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Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET, Dhaka Email: fhaider@me buet ac bd Email: fhaider@me.buet.ac.bd Web: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider

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Page 1: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbo MachinesPumps and Turbinesp

ME 267

Mohammad Faisal HaiderLecturerDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringBUET, DhakaEmail: fhaider@me buet ac bdEmail: [email protected]: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider

Page 2: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbo Machines

Turbo machines are dynamic fluid machines that either extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions between th d i d th fl id (L ti T b t ithe device and the fluid. (Latin Turbomeans to spin or whirl)

Page 3: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Classifications

According to energy considerationMachines that supply energy to fluid (Pumps)An increase in pressure takes place in pumps, fans, 

d llcompressors and propellers.

Machines that extracts energy from fluid (Turbines)A decrease in pressure takes place in turbines wind millsA decrease in pressure takes place in turbines, wind mills.

Machines that are a combination of both (Energy transmitters and torque converters)

Page 4: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Classifications (contd…)

Based on direction of flowAxial flow

Radial flow

Mixed flow

Based on the manner of transmission of energyKinetic displacement (Centrifugal pumps and turbines)

Positive displacement (Reciprocating pumps)

Page 5: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pumps & PumpingPumps & PumpingPumps & Pumping Pumps & Pumping SystemsSystems

Page 6: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pumps

A pump is a device used to move liquids or slurries. A p p qpump moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding energy to the system.

Mechanical Energy  Hydraulic energy

Page 7: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

What are Pumping Systems

• 20% of world’s electrical energy demandgy

• 25-50% of energy usage in some industries

f• Used for• Domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural

servicesservices

• Municipal water and wastewater services

Page 8: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Objective of pumping systemj p p g y

• Transfer liquid from source to destinationsource to destination

• Circulate liquid around a systema system

Page 9: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

What are Pumping Systemsp g y

• Main pump componentsp p p• Pumps• Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines, air system• Piping to carry fluid• Valves to control flow in system

Oth fitti t l i t t ti• Other fittings, control, instrumentation

• End-use equipment• Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines

Page 10: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pumps

Fig: Tire pump Fig: Human heart Fig: Centrifugal pump

Page 11: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pumps Classification (contd)…

Pumps are divided into two fundamental types based on the h h h h d dmanner in which they transmit energy to the pumped media: 

kinetic or positive displacement.In kinetic displacement, a centrifugal force of the rotating p , g gelement, called an impeller, “impels” kinetic energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from pump suction to the discharge. Positive displacement uses the reciprocating action of one orPositive displacement uses the reciprocating action of one or several pistons, or a squeezing action of meshing gears, or other moving bodies, to displace the fluid from one area into 

th (i i th t i l f ti t di h )another (i.e., moving the material from suction to discharge). Sometimes the terms ‘inlet’ (for suction) and ‘exit’ or ‘outlet’ (for discharge) are used.( g )

Page 12: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pump Classificationp

Classified by operating principley p g p p

PumpsPumps

Dynamic Positive Displacement

Others (e.g. Impulse, Buoyancy)

Dynamic Positive Displacement

Others (e.g. Impulse, Buoyancy)

Centrifugal Special effect Rotary ReciprocatingCentrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating

Internal gear

External gear Lobe Slide

vaneInternal

gearExternal

gear Lobe Slide vanegear gear vanegear gear vane

Page 13: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pumps Applications

To deliver fluid at a higher elevation or at a long g gdistance.

To deliver fluid at a pressurized device

For the control of hydraulic systems

For drainage system, removing slurries, mud, waterg y g

For irrigation systems

Page 14: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps

The hydraulic machines that converts the mechanical energy into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid are called centrifugal pumps.

Centrifugal pump is radial flow type.

Used for high head and relatively low flow rate

3 important parts areImpeller

V l iVolute casing

Suction and delivery pipes.

Page 15: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps

How do they work?y

• Liquid forced into impeller

V ki ti• Vanes pass kinetic energy to liquid: liquid rotates and leaves impellerimpeller

• Volute casing converts kinetic energy into pressure energy

Page 16: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps

Page 17: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps

Impeller Sahdev)

• Main rotating part that provides centrifugal acceleration to the fluid

• Number of impellers = number of pump stagesp p p g

• Impeller classification: direction of flow, suction type and shape/mechanical construction

Shaft• Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump• Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump

start up and operation

Page 18: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is called impeller. It is a rotating solid disk with curved blades. Impellers could be open, semi‐open or closed.

Open Semi - Open Closed

Page 19: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal PumpsCasings

V l t C i (S hd )

• Functions• Enclose impeller as “pressure vessel” Volute Casing (Sahdev)• Enclose impeller as pressure vessel• Support and bearing for shaft and impeller

• Volute case• Volute case• Impellers inside casings• Balances hydraulic pressure on pump shafty p p p

• Circular casing• Vanes surrounds impellerVanes surrounds impeller• Used for multi-stage pumps

Page 20: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

For Incompressible fluids (water) backward curved vanes 

Backward curved Radial curved Forward curved

are used (pumps)For compressible fluids (air) forward curved vanes are used (compressors)(compressors)

Page 21: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Working principle

The impeller is keyed onto a shaft which is mounted on bearings and is coupled to a motor which rotates the impellerimpeller.The kinetic energy of the impeller is transmitted to the fluid and its velocity increases.Th l t i t th ki ti f th fl idThe volute casing converts the kinetic energy of the fluid to pressure energy. The pressure at the center of the impeller (eye) decreases as the fluid flows outward. The d i th fl id f th tdecrease in pressure causes the fluid of the sump to continuously flow through the suction pipes.The high pressure fluid is delivered through the delivery ipipe.

Page 22: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Page 23: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Page 24: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Configuration of pumps

Pumps in parallelFor high flow rate requirement

Head or pressure developed is same as the individual pump

Flow rate is the summation of the individual pumpsFlow rate is the summation of the individual pumps

Pumps in seriesFor high head or pressure requirementFor high head or pressure requirement

Flow rate remains same as the individual pump

Head or pressure is the summation of two pumpsHead or pressure is the summation of two pumps.

Page 25: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

Page 26: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Centrifugal Pumps (Contd…)

High velocity vs. High pressure

Water can be raised from one level to a higher level in two ways – High pressure and High velocity

High velocity method is very inefficient since the friction increases with proportional to the square of the l itvelocity

High pressure method is efficient because of low velocity and frictionvelocity and friction.

Page 27: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Axial flow pump

Turbine pumpo Used where high flowrates 

at low heads are required

o Axial‐flow pumps are often 

called propeller pumps.

o For this type of pump the flowo For this type of pump the flow 

is primarily in the axial direction

(parallel to the axis of rotation(p

of the shaft)

Page 28: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Submersible pump

A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP))is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close‐coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly isb d i th fl id t b d Th isubmerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main

advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pumpcavitation, a problem associated with a high elevationcavitation, a problem associated with a high elevationdifference between pump and the fluid surface.Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposedto jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are moreefficient than jet pumps.

Page 29: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department
Page 30: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Positive Displacement Pumps

A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe(displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.Periodic energy addition 

Added energy forces displacement of fluid in an enclosed gy pvolume 

Fluid displacement results in direct increase in pressure

Page 31: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Positive Displacement Pumps

• Reciprocating pumpp g p p• Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger• Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells

• Rotary pump• Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanesp y y g ,• Several sub-types• Used for special services in industry

Page 32: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Reciprocating PDP

In a reciprocating pump, a volume of liquid is drawn into the cylinder through the suction valve on the intake stroke and is discharged under positive pressure through the outlet valves on the discharge stroke.gThe discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating.This is because the intake is always a constant volume.Often an air chamber is connected on the discharge side of the pump to provide a more even flow by evening out the pressure surges.pressure surges.Reciprocating pumps are often used for sludge and slurry. 

Page 33: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Reciprocating PDP

Page 34: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Rotary pump

There are three basic designs of pumps which are gear, vane, and piston. All pumpsThere are three basic designs of pumps which are gear, vane, and piston. All pumpsThere are three basic designs of pumps which are gear, vane, and piston.  All pumps There are three basic designs of pumps which are gear, vane, and piston.  All pumps operate by the same principles.  A vacuum develops at the inlet and pressure at the outlet operate by the same principles.  A vacuum develops at the inlet and pressure at the outlet causing fluid to be forced into the system.  Another way to explain this action is by saying causing fluid to be forced into the system.  Another way to explain this action is by saying that the pump generates a pressure differential across it’s ports or that it has an that the pump generates a pressure differential across it’s ports or that it has an i i d d i l H it i t t d ll d l fl d ii i d d i l H it i t t d ll d l fl d iincreasing and decreasing volume.  However it is stated, all pumps develop flow and in increasing and decreasing volume.  However it is stated, all pumps develop flow and in the same way.the same way.

Page 35: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbines

Page 36: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbines

Turbines are devices that convert the energy of fluid into mechanical energy.

The fluid can be water, steam, flue gas etc

The energy of the water can be in the form of potential or kinetic energy.

Steam turbine and gas turbine uses the thermal energy of steam and flue gas respectively.

Page 37: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Hydroelectric Power Plant

Page 38: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plant

According to the International Energy Association (IEA),According to the International Energy Association (IEA), based on the installed capacity, hydroelectric stations can be divided are as follows:

o Micro hydro – installed capacity < 100 kW

o Mini hydro ‐‐ installed capacity 100kW to 1 MW

o Small hydro – installed capacity 1 MW to 30 MW

o Large hydro ‐ installed capacity > 30 MW 

Page 39: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbines Classification

According to the energy usedImpulse turbineImpulse turbineReaction turbine

Direction of water flowA i l fl R di l i i lAxial flow ‐ Radial in axial outInward flow ‐ Outward flow

According to the head available to the inlet of turbineHigh Head Turbine (250‐1800m), Pelton WheelMedium Head Turbine (50‐250m), Francis TurbineLow Head Turbine ( <50m), Kaplan Turbine

According to the fluid usedWater Turbine (Pelton Wheel, Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine)Gas TurbineGas TurbineSteam Turbine

Page 40: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbines Classification (Contd…)

Impulse TurbineAll available head of water is converted into kineticAll available head of water is converted into kinetic energy or velocity head in a nozzle. The water shoots out of the nozzle and hits a bucket which rotates a shaftshaft.Water is in contact with atmosphere all the time and water discharged from bucket fall freelyThe flow is similar to open channel flow and works under atmospheric pressure.The kinetic energy of water is converted to mechanical gyenergy.The water entering the turbine exerts a force in the direction of the flow.direction of the flow.Pelton wheel is an example.

Page 41: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Turbines Classification (Contd…)

Reaction Turbineh i fl k l i l d d i dThe entire water flow takes place in closed conduit and under pressure.At the entrance to turbine/runner only part of the energy y p gyis converted to kinetic energy, remaining into pressure energyThe flow is similar to the closed conduit flow.The water exerts a reaction opposite to the direction of its flow while leaving the turbine.Reaction turbines may be inward or outward or radialReaction turbines may be inward or outward or radial flow.Francis turbine, Kaplan Turbines are some example

Page 42: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Impulse Turbine

Pelton Wheel

It consists of a wheel mounted on a shaftIt consists of a wheel mounted on a shaft.Buckets are mounted on the periphery of the wheelWater is impinged on the buckets and energy isWater is impinged on the buckets and energy is transferredThe water has only kinetic energyEach bucket is shaped like a double hemispherical cup with a sharp edge at the center.P l h l i d f hi h h d f (150Pelton wheel is used for high head of water (150‐2000m)The flow is tangentialThe flow is tangential.

Page 43: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pelton Wheel

Page 44: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Pelton Wheel

Page 45: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Reaction Turbine

Francis Turbineo The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine which means thato The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.

o The water enters into a casing with a relatively low velocity, passes through guide vanes located around the circumference and flows through the runner and finally discharges into aand flows through the runner and finally discharges into a draft tube sealed below the tailwater level.

Th f h h d il i l lo The water passage from the headrace to tail race is completely filled with water which acts upon the whole circumference of the runner.

Page 46: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Francis Turbine (Contd.)

A large part of the power is obtained from the difference in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets, and only a part of total power is derived from th d i ti f th tthe dynamic action of the water.

Th j it f th F i t bi i d di lThe majority of the Francis turbines are inward radial flow type and most preferred for medium heads.

Page 47: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Francis Turbine (Contd.)

Page 48: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Kaplan Turbine

The Kaplan turbine is a propeller‐type water turbine that h dj t bl bl dhas adjustable blades.It is an inward flow reaction turbineBecause of the adjustable blades it is possible to run atBecause of the adjustable blades it is possible to run at maximum efficiency at any loadWater flows through the guide vanes, and then flows axially through the runnersaxially through the runners.The runner blade angles can be changed by a lever.It can work on very low head but requires high flow rate.y q g

Page 49: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Kaplan Turbine

Page 50: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Kaplan Turbine

Page 51: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Application of Turbines

Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced with a turbine of some type. Very high efficiency turbines harness about 40% of the thermal energy with the rest exhausted as waste heatthermal energy, with the rest exhausted as waste heat. Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear gships and power plants.

Page 52: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Gas Turbine

Gas turbine works due to the flow of flue gas through the stator and runner bladesstator and runner blades.Gas turbines have 3 major componentsCompressorCombustion chamberTurbine

Compressor compresses air and supplies it to the combustionCompressor compresses air and supplies it to the combustion chamber.In the combustion chamber the fuel is burnt with the help of the compressed air and the product of combustion also called flue gas is flowed through the turbineThe flue gas moves the turbine blades.The flue gas moves the turbine blades.

Page 53: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Gas Turbine Application

Gas turbine has two major applicationsIn power generationFor propulsion (Jet Engine)

I ti th i t t i t t t th tIn power generation the main target is to rotate the generator shaft with the help of the turbine.In the propulsion engines, the main target of the turbine is only to run the compressor. The Flue gas while getting out of the turbine gives a reaction force which gives the propulsion. (Jet engine)In modern aircraft engine, the turbine also acts as a propeller. In this type of engine only 25% of the propulsion comes from the reaction of the flue gas and the remaining 75% propulsionthe reaction of the flue gas and the remaining 75% propulsion comes from the propelling action. (Turboprop, Turbofan)

Page 54: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Gas Turbine Power Plant Cycle

Page 55: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Gas Power Cycle

Page 56: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

• Open Brayton cycle: Exhaust

Gases

Condensate f Patmospheric air at

increased pressure to combustor

HRSG

from Process

Steam to Process

CombustorFuel• Old/small units: 15:1

New/large units: 30:1

G

Compressor TurbineGenerator

• Exhaust gas at 450-600 oC

• High pressure steamAir

High pressure steam produced: can drive steam turbine

Figure: Open cycle gas turbine cogeneration

Page 57: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Closed Cycle Gas TurbineClosed Cycle Gas Turbine

• Working fluid circulates Heat Source

in a closed circuit and does not cause corrosion or erosion Heat Exchanger

• Any fuel, nuclear or solar energy can be used

G

Compressor TurbineGenerator

Condensate from Process

Steam to Process

Figure: Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Cogeneration System

Page 58: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Powering an Airplane (turboprop)

Page 59: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Powering an Airplane (turbofan)

Page 60: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Powering an Airplane (turbojet)

Page 61: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Powering a Military Jet

Page 62: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Jet Engine

Turbo Jet

Page 63: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

Jet Engineg

Page 64: pumps and turbine.ppt - Bangladesh University of ...teacher.buet.ac.bd/fhaider/pumps and turbine.pdf · Turbo Machines Pumps and Turbines ME 267 Mohammad Faisal Haider Lecturer Department

The End