnh j aiea fhrhf gb chmt{jf cgmt{gf grh{ g{ejm.ipjtigmjf jctiritihs ta{gxea j aih{j{caicjf st{xctx{htajt rhsts jxtag{ity jmo {hs|gmsikifity bg{ ohcisigm.njdime im j simefh caihb hqhcxtirh g{ j sht gbtg| njmjehnhmt gbbicijfs- Jonimist{jtirh xmits j{hoh|j{tnhmtjfipho ky nj`g{ |x{|gsh& |{gchss&|{goxct g{ cfihmthfh& uita jxtag{ity ohfhejtho tgrj{igxs fhrhfs& hjca sx|h{risho ky jmo {hs|gmsikfh tgtah mhqt aieah{ fhrhf- S|jm gb cgmt{gf is finitho jmoxmity gb cgnnjmo is |{hsh{rho tg |{hrhmt grh{fj|&ox|ficjtigm jmo ujsth jmo tg |{gngth hbbicihmcy-Im |xkfic |gficy.njdime& aguhrh{& tahsh cgm.oitigms {j{hfy |{hrjif- Imohho& nj`g{ ohcisigms j{h{j{hfy uitaim tah |x{rihu g{ jxtag{ity gb j simefhjehmcy- \fjmmime is xsxjffy ogmh ky j mxnkh{ gbohcisigm.njdh{s im jm g{ejmipjtigmjffy cgn|fhqhmri{gmnhmt xmoh{ |gfiticjffy oymjnic cgmoitigms-_ah caj{jcth{istics gb tais cgn|fhq ohcisigmhmri{gmnhmt.hnh{eime ng{h b{hzxhmtfy mgt gmfyim tah |xkfic shctg{ kxt im fj{eh |{irjth g{ejmipj.tigms js uhff.shrh{hfy cgn|ficjth cgmrhmtigmjf|{gchsshs gb cgn|{hahmsirh& fgme {jmeh |fjmmime-Aj{fjm Cfhrhfjmo ngst cgmcishfy sxnnj{iphs tahsitxjtigm uahm ah gksh{rhs tajt0_ah g{ejmipjtigms tajt eht taimes ogmh uiff mg fgmeh{ khaih{j{caicjf |y{jnios uita ngst gb tah {hjf cgmt{gf jt tahtg|- _ahy uiff kh systhns.imth{fjcho uhks gb thmsigm imuaica cgmt{gf is fggsh& |guh{ oibbxsho& jmo chmth{s gbohcisigm |fx{jf- Ohcisigm.njdime uiff khcgnh jm im.c{hjsimefy imt{icjth |{gchss gb nxftifjth{jf k{gdh{jeh kgtaimsioh jmo gxtsioh tah g{ejmipjtigm tajt taimds it ajs tah{hs|gmsikifity bg{ njdime& g{ jt fhjst jmmgxmcime& tahohcisigm- Khcjxsh g{ejmipjtigms uiff kh ng{h ag{ipgmtjf&tah ujy tahy j{h egrh{mho is fidhfy tg kh ng{h cgffheijf&cgmshmsxjf jmo cgmsxftjtirh- _ah kieeh{ tah |{gkfhns tgkh tjcdfho& tah ng{h {hjf |guh{ is oibbxsho jmo tah fj{eh{tah mxnkh{ gb |h{sgms uag cjm hqh{cish it.ib tahy ug{djt it- _ah t{hmo is risikfh im tgtjfitj{ijm js uhff js ohng.c{jtic sgcihtihs-sIm sxca jm hmri{gmnhmt |fjmmime jmo ohcisigm.njdime imhritjkfy khcgnh |gfiticjf jctiritihs-\fjmmime cjmmgt jssxnh jm gk`hctirh& {jtigmjf&thcamicjf& rjfxh.b{hh {gfh jmo kh hbbhctirh- \fjmmimekhcgnhs j |{gchss mgt gmfy gb jmjfypime |{gkfhns&egjfs jmo jfth{mjtirh cgx{shs gb jctigm& kxt jfsg gbjorgcjtime |gsitigms& imbfxhmcime khajrig{ jmoimth{rhmime im tah |gficy.njdime |{gchss tg jbbhcttah gxtcgnh gb ohcisigms- It khcgnhs j nhtago mgtgmfy bg{ caggsime jfth{mjtirh cgx{shs gb jctigm kxtbg{ ohsiemime st{jtheihs bg{ hqhcxtime tahn- _ahcaj{jcth{istics gb |gfiticjf ohcisigm.njdime ajrh|{gbgxmo in|ficjtigms bg{ tah mjtx{h& |{gchss&thcamizxhs jmo nhtagos gb |fjmmime- Ib st{jtheic|fjmmime jmo njmjehnhmt j{h tg khcgnh ng{hhbbhctirh im tah |xkfic shctg{& tahg{y jmo |{jctichnxst 0 !:) kh kjsho gm j tag{gxea xmoh{stjmoime gbtah |gfiticjf hmri{gmnhmt im uaica |gficihs j{hnjoh4 !;) jog|t j rj{ihty gb bg{ns jmo styfhs tajtj{h oi{hctfy {hfjtho tg nj`g{ bxmctigms im tah|gficy.njdime |{gchss4 jmo& !3) bjsaigm j rj{ihty

gb imth{rhmtigm jmo imth{jctigm thcamizxhs imtgst{jtheihs bg{ imbfxhmcime mgt gmfy tah cagich gbjfth{mjtirhs kxt jfsg tah in|fhnhmtjtigm gb shfhctho|gficihs-CAJ[JC_H[IS_ICS GB \XKFIC\GFICY.NJDIME\xkfic |gficy.njdime is jm imth{.g{ejmipjtigmjf&{jtah{ tajm jm imt{j.g{ejmipjtigmjf& |{gchss- \xkficohcisigms hrgfrh b{gn tah imth{jctigm gb imoirioxjfsjmo e{gx|s hjca shhdime j fheitinjth jffgcjtigm gb{hsgx{chs g{ jxtag{ity b{gn tah egrh{mnhmtjfsysthn- \gficy.njdime& js |gfiticjf scihmtists |gimtgxt& imrgfrhs j rj{ihty gb bxmctigms0 |h{ch|tigm jmoohbimitigm gb mhhos& |{gkfhns jmo egjfs& bg{nxfj.tigm gb |{g|gsjfs jmo |fjms4 ngkifipjtigm gbsx||g{t4 sgcijf jmjfysis jmo |gfiticjf ohfikh{jtigm4|gficy hmjctnhmt jmo fheitinipjtigm- Gmch |gficihsj{h hmjctho& |fjms j{h in|fhnhmtho ta{gxea g{ejm.ipjtigm jmo jonimist{jtigm gb |{ge{jns jmo|{g`hcts4 |{ge{jn {hsxfts j{h hrjfxjtho jmo|gficihs {hbg{nxfjtho-2Im {hjfity& |gficynjdime is itimithfy ng{h cgn.|ficjtho tajm in|fiho ky tais sin|fh ohsc{i|tirhngohf- Yht |gficihs og hrgfrh ta{gxea j cycfh gbiohmtibijkfh stjehs- _ah |{gchss ohsc{ikho hj{fih{ ismgt mhchssj{ify shzxhmtijf4 mg{ j{h tah stjehsjfujys cfhj{fy oistimexisajkfh im |{jctich g{nxtxjffy hqcfxsirh& simch sgnh jctiritihs njy gccx{sinxftjmhgxsfy jmo gtah{ bxmctigms j{h imhqt{icjkfyfimdho- \fjms njy kh stjffho g{ oih khbg{h cgn|fht.ime tah |{gchss& g{ j{h {hsx{{hctho fjth{ im oibbh{hmtbg{n- Khcjxsh gb tah |{gchox{jf jmo g{ejmipjtigmjfcgn|fhqity& hbbhctirh |fjmmime im tah |xkfic shctg{nxst kh kjsho gm j tag{gxea xmoh{stjmoime gb tahcaj{jcth{istics gb tah |gficy.njdime |{gchss 05!:) \gficynjdime is Hsshmtijffy j \gfiticjfJctirity

\xkfic ohcisigm.njdime is j |gfiticjf |{gchss{jtah{ tajm jm imthffhctxjf g{ ohfikh{jtirh gmh-\gficihs hrgfrh ta{gxea sgcijf imth{jctigm& cgmbfict{hsgfxtigm jmo nxtxjf jo`xstnhmt jngme e{gx|suita oirh{sh egjfs- \{ig{itihs j{h ohth{nimho jmobimjf cagichs njoh ta{gxea cgn|{gnishs jngmee{gx|s uita j oirh{sity gb rjfxhs& ohcisigm c{ith{ij&imth{hsts& jmo |h{ch|tigms gb khmhbits jmo cgsts-

!;) \gficy Egjfs j{h Jo`xstho tg tahJrjifjkifity gb Nhjms tg Jcaihrh _ahn[j{hfy j{h |xkfic |gficihs tah {hsxft gb g|tinjfohcisigms- Egjf bg{nxfjtigm is sitxjtigmjf- Hjcag{ejmipjtigm |j{tici|jtime im |xkfic ohcisigm.njdime |x{sxhs its gum imth{hsts4 egjfs njy khth{nimjf g{ imst{xnhmtjf& cajmeime grh{ tinh im{hfjtigm tg cajmehs im sgcijf& hcgmgnic jmo|gfiticjf cgmoitigms- _ah fhrhf gb hq|hctjtigms gbohcisigm.njdh{s j{h jo`xstho tg tah |{gkjkifity&sxk`hctirhfy ohth{nimho& gb jcaihrime tahi{ gk`hc.tirhs& tg hstinjths gb xmch{tjimtihs jmo {isds gb

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|x{sxime j |j{ticxfj{ cgx{sh gb jctigm& tg |h{ch|.tigms gb |jst sxcchss im imbfxhmcime tah gxtcgnhgb |gfiticjf cgmbfict& jmo tg tahi{ jcchss tg {hsgx{chsbg{ imbfxhmcime tah khajrig{ gb gtah{ ohcisigm.njdh{s-!3) \gficy \fjmmime [hzxi{hs _{joime.GbbCgn|fhq Rj{ ijk fhs tg [hjca j \g f i t icj f fyBhjs ik fh J f th {mjt irh

\gficy.njdime imrgfrhs t{johgbbs jngme hcgm.gnic& |gfiticjf& sgcijf jmo gtah{ c{ith{ij& uhieaimetjmeikfh bjcts& imbg{njtigm& jmo ojtj jejimstimtjmeikfh jmo imcjfcxfjkfh |gthmtijf g||g{txmitihsjmo cgmst{jimts- Zxjmtitjtirh rj{ijkfhs nxst khkjfjmcho uita zxjfitjtirh bjctg{s- Ohcisigms jbbhct.ime innhoijth |{gkfhns jmo issxhs nxst khkjfjmcho jejimst fgme {jmeh in|jcts jmo cgmsh.zxhmchs- J uioh rj{ihty gb egjfs& c{ith{ij jmoimth{hsts cgmsioh{ho in|g{tjmt ky oibbh{hmt e{gx|sjmo imoirioxjfs nxst kh {hcgmcifho im j |fjmcj|jkfh gb jtt{jctime sxbbicihmt sx||g{t tg khhmjctho jmo in|fhnhmtho-!? ) \g f icy is Bg{nxfj tho jmo In|fhnhmtho_a{gxea j Ag{ ipgmtj f Ohc is igm St {xct x{h

\gficy is imitijtho& hmjctho& hqhcxtho jmo hrjf.xjtho ta{gxea j cgn|ficjtho sht gb ag{ipgmtjfimth{jctigms uitaim jm g{ejmipjtigmjffy cgn|fhqohcisigm hmri{gmnhmt- Egrh{mnhmt st{xctx{h isb{jenhmtho jmo g|hm tg tah imbfxhmch gb j uiohrj{ihty gb |xkfic jehmcihs& |{irjth g{ejmipjtigmsjmo s|hcijfipho imth{hst e{gx|s- \guh{s jmo{hs|gmsikifitihs j{h ois|h{sho jmo xmhrhmfy oist{i.kxtho jngme s|hcijfipho g{ejmipjtigms uitaim jmogxtsioh gb tah egrh{mnhmt st{xctx{h- \gficy isin|fhnhmtho ta{gxea j cgn|fhq systhn gb bg{njfjmo imbg{njf ohfhejtigm gb {hs|gmsikifity jmocgmt{gf- _ah |gficy.njdime st{xctx{h ajs j nxfti.txoh gb fhrh{jeh |gimts jt uaica imoirioxjfs jmoe{gx|s jtthn|t tg hqh{cish imbfxhmch- \j{tici|jmts|gsshss j oirh{sity gb |gthmtijf {hsgx{chs bg{ im.bfxhmcime tah gxtcgnh gb |gfiticjf cgmtficts.ngmhy& c{hoit& cgmt{gf grh{ `gks& rgths& imbg{njtigm&hq|h{tish& |g|xfj{ity jmo gtah{s.jmo rj{yimesdiffs jt xtifipime tahn-!8 ) \j{ t ic i|jmts im \g f icy.Njdime JctUita im Mj{{gu fy Ohb imho Cgmch|t igms g btah \xk f ic Im th{hst Xmfidh |{irjth cg{|g{jtigms& |xkfic jehmcihs{j{hfy ajrh hjsify ohbimho c{ith{ij ky uaica tg `xoehtah cg{{hctmhss gb jfth{mjtirh cgx{shs gb jctigm-\fjms im tah |{irjth shctg{ njy kh jinho jt imc{hjs.ime |{gbits& hq|jmoime nj{dht saj{h& g{ oirh{sibyime|{goxct fimhs- Im |xkfic |gficy.njdime tah{h isgbthm mg grh{.{ioime& cfhj{fy ohbimho sht gb egjfs kyuaica tg caggsh gmh jfth{mjtirh grh{ jmgtah{-\gficy is imitijtho& bg{nxfjtho& hmjctho jmo in.|fhnhmtho ky e{gx|s |x{sxime tahi{ gum imth{hstsjmo tahi{ gum cgmch|tigms gb tah |xkfic imth{hst-

\gficy.njdime is jm jng{jf |{gchss& egrh{mho ky jmhtaics gb {hs|gmsikifity4 hjca |j{tici|jmt ohth{nimhstah cg{{hctmhss gb j cgx{sh gb jctigm im th{ns gb aisjkifity tg sjtisby j cgmstitxhmcy g{ tg {h|{hshmt j|gsitigm cgmsioh{ho ky ain tg kh ng{jffy cg{{hct-\gficy.njdime is egrh{mho ky sitxjtigmjf htaics{jtah{ tajm ky jksgfxth |{imci|fhs gb {ieat jmou{gme- Cgmbfict gbthm h{x|ts grh{ oisje{hhnhmtscgmch{mime ohcisigm c{ith{ij js uhff js grh{ oisje{hh.nhmts gm sxkstjmtirh cgmthmt gb |gficy |{g|gsjfs-

!2) \xkf ic Ohc isigms Hrgfrh _a{gxeaCgmb f ic t [hsg fx t igm

\gficihs hnh{eh ngst gbthm ta{gxea j |{gchss gbcgmbfict {hsgfxtigm im uaica imoirioxjfs jmo e{gx|sjtthn|t tg imbfxhmch hjca gtah{s khajrig{ ta{gxea|sycagfgeicjf bihfo njmi|xfjtigm& joj|tirh jo`xst.nhmts& kj{ejimime& mhegtijtigm& cgjfitigm.kxifoime&cgmbfict ois|fjchnhmt& imoxchnhmts& ta{hjts& jxtag{i.tjtirh cgmt{gf jmo bg{ch-

!5 ) \g f ic ihs j{h Mgt Cagshm _a{gxeaGk`hct irh G|t inipj t igm

\xkfic |gficy.njdime is mgt j |{gchss gb g|tinip.ime& tajt is& gb oiscgrh{ime gmh& {jtigmjf& g|tinxnjfth{mjtirh bg{ tah sgfxtigm gb j sgcijf |{gkfhn-\xkfic |{gkfhns njy mgt ajrh oistimctirh sgfxtigms-Sgcijf |{gkfhns j{h cgn|fhq& jng{|agxs jmooibbicxft tg ohbimh cgmcishfy4 hjca |j{tici|jmt im|gficy.njdime njy ohbimh tah |{gkfhn oibbh{hmtfy&im th{ns gb j simefh cgn|gmhmt gb j fj{eh{ issxh& g{uitaim tah cgmthqt gb jmgtah{ |{gkfhn- Bjcts&imbg{njtigm jmo stjtistics xsho tg jmjfyph |gficyjfth{mjtirhs j{h sxk`hctirhfy imth{|{htho ta{gxea|{hcgmchirho imth{hsts b{gn uaica e{gx|s jmoimoirioxjfs {hjca oibbh{hmt cgmcfxsigms cgmch{mimetah khst cgx{sh gb jctigm- Imohho& g|tinipjtigmoghs mgt caj{jcth{iph |xkfic |fjmmime khcjxsh gbthmtah mxnkh{ gb |gssikfh jfth{mjtirhs bg{ jnhfig{jtimej sgcijf |{gkfhn is imohth{nimjth jt tah gxtsht.|gfiticjffy bhjsikfh jfth{mjtirhs hrgfrh b{gn |{g.chsshs gb |gfiticjf imth{jctigm jmo imth{rhmtigm-

!1 ) \g f icy.Njdime is Symh{e is t ic\gfiticjf imth{jctigm |{goxchs |gficy |{g|gsjfsjmo ohcisigms oibbh{hmt b{gn tagsh hs|gxsho ky jmysimefh |j{tici|jmt im j |gficy.njdime cgmbfict- Jstah scg|h gb oisje{hhnhmts grh{ |gficy |{g|gsjfshq|jmo jmo cgmt{jct& js mhu e{gx|s hmth{ jmo fhjrhj cgmbfict& js issxhs& egjfs jmo |h{ch|tigms j{hjo`xstho tg cajmeime |gfiticjf cgmoitigms& jmo jssx||g{t is ngkifipho j{gxmo cgn|{gnish |gsitigms&imitijf |{g|gsjfs j{h {hohbimho |{goxcime gxtcgnhstajt uh{h xm|{hoictjkfh jt tah gxtsht- \jst ohcisigmsgbthm |{goxch xmjmtici|jtho cgmshzxhmchs tajtimbfxhmch tah scg|h& cgmthmt jmo bhjsikifity gbcx{{hmt jfth{mjtirhs- Js oisje{hhnhmts j{ish b{gntah imth{jctigm gb ois|j{jth |j{tici|jmts tah |{gchssgb |gficy bg{nxfjtigm tjdhs gm j fibh gb its gum4

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4/8

chmt{jf cgmt{gf jmo cgn|{hahmsirh |fjmmime gb tahgxtcgnh is njoh ng{h oibbicxft-!9) \xkfic \gficy Bg{nxfjtigm jmoIn|fhnhmtjtigm j{h Caj{jcth{ipho kyFgme Fje jmo Fhjo _inhs

Bhu |gficy immgrjtigms g{ |fjms {hchirh in.nhoijth jcch|tjmch im tah |xkfic ohcisigm.njdimej{hmj- Sgcijf |{gkfhns nxst kh uiohfy {hcgemipho&sx||g{t bg{ tahi{ sgfxtigm ngkifipho& |{g|gsjfsbg{nxfjtho jmo hmjctho jmo |{ge{jns in|fhnhmtho.j |{gchss tajt& bg{ nj`g{ sgcijf issxhs& njy{hzxi{h j ohcjoh tg cgn|fhth- _ah fgme fje tinhskhtuhhm imitijtigm gb |fjms jmo tahi{ in|fhnhmtj.tigm gccx{ khcjxsh gb tah mjtx{h gb tah |gficy.njdime |{gchss& khcjxsh gb tah ois|h{sigm gb im.bfxhmch& tah nxfti|fh cajmmhfs bg{ hqh{cisime im.bfxhmch& jmo tah jkifity gb j uioh rj{ihty gb e{gx|stg ohfjy g{ rhtg jctigm- \gficy hqhcxtigm {hzxi{hstah bg{nxfjtigm gb st{jtheic |fjms bg{ hq|fgitime tah|{g|h{ tinime jmo jtngs|ah{h bg{ jctigm-!:


5/8

Nhtagos gb Imoi{hct Imb fxhmch

AieaFGU

Ohe{hh gb Cagich Im Cgn|fi jmchOhe{hh gb Imth{rhmt igm Im \gf icy Cgmb f ict

Fgu-Aiea

TI

Nhtagos gb Oi{hct Imb fxhmch

Biex{h :- _jcticjf J||{gjcahs tg imbfxhmcime \gficy Cgmbficts-

xsho im cgnkimjtigm uita gtah{ imoi{hct imbfxhmchtjctics tg {himbg{ch ohsi{ho |gfiticjf khajrig{ g{ tgoiscgx{jeh xmohsi{ho jctigms- _hcamizxhs {hzxi{imetah ngst oi{hct cgmt{gf& tah fhjst b{hhogn gb cgn.|fijmch& jmo tah ngst imthmsh imth{rhmtigm im|gfiticjf cgmbfict j{h jxtag{itjtirh |{hsc{i|tigm&|{h.hn|tigm& cgnnjmo jmo cgh{cigm jmo bg{ch-_ah ngst hbbhctirh thcamizxh g{ cgnkimjtigm gbtjctics nxst kh ohth{nimho ky st{jtheists ta{gxeajmjfysis gb tah |{gkfhn g{ issxhs xmoh{ cgmsioh{j.tigm& tah |guh{ jmo {hsgx{chs gb |gthmtijf cgm.thmoh{s im |gfiticjf cgmbfict& jmo tah g{ejmipjtigmjfhmri{gmnhmt im uaica |fjms jmo |gficihs nxst khbg{nxfjtho jmo in|fhnhmtho-_JIFG[IME \FJMMIME S_YFHS _G\GFICY.NJDIME BXMC_IGMS_ah cgmch|t gb |fjmmime js st{jtheic imth{rhmtigm imjmo njmjehnhmt gb |xkfic |gficy.njdime {hcge.miphs mgt gmfy tajt j nxftitxoh gb ohcisigm.njdh{s|fjm& kxt tajt j rj{ihty gb |fjmmime bxmctigms jmo{gfhs nxst kh |h{bg{nho im g{oh{ tg imbfxhmch|xkfic ohcisigms- Gmh styfh gb |fjmmime& hsshmtijfjmo j||{g|{ijth bg{ j |j{ticxfj{ ohcisigm.njdh{ jtgmh stjeh gb tah |gficy.njdime |{gchss& njy khimj||{g|{ijth bg{ gtah{s- Ib |fjmmime is tg khcgnhng{h hbbhctirh im imbfxhmcime tah gxtcgnh jmozxjfity gb |xkfic ohcisigms& j mxnkh{ gb oistimctirh|fjmmime styfhs tajt j{h oi{hctfy {hfjtho tg |gficybg{nxfjtigm jmo in|fhnhmtjtigm bxmctigms& nxstkh xsho- Shrhm j||{gjcahs j{h sxeehstho ah{h !shhBiex{h ;)-

imitijtigm gb cajmeh cjm hrgfrh gmfy b{gn j c{hjtirh|fjmmime j||{gjca- \{gkfhn |h{ch|tigm& iohmtibi.cjtigm gb ta{hjts jmo g||g{txmitihs& jmo cajmeh.imitijtigm og mgt ehmh{jffy hnh{eh b{gn {gxtimhkx{hjxc{jtic bg{ns gb |{ge{jnnime- _ah immgrjtirh|fjmmime styfh jmtici|jths jmo shhds cajmeh& hq|fg{hsjmo hq|fgits g||g{txmitihs bg{ mhu |gficy oi{hc.tigms& c{ystjffiphs oissjtisbjctigm uita cx{{hmtcgmoitigms jmo shj{cahs& ta{gxea uajt Htpigmi ajscjffho niqho scjmmime |{gchsshs& bg{ nj{eimjffykhtth{ jfth{mjtirhs- Immgrjtirh |fjmmime is cgm.ch{mho mgt sg nxca uita g|h{jtigmjf issxhs js uitatah cgmthqtxjf g{ st{jtheic js|hcts gb |gficy- It isbxtx{istic& gbthm cgmch{mho uita bg{hcjstime jmo|{hoictime t{hmos js uhff js uita shj{caime bg{|gthmtijf sgfxtigms tg |{gkfhns tajt j{h stiff imtah hq|h{inhmtjf g{ |ifgt stjehs- Im gtah{ sitxjtigms&immgrjtirh |fjmmime is fhss cgmch{mho uita tahbxtx{h& kxt oi{hctho ng{h tguj{o {h.g{ihmtime|h{s|hctirhs gb ohcisigm.njdh{s gm cx{{hmt |{gk.fhns& {hohbimime sgcijf rjfxhs& cajmeime ohcisigmjehmojs& jfth{ime |{ig{itihs jmo innhoijth egjfs gb{hsgx{ch.jffgcjtime g{ejmipjtigms cgn|{isime tahnj`g{ s|ah{hs gb imbfxhmch grh{ st{jtheic |gficyissxhs-

!;) Jorgcjcy \fjmmime

!:) Immgrjtirh \fjmmime\h{ch|tigm gb mhhos& egjfs jmo |{gkfhns jmo tah

Uaifh tah immgrjtirh j||{gjca is xshbxf bg{ohbimime tah oi{hctigms jmo |j{jnhth{s gb ohsi{hocajmeh jmo jssistime ohcisigm.njdh{s tg ohfimhjth|{gkfhns jmo mhhos& xftinjthfy& gk`hctirhs nxstkh t{jmsfjtho imtg s|hcibic |{g|gsjfs- Gmfy ohnjmostajt j{h cfhj{fy jmo |h{sisthmtfy hq|{hssho {hchirhsh{igxs |xkfic jtthmtigm- Imoirioxjfs jmo e{gx|s

J\[IF& :952 59


6/8

Ohth{nimjtigm

jmo _hcamicjf

Cgg{oimjtirh \gficy Hmjctnhmt

Jffgcjtirh\fjmmime

Biex{h ;- Jfth{mjtirh \fjmmime Styfhs-

sdiffho jt immgrjtirh |fjmmime gbthm fjcd tahimth{hst jmo jkifity tg |{gngth ohnjmos |xkficfy&taxs {hzxi{ime jmgtah{ bg{n gb |fjmmime.jorgcjcy-Jorgcjcy|fjmmime njdhs mg |{hthmsh gb gk`hctirity-Its |x{|gsh is tg {h|{hshmt j |gficy |gsitigm g{ tah|h{ch|tigms gb j |j{ticxfj{ imth{hstho |xkfic-Jorgcjth |fjmmh{s st{irh tg t{jmsfjth bhft mhhos gbe{gx|s jmo g{ejmipjtigms imtg |gficy ohnjmos& tggktjim jcchss tg ohcisigm chmth{s jmo fhrh{jeh |gimts&jmo tg sjtisby tagsh ohnjmos ta{gxea jxtag{itjtirhjffgcjtigm gb tjmeikfh {hsgx{chs-Jorgcjth |fjmmh{s shhd tg ohrhfg| fhjoh{sai|&imoxch |j{tici|jtigm& ohrhfg| jmo |{gngth j{ex.nhmts jmo oisshnimjth imbg{njtigm im sx||g{t gb j|gficy |gsitigm- Ib tah gk`hctirh is tg jssist e{gx|sjmo g{ejmipjtigms tg gkst{xct& ohfjy g{ ngoiby|gficy |{g|gsjfs jorh{sh tg tahi{ imth{hsts& jorgcjcy|fjmmime tjdhs gm j fgkkyime bxmctigm- Jorgcjcyimcfxohs bg{nxfjtigm gb cgjfitigm.kxifoime st{jth.eihs& cgnnxmicjtigm gb |gficy ohnjmos& |{hshmtj.tigm gb |gficy |gsitigms tg jxtag{itjtirh ohcisigmnjdh{s ta{gxea oi{hct |h{smjf cgmtjct& |sycag.fgeicjf bihfo njmi|xfjtigm jmo imth{nhoijtigm-_a{gxea jorh{sj{y bxmctigms it ngrhs tg cgxmth{jmo gbbsht tah in|jct gb g||gsime |fjms-

jtthn|ts tg |{hsh{rh jm injeh gb gk`hctirity4jo`xmctirh |fjmmh{s ngst gbthm |h{bg{n imbg{nj.tigm cgffhctigm jmo jmjfysis bxmctigms jmo njdh tah{hsxfts jrjifjkfh tg jff cgmthmoh{s im |gficy cgmtfictuitagxt khcgnime jksg{kho im tah ink{gefig tahn.shfrhs- Jo`xmctirh bxmctigms j{h gbthm |h{bg{nho kytaimd tjmds& bgxmojtigms jmo {hshj{ca imstitxthsuita imth{hsts im mjtigmjf |gficy& jmo ky {heigmjf|fjmmime jehmcihs& nxmici|jf {hshj{ca kx{hjxs jmocity |fjmmime cgnnissigms jt tah fgcjf fhrhf-Jo`xmctirh |fjmmh{s |h{bg{n {hshj{ca jmo oh.rhfg|nhmt bxmctigms0 tahy g{ejmiph jmo in|fh.nhmt ohngmst{jtigm |{g`hcts& ejtah{ g|h{jtigmjfjmo |fjmmime ojtj& jmo hrjfxjth |gsitigms jmo|{g|gsjfs js im|xts bg{ |gficy cgmbfict {hsgfxti


7/8

!8) Cgg{oimjtirh \fjmmime\fjmmime bg{ |gficy hmjctnhmt jmo in|fhnhmtj.tigm {hzxi{hs cg.g{oimjtigm jmo imthe{jtigm gb tahohcisigms gb tah nxftitxoh gb |j{tici|jmts imrgfrhoim |gficy.njdime- _ah cg.g{oimjtirh |fjmmime j|.|{gjca ohrhfg|s st{jtheihs bg{ ngkifipime ois|j{jth{hsgx{chs jmo bgcxsime tahn gm {hnhoijkfh js|hctsgb |{gkfhns- Cg.g{oimjtirh |fjmmime shhds tg

{hcgmcifh oibbh{hmchs jngme ohcisigm.njdh{s uitaoirh{sh imth{hsts jmo tg shj{ca bg{ cgn|{gnishs&kjshs bg{ hqcajmeh& imchmtirhs jmo imst{xnhmts gbnjmi|xfjtigm jmo |h{sxjsigm- It hq|fg{hs e{gxmosbg{ `gimt jctigm ky hq|ficjtime saj{ho imth{hsts&|gthmtijf fimdjehs& jmo {hzxi{hnhmts bg{ nxtxjfcgmshmt- It shhds tg {hoxch tah fje jmo fhjo tinhskhtuhhm |fjm hmjctnhmt jmo in|fhnhmtjtigm-_ais styfh gb |fjmmime {hcgemiphs tajt shni.jxtgmgngxs ohcisigm xmits cjm kh imthe{jthohbbhctirhfy gmfy jfgme fimhs gb saj{ho imth{hst&s|hcijfipjtigm jmo imth{oh|hmohmch- _ah e{hjt|gthmtijf bg{ |gficy cg.g{oimjtigm fihs uitaims|ah{hs gb imbfxhmch jngme e{gx|s shhdime nxtxjfejims- Cg.g{oimjtigm& tg kh sxcchssbxf& nxst ajrh jmhq|ficit gk`hctirh- [hs|gmsh is kjsho |{inj{ify gmshfb imth{hst4 cg.g{oimjtigm cjmmgt kh in|gshota{gxea aih{j{caicjf imthe{jtigm& chmt{jfipho cgm.t{gf& {hexfjtigm g{ st{xctx{jf cgmsgfiojtigm- Nxtx.jffy khmhbicijf {huj{os nxst jcc{xh tg |j{tihs im jcg.g|h{jtirh jct- _ais bg{n gb |fjmmime bgcxshs gmc{hjtigm gb imoxchnhmts& cgn|hmsjtigm& {hci|{gcity&jmo hmcgx{jehs jmo bjcifitjths kj{ejimime jmomhegtijtigm jngme imoirioxjfs jmo g{ejmipjtigms-It jtthn|ts tg c{hjth imbg{njf cg.g{oimjtigm nhca.jmisns uah{h bg{njf imstitxtigmjf j{{jmehnhmts bg{imthe{jtigm j{h uhjd- Cg.g{oimjtirh |fjmmh{s njyjfsg jct js imth{nhoij{ihs.hq|ficjtime jmo hq|fjim.ime |gficy immgrjtigms& nhoijtime cgmbfictimeohnjmos& cgnnxmicjtime imbg{njtigm& kj{ejimime|gsitigms jmo cgn|{gnish sgfxtigms tg cgmbfictime|j{tihs- _ahy njy& ta{gxea cg.g{oimjtime jonimis.t{jtirh xmits& jct js cjtjfysts bg{ {hsgx{ch ngkifip.jtigm im |fjm in|fhnhmtjtigm jmo |{ge{jnhrjfxjtigm-

!2) Jonimist{jtirh jmo _hcamicjf \fjmmimeIb |fjms jmo |gficihs& gmch hmjctho& j{h tgjnhfig{jth |{gkfhns jmo jttjim stjtho gk`hctirhs&tahy nxst kh hbbhctirhfy j||fiho& imstitxtigmjfiphojmo njmjeho- _ais |ajsh gb |gficy.njdime {h.zxi{hs jonimist{jtirh |fjmmime& uaica& jccg{oime tgE{gss& is tah cgn|fhq |{gchss ta{gxea uaicajonimist{jtg{s t{y tg exioh tah jctiritihs gb |hg|fhim jm g{ejmipjtigm tguj{o bg{nxfjtime g{ jcaihrimesgnh jcch|tho |jtth{m gb |x{|gshs- Jonimist{jtirh|fjmmime sxksxnhs tah imth{|{htjtigm gb stjtxths&fijisgm uita cg.g|h{jtime jmo cgn|htime g{ejmipj.tigms& imth{jctigm uita {hsgx{ch sx||fih{s jmo gxt|xtxsh{s& jmo ohsiem gb kjsic njmjehnhmt systhns-

Bxmctigmjf|fjmmime.tah g{ejmipjtigm jmo njmjeh.nhmt gb oistimct |{ge{jn cgn|gmhmts.smo cgmt{gfjmo oi{hctigm gb |{ge{jn gxt|xts ta{gxea thcamicjf

jmo |{g`hct |dxnime j{h |{h{hzxisiths tg hbbhctirh|fjm in|fhnhmtjtigm- Jonimist{jtirh |fjmmime{hsxfts im g|h{jtigmjf |{ge{jns jmo scahoxfhs{hfjtho tg |{goxctigm& kxoehtime jmo jccgxmtime&|h{sgmmhf& oist{ikxtigm gb gxt|xt& ehmh{jf imth{mjfsh{richs jmo {hshj{ca-!5) Hrjfxjtirh \fjmmime

Bimjffy& khcjxsh |gficy.njdime is j cgmtimxgxs|{gchss& |{ge{jns jmo |gficihs nxst kh cgmtimxjffyngmitg{ho jmo hrjfxjtho- Hrjfxjtirh |fjmmime jinstg {hoxch tah g||g{txmity cgsts gb bjifime tg jo`xst{hsgx{ch ngkifipjtigm& jffgcjtigm jmo xtifipjtigmohcisigms tg cajmeime sgcighcgmgnic jmo |gfiticjfcgmoitigms- Hrjfxjtirh |fjmmh{s jmjfyph |{hrigxs|xkfic jmo |{irjth ohcisigms tg ohth{nimh tahi{{hsxfts- Hrjfxjtigm imcfxohs |h{bg{njmch jxoitimetajt fhjos tg {hcgnnhmojtigms bg{ |{ge{jn {h.bg{nxfjtigm& th{nimjtigm g{ cgmtimxjtigm- Hrjfxj.tirh |fjmmh{s jtthn|t tg ohth{nimh tah hbbhctirhmhssgb |gficihs xsime tah uioh rj{ihty gb c{ith{ij in.|gsho ky tah mjtx{h gb |xkfic ohcisigm.njdime-Im g{ejmipjtigmjffy cgn|fhq ohcisigm hmri{gmnhmts&hrjfxjtigm.js E{gss mgths.nxst jccgxmt bg{ jmosjtisby oirh{sh imth{hsts& nhjsx{ime nxfti|fh gxt|xts.kgta tjmeikfh jmo imtjmeikfh& innhoijth jmofgme.{jmeh.gb oibbh{hmt dimos& zxjfity jmo zxjm.tity- Mgt gmfy hbbicihmcy& kxt g{ejmipjtigmjf& |{g.e{jnnjtic jmo |gfiticjf rijkifity nxst kh jsshssho-Jt tah sjnh tinh hrjfxjtigm nxst jssx{h tajt tahg|h{jtigm gb |{ge{jns cgmbg{ns tg ehmh{jffygksh{rho cgohs0 imth{mjf oxh |{gchss jmo j||ficj.tigm gb hqth{mjf {hexfjtigms-Im k{ihb& cgmrhmtigmjf |{gchsshs gb cgn|{hahm.sirh |fjmmime kjsho gm {jtigmjf ohcisigm tahg{y jmoaih{j{caicjf cgmch|ts ajrh |{grhm gb fittfh xsh im|xkfic |gficy.njdime& jmo j{h khcgnime fhss xshbxfim cgn|fhq |{irjth g{ejmipjtigms tajt ohjf im.tinjthfy uita egrh{mnhmtjf jehmcihs- Cgmch|tsgbbh{ho ky tahg{ists sxca js Hnh{y& tajt rihu|fjmmime js j systhn gb aih{j{caicjf cgmt{gf& j{hjt khst i{{hfhrjmt- Jt ug{st tahy j{h |h{rh{sh im tahg{ejmipjtigmjffy cgn|fhq |gficy hmri{gmnhmtsuah{h ohcisigms j{h njoh |{inj{ify ta{gxeaag{ipgmtjf imth{jctigm jngme shni.jxtgmgngxs|j{tici|jmts- {; _ah hnh{eime caj{jcth{ gb |xkficjmo |{irjth ohcisigm.njdime cjffs bg{ mhu cgmch|tsjmo j||{gjcahs tg |fjmmime- _ah shrhm j||{gjcahsohsc{ikho ah{h jtthn|t tg {hfjth |fjmmime tg |gficy.njdime bxmctigms- _ah styfhs j{h mgt nxtxjffyhqcfxsirh& hitah{ im bxmctigm g{ |h{bg{njmch- J|fjmmh{ njy |h{bg{n j mxnkh{ gb {gfhs& g|h{jtimeuitaim j simefh g{ejmipjtigm& jt oibbh{hmt stjehs gbtah |gficy.njdime |{gchss- Im gtah{ cjshs ah njycaggsh tg s|hcijfiph im j |j{ticxfj{ styfh gb |fjmmimeim g{oh{ tg imbfxhmch |gficy jt j s|hcibic stjeh im itsbg{nxfjtigm g{ in|fhnhmtjtigm- _ah |gimt is tajt|fjmmime tahg{y nxst kheim tg {hcgemiph tahrjfioity& mhho bg{ jmo hbbhctirhmhss gb j oirh{sity gb|fjmmime styfhs& {gfhs jmo bxmctigms- Hbbhctirh|fjmmime nxst kh e{gxmoho im tah caj{jcth{isticsgb tah |gficy.njdime |{gchss& jmo nxst kh j tggf

J\[IF& :952 1:


8/8

mgt gmfy bg{ tah jmjfysis gb jfth{mjtirh cgx{shs gbjctigm& kxt jfsg bg{ bjsaigmime st{jtheihs tg im.bfxhmch khajrig{ im |gficy in|fhnhmtjtigm- m

[HBH[HMCHS!:)

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Ohmmis J- [gmoimhffi& X{kjm jmo [heigmjf Ohrhbg|.nhmt \fjmmime0 \gficy jmo Jonimist{jtigm& Cg{mhffXmirh{sity \{hss& Itajcj !:958)-Jj{gm Uifojrsdy& Oghs \fjmmime Ug{d7& _ah \xkficImth{hst& ;?& 98.f

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