Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United …eagc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Pulses_Crops_Grown_ITC_web-1.pdfTable of Contents Introduction Maintaining good quality grain

Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

for local and export markets

I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e C e n t r e

E a s t e r n A f r i c a G r a i n C o u n c i l

Legume crops grown in Eastern Africafor export and local markets

Photos on the cover page

represent some of the major pulses grown

in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

Photos in this document

are courtesy of David R. Karanja

Typesetting, Layout and Design by:

Lizzie Cuevas

Citation:

David Karanja (2016). Pulses crops grown in Ethiopia, Kenya

and United Republic of Tanzania for local and Export Market. International Trade Centre,

Eastern Africa Grain Council

Compiled and Edited by:

David Karanja

Contributor’s:

Dr Berhanu Fenta, Papias Binagwa, Eunice Zakayo, Jilan Shah and Samuel Rutto

Produced by:

ITC and EAGC

© 2 0 1 6 I T C a n d E A G C r e s e r v e t h e r i g h t s t o f a i r u s e o f t h i s m a t e r i a l

i

L e g u m e c r o p s g r o w n i n E a s t e r n A f r i c a f o r e x p o r t a n d l o c a l m a r k e t s

Table of Contents

Introduction

Maintaining good quality grain for commercialization

Type of Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania for local and export market

Common Bean - Red Kidney Beans - Phaseolus vulgaris L

Cowpeas - Vigna unguiculata

Cream grain coloured cowpeas

Red Grain coloured cowpeas

Black eyed grain coloured cowpeas

Target areas of production for cowpeas

Mung Beans - Vigna radiata

Green Grams

Yellow Grams

Target areas of production of mung beans

Pigeon Pea – Cajanus cajan

Early maturing pigeon pea

Medium maturing pigeon pea

Late maturing pigeon pea

Target areas of production

Dolichos Lablab Bean - Lablab purpureus

Black grain dolichos

White cream grain dolichos

Target areas of production of dolichos varieties

Chickpeas - Cicer arietinum L

Kabuli Chickpeas

Desi type Chickpeas

Target areas of production of chickpeas

Lentils - Lens culinaris

Grain standards of pulses

References

1.0.

2.0 .

3.0.

3.1.

3.2.

3.2.1.

3.2.2.

3.2.3.

3.2.4.

3.3.

3.3.1.

3.3.2.

3.3.3.

3.4.

3.4.1.

3.4.2.

3.4.3.

3.4.4.

3.5.

3.5.1.

3.5.2.

3.5.3.

3.6.

3.6.1.

3.6.2.

3.6.3.

3.7.

4.0.

5.0.

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List of Plates

V egetative parts, flowers and grains of red kidney/purple beans

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of cream colored cowpeas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of cream coloured cowpeas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of black eyed coloured cowpeas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of green grams

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of yellow grams

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of early maturing pigeon peas

Pods and grains of medium maturing pigeon peas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of late maturing pigeon peas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of black dolichos

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of white cream grain dolichos

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of kabuli chickpeas

Vegetative parts, pods and grains of desi chickpeas

Pods and grains of black lentils

Plate 1

Plate 2

Plate 3

Plate 4

Plate 5

Plate 6

Plate 7

Plate 8

Plate 9

Plate 10

Plate 11

Plate 12

Plate 13

Plate 14

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

Agro-ecological zone

Arid and Semi-arid Lands

Eastern Africa Grain Council

Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid and Arid Tropics

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

International Trade Centre

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization

Selian Agricultural Research Institute

Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regions

United Nations Development Programme

AEZ

ASALs

EAGC

EIAR

ICARDA

ICRISAT

IITA

ITC

KARI

KALRO

SARI

SNNP

UNDP

i v


Indian counterparts. Thanks are due to Department

for International Development (DFID), United

Kingdom, our donor, for their support and guidance

in the design and delivery of SITAs interventions; the

Eastern Africa Grain Council (EAGC), and Mr. David

Karanja, for research and compilation; national

partners who have contributed to the design and

development of this handbook.

This handbook describes the main pulses

produced in East Africa, through pictorial

depictions; descriptions of standards and

specifications; production information; and the

names in India, Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania.

Developed under the framework of Supporting

Indian Trade and Investment for Africa (SITA)

this handbook responds to the need for a

common understanding of names, and varieties,

of pulses – as expressed by stakeholders in

India and East Africa. The Pulses handbook

is a result of extensive consultations with

stakeholders, intensive market research, and

field visits to ensure that it is a comprehensive

guide to pulse varieties in East Africa. SITA

expects that this document will facilitate

effective business communication, especially

between the companies in the region and with

Govind Venuprasad Coordinator – SITA

International Trade Centre

Foreword by International Trade Centre

1


2

Efforts have been made to ensure that the information in this handbook is accurate. However, there is room for suggestions that could be included in future editions. All stakeholders in the pulses value chain need access to any information that would lead to increased pulses productivity. This information must be easy to understand and apply. This manual precisely attempts to achieve this with a view to upgrading production and marketing of quality pulses grains that meet international standards. Its worthy noting that hardcore scientific details have been deliberately avoided in the handbook as these can be obtained from various technical publication by the various institutions.

It’s my hope that various actors in the pulses value chain will use pulses information to advance development of the pulses subsector. Quality grains are crucial to the trading fraternity. The processes from production, harvesting, processing, aggregation, transport, bulk storage and marketing are important in delivering the right products to the market. Improved production and marketing of pulses will lead to increased productivity and incomes in all the countries involved.

The human population is increasing in the world leading to increased demand for nutritious foods. Pulses are good source of the various important nutrients required by humans and animals and therefore crucial in feeding the increasing population. Pulses also play an important part in the economies of nations and increased attention is required in Pulses. They form an integral part of the Pulses value chain. Effective and efficient marketing of pulses spur increased production leading to spill over in aggregation and interest in pulses. Many traders complain of low volumes and when volumes are adequate, the quality is wanting. Information that assists in improving the pulses value chain then becomes crucial.

The International Trade Centre in conjunction with the Eastern Africa Grain Council commissioned the production of this handbook to provide information that will help in marketing of grain pulses from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and the Indian sub-continent. In compiling this handbook, reference was made to past work done by various research institutions in the three countries and other stakeholders involved in the development and production of pulses.

Gerald MasilaEastern Africa Grain Council

Foreword by Eastern Africa Grain Council


3

IntroductionLegumes have been produced in East Africa for many years. The crops referred to as grain legumes or pulses are beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, mung beans, dolichos, chickpeas and lentils. These crops are grown in the Eastern Africa region in varying hectareage, depending on preferences and adaptation to agro-ecological zones. Cowpeas, dolichos, chick peas, pigeon peas and mung beans are grown in lower, drier and warmer areas. Beans and dolichos are grown in the medium potential areas of the region while lentils are grown in the cooler regions.Grain legumes are a major source of protein in cereal based diets, and also a source of income. Large amounts of grain legumes are sold locally in urban centres and are also exported in green, dried and processed forms. Most grain legumes contribute to the sustainability of soil fertility, in the dryland cropping systems because of nitrogen fixation, reducing the requirements for inorganic commercial fertilizers.

1.0


4

2.1Soil and Water ConservationMost legume crops in this manual are mostly grown in drier parts of the East Africa countries. Therefore, management of soil and water is important for successful crop growth. This entails bench terracing, cultivation techniques that conserve water and effective weed control. Farmers need to be sensitized on the importance of using appropriate soil and water conservation technologies and increased soil depth, water preservation and reduced loss of nutrients. Soil characteristics as well as soil water management to a great extent determine the amount of yield a farmer would get in ASAL’s. Sustainable crop production cannot be achieved with continued soil loss. Crops that receive adequate amount of soil water produce good quality marketable grains.

2.2. Agronomic Practices

1. Choice of seedThe quality of the seed used determines, to a large extent, the quality of grains that are marketed by meeting quality standards. The seed used should not be diseased and with

2.0

off types. Where a farmers sources the seed becomes important. Farmers should use seed of known source and quality. Farmers are encouraged to use certified seed, quality declared seed and in the absence of these use farm saved seed. The farm saved must be sorted to remain with grain that can produce quality grain for marketing.

2. Good agronomic practices

a. PlantingFarmers are requested to practice timely planting. Since most of the legumes are grown in ASALs, practicing spatial planting may be necessary. Spatial planting is a system where half the field is planted before rain onset, while the other half is planted at the onset of rains. Farmer in semi-arid and other areas where the onset of rains is uncertain, spatial planting is recommended.

Spatial planting has the following advantages:

Risk management: Planting at two different times increases, the farmer chances of harvesting a crop and thus meeting supply obligations to the traders.

Maintaining good quality grain for commercialization

•


5

Weed control: The areas that were dry-planted will be weeded first, followed by the areas planted during the rains, leading to a more effective weed control regime than in the system where there is only one planting.

b. RoguingThis is the process of removing undesirable plant types such as weeds and plants that don’t match the particular variety planted. Most of the legumes are small to medium seeded and sorting other grains similar to variety planted is not easy. Removing the off-type plants by roguing ensures the quality of the produce.

c. Pest and disease controlMost of the legumes are vulnerable to insect pests in the field and in storage. Pod sucking bugs, pod borers and thrips are major legume pests that lead to reduced yields and low quality grain.

Insect pests are best controlled in the following stages:

Before flowering - Thrips and aphids

After flowering - Pod fly, pod borers,

Storage - Bruchids

d. FertilizerBeans and pigeon peas are sensitive to poor soils. Beans and lentils respond well to fertility and basal fertilizer or manure is required at plating. On the other hand, cowpeas, mung beans, chick peas and dolichos do not respond well to nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer application. Increased fertility leads to leafy crops and may lead to low grain set leading to reduced yields. In most cases it is not necessary to apply fertilizer. However, where the soils are highly eroded and very deficient in these nutrients, a basal dose of 10-15kg/ha of nitrogen and 20-25kg/ha of single or triple super phosphate fertilizers will be required.

e. Harvesting and ProcessingLegumes pods are to be harvested when dry and have turned brown. It is very easy to confuse pods damaged by insects as being mature. In some legumes, the pods start drying at the base of the fruiting branch rather than on the top. Harvest the dry brown pods first as they are likely to be damaged by weather and insects if left in the field for too long. Harvest the dry, hard grains only. Dry the grains to at least 12% moisture content and apply storage chemicals.

f. Post-harvest ControlWeevils are major storage pests and it is important that the grain is dried to the required specifications. Dried grain is then treated with appropriate storage chemicals.

i)

ii)

iii)

•

pod suckings bugs


6

3.1 Common Bean - Red Kidney Beans - Phaseolus vulgaris L

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major staple crop in eastern and southern Africa. It is the second most important source of human dietary protein and third most important source of calories of all agricultural commodities produced in the region (Pachico, 1993). Bean, is a near-perfect food (CIAT, 1995) and the “meat” of the poor (Sperling, 1992). There are several types of dry beans. The red kidney beans have their own niche in bean marketing. In this manual, only the red kidney beans are considered due to the interest in the Indian market.

3.0 Type of Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania for local and export market

P l a t e 1 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , f l o w e r s a n d g r a i n s o f r e d k i d n e y / p u r p l e b e a n s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi

C o m m o n N a m e / M a r k e t i n g N a m e s

Keye oleke

Red Kidney Beans, Gituru, Kitue, Canadian Wonder (GLP 24), KATX56

Maharage Mekundu, Selian 97/Massay Red

Rajma -

T a b l e 1 . N a m e s o f r e d k i d n e y / p u r b l e b e a n s i n E t h i o p i a , K e n y a a n d U n i t e d R e p u b l i c o f T a n z a n i a


7

3.1.1. Characteristics of red kidney beans

Most red kidney beans are indeterminate while others are determinate. It grows to a average height of 35-40 cmFlowers in 30-55 days depending on variety and altitudeFlower color is different for each variety. Most varieties have white or light pink flowers.Has uniform flowering and maturity time.Matures within 60-120 days depending on altitudeGrains are either purple or dark red, long, oblong and roundPotential yields are 1,400-2,000 kg/ha (7-10 bags/acre)Some varieties have grains that cook fast and taste sweet.

3.1.2. Target Areas of production for beans

The varieties can be grown in various agro-ecological zones from semi-arid areas to medium potential areas as they are fairly more drought tolerant. They perform well in areas between 900-1600m above sea level, but at elevations higher than 1600m above sea level, bean diseases such as angular leaf spot and halo blight may seriously affect yields. The beans will not do well in areas where the

average rainfall season is less than 260mm. The varieties are sensitive to water logging and acidic soils. Their optimum temperatures range from 15 degree C – 30 degree C. The varieties will also do well in cold dry highland areas. Reduced growth is observed with low temperatures and very high rainfall. In Ethiopia it grows at Oromiya region (West Arsi), Amhara region (East Gojjam), Southern region (Sidama, Welayita). In Kenya the beans grow in medium altitude areas of Eastern and Central province, Central Rift Valley and Nyanza region. In Tanzania they grow well in the regions of Northern, Southern Western zones, Manyara, Arusha, Tanga, Morogoro, Iringa, Mbeya and Kagera.

3.2.Cowpeas - Vigna unguiculataCowpea is an annual, leguminous crop grown for its leaves and dry grain. It is nutritious and palatable. It is well adapted to arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). They are drought tolerant and will survive with as low as 200 mm of rainfall. The production potential by farmers in these areas is high and farmers will achieve adequate volumes for trading provided aggregation is well taken care off. There are many varieties which can be differentiated as spreading, semi-erect, and erect. The dry grain vary in color from white, cream purple and red to black. The grain colour then becomes the main distinguishing factor during marketing as each grain colour has its own market niche.

•

•

•

••

•

•

•


8

3.2.1 Cream grain coloured cowpeas

P l a t e 2 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f c r e a m c o l o r e d c o w p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Degera (Ye-lam atere)

Kunde, Nthooko nzau, Thoroko, M66, K80

Kunde, Tumaini

Chaula -

Table 2. Marketing and common names of cream colored cowpeas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.2.1.1 Characteristics of cream colored cowpeas

➢They are bushy semi-spreading plant with an indeterminate growth habit➢They are dual-purpose varieties grown for both leaves and grain➢The leaves and midribs are dark green while in some varieties also have silvery mid rib➢Flowers in 55-70 days➢Flowers are purple with a white corolla➢Matures in 80-100 days➢The pods are green when young, turn bright red during grain filling and brown purple when dry➢It has smooth creamy brown seeds having a small eye➢Yields range from 800-1,800 kg/ha (320-720 kg/acre)

•••••••••


9

3.2.2. Red Grain coloured cowpeas

P l a t e 3 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f r e d c o l o u r e d c o w p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi



Kunde, nthooko ndune, Ndamba, KVU, 27-1

Kunde, TZA

Chaula -

Table 3. Marketing and common names of red grain colored cowpeas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.2.2.1 Characteristics of red colored cowpeas

The variety has a semi-spreading habit and grows to a height of 20-35cm It has a semi-spreading habit and indeterminate flowering pattern➢Leaves of some varieties are lanceolate with a distinctive silvery midrib➢The flowers are purple blue ➢Flowers in 41-60 days➢Matures in 65-80 days (early maturing)➢Yields range from 800-1,800 kg/ha (320-720 kg/acre)

•••••••


3.2.3. Black eyed grain coloured cowpeas

P l a t e 4 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f b l a c k e y e d c o l o u r e d c o w p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi



Black eyed bean, Kangau, Nthooko kalitho, Kaungami, Mathoroko, Likhubi

Black eyed bean, Vuli-1

Chaula -

Table 4. Marketing and common names of black eyed grain colored in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.2.3.1 Characteristics of black eyed cowpeas

It has a semi-spreading habit and grows to a height of 18-35 cmIt spreads and produces tendrilsIt is a dual purpose varietyIt flowers in 41-49 daysMatures within 65-90 daysYields range from 800-1800 kg/ha (320-720 kg/acre)

••••••

1 0


3.2.4Target areas of production for cowpeas

All the cowpeas types mostly are produced in arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL). They are also recommended for medium and higher altitudes of between 1200-1500 above sea level in agro-ecological zone III and IV. The crop grows best in free-draining soils that include sandy, clay or loamy soils. It does not tolerate water logging. Cowpeas can do well even with about 200mm of rainfall and require temperature ranges of 15 - 30 degree C. In Ethiopia, they grow well in North West Ethiopia, Eastern Ethiopia (east and west Hareregehe), Central Rift Valley, Southern region (Konso, Derashe, Jinka, Goffa) areas. However, the production in Ethiopia is mainly for local consumption, not for commercial purpose. In Kenya the varieties grow well mostly in the lower areas of Eastern Kenya, North Rift Valley, parts of Nyanza and Western regions. Most commercial production is in lower Eastern Kenya. In Tanzania, cowpeas are mainly produced in Singida, Morogoro, Iringa, Shinyanga, Mtwara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Mnyara, Kigoma, and Kilimanjaro.

3.3Mung Beans (Vigna radiata)

Mung beans are annual legume crops grown for their grain. Most mung beans grain are either green or yellow while in some countries they are black. Grams are native crops of India. Often called green gram or golden, it is cultivated in several countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

3.3.1. Green Grams

Green grams are grown widely in the ASAL areas of the three countries. The varieties alternate between local varieties and improved varieties. One of the varieties nylon is common in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. The potential for production of green grams in these countries is high and farmer organization for production and aggregation is important to maintain volumes of good quality grain.

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P l a t e 5 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f g r e e n g r a m s


C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Masho

Ndengu, Pojo Ngina, Nylon (N26), Uncle (KS20)

Choroko imara (deep green) and Nuru (shiny)

Moong -

Table 6. Marketing and common names of green grams in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.2.3.1 Characteristics of green grams

The plant has a determinate growth habitFlowers are auxiliary on short peduncles and purple in colorPods are black and contain green grains.Nylon varieties have shiny green grains while the others have pale green grainsFlowers in 40-50 days Mature in 60-70 daysPotential yields range from 300-1,500kg/ha (520-600 kg/acre)

•••••••

1 2


3.3.2. Yellow Grams

While yellow grams are popular in some countries, their uptake in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania has been slow. This is partly attributed to low popularization and low awareness by farmers. Seed access is also another critical factor that has limited dissemination of these varieties. Traders wanting to market the yellow grams will therefore be faced with low volumes and intermittent supply.

P l a t e 6 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f y e l l o w g r a m s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


NA

Ndengu, pojo, N22

Yellow grams / Choroko

Moong -

Table 5. Marketing and common names of yellow grams in the Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

1 3

3.2.3.1 Characteristics of yellow grams

It is a semi-determinate plant.Grains are golden yellow colour.Flowers in 55-60 daysMatures in 80-90 daysGrain is small in size and yellow and roundYields range from 1,000-1,300kg/ha (400-500 kg/acre)

••••••


3.3.3Target areas of production of mung beans

Mung bean varieties are recommended for cultivation in both semi-arid and well-watered areas of between 50-1,600m above sea level. Thrives best in well-drained sandy loamy soils. Green grams are not tolerant to wet, poorly drained soils. Early maturing varieties will do well in the drier parts of ASALs while the later maturing varieties will require rainfall above 250mm per season. At elevations of more than 1,800m above sea level, the mung beans have very poor pod set and are prone to diseases especially powdery mildew. They are drought tolerant and will give reasonable yields with as little as 650mm of yearly rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in increased vegetative growth with reduced pod setting and development. In Ethiopia the mung beans do well in the lowland areas of Amhara Region. Mostly cultivated in Debre Sina, North Shoa Zone, as well as in Qallu in the South Wollo Zone, in the Oromia, Benishangul Gumuz region and Southern region at Goffa, Konso, Amaro and other lowland areas. In Ethiopia Mungbean is mainly produced for commercial purpose. In Kenya main production is in Eastern Kenya in the drier areas of lower Machakos, Kitui, Mwingi, Tharaka, Mbeere and Makueni districts. In Tanzania mung beans do well in the regions of Tanga, Mwanza, Shnyanga, Mtwara, Ruvuma, Morogoro, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Singida, Dodoma, and Lindi. In Kenya and Tanzania mung beans are produced for both home consumption and commercial purposes where it is mostly regarded as a cash crop.

3.4Pigeon Pea – Cajanus cajan

1 4

The grains of pigeon pea across most varieties are nearly the same colour. At aggregation level, the differences in grain among various varieties is minimal and mixing of the various grains of different varieties is common. However pigeon peas are also differentiated by different maturity dates and which may offer a window for separating some of the varieties. Pigeonpeas are normally classified in three distinct maturity dates namely early maturing, medium maturing and late maturing. This means they are harvested in specific months of the year. The crop is mostly grown in Tanzania, followed by Kenya and with little production in Ethiopia


3.4.1.Early maturing pigeon pea

P l a t e 7 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g p i g e o n p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Ye-Eregebe, Atere

Mbaazi, Nzuu, Mbaazi 1

Mbaazi za muda muda mfupi (Komboa)

Toor (Arhar) -

Table 7. Marketing and common names of early maturing pigeon peas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.4.1.1. Characteristics of early maturing pigeon pea

A determinate variety that grows 80-120cm high depending on season and altitudeShorter when grown at higher altitudes and taller at lower altitudesA short duration variety with a semi spreading growth habit and an indeterminate flowering patternFlowers in 55-70 daysUnopened flower is red in color while the open flower is yellowMatures in 105-120 days producing greyish grain (short duration) Yields range 1,000kg/ha (400 kg/acre) in one season and 2,000kg/ha (800 kg/acre) in two seasons

•••••••

1 5


3.4.2. Medium maturing pigeon pea

P l a t e 8 . G r a i n s o f m e d i u m m a t u r i n g p i g e o n p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Ye-Eregebe, Atere

Mbaazi, Nzuu, KAT 60/8

Mbaazi za muda wa kati, Karatu (Tunia, Ilonga M1-14 & Ilonga M2-14)

Arhar -

Table 8. Marketing and common names of medium maturing pigeon peas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.4.2.1 Characteristics of medium maturing pigeon pea

Plant height is 85-130cm depending on the altitude and seasonShorter when planted in the long rains (March-May) than in short rains (October-December)Taller at lower altitudes (less than 1,000 m) than in higher altitudesHas a spreading growth habitFlowers in 95-120 daysBoth unopened and opened flowers are yellow in color with no streaksFlowering is indeterminate. The plant will keep on producing flowers and pods enabling multiple harvests if there is adequate soil moistureMatures in 136-150 daysGrains are white with brown spots and smaller than long duration local landracesYield range from 1,200-1,500kg/ha (480-600 kg/acre) in one season and in two seasons it yields 3,000kg/ha (1,200 kg/acre)

•••••••

•••

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3.4.3. Late maturing pigeon pea

P l a t e 9 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f l a t e m a t u r i n g p i g e o n p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Ye-Eregebe, Atere

Mbaazi, Nzuu, Mbaazi 2

Mbaazi za muda mrefu (Mali & Kiboko)

Arhar -

Table 9. Marketing and common names of late maturing pigeon peas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

3.4.3.1 Characteristics of late maturing pigeon pea

The varieties are late maturing requiring two seasons. Normally planted in the short rain season (October-November). Local varieties are the most common interspersed with improved varieties.Has spreading growth habit and plant height of 120 - 240cm depending on season and altitudeThe plant is taller with a stronger stem at lower altitudes (less than 1,000 m) than at higher altitudesFlowers in 60-90 daysHas indeterminate flowering pattern. In favorable weather conditions, can continue producing flowers and pods.Flowers in 7-8 monthsMatures in 8-10monthsYields range from of 1,300 kg to 1,600kg/ha (520 to 720 kg/acre)Grain color is greyish

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••

••

••••

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3.4.4. Target areas of production

Pigeonpea varieties are sensitive to differences in temperature. With late maturing types, high

temperatures (greater than 20 degree C ) delay maturity whereas in the early types higher temperatures

(20-30°C) hasten maturity. Medium and late maturing varieties can be grown where temperatures are

high between 50-1,800m above sea level and performs well with rainfall range of 600-1,000 mm per

year although can grow with rainfall <300mm. Mostly grown in Eastern Kenya (lower Makueni, Kitui,

Mwingi, Mbeere, Tharaka, Meru and Machakos). In Tanzania, it grown in the Northern zone, Eastern zone

& Southern zone. Mtwara, Manyara, Arusha, Morogoro. Kilimanjaro Tanga, Mbeya, Iringa, Sumbawanga,

Kigoma, Kagera, Mara, Songea, Tabora, Pwani, and Lindi regions. While in Ethiopia although it is mainly

grown for local consumption; it is grown as a soil bund stabilizer around soil terrace practice at Northern

Ethiopia (Wello area) and Southern region.

Early maturing pigeon peas can be grown in the same range of altitude and temperature as the medium

and late maturing types but is better suited to the more humid coastal zone. Early maturing pigeon peas

are useful in irrigation schemes where most growers plant them for green pods due to early maturity.

This can create a competition for dry grain.

1 8


3.5.Dolichos Lablab Bean - Lablab purpureus

Dolichos bean is a legume crop grown for human consumption or as forage for animal feed. The crop is adapted to various climatic conditions such as arid, semi-arid and sub-tropical. The crop can be grown as a cover crop especially for livestock feed especially during the dry seasons. The crop being a legume is used to replenish soils as it fixes atmospheric nitrogen. The black seeded types are mostly used for human consumption while the white cream is used as fodder for animal feed.

3.5.1. Black grain dolichos

P l a t e 1 0 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f b l a c k d o l i c h o s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


N/A

Mbumbu, Nzavi, Njahi, Maharage, Retain DL 1002

Ngwara - Rongai

Val -

Table 10. Marketing and common names of black dolichos in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

1 9


3.5.1.1.Characteristics of black grain dolichos

The plant has a determinate growth habit in areas of up to 2,000mFlowers between 65-80 daysMost black grain dolichos have purple flowers and a definite indeterminate flowering period. Depending on soil water availability, after flower initiation, the plant can keep on flowering for several weeksMatures in 80-100 daysThe grain is black with a white hilumYield ranges 3,000-4,000kg/ha (1,200-1,600kg/acre)The crop can be ratooned giving a second crop that is 80% more grain than the first cropIt is mainly a grain type but at higher elevation it can also be used as fodder

3.5.2.White cream grain dolichos

White cream dolichos are slightly late maturing than black dolichos. They are more vegetative and mostly used as forage for animal feed.

••••

•••••

P l a t e 1 1 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f w h i t e c r e a m g r a i n d o l i c h o s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


N/A

Mbumbu, Nzavi, Njahi, Retain DL 1009

Ngwara nyeupe

Val -

Table 11. Marketing and common names of white cream grain dolichos in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

2 0


3.5.2.1.Characteristics of white cream dolichos

Most cream grain dolichos in production in the region have a semi-climbing growth habit. Most varieties have white flowers with a few varieties having purple flowersGrains are dirty or cream white with a white hilumFlowers in 68-120 days. Some varieties are more vegetative and take time to flowerMatures in 95-140 daysYields between 2,500-3,000kg/ha (1,000-1,200kg/acre)Due to its abundant vegetation, they are used for both fodder and grain production

3.5.3.Target areas of production of dolichos varieties

Dolichos can be grown between 50-1,800m above sea level. When grown in cooler and altitudes higher than 1,800m above sea levels, it can become a vegetative climber with reduced grain production. Dolichos varieties can tolerate a wide range of soils including acidic and vertisols (black cotton) soils. In more fertile and wetter parts, the variety may become a vegetative climber with low grain yield due to poor seed set. It is recommended for cultivation in the lower and more marginal areas and medium potential areas of the three countries. In Kenya it does well in Eastern Kenya ( Machakos, Kitui, Makueni, Mwingi, and Tharaka-Nithi) Rift Valley (Laikipia district, Transzoia) and central Kenya. In Tanzania, dolichos grow in the regions of Manyara, Singida, Dodoma, Arusha, Kilimanjaro Mbeya, Tanga (Kilindi District) and Morogoro Mvomero (District). Dolichos can be grown but not cultivated in Ethiopia.

2 1

•••••••


3.6.Chickpeas - Cicer arietinum L

Chickpea is grown in Ethiopia, United Republic of Tanzania, and Kenya. Ethiopia is the major producer in the region occupying about 60% of the total area under legumes. Chickpea is a unique crop as its grown in the dry-season (post-rainy season) by utilizing residual moisture in the post-rainy season. Its mostly grown in Kenya and Tanzania after other crops have been grown for example after harvest of maize/wheat in Kenya or maize/rice in Tanzania. Chickpea is planted immediately after harvest of cereals and grows under residual moisture thus giving farmers a second crop (where only one crop would traditionally be grown). Chickpea is mostly classified in two groups namely kabuli and desi types.

3.6.1. Kabuli ChickpeasKabuli grain is large seeded with a cream colour. Kabuli is the most traded among the chickpeas.

2 2

P l a t e 1 2 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f k a b u l i c h i c k p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Shimbra Dubie

Ndengu, SAINA-K1

Dengu nyeupe

Kabuli chana -

Table 12. Marketing and common names of kabuli chickpeas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania


3.6.1.1.Characteristics of kabuli chickpeas

It is determinate and semi-spreading in growth habitIt grows to a height of 40 -70 cm.Has white flowers and lack anthocyanin pigmentation on the stemFlowers in 35-39 daysMatures in 134-144 daysThe grain is large with creamy white or beigeHas a ram-head to rounded shape.The seed coat is thin with smooth seed surface.Yields range 1,100-3,800kg/ha(440-1,520kg/acre)

3.6.2.Desi type Chickpeas

Desi chickpeas are normally small seeded with brown colour. They are second to Kabuli in terms of marketing.

2 3

•••••••••

P l a t e 1 3 . V e g e t a t i v e p a r t s , p o d s a n d g r a i n s o f d e s i c h i c k p e a s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Shibera

Ngara

Dengumawe

Desi Chana -

Table 13. Marketing and common names of desi chickpeas in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania


3.6.2.1.Characteristics of of desi chickpeas

It is determinate and compact in growth habit.It grows to a height of 30 -70.The plant has purple/violet flowersThe plants show various degrees of anthocyanin pigmentation. Some Desi types have white flowers and no anthocyanin pigmentation on the stemFlowers in 35-44 daysMatures in 125-142 daysGrains are brown, yellow, green or black. The brown types are the most commonGrains angular in shape and smaller seeded with a hard rough seed coatYields range 1,100-3,800kg/ha (440-1,520kg/acre)

3.6.3.Target areas of production of chickpeas

2 4

••••

•••••

Chickpeas are recommended for cultivation in

semi-arid of between 200-1,800m above sea

level. Thrives best in clay soils where it grows

on residual moisture . They are drought tolerant

and will give reasonable yields with as little

as 100mm of rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in

increased vegetative growth with reduced pod

setting and development. In Ethiopia chickpeas

do well in Oromia (East Shewa zone), Amhara

(North Shewa, Gonder) and it is third main

pulse produced in the country. In Kenya main

production is in Eastern Kenya in the drier areas

of lower Machakos, Mwea, Karaba and Rift

valley in Bomet and Nakuru areas. In Tanzania

chickpeas do well in the regions of Mwanza

(Lake zone and Shinyanga).


3.7.Lentils - Lens culinaris Medik

Lentil is a staple food legume crop, traditionally grown in West Asia, East and North Africa, the Indian

sub-continent and in the recent past in North America and Oceania. It is an important crop in food, feed

and farming systems of West Asia and North and East Africa. In East Africa, lentils are mostly grown in

Ethiopia while Kenya and Tanzania have no commercial volumes. Productivity of lentil in Ethiopia varies

from region to region due to variation in environment and biotic factors. Currently, lentil is considered

as a cash crop that fetches higher price compared to most of the cereals and pulses grown in Ethiopia.

It is a nutritious food legume. It is cultivated for its seed and mostly eaten as split.

3.7.1. Black Lentils

P l a t e 1 4 . P o d s a n d g r a i n s o f b l a c k l e n t i l s

C o u n t r y

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

India/Hindi


Mesir

-

-

Urad / Kaali -

Table 14. Marketing and common names of black lentils in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

2 5


3.7.1.1. Characteristics of black lentils

It has indeterminate growth habit.It grows to a height of 20-75cm depending on growing conditions.Lentils have an indeterminate growth habit and flowering begins from the lowest branches, gradually moving up the plant and continuing until harvest. Grains are black and angular in shape and smaller seeded with a hard rough seed coat

2 6

•••

•

3.7.4. Target areas of production of Lentils

Lentil is well adapted to various soil types and also considered as drought-resistant crop. But it is

susceptible to excessive water stress. It performs best on deep, sandy loam soils with high phosphorus

and potassium content. It is widely grown in areas having an altitude range of 1,700-2,400 meters

above sea level with annual rainfall ranging from 700-2,000 mm in Ethiopia. Lentil is mainly grown in

the highlands of Ethiopia where rainfall is usually high in the regions of Amhara, Oromia, SNNP

and Tigray


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)

xiv)

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Foreign matter, % m/m

Inorganic matter, % m/m

Other edible grains, % m/m

Pest damaged grains, % m/m

Heat damaged grains, % m/m

Contrasting varieties %m/m

Broken/split % m/m

Discoloured %m/m

Total defectives grains, % m/m

Filth, % m/m

Moisture, % m/m

Total aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2)), ppb

Aflatoxin B1, ppb

Fumonisin ppm

2 7

4.0. Grain standards of pulses

4.1.EAS 46:2013 – DRY BEANS

M a x i m u m l i m i t sG r a d e 1

0.5

0.1

0.1

1

0.1

0.5

1

2

G r a d e 3

1

0.3

0.5

3

0.5

1.5

3

5.5

NOTE:The parameter, Total defective grains is not the sum total of the individual defects. I t is l imited to 70 % of the sum total of individual defects.

M e t h o d o f t e s t

ISO 605

ISO 24557

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04

G r a d e 2

0.75

0.2

0.2

2

0.2

1

2

1

3.5

0.1

14

10

5

2


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)




Broken/split grains, % m/m


Rotten and diseased grains, % m/m

Discoloured grains, % m/m

Immature/shrivelled grains, % m/m

Filth, % m/m

Total defective grains, % m/m

Moisture, % m/m

Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2) ppb

Aflatoxin B1, ppb

Fumonisin ppm

2 8

4.2.EAS 755:2013 – COW PEAS


0.2

0.1

1

2

0.5

1

1

2

G r a d e 3

0.1

0.75

3

6

1

3

3

5


ISO 605

ISO 24557

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04


G r a d e 2

0.6

0.5

2

3

0.5

1

2

0.1

4

14

10

5

2


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)

xiv)

xv)

2 9

4.3.EAS 331:2013 – GREEN GRAMS

G r a d e 1

98

2.0

2.0

0.5

5.0

90

Suitable

0.1

1

G r a d e 3

n/a

6.0

4.0

2.0

15.0

n/a

5.5

3.0

3


ISO 24557

ISO 605

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04


Moisture, % m/m max.

Size grading, % m/m min.

Purity, % m/m min.

Defective, % m/m max

Immature grain % m/m max.

Contrasting classes, % m/m max.

Classes that blend, % m/m max.

Germination, % max. (excluding hard seeds)

Sprout test

Foreign material % m/m max

Other edible grains, % m/m max.(any edible grains including oilseeds other than green grams)

Inset /pest damaged, % m/m max.(grains per cent by count clean-cut weevil bored)

Total aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1 +AFG2), ppb max.

Aflatoxin B1, ppb max

Fumonisin ppm max.

Organic

Inorganic

Filth

G r a d e 2

14

98

99.0

4.0

3.0

1.0

10.0

n/a

n/a

0.65

0.25

0.1

0.5

2

10

5

2


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)









Filth, % m/m


Moisture, % m/m

Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2), ppb

Aflatoxin B1, ppb

Fumonisin, ppm

3 0

4.4.EAS 756:2013 – PIGEON PEAS


0.5

0.1

2

2

0.5

1

1

3

G r a d e 3

2

0.7

4

6

1

3

3

8


ISO 605

ISO 24557

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04


G r a d e 2

1

0.5

3

3

0.5

1

2

0.1

5

14

10

5

2


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)




Broken grains, % m/m





Filth, % m/m


Moisture, % m/m

Total Aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2), ppb

Aflatoxin B1, ppb

Fumonisin ppm

3 1

4.5.EAS 754:2013 – CHICK PEAS


1.0

0.1

1

2

0.5

3

4.0

G r a d e 3

3.0

0.70

3

6

1

8

8.0


ISO 605

ISO 24557

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04


G r a d e 2

3.0

0.5

2

4

0.5

2

5

0.1

6.0

14

10

5

2


S / N

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

vi)

vii)

viii)

ix)

x)

xi)

xii)

xiii)









Filth, % m/m


Moisture, % m/m

Total aflatoxin (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2), ppb

Aflatoxin B1, ppb

Fumonisin ppm

3 2

4.6.EAS 760:2013 – LENTILS


0.2

0.1

2

0.3

0.2

1

1

2

G r a d e 3

1

0.5

5

0.6

0.5

3

5

5


ISO 605

ISO 24557

ISO 16050

AOAC 2001.04


G r a d e 2

0.5

0.2

3.5

0.5

0.5

2

2

0.1

3.5

14

10

5

2


Abraham Reda 2015. Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus ) Current Status and Future Prospect of Production in Ethiopia.

Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research.

Ashutosh Sarker and Shiv Kumar (2011). Lentils in production and food systems in West Asia and Africa.

Grain legumes No. 56 of International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria.

CIAT. 1995. Annual report, Bean program, Cali, Colombia.

L. M’Ragwa, 2001. Application for Plant breeders’ Right.

D.R. Karanja, 2003. Food security Training and Recommendations for Diocese of Kitui. KARI Katumani

GoK, 2004. Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock

and Fisheries Development and Ministry of Cooperative Development and Marketing. February 2005, Nairobi, Kenya.

D. R. Karanja, C.M. Githunguri, L. M’Ragwa, D. Mulwa and S. Mwiti. Variety Characteristics and Production Guidelines

of Traditional Food Crops, GOK 2005.

Dereje Gorfu and Eshetu Ahmed 2011. Crops and Agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. EIAR Annual report

Million Eshete and Asnake Fikre. Guide for Chickpea Production in the Southern Nations

and Peoples Region of Ethiopia.

Sperling, L. (2002) Emergency Seed Aid in Kenya: Some case study insights on lessons learned during the 1990’s,

Disasters, Volume 26 (4): 329-342.

Wilson ronno and Said Silim (2003), Variety descriptors of improved chickpeas and pigeon peas.

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Report.

3 3

5.0. References


Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United Republic of Tanzania

for local and export markets

+41 22 730 0111+41 22 733 [email protected]

Street AddressITC, 54-56, rue de Montbrillant,1202 Geneva, Switzerland

Postal AddressITC, Palais des Nations,1211 Geneva, Switzerland

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Documents

Pulses Crops Grown in Ethiopia, Kenya and United …eagc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Pulses_Crops_Grown_ITC_web-1.pdfTable of Contents Introduction Maintaining good quality grain