( ) - . . . . . .

2005: () ( . . ) , . . () . . . . : . / . . . . M.: - , 2005. 144 : . : 620100 : 022900 , . , . .ISBN 5-7035-1570-

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to arrive in... (Washington, DC.

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-. invitation .

to convey an invitation

to accept an invitation

to reject an invitation

at (on) the invitation of

-.to invite smb.

-.talks on smth.

-. to open talks

to close talks

to resume talks

to offer talks

the final round of talks

fruitful talks

resultful talks

private talks

summit (talks)

()visit n.

, official (unofficial) visit

() working visit

return visit

to commence a visit

to pay a visit

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welcome

, to give a warm (cordial,

(,hearty) welcome

) to welcome smb (syn. to greet

-.smb.)Welcoming him were ...

...He was welcomed by ...

...You are welcome!

! I. :1. protest rally against the bill will be held in Rome on November 1.

.2.Free school milk is cut out in all English schools.

.3.Significant improvements in British Spanish relations have been achieved lately, the British prime minister said in the House of Commons.

, - , .4. The protest rally against the bill will start at 10 a.m.

10 .5. Americas Secretary of State was in Berlin from June 20 to 25.

20 25 .6. On arriving in Berlin Americas Secretary of State said that...

, , 7. . ( .) II. , :1. The Swedish prime minister is to pay an official visit to Portugal next June.2.- .3.Prince Charles left St. Petersburg for home on September 10, the British Times reported.4. c, 17 - .5. Ninety-five people were killed and more then one hundred injured when Typhoon Gerald swept through eastern China, Beijing Daily reported on August 6.

6. Fire damaged the floor of the US embassy and 150 staff and visitors were evacuated, the Moscow Times reported.

7. The British prime minister held an hour meeting with the US president in talks which concentrated on fight with terrorism. The sides expressed deep satisfaction with the development of cooperation between their countries.

8.The Czech Republics ambassador to the USA presented his credentials ( ) at the White House.

III. :Rome; Spain; Berlin; Sweden; Portugal; Venezuela; China; Washington, D.C.; St. Petersburg; Argentina; the Czech Republic; Beijing. IV. -:9,15, 5, 8, 19, 20 4, 3, 2, 8, 12, 17, 19, 18, 21, 63, 72, 7, 4, 3, 6, 12, 17, 16, 11, 10, 18, 19, 6, 10, 12, 13, 20, 31,44, 13, 11, 1, 20, 10, 14, 13, 15,8,7,5,6,9,22,21, 14, 15, 9, 7, 8, 2, 9, 1.

V. : ; , ; to resume talks; summit; ; ; ; ; ; .No news is good news. / , . , , , ( ). () . , () . .1. . :) , ;) , ;:1) A protest rally against the bill will be held in Rome on November 1.

.2)

Free school milk is cut out in all English schools.

.3)

Significant improvements in British Spanish relations have been achieved lately,the British prime minister said in the House of Commons.

, - , .2. ( ), , , . . . , , .: The protest rally against the bill will start at 10 a.m. 10 . , , , , . :1)

Americas Secretary of State was in Berlin from June 20 to 25. 20 25 ().2)

On arriving in Berlin Americas Secretary of State said that... , , ... ().3. ( ) . , , () , . (. . ), , , ( ). : . , , , , .1. .: .A British students delegation returned to Moscow yesterday from a tour of three Russian cities.2. , , .: Yesterday a British students delegation returned to Moscow from a tour of three Russian cities.3. , . 2Ministry of Foreign Affairs

, The US State Department

The British Foreign Office

high-ranking officials

head of state

prime minister = premier, PM

-vice premier

-deputy premier

current premier

-ex-premier = former premier

-the then premier

-the late premier

() -chancellor

president

foreign minister

foreign secretary (Gr. Br)

Secretary of State (USA)

defence minister

interior minister

finance minister

health minister

minister of social services (security)

Ministry of social security (Gr. Br.)

housing minister

labour minister

education minister

minister of sport

minister for environment

minister of commerce

Ministry of pensions and national

insurance (Gr. r.)

I. : Frances president, Jacques Chirac;- Tony Blair, Britains prime minister;

Americas Secretary of State. Germanys chancellor;- the Czech Republics housing minister.

1. : + Indias prime minister : + - , , .2. : the British prime minister the prime minister of Britain.3. counterpart. :Americas Secretary of State is meeting his Italys counterpart in Washington today. . II. . (. . , ).1. Indias prime minister formed his new government keeping senior cabinet members in their posts.2. Irans interior minister has been charged by court with insulting Islamic leaders and publishing anti-Islamic material in his newspaper Khordad.

3. The Czech Republics prime minister got an EU (European Union) rebuke for likening Josser Arafat to Hitler.4. BEIJING China on Monday named a top-level foreign trade official to be its first-ever minister of commerce, handing him responsibility to oversee the countrys emerging capitalist style trade operation and its obligations to the World Trade Organization.5. Health officials are going to check all flights arriving from Southeast Asia to make sure passengers do not show symptoms of a new mystery pneumonia that has killed at least nine people in China and infected hundreds world wide. Russias deputy health minister was quoted by Interfax as saying.6. The College of Medicine of South Africa added its voice to many otherscriticizing South Africas ex-president, Nelson Mandela, for delays in providing anti-Aids drugs to pregnant women.7. Brazils president sacked his minister for social services who had been critical of the governments tight fiscal and monetary policies.8 Americas former housing secretary escaped a jail sentence by pleading guilty of lying to the FBI.9.Nawaz Sharif, Pakistans former prime minister, jailed after a military coup in 1999, was freed and went into exile in Saudi Arabia10.The World Social Forum held a lively and disorganised meeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Some 51,000 delegates attended, three times more than last year (March, 2003).11.

Crocodile in pool improves swimmersMARK DAVIES, a swimming coach from Australia, was told in July that he would need to use a private pool if he wanted to continue encouraging his athletes by putting a crocodile in the pool with them.The thought of something chasing them down the pool certainly improves the speeds of my swimmers, Davies said in defence of his technique, which was condemned by the Australian minister of Sport Before being put in the pool, the 6ft saltwater crocodile had its jaw bound with tape and its claws clipped, the coach tried to calm down the minister. III. :1. At least 163 people drowned when two boats carrying illegal immigrants from Indonesia to Australia sank in stormy seas. About 1,000 people have arrived illegally in Australia by boat since July.2. At least 350 people died in Indias worst railway disaster in the north of the country. A passenger train ploughed into the back of another that had stopped after hitting a cow.3. To test corruption in the police force, the interior minister sent a lorry full of spirits on a 700-killometer journey through the country. The police stopped it 24 times. They asked for bribes 22 times. IV. :Germanys chancellor, Indias ambassador to Britain, Irans foreign minister and his Italian counterpart, high ranking officials, , , -, , , environment, , , , current premier, the then premier, the late premier.

Its better to be late, Driver! Then to be the late driver.

V. -:21, 34, 69, 19, 18, 61, 17, 8, 4, 16, 71, 82, 80, 93, 7, 66, 78, 82, 93, 99, 68, 44, 50, 70, 60, 90, 13, 14, 99, 38, 28, 49, 75, 77, 94, 10, 15, 66, 71, 13, 14, 99, 57, 61. VI. ( 1 2).Brazil, Tokyo, Indonesia, Australia, Japan, India, Pakistan, Iran, Beijing, Sweden, Swedish, Portugal, Venezuela, Argentina, St. Petersburg.

VII. :BRIDGING DIFFERENCES ON KURILS DISPUTEBy Doug Struck Washington Post ServiceTOKYO Fifty five years after the end of World War II, the leaders of Japan and Russia appear unable to resolve a dispute over four small islands and conclude a formal end to the distant war.In a three-day visit here, Russias President Vladimir Putin has spoken warmly of cooperation with his hosts, and Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori who has presented him with a robot dog that barks Russian tunes. Our relations are at their highest level since the two countries established relations in 1956, Mr Putin said on his arrival Sunday.But they have tailed to solve the problem of ownership of four cold, rocky islands which came to Russia at the end of World War II. The dispute is the biggest complication preventing Japan and Russia from signing a formal peace treaty to end the war and improve relations.Mr. Putin acknowledged the issue, and promised to continue talks to endorse a plan pushing for a peace treaty so they can focus on more pressing security and economic issues.Mr. Putin is scheduled to depart Tuesday morning after signing 15 noncontroversial agreements with Mr. Mori on issues ranging from the environment to energy, to cooperation in disposing of Russias aged nuclear submarine fleet.Washington Post, 2003 . 1. . . : : . . , , , . , , , , . , , , . :) () ;) () ;) ;) , , . . . (, ) , . , , , - . . (70 . ) - . . . (250 . ).2. , , . . , . . , . . , , , , . , easy, , , , . negligent , , , , . , negligent .3. - . , .1) . , : 2) . : - , ; ; : , .;

( ); ;

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, , , . . . . , ( ), , data, n. pl, (. . . . .) money, n., . sing. , , .3) . (. . , ), . . , , . , , , ., , . , , .Dictionary is the only place where Succes comes before Work. II . . 3

The United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland

monarchy

sovereign

( )legislative, executive and judicial

, branches of government

the House of Commons

the House of Lords

the Labour Party

the Conservative Party (the Tory)

( )the ruling party

bipartisan system

shadow cabinet

Education and Health services

resign (ones post) v.

I. 1 . : 1The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. According to the constitution, the governing of the nation is vested in the sovereign and three coordinate branches the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Thus the monarchy in Great Britain is not absolute but constitutional, the Queens powers are limited by Parliament.Parliament is the legislative branch of Government. It consists of the House of Commons (the Commons) and the House of Lords (the Lords). Its sessions are held in the Palace of Westminster.There are many political parties in Great Britain: you name a party and they have it, but due to the so-called majority electoral system only two major political parties may win a majority in the House of Commons. In Great Britain these parties are the Labour Party and the Conservative Party (the Tory).All the organs of mass media aid the state in strengthening the idea that the bipartisan system is the only possible one. The BC, for instance, gives only the two major parties liberal programme time for party political broadcasts.The political party which has a majority in a newly elected House of Commons is the ruling party: its leader becomes Prime Minister and forms a government which includes only members from his party (executive branch of government). Thus, the party which is in majority in the House of Commons possesses practically both legislative and executive powers.The party which is second in majority in the Commons is called the Opposition. The Opposition, the so called shadow cabinet, is supposed to criticise the ruling party.Note: At present the Queen of Great Britain is Elisabeth II, her husband is Philip Mountbatten, the Duke of Edinburgh ( ), their four children are Charles (the Prince of Wales ), Princess Ann, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.The Queens grandchildren are William and Harry ( ), and her great grandson is George ( ). The crown in Great Britain is hereditary.

II. 2 3 . , , . : 2CONSERVATIVE CONFERENCEThe Conservative leader Duncan Smith delivered a speech to the 2003 Tory party conference in Blackpool yesterday that was nasty, brutish and long. The long torrent of vicious adjectives which he poured over the Labour government double-dealing, deceitful, incompetent and the rest of it was not just questionable; it was a charge against the prime minister who is actionable.International Herald TribuneMonday, October 6, 2003 3ATTACKS AT BLAIR FALL FLATThe labour reaction to Duncan Smith speech was immediate. These are the desperate words of a desperate man. Duncan Smiths speech has left the Tories more divided, more incoherent and more extreme than ever, the Labour party chairman angrily said.Smiths remarks on the European Union and the way it works show he is a tool or else not worthy of high office, or else he is telling a calculated falsehood, in which case he is not fit for such office.International Herald Tribune Tuesday, October 1, 2003

III. 4 5 : 4 , , , . 62- . 1983 , . , , 130 165 .11 2003 . 5 , , . , . . , . , -Note: - = to form an opinion about = Education and Health services = political observer IV. - .MEDICAL ADVANCEBy Clive Cookson, Science EditorThe Nobel Prize for medicine was awarded yesterday to two scientists who laid the foundations for seeing safely inside the human body.Sir Peter Mansfield of Nottingham University in Britain and Paul Lauterbur of the University of Illinois in the US share the $1.3m prize for their discoveries during the 1970s, which made the technique possible. Today 22,000 cameras are in use worldwide, examining the internal organs of 60m patients a year.The Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, which awards the medicine prize, says a great advantage of MRI is that it is biologically harmless.Today MRI is used to examine almost every part of the body, though it is particularly useful for imaging the brain and spinal cord.Both laureates expressed surprise at the honour Sir Peter, who turns 70 on Thursday, said: In the 1970s we really did not know if the huge investment in this area would bear fruit in fact it surpassed all hopes.(MRI nuclear magnetic resonance)Financial Times Tuesday, October 7, 2003 IV (British subject) Baronet Knight, Sir, , Dame. :Sir Peter, who turns 70 on Thursday, saidDame Agatha was knighted in ...Translate the following: - , (gala concert).Note: British noblemen by hereditary right: Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron. (to grant) . , , .14 2002 . II - - 11 2001 . , , , . (Cavalier of the British Empire ). V. CHIRAC IRATE AT SMEARED WAR GRAVESThe Associated PressPARIS: President Jacques Chirac expressed outrage Thursday at the desecration of a British war cemetery in France, saying the French had not forgotten the debt they owed British soldiers who died liberating their country. In a letter to Queen Elizabeth II, Chirac described the scrawling of antiwar graffiti on monuments at the World War I cemetery in Etaples, near Calais, as inadmissible and shameful.Chiracs letter to the QueenMadam,I was appalled and deeply shocked to learn of the desecration of the British cemetery at Etaples in Pas-de-Calais.This defacement is unacceptable and shameful, and has aroused the unanimous reprobation of the French.On behalf of France and personally, I want to express to you my most sincere regrets. France knows what she owes to the tremendous devotion and courage of the British soldiers who came to help her to regain her freedom in the tight against barbarity.M Chirac closed his letter with the formula appropriate for correspondence between heads of state. In French this reads:Je vous prie de croire, madame, lassurance de mes tres respecteux hommages. In English: Madam, please accept the sincerity of my very deep respect tor you.October, 2003 VI. :Express sincere regrets, devotion and courage, , the Duke of Edinburgh, , , , , , , , , , , the Prince of Wales, to express outrage at smth., shadow cabinet.To cast a shadow on... ... (fig.) VII. -:78, 87, 64, 77, 69, 98, 45. 76, 66, 93, 89, 48, 99, 84, 88, 69, 98, 90, 73, 84, 96, 92, 17, 88, 87, 18, 26, 76, 61, 83, 39, 84, 23, 45, 81, 66, 90, 96, 52, 21. . , , , , , . , , , , . - , - , - , , . , , , , , , . , . , , , . .- . , : , , , , , . , . , , , .- , . : (, , ) ( ). , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , ( ). . , . -, , . . . . 4

state free schools

public fee-paying schools

-tuition and board payment

-university education (usu. six , years)

take an examination in A-level ,subjects: standards of examinations necessary for entrance to a university(e. g. She took A-levels in physics, chemistry and mathematics)scholarship .

(a sum of money given to a pupil by an official body to pay partly for a course of study)unique education standard

to dismiss from classes

the daily routine .

nominal roll .

(e. g. The teacher called the nominal roll = she read the list aloud to see if everyone was there)tutor n.

, (a teacher who directs the studies of public school pupils and/or responsible for giving them advice about personal matters)Spartan conditions

to be independent

(habitually taking actions and decisions alone)to have the staff of the leader

modern facilities n.

to learn by rote

self-motivation .

I. 1 : 1THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF SCHOOLS IN GREAT BRITAIN: STATE SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC SCHOOLSState schools are free local schools controlled and paid from the state budget. Public schools (such is well-known Eton school and St. Pauls school) are fee-paying boarding schools (boarding houses). They are not supported by government money, so tuition and board are paid for by parents or sponsors.Public schools are to give their pupils a pre-university education so as they will be able to pass exams in A level subjects. II. 2 3 , : 2 500 . . . , . : 500 ;

;

, , : , . 3, , . 7.00. ( , ), , . 13.00 . . 1,5 . . ( : , , ). - . , . . , , : ) , ) ) , , . III. 4 4: 4 :RUGBY SCHOOLwelcomes applications forSIXTH FORM SCHOLARSHIPSEnjoy two years in a school which values its tradition and has superb modern facilities, a friendly atmosphere and a forward-looking approach.A substantial number of scholarships for boys and girls is available.A wide range of A-level subjects including Design, Business Studies, Drama and Theatre Studies, Computing, Politics and Russian is on offer.

Applications should be received by 22nd October.Ian Barlow the Registrar, will be pleased to provide further details and a prospectus.Please telephone the Registry on 01788537035.Rugby School is a registered chanty/or the purpose of providing educationThe Times, September 27, 2002 4Is There a Real Alternative to Public School?Yes, Hurlwood House. A school that combines the best qualities of public school and sixth form college. Hurlwood House is a mixed, residential community, dedicated to the sixth form, where fresh stimulus and traditional values go hand in hand.25 years ago, Hurtwood House was a vision of -university education. Today it has become the envied reality high up in the league tables. Hurtwood House achieved a 100% pass rate in eighteen A-level subjects this year and 99% of all students went on to University. Its teachers are Sixth Form specialists and every week they meet to review and monitor progress of each of the 280 students.Within its structured environment the emphasis is on self-motivation, which is why it offers the broadest possible canvas. Its busy world encompasses music, theatre, art, sport and recreation.The TimesAugust 27, 2002 IV. (3 ) ( 5 6). 5Will Woodword, Education editorA report by the Design Council welcomed by the government says the 1bn spent by schools each year on classroom chairs, desks and equipment is often wasted on poorly-designed products, with little thought as to how they will improve the quality of learning.The report urges designers, manufacturers and schools to work together to improve schools.When most people think of environments that inspire them, schools are likely to come low on the list. Yet learning should be inspirational it is difficult to achieve this, and to motivate and retain the best teaching staff, it teachers and pupils see uncomfortable, noisy, rickety chairs. Rows of desks decorated with graffiti and hardened chewing gum. Unforgiving linoleum floors. Walls painted in drab colours. Harsh lighting.The report accepts that there have been some changes to the stereotype in recent years with some classrooms having computers and whiteboards But the improvements are nothing like those in homes, where digital television, the internet, mobile phones and games consoles enable people to entertain themselves at their own pace. The money spent on improving state schools is spread very thinly across 30,000 schools. 6State schools in England are to be guaranteed a real increase in funding next year under plans being formulated by the education secretary, Charles Clarke, to prevent a repeat of this years budget crisis.But Damian Green, the shadow education secretary, said that 700 teachers faced redundancy this term because of budget cuts and a further 700 were going because of falling pupil numbers I would rather be a beggar than send my children to a state school, he added.The Guardian,November 21, 2003Will WoodwardEducation editorNote: redundancy = V. (I) (II). . .ITRY SPELLING IMPERIAL LEGACYHONG KONGTHE FORMER BRITISH COLONY IS TRYING TO TRANSFORM ITS EDUCATION SYSTEMWHATEVER else sustained the British Empire tor so long, it was not Britains education system. Its modern one still performs relatively poorly by most international comparisons. And unfortunately it exported the shortcomings of its earlier versions to many of its colonies, with Hong Kong suffering more than most Kaiming Cheng, professor of education at the University of Hong Kong, has shown that in 1999. 23,000 candidates (18% of the total) sitting the major public examination at the end of secondary education in the former colony obtained no pass grades. They were not fit tor further studies and they are not employable.The defects in both Britains and Hong Kongs education systems were disguised by the fact that most people were employed in the low-skill, mass-manufacturing sector that predominated in both countries. They did not seem to need much education. But in the past 20 years, Hong Kong and Britain have lost more jobs in manufacturing than anywhere else apart from South Africa. According to the World Bank, in 1999 only 20% of Hong Kongs workforce was in the manufacturing sector, and this is expected to fall even further to 16% in 2005. As Hong Kong has de-industrialised, its education system has been exposed as inadequate to compete in what educationalists call the knowledge economy.IIThe British woke up to this problem in the 1990s. Tony Blairs rallying cry for his first Labour government was education, education, education. And it is only since the handover of the colony to China in 1997 that the new Hong Kong government has started to tackle this aspect of the colonial legacy. Education reform is one of the few areas where the government of the special administrative region enjoys widespread support.In September 2000, Hong Kongs government published its reform proposals for the education system. The emphasis is now very much on a lifelong learning society, to enable everyone to acquire new skills even after they have left school. Hong Kong is aiming to get away from its old system of learning by rote, in which pupils were endlessly drilled for a few very academic exams. The emphasis now is on encouraging pupils to think tor themselves, and to develop flexible learning skills that will enable 60% of 18-30 year olds to be in tertiary education by 2010.If Hong Kong is to retain its status as a major economic power in Asia, everyone agreed that modernising the archaic British education system is essential. A close observer of the problem, not usually given to exaggeration, said, Hong Kongs survival is at stake.The EconomistFebruary 23 2003Note: manufacturing sector of industry making articles by physical labour or machinery usually in large quontaties = mechanical production VI. : , tuition and board payment, tutor, , , , to learn by rote, , , unforgiving linoleum floors, , , redundancy, shortcomings, to obtain no pass grades. VII. -:21, 34, 69, 24, 19, 18, 61, 17, 73, 84, 16, 71, 82, 93, 7, 66, 78, 82, 93, 99, 68, 44, 55, 70, 60, 80, 90, 13, 14, 99, 38, 28, 49, 75, 77, 97, 10, 15, 66, 71, 30, 64, 87, 18, 29, 44, 57, 61, 24, 84, 18.- How high can you count in English? - One, two, three ... ten, Jack, Queen, and King. , . . : -, , , -, , , , , Websters 3rd New International Dictionary (600.000 ), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (two volumes), American Heritage Dictionary (200.000). . , , , , Websters New Collegiate Dictionary (150.000) Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (75.000). , . Concise Oxford , , . ( ) , ; . , , . 5University educationChancellor

( , , 1 2 ). P. (Member of Parliament) principal .

()proctor .

, ( , )tutor .

, tutorial .

, don, fellow

(.)to staff

to allocate

research work

- degree .

bachelors degree

(a first university degree inany of several subjects)masters degree

doctors degree, syn. Doctorate dissertation n.

- (a written treatment of a subject by a University student where s/hegives his opinion supported by reasonable argument)grant .

( )(money given, esp. by the stale to a university or to a student during a period of study; e, g. She finds it difficult to live on her grant)universal state financed high

, education

rent n.

(a stated sum of money paid regularly for the use room, television set, etc.)tuition .

(payment for teaching: e. g.He has already paid a years tuition in physics)loan .

-. (something which is lent, esp money)

(, ), low-interest loans

(e. g. How much interest do they charge on loans?)thesis .

(.g. a doctoral thesis: a long pieceof writing on a particular subject written for a higher university degree)modest means-tested student grants

, (an inquiry into the amount of money someone has; esp. to find out if a student has so little that s/he can be given some money)campus n.

, ( , -, ..)academic dress

chapel n.

() (

)to fine

to rusticate

St Andrews university

, 1411 , - I. 1, 2, 3, 4 5 : 1 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGEFor most people in Great Britain the word University means either Oxford or Cambridge although there are 45 universities in the country.The city of Oxford lies not far from London. There is no single building which is the University in Oxford. There are 30 colleges instead which are spread all over the city and which together make up a university where 10 000 students study.The head of the University as a whole is the Chancellor. He is usually a well-known figure in public life, an M.P. who lives in London and plays only a small part in the running of the University.The actual head is the Vice-Chancellor. He deals with the Questions of finance, staffing, relations with trade-unions, with government and outside world. The Vice-Chancellor is chosen from among the heads of the 30 colleges who are called the principals of colleges.Each of the 30 colleges specializes in a different field. Religion, however, is a compulsory subject in every college.The names of the colleges show this close link of the University with the Church: Christ Church College, All Souls College, Jesus College, St. Annes College, St. Catherines College and so on.Note: When both universities are mentioned the order is Oxford and Cambridge. It is a custom of speech since Oxford is the older of the two universities. 2Most colleges are independent of the British government and must have their own financial resources to draw upon since the government allocates none. Colleges money comes from the students tuition fees which are very high in Oxford as well as from investments, wills, gifts, generosity and benefaction of the wealthier members of a particular college. For instance, Christ Church College accepts annually gifts from the Queen thankful to the College for her father, King Charles I who lived here during the war. Because of the lack of adequate financial backing no new buildings were errected on the campuses of most colleges during several centuries and no repair work was done.In Britain the university year is from October to June, with three terms from eight to twelve weeks. Both in Oxford and Cambridge each student has a tutor to whom he goes every week: for a tutorial. At the tutorial they discuss the work in hand generally an essay which the student has written that week. He also has some eight lectures a week which are not compulsory. 3Graduating or gaining a degree is the aim of all university students. To get a degree, students usually have to stay at university for at least three years, during which time they have to sit preliminary examinations as well as the final ones at the end of the course.The first degree given a person by a college is that of a Bachelor. The Bachelors degree, which is most common in Britain, can be taken in a number of subjects. Arts degrees, for instance, may be taken in subjects ranging from English literature, classics and history to foreign languages. A person who has obtained the first Arts degree will be known as a Bachelor of Arts. A Science degree can be taken in physics, mathematics, engineering economics. A person who has been given this degree is called a Bachelor of Science.Same graduates then go on to more specialised research work in their own subject, and after submitting the results oh their work, in the form of a thesis they may obtain either the Master's degree or a Doctorate the highest degree given by a UniversityCollege graduates are not guaranteed any jobs. They have to recourse to public and private employment agencies to get a job which with unemployment in the country is not an easy thing. 4The professors and lecturers of the University (fellows) as well as the students (undergraduates) must wear academic dress at lectures, in the university dining room, in Chapel and in the town streets after dark.There is a special official in Oxford known as the Proctor, whose duty is to see that this rule is obeyed.Wearing his academic dress he walks about the chief streets of the town, accompanied by two college servants who are known as his bulldogs. If a student is seen, without his cap or gown the bulldogs are told to catch him. When caught the student is taken to the Proctor who asks, Your name and college, sir? The student has to visit the principal of his college later, who orders him to pay a fine. If the rule is disobeyed several times the principal may rusticate a student.Note: The academic dress includes such necessary articles as a cap, a black gown and a white tie. The origin of the dress goes to the Middle Ages. 5 The English are great lovers of sports. So each college has its teams for all main sports, the most popular of which are rowing and cricket.The University Boat Races are the oldest of the sporting competitions between Oxford and Cambridge. The name given to the race competitions in the Summer Term is May Week. Somebody once observed that it is called May Week because its held in June and lasts a fortnight. The cricket sporting competitions between Oxford and Cambridge are held in September (Michaelmas Term). II. 6 - 6By SARAN CASSIDYEducation CorrespondentBanker is Told he Cannot Buy Son a Place at OxfordTHERE WAS a time when each year a number of places at Oxford University were reserved for the offspring of major benefactors. But money no longer appears to provide any such guarantee after it emerged that one of the universitys most generous donors had withdrawn a pledge of 100,000 and severed links with his old college after it rejected his son.Philip Keevil, a prominent City banker who has already given more than 100,000 to the university over the past 15 years, expected his generosity to be rewarded with preferential treatment for his children.Universities have perhaps not yet realised that they can only really raise money from the old members. That means they have to feel they belong and they are being fairly treated, he said.Today his son, a British state school pupil won a scholarship to study at Harvard University in the United States.The IndependentSeptember 2 2003 III. , : 7FOR HIS 21ST BIRTHDAY PRINCE WILLIAM WAS INTERVIEWED BY THE PRESS ASSOCIATION ABOUT HIS LIFE AT ST ANDREWSQ. William, how do the University dons treat you?W. Once they stopped trying to spy me at lectures then it was all very relaxed. I try to attend as many lectures as I can but inevitably there are certain times when I never make them for lots of reasons. But I go to all my tutorials.Q. We heard things were not always easy for you?W. No. I thought about quitting university after a year. But I was like most people, I think, when you first come to university.

Its new surroundings, new scenery, and I wasnt quite sure what to expect. Its the same as starting school really and I was a little uneasy.But I went home and talked to my father during the holidays and throughout that time debated about whether to come back not seriously debating it but it did cross my mind.My father was very understanding about it and realised I had the same problems as he probably had. He was very good about it and we chatted a lot and in the end we both realised, I definitely realised, that I had to come back.Q. Is you room similar to that of the other students?W. Im not particularly fussy about my room. I just want it to be somewhere I can relax, my own space. But I do have drapes up in my room. I like that because it makes it more cosy. Ive got to have a stereo got to have music, I love my music. I dont like to play it loud. I have a good view from my window of the dramatic coastline.Q. Why dramatic? Dont you like to swim in the sea?W. I do swim in the sea but that really doesnt last very long. Its usually in and out, and I make a big fuss and shout how cold it is and then dont do it again for a while.Q. Academically you are taking an unexpected path?W. Yes, I am teaching myself an East African language. Im trying to teach myself Swahili which is something that has proved a little harder than I thought.Q. Why such a choice?W. Its because of my love of Africa. Its an odd language to learn but I wanted to do something that was very specialised. I love the people of Africa and Id like to know more about them and to speak to them.Ive got a book and a book-tape. Like I say, Im teaching myself. I have them in my room and theyre collecting dust quite rapidly but I am trying to make progress. I might drop history of art to specialize in geography tor the final two years of the degree course. I am torn between the two. But I have to decide soon.Q. You often praised your fathers talent as a painter?W. Yes, hes brilliant. Hes very modest about it and hes always criticizing his own work. But I do actually really like it.Harry can paint but I cant. He has our fathers talent while I am about the biggest idiot on a piece of canvas. I did a couple of drawings at Eton which were put on display. Teachers thought they were examples of modern art but in fact I was just trying to paint a house. I like traditional art. I love the Renaissance. Its fascinating because its just so detailed and precise.More modern people Picasso and his blue period. I do like that. He was revolutionary.I did do my A-level history of art dissertation on Leonardo da Vincis drawings which are in the Royal Collection, so I was very lucky.Q. What about your future?W. I really havent thought much about that Im really just concentrating on getting through the next two years. I honestly havent thought about what Im going to do next.The media have been particularly good up here and I hope that continues. Its probably because of the media's considerate attitude that Ive been able to have such a good time.Q. Are you somehow involved in student polities?W. I am aware of issues such as student loans and university fees. I do listen to what goes on and I know there are sensitive issues. There are some students who have just cause to be worried about loans and tees but most students here, as far as I know, dont get involved.Q. Are you ever nervous? (His reply was unexpected.)W. Little do you know.The Guardian Friday, May 30, 2001Note: St Andrews [snt'ndr:z] - . , , 1411 , (golf course). IV. - .STUDENT SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CRISISRebecca SmithersEducation correspondentStandards of spelling and grammar among an entire generation of English-speaking university students are now so poor that there is a degree of crisis in their written use of the language, the publisher of a new dictionary warned yesterday.The problem is not confined to Britain, but applies also to students in Australia, Canada and the USA.Faye Carney, dictionaries publisher said: We thought it would be useful to get in touch with lecturers, teachers and academics to find out what problems their students were having with their writing and what help they might need from a dictionary. The results were shocking.Students were regularly found to be producing incomplete or rambling, poorly connected sentences, mixing metaphors with gusto and overusing dull, devalued words such as interesting and good.Overall they were unclear about appropriate punctuation, especially the use of commas, and failed to understand the basic rules of subject/verb agreement and the difference between there their and theyre.Bethan Marshall, a lecturer in English at Kings College London and a member of the London Association of Teachers of English, said:The type of student were getting now is very different from what we were seeing 10 years ago and it is often worrying to find out how little students know. The emphasis on phonics in the teaching of English in England does, I think, make us worse at spelling. We fetishise spelling in this country, unlike in Germany where, if a word is regularly misspelled, then it is changed.The Encarta dictionary for students has a list of 800 commonly misspelled words, and notes which distinguish between pairs of words pronounced similarly but spelled differently and which have different meaning for example, faze and phase, and pray and prey.We are sure that the use of computers has played a part. People rely increasingly on automatic tools such as spell-checks which are much more passive than going to a dictionary and looking something up. That can pull them into a false sense of security.This has significant implications for the future, especially for young people.The IndependentOctober 2001 V. :The principal, - , tuition, dons, proctor, , dissertation, , grant, , chapel, thesis, University chancellor, tutorial, masters degree, university fees, low-interest loan, to rusticate, to fine, tuition fees, , , , campus, modest means-tested grants, , academic dress, , , . .

I shall have to give you ten days or $20

Ill take the $20, Judge 5 , 5:STUDENT FINANCE(Great Britain)One of the first things that the Labour government did after it came to power in 1997 was to change the way in which students are supported. Out went the universal, state-financed higher education that had existed since the 1960s. Maintenance grants (for living expenses and rent) were abolished, and, in 1998, tuition tees (paid to the university) came in. Today students have to pay their own way through university, relying mostly on a system of low-interest loans. This sent out a clear message that a university education was no longer a universal right, but was something that equipped the graduate with a strong advantage in the jobs market, and therefore had to be paid for.The new policy went down particularly badly in Scotland and Wales. First the Scottish Parliament decided to abolish tuition fees, and then, earlier this month, the Welsh Assembly voted to re-introduce modest means-tested student grants. The government announced last October that it was starting a review of student finance, thus preparing the ground for a discreet U-turn.The principal argument against introducing tuition fees and scrapping maintenance grants is that it has deterred those young people from poorer backgrounds from applying to university for fear of going heavily into debt. So the government will probably introduce means-tested grants to save some face.Either way, the government will have to come up with something that solves the problem of access, and also ensures that universities continue to get sufficient income from their students.The EconomistFebruary 23rd, 2002 III . 6Congress .

(USA capital .)Congressman .

congressional elections

(Note the use of the article in: The Congress of the United States is the chief law-making body. The main function of the US Congress is legislation. Another major function of Congress is to finance the US Government)determine v. t.

, (E.g. The US Congress has the sole right to determine taxes)be determined to do smth

-.

(E.g. He is determined to master English )federal .

, ()- often with capital FFederal union of states

Federal Constitution

Federal and States budgets

() federal tax

federal revenue

(government income from taxes, customs duties, foreign concessions, etc.)finance v.

(provide money or capital for...E.g. One of the functions of Congress is tofinance the operation of the Government)subsidize v.

(E. g. This Senator is a loyal servant of General Motors which subsidized his election campaign)sponsor v.

-. (to grant money to someone who needsfinancial help. E.g., to sponsor a radioprogramme )Administration (USA)

()government .

, (. g. The government of the nation is vested inthree coordinate branches: legislative, executiveand judicial)govern v.

House of Representatives = the

House (but both houses ofCongress small h)Senate

Senator William Brown (D N.Y.)

-***-I see your views on war and peace have undergone some changes after the elections, havent they, Senator? You have become war minded.-But those, sir, were not my views. They were my interviews.tax

determine taxes

, tax loophole

federal tax

income tax

Im sorry, Mr. Jones... Youre not rich enough to pay to taxestreaty n

treaties are ratified

initiated

signed

,cancelled

violated

rejected

concluded

expire v.

( )(. g. This treaty will soon expire.

.) Who initialed this treaty?

?try v.

(.)trial n.

* * *Judge, I want you to try this chicken soup.Ive tried it... and my decision is that the chicken has proved an alibi.impeach v. t. (charge with some

misconduct officers of state)

right .

to smth.

... to do smth. syn. be entitled to do smth.have the sole right

(E.g. The US Congress has the sole right to propose amendments to the Constitution. Every state is entitled to at least one representative in the House.)President-elect

,

Each housewife in the village was asked to say what she thought of the candidate.bipartisan .

(the ruling in the house of the two major political parties the Democratic and the Republican)

Some a wise and some are otherwise I. :Powers of CongressThe United State of America is a federal union of 50 states. Its basic law in the Constitution of 1787, to which 27 amendments have been made since. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are called collectively the Bill of Rights.One of the features of the US politics is the so-called bipartisan system, i.e. the ruling of the two principal parties the Democratic and the Republican in the political life of the country.The Democratic Party is the older of the two, tracing its history back to 1822. The Republican Party was founded in 1856, primarily as antislavery party. Its founder is Abraham Lincoln. The Emblem of the Republican Party is elephant (strength), and that of the Democratic Party is donkey (wisdom).Both parties are entirely free of party discipline: it is not necessary to make an application to join the party, there are no membership dues.A clear cut difference between the two parties has not existed for more than half a century.Donations of monopoly capital to both parties to keep them healthy have become public knowledge.Under the constitution the government of the nation is vested in three branches: the legislative (Congress), the executive (the President and his Administration) and the judicial (the Supreme Court).The Congress of the USA is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main function of both houses is legislation, i.e. making new laws or changing the old ones.Other functions of Congress are to finance the operation of the President and his Administration and to approve the federal budget.Besides, Congress is entitled to determine taxes, to regulate foreign and interstate commerce, to raise and maintain the armed forces and to declare war. II. In Brief. .1.Colin Powell, Americas Secretary of State, visited Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia to promote the road map the plan for a Middle Eastern peace agreement. Substantive progress will have to wait until Areal Sharon. Israels prime minister, visits Americas President next week (2003).Commentary: road map . It is a phased proposal offered by the United States for ending the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by 2005.2.South Koreas President has long hoped that he could melt the ice between North and South Korea by offering the North dollops of aid and other goodies while keeping silent about the poor human rights record, its illicit weapons programmes and the vast conventional forces dug in just across his boarder (The Economist, 2003).3.Frances President seeking re-election played the crime-card: more power for police, more power for courts and anti-crime ministry.4. The street can give its views, but the street doesnt govern. said Frances prime minister just before huge demonstrations on May 13th against his plans for Pension reform brought France almost to a halt (2003).5.Americas health secretary used religious language in calling for a ban on cloning. Life is a creation, not a commodity, he said.6.Americas interior minister imposed a ban on the import of wildlife products from Taiwan because it said Taiwan had failed to do anything about the trade in tiger bones and rhino horn.7. In a new outbreak of kidnapping in the Philippines, a South Korean and a Filipino businessman were seized by gunmen in the southern island of Mindanao Police, helped by American special forces, continued to hunt for an American missionary couple and a Filipina nurse held on Basilan island.

8. For the moment, Blairs name is greeted here with the kind of acclaim accorded to no British leader since Winston Churchill (and easily surpassing Margaret Thatchers 80s vogue). Conservatives in the Senate and House of Representatives have nominated him for the congressional gold medal, the nations highest mark of national appreciation, which was first awarded to George Washington by the Continental Congress in 1776. The previous recipients include Pope John Paul II, Mother Teresa, Colin Powell and Churchill. Sponsored in the Senate by Elizabeth Dole North Carolina Republican, the medal resolution is likely to draw little opposition, if any, from either side of the aisle (The Guardian. October 10, 2003).9. Colin Powell, Americas secretary of state, announced plans to visit Berlin: a step towards re-establishing Iraq-torn relations with Gerhard Schroders government. But the Pentagon, by asking Poland to play a prominent peacekeeping role in Iraq, seemed keener on strengthening ties with the new Europeans.10.Several days of fighting between Yorubas and Hausas in Lagos, Nigerias commercial capital, led to about 100 deaths. Tony Blair, Britains prime minister, arrived in Nigeria at the start of a four-nation West African tour that also takes in Ghana, Senegal and Sierra Leone.11.An Egyptian court sentenced two Islamic militants to death for trying to murder Naguib Mahfouz, a Nobel-prize-winning novelist.12. Somalias transitional government, which has little or no control over the warring country it is supposed to rule, was shut out of its parliament building for non-payment of rent.

13. To test corruption in the police force, the interior minister sent a lorry full of spirits on a 700-kilometre journey through the country. The police stopped it 24 times. They asked for bribes 22 times.

14. Nicolau dos Santos, a former judge who had become Brazils most-wanted fugitive, surrendered to police after spending some eight months in hiding. He is accused of embezzling 164m reals ($86m) from a court-house construction project.

***- Why did you steal $ 1, 500 000? - I was hungry, sir.

III. 6:Jordan, Palestine, Egypt, Taiwan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, the Philippines, Poland, North and South Korea, Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Brazil, Sierra Leone. Jerusalem, Gaza, Delhi, Islamabad.***To fiddle while Rome burns (proverb) IV. ( 6): Doubt cast on the PremierPrime Minister Tony Blair conceded privately that Iraq did not have quickly deployable weapons or mass destruction as the British government was claiming as justification for war, Robin Cook, the former foreign secretary, said Sunday.Cook said that the prime minister also made it clear to him in a conversation two weeks before combat operations began that he did not believe Saddam Husseins weapons posed a real and present danger to Britain.I am certain, Cook writes, the real reason he went to war was that he found it easier to resist the public opinion of Britain than the request of the president of the United States.Mr Blair was so close to Mr Bush that the other presidents and prime ministers of Europe beat a path to Downing Street to be briefed on what America was really thinking. It made Mr Blair a disproportionately honoured guest in Jerusalem, Gaza, Delhi, Riyadh, Islamabad you name it. But this particular party is now over. One thing that has ended it is the changing mood in Britain. Voters or, at least, the editorialists who claim to speak tor voters say that it is time for Mr Blair to stay home a while and concentrate on his day job.The TimesOctober 8, 2003 7 I. - , . (. 7). 1 5 : 1In his victory speech President-elect George W. Bush said: Our nation must rise above a house devided Americans share hopes and values far more important than any political disagreement. Republicans want the best for our nation. And so do Democrats. I have faith that with Gods help well create an America that is educated. Together we will work to make all our public schools excellent, teaching every student of every background and every accent, so that no child is left behind.Note: Public schools in the USA arc local schools controlled and paid by the state. 2A LETTER TO THE EDITORSir, why did Arnold Schwarzenegger a celebrity from his Terminator-3 premiere, a Democrat and a Liberal tor social issues ran for the governor of California as a Republican?If Mr Schwarzenegger had D [for Democrat] behind his name instead of an R [tor Republican], those same people who are attacking him would be supporting him.So is Mr Schwarzenegger: a Rino (Republican In Name Only).Financial TimesTuesday, October 7, 2003 3During his brief campaign Mr Schwarzenegger promised to improve public education while cutting taxes, be was vague about how he would deal with a budget deficit estimated at between $8bn and $20bn (5-12bn).These problems cannot simply be terminated.But as cruel fate would have it, todays vote is no more likely to resolve Californias problems than a Hollywood happy ending is to bring peace and love to a troubled world.The GuardianFriday, October 10, 2003 4The Democrats, who control the state legislature, said yesterday that they would cooperate with the new governor. Im not sure he knows how complicated and screwed up it is to run a state this size, said the state senate leader John Burton. What is he going to do to work with us? The balls in his court. 5As Mr Schwarzenegger, the victor came on stage to address the adoring crowd in Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles he was greeted by Americas most famous political family, the Kennedys. Mr Schwarzeneggers wife, Maria Shriver, is a niece of John F. Kennedy; her mother, Eunice Shriver, is the late president's sister. Eunices husband and Marias father is Sargent Shriver, who was a member of JFKs cabinet and a former candidate for vice-president. All around them were smiling and cheering cousins and sisters and brothers-in-law. Americas greatest Democratic family, savouring a famous Republican victory.Financial TimesOctober 9, 2003Note: JFK John F. Kennedy; LA Los Angeles. 6NO TIME FOR MOVIES AS CALIFORNIA GOVERNOR GETS DOWN TO BUSINESSDuncan CampbellLos AngelesThe governor-elect of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, is to ask President Bush for financial assistance to deal with the states budget crisis. It is the first indication of how the actors election could have a part to play in next years Presidential election.He [Mr Bush] promised me that he will do everything possible to help California, so Im looking forward to working with him and asking for a lot a lot of favours. said Mr Schwarzenegger at a press conference held in the LA hotel where he had celebrated his victory the previous night.The Guardian October 10, 2003When people call this beast to mind They marvel more and more At such a little tail behind So large a trunk before.The Guardian II. 7, 8 9 , school voucher reform, , , .(voucher - ) 7US public school system remains a disgrace. Only a third of its pupils make it to the end of the course. Two numbers hang over it as a constant reprimand: one and 14. The citys public-school children have less than a one-in-14 chance of graduating on time and being able to perform adequately at basic subjects. But they have a more than one-in-14 chance of being a victim of crime dining their years in school.Americas mayors are belatedly trying to take direct control of schools. And George Bush has just pushed through an education bill that should eventually make schools more accountable for their results. The so-called vouchers represent the biggest potential for reform.The EconomistFebruary 23, 2003 8 HANDS UP FOR VOUCHERSThe Cleveland (Ohio) voucher programme was originally set up as a response to the catastrophic failure of the citys public schools.The state decided on a modest experiment: to give parents a voucher that could be used to send their children to a range of schools, including local religious schools.The vouchers allow poor parents to choose where to spend the money the city or the state allots for their childrens education. In particular, they can take their children out of failing public schools and put them into private onesSupporters have hailed the scheme as the best chance of reforming Americas lousy public school system. But there is a hitch. In Cleveland, as in most big cities in America, most private schools are faith-based ones. Opponents of vouchers claim that spending public money at these schools violates the constitutions separation of church and state. Moreover, the separation of church and state is a good thing: the events of September 11th have certainly not lessened our desire to keep religious zealotry out of classrooms. And far more serous is a worry that the more children quit the public system, the worse the remaining public schools will become.The bitter debate over faith-based schools should not be allowed to obscure the central rationale for vouchers: to improve the wretched education that too many poor American children receive. That is a credo that all Americans, whatever their beliefs, can rally round.The Economist February 23, 2001

9The United States Supreme Court began to hear arguments in the Cleveland school-voucher case, in which it must decide whether state-supplied vouchers can be used in religious schools despite the constitutional separation of church and state.The Economist Decembers, 2003

III. 10, 11 12 : 10A LETTER TO THE EDITORThomas HallNottinghamI find it incomprehensible that some universities wish to charge 10,000 a year in tuition fees. I am a first-year student at college, and I dread the 9,000 debt I know I will have. How anyone could contemplate paying 30,000 for a degree whether it be from the best university or not is beyond me. But if universities wish to charge this much, let them. Anyone who can afford to attend one is either foolish or has parents with money to burn. I applied to both Warwick and Nottingham, but am now happy not to have gone to either. 11 D. KellyKeele UniversityWhat a brilliant idea by some top universities to become private institutions. Like public schools, they would no longer be eligible for, or indeed require, government grants since they would be self-sufficient. This would release a substantial amount of money that could be distributed to those universities that remain in the public sector. 12Most foreign nationals scorn those Americans who make no effort to learn the local tongue. The American practice of living in self-imposed ghettos where only English is spoken is particularly irksome. We call them the lazy Americans, says a Mexican auto executive. They cant read the local papers and dont want to. They are out of touch with the local business scene. Yet Detroit lets them make the decisions.The American predilection for English is hardly discouraged in the countrys schools. At least 20 percent of the nations high schools teach no foreign languages at all.Still, there are many students who want to learn foreign languages. Some study Spanish so they can understand the countrys growing. Hispanic population; others want to study the language of their immigrant ancestors, another reason for an interest in learning a foreign language is the tight job market. If you have two qualified people applying for a job at an international firm and only one speaks a foreign language, its obvious who will be chosen, says Blanche Hamilton, who runs the foreign-language program in Atlantas public schools. IV. 13, 14 ( , 2003, 10): 131 2 , , , . . , . , .( () public universities, private universities) 142 : 500 . . , , , . 500 3000 . , .** * to survive to teach law (as a university discipline);

accounting (a degree in accounting)

the cost is between .. and ...

153 ? . . 8 , 2,5. . , , . 60 100 .** * economic department, competition (to compete with eight competitors);

entrance examination, social science., , , , , , , , .***employer,degrees of proved worth - - , , : - (, , , ); ( , , , );- . , - . - - , , . , . . , , , , , . . , , . , . , , . , - , , , , . , - , , , . . - . . , , (, ) ( , ) : Few, if any, countries have a perfectly clean record in their treatment of exports and imports.1. , , , . 2. , - . , , . . , , :Cape Kennedy :Cape May - Cape Verde Islands Kara Strait Montenegro Beijing , . : (. .) - . The Philippines lies (sing.) in South-East Asia., , , , s, . , The Netherlands is of often alled Holland. The United Arab Emirates is a monarchy. The United States of America is a Republic of 50 states. The Algiers; Athens; Brussels; Naples; Wales is. ( ), () ( ). , , , , , , , . , , ( ). Just call me Andy, Mr. Takani. , . , : Mobute sese seko kuku Mgbengu wa za Banga, The all powerful worrier, who because of his endurance and inflexible will to win will go from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake. , - , , , - . IV

8 ( )to found

(, . .)founder n.

century .

, in the tenth century ( )

in 45 . . (before Christ)

45 ( )in the 7th century A. D.

7 ( )(Anno Domini, Lat.)

Christianity n.

; , Orthodox Church

to rule

-.; ruler .

ruling a.

, to invade

...to invade a country

invader .

; invasion (of a country)

( )power n

; , powerful .

, , syn. forceful .

, , ()feeble .

, ()Chronicle .

authentic Chronicle

; ; to reign

; during (in) the reign of Ivan III

III(the third)syn. under Ivan IIISigning .

the reigning dynasty

ally n.

tested, loyal ally

, history n.

1) ( )2) ( )historian .

historic ..

(. . . . 59)historical .

( . . . 59)wood (.)

()a walk in the wood(s)

wood . (.)

( )made of wood

wooden .

forest .

(); to erect

, , to erect a statue, a monument,

, ; cathedral, a church

, to conquer

1) , to conquer a country; a new

, territory, a people

, ;2) to conquer the enemy

conqueror .

, conquest .

, to dominate v.

, to dominate a countrydomination

to loot v.

syn. to plunderlooting n.

, ( )syn. sack n

major .

, , architect n.

, , architecture n

1) , .2) noted (celebrated)

()craftsman

Gothic (Byzantine, Russian, Arabian) (, ,

) predecessor n.

to succeed

, successor (to smb)

(-.)successive .

, to superintend

to superintend the work

superintendence .

, under the superintendence of

syn. to supervise

, fortress

to lay (the foundation of) a fortress

(lay, laid)fortified .

yoke n.

to throw off the yoke

saviour .

, the Church of St. Saviours on the Wood Saviour Tower

Alexander gardens (pl.)

(.)the Cathedral of the Assumption

1. historic . : : a historic battle, a historic discovery, a historic meeting, a historic event.

2. historical a. 1) , , : The Battle at Kulikovo (1380) was historical event (it really happened) and also a historic event (it had an important influence on Russian history); 2): ( , , ..): w. comb ahistorical film, play, novel, etc3. garden , : Botanical gardens in Moscow; Alexander gardens near the Kremlin, : She is out in her garden, mowing the lawn. I. .The first Russian state, founded in the 9th century, was centered on the city of Kiev. At the end of the first millennium this state reached its peak, and in 988 Grand Prince Vladimir made Christianity, in its Greek Orthodox form, the official religion. Kievan Russia, however, was short-lived because of conflict within the ruling family and invasion by nomads from the East.The centre of power was moved from Kiev to the town of Vladimir. The first reference in the Chronicles to Moscow concern the year 1147, during the reign of Susdalian Prince Yury Dolgorukiy, Come to me, brother, to Moscva. Little did Prince Yury Dolgorukiy think that when he wrote this invitation to his tested ally Prince Sviatoslav Olegovich in 1147, that he was writing a historical document. However, it has become so, for this is the earliest authentic document which mentions Moscow.* . ***Before then the place where the Kremlin now stands was called Kuchkovo, after the Kuchki family, who owned the land on the high and steep hill Prince Dolgorukiy acquired the land, laid the foundation of a fortress, built a church and a strong wooden wall round the hill, lodged in a small garrison, and renamed it Moscva.The first church was called the church of St. Saviours on the Wood because when it was built all the ground now occupied by the Kremlin was a virgin forest (bor) hence the name Borovitskiy Hill.The steep Borovitskiy Hill washed on two sides by the deep and navigable Moscva and Neglinnaya rivers made a convenient naturally fortified place to settle in.On the 800th anniversary of this historic event (1947) the statue to Prince Yury Dolgorukiy was erected in Moscow.In 1237 came the conquest of Russia by Mongols and their Tartar allies, who were to dominate* the country for more than two centimes until 1480. The hordes of Khan Batiy invaded Moscow, looted and burnt down the town. The Kremlin and all the buildings within were reduced to ashes.Despite the sack of Moscow in 1237 38 things settled down and the town grew in importance again.Several factors aided Moscows rise to primacy. The city occupied a central geographical position and was close to the major trade routes. It was also fortunate for Moscow that Metropolitan Peter (1308 26), the head of the Russian Orthodox church, forsook Vladimir, the church capital and moved to Moscow where the first stone building, the Cathedral of the Assumption, was built under the superintendence of foreign architects, as the Russians at that time understood little about building with brick and stone.The metropolitan died in the town and made it a holy place. His successors settled in Moscow rather than remaining in Vladimir.The 15th century saw the unification of more and more of the Russian lands under the principality of Moscow. During this century Russia finally threw off the Tartar yoke, which had oppressed the country for more than 250 years. II. , :. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . (proverb). Authentic document, millennium, to found, to erect a statue to somebody, the Cathedral of the Assumption, nomads, to dominate a country, looting, Saviour Tower, chronicals, to walk in the woods, conquest, a thick forest.Dont halloo till you out of the wood. III. (. ):1. 1147 .

2. - .

- ?3. .4. , .

5. 1237 - .

6. - , ?- , .7. - ?

- .8. .9. ?10. ?11. . 12. , , , 250 .13. 300 . IV. : , , 1147 , , . (crossing) : , , . , , , 1147 . ., , , . , - . , . , . V. .. do :1. neglected all the recommendations. 2. He knew little about it then. 3. Be careful. 4 He foresaw the danger. 5. Only then he realized it. 6. He owned them a lot of money. 7. The event influenced the further development of Moscow. 8. She had cold. 9. Forget it.. , , .1. The hill is not so high and steep now because the earth has settled down since then. 2. The storm has settled down at last. 3. Lets wait for the dust to settle on. 4. They moved to a new flat and it didnt take them long to settle in 5. You want green. I want blue. What shall we settle on? 6. Since the fortress had been built things somehow settled down despite numerous fires 7. The whole of Moscow was burnt down 8. Would you speak up?***A Frenchman once called on an English friend and the maid who opened the door said, He is not up yet. Come back in half an hour, please.When he came back the maid was setting up the table for breakfast and said, Im sorry, he is not down yet.Well, the Frenchman said in surprise, if he is not up and he is not down, where is he?. to be + ": 1. The contact with the more westernized city of Kiev was to have an important cultural impact on Moscow. 2. The white stone wall was to remain the boundary of the town until the 17th century. 3. The Romanov dynasty was to rule Russia for more than 300 years. do. . to be + 1. do. do, :If he does give these figures hell be criticized. , .

They do deserve this award. .They did exaggerate the danger. .We did have a good time. . do :Do change your mind. . .Do be sensible. .2.. , . . , , :Keep your voice down. He .Ive bought a house but shant settle in till the autumn. , .I am through with my work. . to be .Is Mr. Brown in? - ?No, he is out. , . (, .) is away at present. . :The children are not up yet. .The prices are up again. Our time is up. . .Her silence pressed him on. .Since the war things have settled down. . 3. to be + . . Tartar influence was to survive tor another century , ( ). was to became a famous writer. ( ) .

9(. )

castle n.

, My home is my castle.

.crenellated walls

to adorn (with)

(-.)adornment(s) .

()syn. to decoratesyn. decoration .richly adorned (decorated)

gold

solid gold

golden a; syn gold .

gilt

to coat smth with gilt

gilded .

magnificent .

splendid

handsome

picturesque

massive

superb

, dome .

the dome of a church

to set domes on drums

to besiege

(, )siege .

to seize

()ruins ., pl.

, to lay a town in ruins (to lay,

laid, laid)interior n.

-.exterior .

-.to order

to blow up

syn. to explodeexplosion .

to damage

, to damage smth. badly

life (sing.), lives pl., .

They risk their lives (pl.)

(. .)moat .

( )to fill in a moat

to bury a river in a conduit

( )to revenge

to crack

to cache

, cache .

-., to bless

, blessing .

execution .

feast v., .

, , , to acquaint oneself with

-.tradition .

by tradition

traditionalist

masterpiece

design v., .

, ; ,, slit window

fresco .

frescoes pl.

to create frescoes

repository (tor icons )

()be attributed to smb.

, ,

to depict

, vessels (pl.) .

superb silver vessels

( )

gift n. (make a gift)

()syn. present .

to present smb with

- -.presentation n.

connoisseur n.

well n.

; to display

, on (at) display n.to summon smb (a mob)

- () -. to knock down

, ()to destroy, to demolish

, to construct (to build, to rebuild,

, (, ,to restore, to create)

)construction .

, fortifications ., pl.

fortress .

fortified area

to survive

; , to claim smth

(. )claim n.

, to commission

, ;Alarm Tower

Taynitsky Tower

the Arsenal

the Tsar Tower

the Granovitaya Palace

the Cathedral of the Annunciation

the Cathedral of the Assumption

I1.Westminster Abbey ( ), , .2.St. Pauls (Cathedral) . . (Church of England); : . . (Christopher Wren) 1675 1710 (Great Fire).

Sir Christopher Wren said,Im going to dine with some men. If anybody calls, say Im designing St. Pauls.3. Tower of London = the Tower, . .The Tower of London is only a tower in name. In fact its the oldest fortress in Great Britain built in the 11th century to guard the river approach to London. Within its walls is written the history of Great Britain. It was a royal palace and state prison, a fortress and home of English monarchs. Even today the English say Who holds the Tower, holds Britain. I. . : , , . .The Kremlin, Moscows castle was the kernel from which the great city developed. The churches and palaces here have long been of the greatest historical and cultural importance.Much of what Lermontov wrote about the Kremlin in 1833 remains true today: What can compare to the Kremlin which, having ringed itself with crenellated walls and adorned itself with the golden domes of the cathedrals, sits on a high hill like the crown of Sovereignty on the brow of an awesome ruler? No, he concluded, neither the Kremlin, nor its crenellated walls, nor its dark passages, nor its splendid palaces can be described. They must be seen, they must be seen. One must feel all that they say to the heart and imagination.And some four decades later an English professor of history Sir Horsey, who came to Russia with a group of tourists, his colleagues, wrote: I have shown over the Kremlin numerous people who have travelled all over Europe, if not over the world, and they unite in saying that it is unique. To compare it with England, it represents Westminster Abbey. St. Pauls, the Tower of London and the contents of the Tower of London rolled into one.The modern Kremlin dates from the end of the 15C and the beginning of the 16C, a time of remarkable building activity which coincided with the unification of Russia under Ivan III (1462 1505).The century which followed added little to the Kremlin. The great fire of 1547 was quite the worst of a series that ravaged the Kremlin and at the beginning of the 17C came the Time of Troubles. In the last stages the Poles were besieged inside the Kremlin; they surrendered the ruins of the fortress in October 1612. The remainder of the 17C was more stable, however, and the building of the Kremlin was resumed. The next great event in the history of the Kremlin was its occupation by the French in 1812. The building and palaces were looted. When he heard that the cross at the top of the Belfry was of solid gold, Napoleon had it taken down. However it proved to be of gilded iron.The handsome Cathedral of the Assumption (converted to a stable) was stripped of 5,300 kg of silver and 259 kg of gold. Much of the silver, however, was recaptured by the Cossacks who later presented the Cathedral with a 46-branch silver and bronze Chandelier known as the Harvest. This is the central chandelier of the 12 now illuminating the interior.When he decided to leave Moscow Napoleon ordered the Kremlin be blown up. Fortunately on the appointed night of October a heavy downpour and the prompt arrival of Russian troops prevented many of the planned explosions, but three towers, part of the wall and much of the Arsenal were destroyed.The French troops also plundered St. Basils but failed to carry out Napoleons instructions to blow it up. The Cathedral was nevertheless badly damaged and was restored only in 1817. The magnificent Novo-Dievichy Monastery, or, as we should say, the New Nunnery for Girls, built by the Great Duke Vasily, the father of Ivan IV almost perished too in 1812, as Napoleon had it undermined, and had the mines fired. It was only saved by the heroism of the nuns, who rushed up at the peril of their lives and extinguished the fuses.During these years the Kremlin lost part of its defences; the Neglinaya River was buried in a conduit under the New Alexander Gardens, and the moat in Red Square was filled in. I1. ( ). , (, . ), . , , , , : , , , , , ?.. , , , , ... , ... , !. . .2. , , , . :When he entered the room, the teacher saw... , ...3.Order (v.). order, , , : . ordered us (them, him, everybody, etc.) to stay. , , : . ordered the prisoner to be interrogated.4. . :I had him write a letter last night. I got him write a letter last night.He had the wall built round the Kremlin. , , . , . , (I), (he): (: , ). , II (built), . : , , . Tsar Ivan III had the stone wall built round the Kremlin III III (, ; ). , . II. .A. :1. At the turn of the 15 century Ivan III had the old wooden walls of the Kremlin knocked down, and new stone ones constructed.

2. Feodor, son of Ivan the Terrible, had the walls of the palace decorated withfrescoes in the old Byzantine style.

3. Old Nikita Romanov made up his mind that everybody who came to see himshould bow, and had the door into the study made less than five feet high, so that itwas impossible to enter in his presence except in bowing attitude

. .1. ? 2. ? 3. , ? 4. 15 . 5. , . 6. ? 7. ? 8. .B. -:Major Russian Rulers:Vladimir (980 1015); Yury Dolgorukiy (1149 1157); Alexander Nevsky (1252 63); Ivan Kalita (1328 40); Dmitry Donskoy (1359 89); Ivan III (1462 1505) (Ivan the third), Ivan (IV) the Terrible (1533 1584); ris Godunov (1598 1605); Mikhail Romanov (1613 1645); Aleksey (1645 1676); Peter the First, Peter the Great (1682 1725). III. , :A. Castle, churches, palaces, cathedrals and monasteries, to be of historical and cultural importance, golden domes, crenellated walls, to adorn with something, unification of Russia, under Ivan III, at the beginning of the 17C, to be besieged, to surrender, fortress, to loot, to set on fire, solid gold, coated with, gilt, to be damaged, magnificent.All that glitters is not gold.. , , , , , .* * * , . IV. : , :: The greatest builder in the Kremlin was Ivan III. Towers, fortifications and magnificent cathedrals of the modern Kremlin date from his reign. He had six towers built within 15 years. The massive round tower you see over there is called Baklemishevskaya. It was built on the south-eastern corner of the Kremlin because it was often the first part of the fortress attacked..: But last time I was here the guide called it the Moskvoretskaya Tower.G.: He might. And we are both right. This tower is frequently referred to nowadays as Moskvoretskaya because of its proximity to the Moskvoretsky Bridge. Many Kremlin towers have two names. The tall round Sviblova Tower you also see from here is more often called Vodovzvodnaya which means Pump Tower, after a machine installed by Christopher Galloway, a British master in 1663 to carry water though lead pipes from the Moskva River to the Kremlin palaces and gardens. Next comes Taynitsky Tower which is the oldest Antonio Friazin supervised its construction as far back as 1485..: Do I understand right that cache means taynik in Russian?G.: You do. There was a secret well or taynik hidden inside it for use in sieges. Its gate was the most direct route from the cathedrals to the river, and the religions procession for the Blessing of the Waters passed through here.To the left next to the Saviour Tower the little Tsar Tower is perched on the wall. Its the youngest and smallest in the Kremlin. The pyramids with gilded streamers, and the fanciful weathercock on top of the peaked roof give it the semblance of a fairy-tale palace. The Tower dates from 1680 but there is a legend that earlier Ivan the Terrible stood at this place on the wall to watch executions in Red Square.Higher up is the Alarm Tower whose bell warned of fires. Catherine II ordered the bells tongue removed after it had been used to summon a mob during the Plague Riot of 1771. Now the tongue is kept in the Armoury.: So it cant be called the Alarm Tower anymore with its tongue so mercilessly removed.G.: Its history. Let it stay. And now we come to the massive and handsome Cathedral of the Assumption with its five gilded domes. The Cathedral was erected on the site of a very small Cathedral of the Assumption founded by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita in 1326..: I heard the new Cathedral is called Uspensky Sobor. Why?G.: One of the most important feasts in the Orthodox Church is that of Uspenia or Assumption into heaven of the Virgin Mary, hence the name..: Was the new Cathedral designed and built by Russian architects?G.: No. According to the Chronicles, Ivan III enlisted the services of an Italian architect known as Aristotle Fioravanti. The Italian arrived in 1475, bringing from the west new engineering techniques and new architectural forms..: But the Cathedral looks typically Russian to me.G.: It certainly does. During the winter of 1475 76, having already laid the foundations some 4 m deep, Fioravanti set on a visit to the ancient Russian cities of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir to acquaint himself with the Russian architectural tradition. The tour was on the instruction of the Tsar himself, who had told his new architect to study the Cathedral of the Assumption at Vladimir in particular..: Why at Vladimir in particular?G.: It was probably to show that Moscow intended to continue the tradition of this ancient Russian city which was the church capital before Metropolitan Peter forsook it..: How long did it take to create such a masterpiece?G.: The creation of the Cathedral took only four years, and its design combined features of the Vladimir Cathedral with some features of West-European architecture. Fioravanti adapted to the tradition so well that two centuries later the traditionalist Patriarch Nikon told architects to use this cathedral as a model.G.: The Cathedral of the Assumption was the scene of many important events. It was here that Ivan III publicly destroyed the Charter under which the Russian princes paid taxes to the Tartar Khans, and thus he symbolically brought to an end the Tartar yoke.The Cathedral, as you see, is really magnificent. It is crowned with fine helmet-shaped golden domes, the central one is, by tradition, larger than the others. The domes are set on massive drums with slit windows..: And what about the interior?G.: The interior is certainly worth seeing. It is noted for its lightness and spaciousness, quite untypical of contemporary Russian churches. The frescoes were created by a group of painters led by the celebrated Dionysius. A few frescoes from that period survived. The walls were coated with guilt and the paintings added later. This method gave them the appearance of a magnificent old illuminated book, as Lady Londendery from your country noted..: I am most curious about the celebrated Russian icons there.G.: Your curiosity will be fully satisfied. As Moscow consolidated its supremacy the Cathedral of the Assumption became the repository for the finest icons in Russia.The cathedral even preserves an icon painted by the great Andrei Rublev (1430). You probably know that 600th birthday of the great artist was observed in 1960 throughout the world and that year was proclaimed the Year of Andrei Rublev by UNESCO..: Sorry. Never heard about it.G.: When you enter the Cathedral, youll see on the southern wall an icon of the life of Metropolitan Peter which is attributed to Dyonysius. Peter, important both as a religious and political figure, paved the way, as I have already mentioned, for the removal of the Metropolitans residence from Vladimir to Moscow.The Throne of Monomakh stands nearby, a splendid example of wood carving. The 12 carvings on the Throne depict the campaigns of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh and the presentation to him of the crown of Monomakh by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomacnus. The legend of the presentation of the crown was used in the 15C 16C to support Moscows claim to be the Third Rome and the heir to Byzantine..: And shall I see the famous crown of Monomakh here?G.: No, the crown can be seen in the Armoury Palace. Its made of eight triangular gold plates and is decorated with precious stones and trimmed with sable.G.: Just out between the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Cathedral of the Annunciation youll see the rectangular Granovitaya Palace which is no doubt worth seeing too.Feodor, son of Ivan IV, had the halls of its largest ball decorated with fine frescoes in the old Byzantine church-painting style.When a state function was to be held in the hall all the shelves there were decorated with silver vessels of all sorts. These were gifts made by foreign monarchs to the Russian Tsars and Emperors. When the state function was over, the magnificent vessels were lodged in the Armoury again..: I heard that the old English silver vessels presented to the Russian Tsar are really superb. I have been assured by connoisseurs who know our English silver collections that we in England have nothing which can be compared to your display in the Kremlin.G.: It might be so. Theres one more curiosity in the hall. High up in the wall you may see a semicircular window which looked into the hall from the womens rooms. According to the old Russian custom, which probably had been affected by contact with Tartars, women could not be present openly at men's debates. As the ladies were curious, the window was built to enable them to see and hear, while they themselves remained invisible. V. (. ).1. There was a secret well (a cache) installed inside the Tainitsky Tower to be used in sieges.

2. - Who supervised the construction of this picturesque Tower?

-I only know it was some celebrated Italian architect who did it.3. The religious processions for the blessing of the Waters used to pass through the Tainitsky Tower gate.

4. - What is the famous Crown of Monomakh decorated with?

- With most precious stones, I believe.5. The Granovitaya Palace has a rectangular form

6. There are some superb silver English vessels on display there gifts to Russian Tsars and Emperors.

7. Ivan IV is said to have watched executions in Red Square standing on the Kremlin wall here.

8. During the Plague Riot the Alarm Tower bell