Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PUD and complications from NSAIDs
and antiplatelet agents: epidemiology,
mechanisms of tissue damage and
gastroprotective strategies
Dimitrios Chistodoulou
Associate Professor of Gastroenterology
University Hospital of Ioannina – Greece
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina - Greece
Disclosures
Advisory and/or Speaking for
BMS
MSD
Novartis
NSAIDs
Analgesic action
Anti-inflammatory action
Antiplatelet action (aspirin)
Prevention of cancer (esophagus, pancreas, large bowel )
Gastric erosions
Peptic ulcer Bleeding
Perforation
Pyloric stenosis
Small and large intestinal lesions
Renal toxicity
Intracranial hemorrhage (aspirin)
Worsening of heart failure
Cardiovascular disease
Benefits
Side effects
Mechanism of NSAID-induced toxicity 1) Inhibition of cycloxygenase
Reduction of prostaglandins(loss of cell protective action, decreased cell regeneration, decreased blood flow)
2) Local action
1.Increased mucocal permeability
2. Toxic effect of bile, bacteria, food components
3. Chemotaxis of neutrophils
Impact of NSAIDs on microcirculation Reduction of local blood flow( PGE, PGI)
Damage of endothelium of microcirculation
NSAIDs
ΙCAMs
CD11/CD18 β2-integrins
Endothelial cells
Λευκοκύτταρα
Chemotaxis ofneutrophils
Proteases Ο-
Tissue damage
TNF-a
Leukotrienes
Aspirin - NSAIDS
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Mucus layer
Ionic difference
HCO3 layer
Prostaglandins
Epithelial cells
Mucosal blood flow
H. pyloriPepsinGastric
acid
ATTACKING FACTORS
Aspirin –Other NSAIDs
Prostaglandinsproduction
HCO3
productionMucus
production
Acidic environment
Ουδέτερο περιβάλλον
Upper GI complications from NSAIDs: How high is the risk?
To chronic NSAIDs users:
Peptic ulcers at endoscopy in 40% (vs 1-5% with placebo)
Dyspepsia in 15-50%
Singh et al, Int J Clin Pract 2005Wolfe et al, NEJM 1999
Severe clinical complications of peptic ulcers from non-selective NSAIDs
1.5% per year, RR=4
Without warning symptoms: 50-60%
Upper GI Bleeding from low dose aspirin for antiplatelet action:
1.2% per year, RR=2
Intestinally dissolvable equally hazardous
Upper GI complications from NSAIDs: How high is the risk of severe complications?
Lanas, Curr Treat Opt Gastroenterol 2006
In Europe upper gastrointestinal complications from NSAIDS lead to:
160,000 admissions per year
25,000 deaths per year
Upper GI complications from NSAIDs: How high is the risk?
Plesnila-Frank et al, UEGW 2006
Risk factor Further increase of 4fold risk
History of peptic ulcer x5
History of ulcer complications x5-13
Age > 65 x2.5
High dose of non-selective NSAID x2
Kind of non-selective NSAID (safer: ibuprofen, diclofenac)
Two non-selective NSAIDs x2.5
Non-selective NSAID + aspirin x2
Non-selective NSAID + anticoagulants x2.5
Non-selective NSAID + corticosteroids x2
Upper GI complications from NSAIDs: Who are at greater risk?
Go MF, Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006AGA Consensus, CGH 2006El-Serag et al, Arch Intern Med 2002
Probable risk factors
Coadministration of SSRI x1.5
High dose of aspirin
H. Pylori infection
NSAID-related dyspepsia
Concomitant diseases (heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis
Female gender
Alcohol abuse
Smoking
Loke YK et al, APT 2008Go MF, Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006Lanas Curr Treat Opt Gastroenterol 2006
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Options
Modification of risk factors
Gastroprotective agent + non-selective NSAID
Eradication of H. pylori
COX-2 selective NSAID
Gastroprotective agent + COX-2 selective NSAID
Look for risk factors
Assess the indication for NSAID use
Use less toxic NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac)
Reduce dose and duration of treatment
Avoid coadminitration of another NSAID, steroid, anticoagulants
Inform patient for potential complications
Modification of risk factors for upper GI complications
Paracetamol:
dose related risk of upper GI
bleeding
2g daily → RR=2
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Protective agent + non-selective NSAID
Misoprostol
Η2RA
ΡΡΙ
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Misoprostol + non-selective NSAID
800 mg daily (2x2 ή 1x4) reduce:► ulcers at endoscopy► clinical ulcer complications
Rostom et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002
But,but in patients with recent upper GI bleeding from NSAIDs
■ recurrence of bleeding in 22% within six months
Chan et al. AP&T 2001
■ reduced compliance• dosage• side effects in 27% (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain)
Rostom et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
H2RA + non-selective NSAID
Standard dosage (1x2): not effective
Double dosage (2x2): contradictory results
Only endoscopic studies
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Rostom et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002
At standard dosage (1x1) reduce:
■ ulcers at endoscopy
• equally effective with misoprostol
• superior to H2RA
■ NSAID related dyspepsia→ improved compliance
Rostom et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002
■ clinical compications of ulcers in high-risk patients
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
PPI + non-selective NSAID
Chan NEJM 2001, Chan NEJM 2002, Chan Gastro 2004, Lai Αm J Med 2005
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
19%4 - 6%
Recurrence of bleedingwithin 6 months
NSAID + PPI
Patients with recent upper
GI bleeding from NSAIDs
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
PPI + non-selective NSAID
NSAID
Protective agent + non-selective NSAID
Misoprostol
Η2RAs
ΡΡΙs
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Clear advantage
Eradication of H. pylori
Randomized studies■ for endoscopic ulcers
Reduction of ulcers in new NSAID users
- not to already chronic users
Less effective than ΡΡΙsVergara et al. Aliment Pharm Ther 2005
■ for bleeding
Less effective than ΡΡΙs Chan et al. NEJM 2001
Epidemiologial studiesNSAIDs and Hp act synergistically Papatheodoridis et al. Clin Gastr Hepatol 2006
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Safer for upper GI than non-selective NSAIDs (RR = 0,5)
If aspirin is co-administered the advantage is lost
Equal safety for upper GI to ΡΡΙ + non-selective NSAID
Risk of cardiovascular complications, mainly acute myocardial
infarction (RR = 1,4): thrombotic and hypertensive action
Bombardier et al. NEJM 2000 Silverstein et al. JAMA 2000
Schnitzer et al. Lancet 2004 Kearney et al. BMJ 2006
Chan et al. NEJM 2002 Chan et al. Gastro 2004
Lai et al. Am J Med 2005
COX-2 inhibitors
Prevention of UGI complications from non-selective NSAIDs
Non-selective NSAIDs:
also increase the cardiovasclular risk (exeption: naproxen)
•Hypertensive (all)
• prethrombotic
• reduce antiplatelet action of aspirin
Grosser et al. J Clin Invest 2006
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
9%0%
COX2 inhibitor + PPI
Chan et al. Gastroenterology 2006 [abstract]
P=0.004
No risk of rebleeding
independently of aspirin
administraion
Patients with recent UGI bleeding
from NSAIDs
(n = 273)
COX-2 inhibitor + ΡΡΙ
Prevention of UGI complications from selective NSAIDs
Rebleeding within 12 months
COX2 inhibitor
Randomized studies:
The addition of PPIfurther reduces endoscopic ulcers
Scheiman et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2006
eliminates risk of rebleeding
Chan et al. Gastroenterology Lancet 2007
COX-2 inhibitor + ΡΡΙ
Prevention of UGI complications from selective NSAIDs
COX-2 inhibitor + ΡΡΙ safer than non-selective NSAID+PPI
COX-2 inhibitor + ΡΡΙ
Prevention of UGI complications from non selective NSAIDs
OR: 0.49 (0.25-0.82), P=0.0084
Targownik LE et al, Gastroenterology 2008
Comparison of gastroprotective strategies
Strategy OR of upper GI complication
Non-selective NSAID + low dose misoprostol 0.74
Non-selective NSAID + PPI 0.67
Non-selective NSAID + PPI + misoprostol 0.58
Coxib 0.51
Coxib + PPI 0.36
Targownik LE et al, Gastroenterology 2008
Prevention of upper GI complications from NSAIDs
Non-selective NSAID
COX-2 inhibitor + ΡΡΙ
Non-selective NSAID + H. pylori eradication
COX-2 inhibitor
Up
per
Gas
tro
inet
sin
alS
afet
y
Non-selective NSAID+ ΡΡΙ =
Lanza FL et al, Am J Gastro 2009
Cost – effectiveness
?
Markov model with 10,000 patients under NSAIDs:lifelong follow-up from the age of 50 years
Leontiadis et al. UK Health Technology Assessment Agency Report 2007
Prevention of UGI complications from non selective NSAIDs
Cost-effectiveness
Hp eradication +PPI
No action PPI
Leontiadis et al. UK Health Technology Assessment Agency Report 2007
Hp eradicaton
Recommended H. Pylori treatment in the Greek population
First-line:
Concomitant therapy
PPI+Amoxicillin 1g + Clarithromycin 500 mg + Metronidazol 500mg, bid for 10 days
Second-line:
Triple therapy with levofloxacin:
PPI+Amoxicillin 1g + Levofloxacin 500mg, bid for 10 days
Georgopoulos SD et al, J Clin Gastroenterol 2013Georgopoulos SD et al, Helicobacter 2013
Options
■ Modification of risk factors
■ Gastroprotective agent + aspirin
■ H. pylori eradication
■ Clopidogrel
■ Clopidogrel + gastroprotective agent
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
Ask for risk factors
Evaluate the indication for aspirin use
Use smaller dose (80 mg daily)
Avoid co-administration with NSAIDs, corticosteroids,
anticoagulants
Inform patient for potential complications
Modification of risk factors for upper GI complications
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
There are data only for ΡΡΙ:
Aspirin + placebo: rebleeding 15 % within one year
Aspirin + ΡΡΙ 1x1: » 1,6 % » Ρ=0.008
Lai et al. NEJM 2002
Protective agent + aspirin
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
equally effective to PPI for the prevention of rebleeding
Chan NEJM 2001
H. Pylori eradication
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
Chan NEJM 2001
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0,9 %1,9 %
Aspirin + H. pylori eradication
Aspirin + PPIAspirin + PPI
Rebleeding within 6 months
Patients with recent upper GI
bleeding from aspirin
(n =250)
P=ΝS
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
H. Pylori eradication
Aspirin + PPI
For patients with average risk for upper GI complications
◘ Clopidogel safer than aspirin
CARPIE steering committee. Lancet 1996
◘ Clopidogrel or Aspirin: safer than Clopidogerl + Aspirin
Peters et al. Circulation 2003
Denier et al. Lancet 2004
Clopidogrel
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
In patients with history of upper GI Bleeding
Not safe enough: rebleeding 9 - 22 % within 1 year
Ng et al. Aliment Pharm Ther 2003Chan et al. NEJM 2005
Lai et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006
Less safe than aspirin+ ΡΡΙ: (rebleeding 0 - 0,7 % within 1 year)
Lai et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006
Chan et al. NEJM 2005
Clopidogerl
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
?Not enough information
Clopidogrel + ΡΡΙ
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
Clopidogrel + Aspirin + Enoxaparin + ΡΡΙ
2.7% GI bleeding O.R. 0.068 (0.010-0.272) P<0.001
Ng FH et al. Am J Gastro 2008
AspirinClopidogrel
Aspirin + H. pylori eradication
Up
per
Gas
tro
inte
stin
al S
afet
y
Aspirin + PPI =
Prevention of UGI complications from antiplatelet use of aspirin
Final algorithm of protection1. General Measures for all patients under NSAIDs or aspirin
Seek and Modify risk factors
► Look for risk factors for upper GI complications
► Re-evaluate the indication for NSAID administration
► Evaluate – modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease
AGA Consensus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006
Go MF. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006
► Select the less toxic NSAID
► Reduce dose and duration of treatment
► Avoid coadministration of a second NSAID, corticosteroids, anticoagulants
► Eradicate known H. pylori infection
► Be alert for cardiovascular complications
► Inform patients for potential complications
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease Personal history of cardiovascular disease Family history of cardiovascular disease Age Male gender Dyslipoproteinemias Diabetes mellitus Arterial hypertension Atrial fibrillation Obesity Smoking Alcohol abuse Diet rich in saturated fat, cholesterol , trans fatty acids Reduced physical activity
Pearson et al. Circulation 2002
2. Specific algorithm of protection depending on the
individual patient risk
Final algorithm of protection
Risk of upper GI complications
Risk of cardiovascular disease
Low
Highασπιρίνη)
No need for NSAID Need for NSAID
Low
(no risk factors)
Non-selective NSAID
+ Eradication of known H. pylori
If symptoms: ΡΡΙ
Aspirin 80 mg
+ Eradication of known H. pylori
If symptoms: ΡΡΙ
Aspirin 80 mg
+ ΡΡΙ
+ Look for H. pylori →
eradication
+ naproxen
Moderate
(1 or 2 risk factors except the following)
+ Eradicate known H. pylori
Aspirin 80 mg
+ ΡΡΙ
+ Look for H. pylori →eradication
High
(Hx of complicated ulcer or
coadministration of steroids or
anticoagulants or ≥ 3 risk factors)
COX-2 inhibitor
+ ΡΡΙ
+ Look for H. pylori→ eradication
Aspirin 80 mg
+ ΡΡΙ
+ + Look for Hp→ eradication
+ alternative analgesia
(NOT NSAID)
COX-2
inhibitor
Non-selective NSAID
+
ΡΡΙ (or misoprostol)
or
Conclusions
■ The complications from NSAIDs and aspirin in the upper GI tract can be
significantly prevented with the recognition and modification of risk
factors
■ In high-risk groups for upper GI complications,
after evaluating also the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, the upper GI
risk can be diminished with the appropriate treatment strategies:
● coadministration of a PPI
● eradication of H. pylori
● substitution of non-selective NSAID with a COX-2 inhibitor
• A sixty year old man with recent history of
myocardial infarction and no history
gastrointestinal disease will receive aspirin.
What should we do?
1. Administer PPI
2. Eradicate H. pylori
3. Administer PPI and eradicate H. pylori
4. Administer misoprostol
5. Nothing
• A sixty year old man with recent history of
myocardial infarction and no history
gastrointestinal disease will receive aspirin.
What should we do?
1. Administer PPI
2. Eradicate H. pylori
3. Administer PPI and eradicate H. pylori
4. Administer misoprostol
5. Nothing
• A seventy-year woman is on corticosteroids and has
severe arthritic pain. She does not suffer from
cardiovascular disease and she takes aspirin from time
to time. What is the treatment of choice?
1. Non selective NSAID + PPI
2. Non selective NSAID + H. pylori eradication
3. Non selective NSAID + PPI + H. pylori eradication
4. COX-2 inhibitor + PPI
5. COX-2 inhibitor + PPI + H. pylori eradication
• A seventy-year woman is on corticosteroids and has
severe arthritic pain. She does not suffer from
cardiovascular disease and she takes aspirin from time
to time. What is the treatment of choice?
1. Non selective NSAID + PPI
2. Non selective NSAID + H. pylori eradication
3. Non selective NSAID + PPI + H. pylori eradication
4. COX-2 inhibitor + PPI
5. COX-2 inhibitor + PPI + H. pylori eradication