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The starter kit for Studi Pemukiman
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Contents
Part I
Human and Conservation
Filling the Gap — 4
Shifting Behavior — 6
Marine Conservation Issue — 8
Part II
Action Research
Overview — 10
Steps —11
Part III
Next Action Plan
Intervention Strategy — 14
Appendix I: CNS Scale — 15
Appendix II: References — 15
All pictures are private documentations of author.
Part I Human and Conservation
“Environmental management is really a matter of managing people rather than the biophysical environment.” [Alan Miller]
Filling the Gap
4
But there is a gap between two sciences
that should contribute in conservation
study area, the natural science – espe-cially Biology, and social science – such
as Anthropology, Sociology and Psychol-
ogy. It’s a common thing that Biology stu-
dents using biocentric (or ecologic) view –
seeing life itself as the centre of life, whereas Psychology students using an-
thropocentric view – seeing human as the
centre of life. Hunter and Gibbs (2007)
explained how biocentric view doesn’t
stands opposite the anthropocentric view, but as two poles in a continuum. They
argue that we have to shift more toward
to biocentric view from anthropocentric
view, but never forget the anthropocentric
one in order to understanding human be-havior and how to change it. Human fac-
tor is an important thing to be learnt in
doing conservation.
Picture 1.1
Mangrove in Pari Island
Human beings are intelligent creatures
that capable to make an abstract formu-
lation inside his mind. They can produce any conception from a simple question
and develop it into a big system such as
culture, education, machine, even religion
and God conception. Abstract thinking
capability also helps human beings in imagining future and creating something
that currently not exist – including imagin-
ing the extinction of other species. That
imagination makes us learn how to pre-
vent the extinction, thus the awareness to conservation is the key of conservation.
Tikka, Kuitunen, and Tynys (2000) found
that educational background of students
has a significant effect on their attitudes toward nature and environment. Their
study revealed that Biology students have
the biggest positive attitudes (M= 2.424),
greatest level of knowledge, and partici-
pated in many nature-related activity, whereas students who studied Econo-
mies (M= 1.923) and Technology-related
(M= 1.746) adopted a more negative atti-
tude towards nature and environment.
Psychology students adopted second biggest positive attitude (M= 2.150) and in
third place, students from Forestry studies
(M= 2.145).
5
In October 28th, 1978 Tempo published
the illegal trade of orangutan and other
endangered species, argued that human do the trade simply because they don’t
know why they have to put a concern on
animals and conservation, since it has no
direct impact to their life (Tempo, 1978).
Currently, illegal trading of endangered animals still happens even in big city. The
gap that conservation experts haven’t
has a successful strategy in building
awareness should be bridged by social
science, especially psychology that stud-ies behavior. At the end, the great power
to prevent the extinction of other species
is laid in human’s hand. Rather than de-
bating on which is the best between bio-
centric and anthropocentric, why don’t we stand between those views and use it
both in conserving nature?
The conflict among anthropocentric ver-
sus biocentric view is also happened
when Jane Goodall, a primatologist and also an anthropologist presented her
work in Gombe. The panel said that eve-
rything she had done was wrong, espe-
cially the point when she called the chim-
panzees with personified names. But she gave us an insight, that by time we inter-
act with animals, we’ll realize that they
have personality – just like human beings.
Picture 1.2
Mangrove Forest Area in Pari Island
Shifting Behavior
6
(2) Objective Holistic (OH) – they who
emphasizes on intuition, professional
judgment, and contextual knowledge, attempt to impose a solution in a prob-
lem based on the best guess related
to complex situation. They prefer to
shape a good problem instead of solv-
ing it.
(3) Subjective Holistic (SH) – people
that emphasizing intimate, nurturing re-
lationship with other people and with
the surrounding environment, depend-ant but having a high level of empathy
so they actually know how to solve
environmental problem that caused by
human, the real “romantic seeker”.
(4) Subjective Analytic (SA) – good at
deep introspective analysis so they un-
derstand themselves and others, but
having difficulty in summoning effective
defensive coping to environmental problem. Natural philosopher and natu-
ralist tend to be this type of person,
the “mind healer”.
By identifying those 4 types of personal-ity, we can make a mapping whether the
majority of Pari Island’s citizens are fully
aware of their environmental problems or
not.
The complexity of human behavior can’t
be explained only within this booklet, so
let’s just talk about human behavior that related to conservation attitude. There are
several explanations about human’s per-
sonality and attitudes toward nature, but
author decided to take the Miller’s human
personality map toward conservation (1999) and Kellert and Berry’s human atti-
tudes toward animals (1981, in Hunter &
Gibbs, 2007).
Miller (1999) explained that human has a big delusion on naming themselves as
Homo sapiens, literally means “Wise
Man”, despite the fact that we are actu-
ally Homo pragmaticus – myopic species
that incredibly good at solving problems in a short term while creating more prob-
lems for a long term. He argued that
there are two important aspects of bio-
philia, so that human fully aware that they
have to put a big concern on environ-mental problem: intimacy with nature and
altruism. He then made 4 type of hu-
man’s personality related to environmental
problem:
(1) Objective Analytic (OA) – people
whose central concern on achievement
of a sense of power and control, empiri-
cal, reductionist, impersonal, and obses-
sive. The “fact gatherer”, but not actually solving the problem.
Picture 1.3
Miller’s Personality Map
7
Further explanation comes from Kellert
and Berry’s (1981, in Hunter & Gibbs,
2007). They found that there are 10 types of people’s attitude toward other
species, but author decided to take the
big 5 attitude types based on her previ-
ous initial observation in Pari Island:
Humanistic, tend to have a strong af-fection on other species because
their anthropomorphism to that spe-
cies.
Neutralistic, avoid other species simply
because lack of interest. Utilitarian, interested in practical value
of other species and their habitats.
Moralistic, concerned with environ-
mental ethics and against overex-
ploitation. Naturalistic, showing interest in other
species and outdoor.
By identifying those 5 types of attitudes,
we can get a comprehensive conclusion
what kind of awareness strategy that will be effective in Pari Island, and also get
the reason behind Pari Island’s current
condition.
Shifting behavior from conservation-ignorance to fully aware must to be be-
gun from changing values. Hunter and
Gibbs (2007) argued that there is two
main things that shape values toward
conservation, (1) information, and (2) ex-perience. Individual with greatest knowl-
edge will show a big tendency to be
aware of the importance of conservation
– just like the research that found Biology
students has the biggest positive attitude toward environment. Experience is also
importance, that is why people whose
activities in outdoor are more aware of
environmental problem. Information and
experience are both important, so when we have known the degree of information
and experience owned by Pari Island’s
citizen, we’ll know their values and formu-
late the next action plan to shifting behav-
ior from less aware of conservation to fully aware of environmental problem.
Marine Conservation Issue
8
Based on previous author’s interview with
one fisherman from Pari Island, there was
a conflict between LIPI and fishermans about abalone shells (Haliotis asinina). The
fishermans harmed the coral reef by
searching for abalone by destroying the
coral. What is team need to be identified
is checking the issue, and probing what happened behing the issue. There’s some
types of exploitation, (1) Commercial Ex-
ploitation, (2) Subsistence Exploitation, (3)
Recreational Exploitation, (4) Incidental Ex-
plotation, and (5) Indirect Exploitation (Miller, 1999). The problem of Pari Island
are the (1), and (3). The most terrible
nightmare is if the commercial exploitation
shift to recreational exploitation without a
correct people’s understanding of conser-vation.
As Agardy (1997) noted, people usually
think that marine conservation issue is just
about coral reefs. Actually, it talks about coast, wide variety of animals and plants.
They are interconnected communities.
Marine conservation concern must be
done by a comprehensive and integrative
study because the characteristic of hu-man beings in small island will be so dif-
ferent in large island. Our challenge is not
only preserving the nature, but also inspir-
ing the human.
Indonesia, as an arhipelago nation con-
sists of thousand islands that separated
by sea. Why ocean is important, (1) 500 millions people are getting money from
the sea to live, (2) fishes are the protein
source for 1 billion developing countries’
citizens, (3) 76% coral species are found
in Southeast Asia and West Pacific seas, (4) there are 400+ dead zone seas for
about 246,000 km2, (5) current fishing
has been 2x than scientifically suggested,
(6) more than 50% dead fishes in trap
are thrown back to the sea by human, (7) 10 million tons of plastic bottles are
thrown away to the seas (Greenpeace,
2012). In addition, the gobal warming im-
pacted the rise of sea level, and small is-
land can be diseappear – also Pari Is-land.
Pari Island is located in North Jakarta, es-
timated area is 40,32 hectares. There are
697 citizens in this island and they came from many places such as Lampung,
Sulawesi, West and Central Java, and so
on. Before 2010, 90% of Pari Island’s citi-
zens worked as seaweed farmers. But,
following the death of their seas’ biodiver-sity. They shifted to tourism currently.
Part II Action Research
“If your eyes are strong, you may search the sky and see him, wings aquiver, circling among the woolly clouds. If
your eyes are weak, don’t try it; just watch the fence posts.”
[Aldo Leopold]
Overview Based on Somekh (2006), there are 8
basic principles of Action Research; inte-
grates research and action, conducted by a collaborative partnership and re-
searcher, involves the development of
knowledge and understanding of unique
kind, starts from a vision of social trans-
formation, involves a high level of reflexiv-ity, involves exploratory engangement
with range of existing knowlegde, engen-
ders powerful learning for participants
through combining research with reflection
on practice, and locates the inquiry in an understanding of broader historical, politi-
cal, and ideological context of the area.
For this current study, author decided to
use the Action Research with a quantita-tive scale but the data will be taken with
interview. Author and team will use CNS
(Connectedness to Nature Scale) that de-
veloped by Mayer and Frantz (2004) that
will be adapted to Bahasa Indonesia. Within the interview, team will also ex-
plored and observed about the partici-
pants’ value, attitude, and personality to-
ward environmental problem and conser-
vation.
Action research often used in educational
setting because it has main function to
assist us knowing the best intervention strategy. The Alberta Teachers' Associa-
tion (2000) described Action Research as
a collaboration between Qualitative
method and Quantitative method, and
has 4 ethical practices: ethics of hope, caring, opennes, and responsibility, since
Action Research involving the researcher
into subjects’ daily activities. Since Action
Research is a merger of two methodolo-
gies, it has some characteristic like objec-tive evaluation that has to be quantified,
but also flexible and contextual. Action re-
search used to be done in a particular
area or place that have to be intervented.
The aim is initial analysis what kind of in-tervention that possibly match with the
problem found from the Action Research.
Picture 2.1
Perawan Beach, hundred years-old
mangrove forest area in Pari Island
10
Combining Action Research’s steps from
Somekh (2006) and The Alberta Teach-
ers' Association (2000), the steps of this study will be like this:
1. Select a focus to be studied by plan-
ning and literature review.
2. Collecting data by observing, interview-
ing, and quantitative scale based on the literature review.
3. Analyze and interpreting data, reflect
what may match with the literature
and what doesn’t, perhaps because
the contextual event, politic condition or economic changes.
4. Evaluation of those changes through
further data collection.
5. Take action, plan the awareness strat-
egy.
Team will also give inform consent to par-
ticipant verbally, with the educational
background consideration of Pari Island’s
citizen.
Some of the technical guidance for Biol-
ogy Team in doing this public research
through interviewing and observing are:
1. Take an inform consent first. We
have to ensure that the participant
knows that they are being involved
in a research that will not harm them, they can resign from the in-
terview anytime, and they know
that their answer will be included in
our analysis.
2. The main aim of the current public action research is dig for the
awareness of marine conservation
among Pari Island’s people, includ-
ing fisherman to domestic wife, then
formulate an awareness strategy. 3. We’ll do interview with general
guideline, means that there is an
indicator checklist to be checked
but you can ask it randomly and
probe more. Probe here means that you ask more based on the
participants’ previous answer. Try
to avoid close-ended question and
too much questioning “why”. That
way of asking will make our partici-pants asking themselves, “Am I do-
ing something wrong?”
The Steps
11
4. The sampling method of this current
study is homogeny sampling used
in qualitative research, means that we search for a limited numbers of
participants that share same char-
acteristic. Author decided the crite-
ria of Pari Island’s citizen, 20-60
years old (productive ages), and same proportion between males
and females are required in order
to generalize the result from the
study.
5. Being empathic, means that any an-
swer from citizen must be ac-
cepted by team unconditionally.
Rogers (1975) defined the concept
of empathy in a simple description: empathy occurs when you appre-
ciate what your participants’ ex-
periences feels to them. You are
less empathy when you under-
stand what your participants’ say from a detached, objective point of
view. You are showing non-
empathic when you understand
what your participants’ say but not
the way they feel. The modality of good interviewer are only eyes to
observe, ears to listen, and mouth
to probe more.
6. Be an objective observer, list only
behavior that appear, not interpreta-
tion. Example, descriptive behavior: she smiles at me, and laugh after I
tell her joke. Interpretation: she likes
my joke. Write down the descriptive
behavior in report, not interpretation.
7. Interview must be planned by devel-
oping a set of questions and has
been tested before. Build a good
rapport with the respondents (The
Alberta Teachers' Association, 2000).
8. Observation is very effective when
combined with other data-collection,
for triangulation check of interview. The Alberta Teachers' Association
(2000) suggested before doing ob-
servation, develop an observation
plan and indicator template and
preferable to take it with a col-league (inter rater).
9. The key of successful interview and
observation are practice and a
proper preparation.
12
Part III Next Action Plan
“The universe would be incomplete without men, but it
would also be incomplete without the smallest transmicroscopic creature that dwells beyond our conceitful eyes and knowledge.” [John Muir]
Intervention Strategy
14
Team will be only formulating the strategy after get the data analysis of the Action
Research. Basically, what environmental organization should do are some psy-
chosocial processes in assisting the society towards their area’s conservation (Deam & Bush, 2007):
1. Problem analysis, finding the main problem among Pari Island’s citizens that
correlates with the conservation issue.
2. Influencing decision making, build a strong awareness that will be included as
citizen’s consideration in making any decision correlated with the environment. 3. Inter organizational relationship, build link to local societies.
4. Community participation, actively involving societies’ activities.
5. Knowledge transfer, as information and experience are shaping human value
towards nature, knowledge transfer is the most important thing to do.
Intervention strategy will depend on any finding of the Action Research, so it is im-
portant to analyze accurately the Action Research’s result, and then reformulate
the next action plan.
Picture 3.1
Perawan Beach is currently visited by
almost 3,000 tourists every weekend.
15
Appendix I: CNS Scale
3 of 14 scales in CNS, developed by Mayer and Frantz (2004).
Appendix II: References Agardy, T. S. (1997). Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation.
Texas: Academic Press. Deam, J. H., & Bush, R. A. (2007). A Community psychology view of envi-
ronmental organization processes. American Journal of Commmunity Psychology, 40, 146-166. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9123-2
Greenpeace. (2012). Our Blue Planet. Jakarta: Greenpeace. Hunter, M. L., & Gibbs, J. P. (2007). Fundamentals of Conservation Biology.
Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Knetsch, J. L. (1997). Reference States, Fairness, and Choice of Measure
to Value Environmental Changes. In M. H. Bazerman, D. M. Messick, A. E. Tenbrunsel, & K. A. Wade-Benzoni, Environment, Ethics, and Be-havior (pp. 13-31). San Fransisco: New Lexington Press.
Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503-515.
Miller, A. (1999). Environmental Problem Solving: Psychological Barriers to Adaptive Change. New York: Springer.
Rogers, C. (1975). Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being. The Coun-seling Psychologist, 5, 2-10.
Somekh, B. (2006). Action Research: a Methodology for Change and De-velopment. New York: Open University Press.
Tempo. (1978, Oktober 28). Hewan Juga Punya Hak Asasi. Jakarta: Tempo.
The Alberta Teachers' Association. (2000). Action Research Guide for Al-berta Teachers. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: ATA.
Tikka, P. M., Kuitunen, M. T., & Tynys, S. M. (2000). Effects of educational background on students' attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), 12-19.
Author’s Contact
Puspita Insan Kamil
Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia
Social Psychology Concentration
Puspita Insan Kamil
+62 856 971 330 41