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Jaypee BrothersManual of Style The ChicagoManual of Style1 The ChicagoManual of Style Jaypee Brothers Manual of Style2LEVEL OF HEADINGSTECHNICAL DETAILSFIGURES AND TABLESREFERENCESEDITING LAYOUTChecking for Discrepancy in Textual Facts Grammar and Punctuation Check for spellings Jaypee Brothers Manual of Style3LEVEL OF HEADINGSTECHNICAL DETAILSFIGURES AND TABLESREFERENCESEDITING LAYOUTChecking for Discrepancy in Textual Facts Grammar and Punctuation Check for spellings Jaypee Brothers Manual of Style Jaypee Brothers Manual of Style4PUNCTUATIONSemicolonComma Question Mark Quotation MarksColons HyphenParentheses Exclamation Mark Periods or Full StopApostrophe Dash !.,( ) -:;? Manual of Style

Punctuation in English writing is like traffic lights and traffic signs. It helps the reader understand what you are writing. 5

PUNCTUATIONPeriods Quotation Marks Exclamation Mark !.Comma ,Parentheses ( )Dash Hyphen-Colons :Semicolon;Question Mark ?Apostrophe Hierarchy of or Full StopPUNCTUATIONWhen two or more words are combined to form a compound adjective, a hyphen is usually required. 6PeriodsQuotation Marks Exclamation Mark!.Comma,Parentheses( )Dash Hyphen-Colons:Semicolon;Question Mark ?ApostropheHierarchy of PUNCTUATIONPunctuation in English writing can be arrange according to duration of pause.

Length of pause is longest to least pause.7COMMASERIAL COMMA OR LISTING COMMACOMMA WITH INDEPENDENT CLAUSESCOMMA WITH DEPENDENT CLAUSESCOMMAS WITH INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASESCOMMAS WITH TWO OR MORE ADJECTIVES PRECEDING A NOUNRESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES"WHICH" VERSUS "THAT''COMMAS WITH PARENTHETICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE PHRASESCOMMAS WITH "SUCH AS" AND "INCLUDING"JOINING COMMAISOLATING COMMAGAPPING COMMAHurt's Rules Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford, 39th edn., 1983.Fowler. H. W. and F. G. Fowler, The King's English, 1906.The Oxford English Dictionary, issued in parts 1884-1928; as 12 vols., 1933.8

The comma indicates the smallest break in sentence structure.CommasItems in a series are normally separated by commas. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a commaknown as Serial Comma or the Oxford Comma or Listing Commashould not appear before the conjunction. SERIAL COMMA OR LISTING COMMAMy favorite uses of the internet are sending email, surfing the web, and using chat rooms.Serial Comma or Listing Commashould be removed9

CommasSERIAL COMMA OR LISTING COMMAThe meal consisted of soup, macaroni and cheese, and salad. +

+

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CommasCOMMA WITH INDEPENDENT CLAUSESWhen independent clauses are joined by and, but, or, so, yet or any other conjunction, a comma usually precedes the conjunction.We activated the alarm, but the intruder was already inside.The bus never came, so we took a taxi.If the clauses are very short and closely connected, the comma may be omitted.Raise your right hand and repeat after me.11

CommasCOMMA WITH INDEPENDENT CLAUSESA comma is not normally used between the parts of a compound predicatethat is, two or more verbs having the same subject.He printed out a crossword puzzles and arranged them on his clipboard.Kapil tried to contact the mayor but was informed that she had stopped accepting unsolicited calls.Commanot normally used12CommasCOMMA WITH DEPENDENT CLAUSESA dependent clause that precedes a main clause should be followed by a comma.If you accept our conditions, we shall agree to the proposal.Dependent clauseMain clauseA dependent clause that follows a main clause should not be preceded by a comma if it is restrictive, that is, essential to the meaning of the main clause.We shall agree to the proposal if you accept our conditions.

13CommasCOMMA WITH DEPENDENT CLAUSESIf the dependent clause is merely supplementary or parenthetical, it should be preceded by a comma.At last she arrived, when the food was cold.I'd like the noodles, if you don't mind.14CommasCOMMAS WITH INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASESSubordinate clauseAfter studying all weekend, I felt absolutely prepared for midterm examination.Verb phraseWhen the riot started, the police fired tear gas into the crowd.

A comma is often set off an introductory words and phrase, but comma need not be used unless misreading is likely. A comma is often set off an introductory subordinate clause, introductory adverbial phrase, introductory verb phrase and introductory prepositional phrase, but comma need not be used unless misreading is likely. 15CommasCOMMAS WITH INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASESDuring the summer, vacation plans are our main topic of conversation.Prepositional phraseMeanwhile, there is nothing to do but wait. AdverbA comma should not be used if the introductory is element is brief and the sentence can be read easily without the comma. In 1649 the settlers abandoned their initial outpost.

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CommasCOMMAS WITH TWO OR MORE ADJECTIVES PRECEDING A NOUNAs a general rule, when a noun is preceded by two or more adjectives that could, without affecting the meaning, be joined by and, the adjectives are normally separated by commas. Shelly had proved a faithful, sincere friend. (Shelly's friendship has proved faithful and sincere.) If, on the other hand, the adjectives are not coordinatethat is, if one or more of the adjectives is essential to the noun being modifiedno commas are used. She has many young friends. Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined with and. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives.

17CommasRESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES"WHICH" VERSUS "THAT''A relative clause is said to be restrictive if it provides information that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Restrictive relative clauses are usually introduced by that (or who/whom/whose) and are never set off by commas from the rest of the sentence. I prefer to share the road with drivers who focus on the road rather than on what they happen to be reading.The version of the manuscript that the editors submitted to the publisher was well formatted. 18CommasRESTRICTIVE AND NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSES"WHICH" VERSUS "THAT''A relative clause is said to be nonrestrictive if it could be omitted without obscuring the identity of the noun to which it refers. Nonrestrictive relative clauses are usually introduced by which (or who/whom/whose) and are set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. The final manuscript, which was well formatted, was submitted to the publisher on time. I prefer to share the road with illiterate drivers, who are unlikely to read books while driving. Use commas to set off nonrestrictive elements. Removing a nonrestrictive element does not greatly change the meaning of the sentence.

19CommasCOMMAS WITH PARENTHETICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE PHRASESCommas with parenthetical elements If only a slight break is intended, commas should be used to set off a parenthetical element inserted into a sentence as an explanation or comment. All the test participants, in spite of our initial fears, recovered.The Hooligan Report was, to say the least, a bombshell. 20CommasCOMMAS WITH PARENTHETICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE PHRASESCommas with "However", "Therefore", "Indeed" Commas sometimes paired with semicolons are traditionally used to set off adverbs such as however, therefore and indeed. A truly efficient gasoline-powered engine remains, however, a pipe dream.When the adverb is essential to the meaning of the clause, or if no pause is intended or desired, commas are not needed. If you cheat and are therefore disqualified, you may also risk losing your scholarship.That was indeed the outcome of the study.21CommasCOMMAS WITH "SUCH AS" AND "INCLUDING"Phrases introduced by these terms are set off by commas when they are used nonrestrictively. The entire band, including the matutinal lead singer, overslept the noon rehearsal.Some words, such as matutinal and onomatopoetic, are best avoided in everyday speech.But commas are not when they are used restrictively.Words such as matutinal and onomatopoetic are best avoided in everyday speech.Matutinal: Pertaining to or occurring in the morning

Onomatopoetic: Of or relating to or characterized by onomatopoeia (words that imitate the sound they denote), the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (as buzz, hiss, hiccup, etc.) 22CommasGAPPING COMMASA comma is set off instead of repeating some words or phrases The Gapping Comma is used to show that you have missed words out of a sentence rather than repeat them unnecessarily. The driest inhabited place in the world is in Chile, and the wettest, in India. Jupiter is the largest planet and Mercury, the smallest. The driest inhabited place in the world is in Chile, and the wettest inhabited place in the world is in India.

23PERIODSPERIODS IN RELATION TO PARENTHESES AND BRACKETSOMIT A PERIODUSE IN RELATION TO ACRONYMS, INITIALISMS AND CONTRACTIONS

24PERIODSPERIODS IN RELATION TO PARENTHESES AND BRACKETSA period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative sentence.When an entire independent sentence is enclosed in parentheses or square brackets, the period belongs inside the closing parenthesis or bracket.Rajesh insisted on rewriting the paragraph. (His newfound ability to type was both a blessing and a curse.)25PERIODSPERIODS IN RELATION TO PARENTHESES AND BRACKETSWhen matter in parentheses or brackets, even a grammatically complete sentence, is included within another sentence, the period belongs outside.Rajesh had left an angry message for Deepak on the desk (he noticed it while glancing at the book).26No period should follow display lines (chapter titles, subheads, and similar headings), running heads, column heads in tables, phrases used as captions, datelines in correspondence, signatures, or addresses. OMIT A PERIODPERIODS27Acronym refers to terms based on the initial letters of their various elements and read as single words (AIDS, laser, NASA, scuba).

Initialism refers to terms read as a series of letters (AOL, NBA , XML).

Contraction refers to abbreviations that include the first and last letters of the full word ( Dr, Mr). USE IN RELATION TO ABBREVIATIONSACRONYMS, INITIALISMS AND CONTRACTIONSPERIODS28Use periods with abbreviations that end in a lowercase letter: p. ( page), vol., e.g., i.e., etc., a.m., p.m., et al.

An exception may be made for the few that end in a lowercase letter (e.g., sc, iv, im )USE IN RELATION TO ABBREVIATIONSACRONYMS, INITIALISMS AND CONTRACTIONSPERIODSUse no periods with abbreviations that appear in full capitals:VP, CEO, MA, MD, PhD, UK, US, NY, IL29SEMICOLONSSEMICOLON BETWEEN TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSESSEMICOLONS IN A COMPLEX SERIESSEMICOLONS WITH "HOWEVER", "THEREFORE", "INDEED"30SEMICOLONSA The semicolon separates two or more clauses which are of more or less equal importance and are linked as a pair or series.SEMICOLON BETWEEN TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSESA semicolon is most commonly used between two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction to signal a closer connection between them than a period would. Mary Shelley's works are entertaining; they are full of engagingideas. It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.Neither of us spoke; we merely waited to see what would happen.31SEMICOLONSSEMICOLONS IN A COMPLEX SERIESThe membership of the international commission was as follows: France, 4; Germany, 5; Great Britain, 1; Italy, 3; United States, 7.When items in a series themselves contain internal punctuation, separating the items with semicolons can aid clarity.Those present at the conference included Professor RH Robins, School of Oriental and African Studies; Dr MKC MacMahon, University of Glasgow; Dr Rod McConchie, University of Helsinki; and Dr Brigitte Nerlkh, University of Nottingham. 32SEMICOLONSSEMICOLONS WITH "HOWEVER", "THEREFORE", "INDEED"Certain adverbs, when they are used to join two independent clauses, should be preceded by a semicolon rather than a comma. (Adverbs include however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, therefore, and sometimes then.)I had never been in the place before; besides, it was dark as a tomb.A comma usually follows the adverb but may be omitted if the sentence seems just as effective without it. I think, therefore I am.Joe had forgotten his reeds; therefore he could not play the oboe solo.33THE END ...Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Oxford English DictionaryA Presentation by M Quaisher J HossainChief Editor: Dr Richa Sexsena Thanks ToMerriam-Webster's Dictionary The Chicago Manual of Style34