Put your right hand in the air Point palm downward Put your
right finger on your ear Say This is my favorite ear
Slide 3
Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter
clockwise?
Slide 4
Hemispheres
Slide 5
Right Brain or Left Brain?
Slide 6
What is the structure of the brain? Brain Over 100 Billion
Cells Each part works with others to control what think feel and
do. Comprised of three major parts Lower Brain Mid Brain Cerebrum
and Cerebral Cortex (upper brain)
Slide 7
What does the brain look like?
Slide 8
Brain Stem Mid Brain Lower Brain Upper Brain
Slide 9
What does the lower brain do? Lower Brain primal reaction
aggression
Slide 10
What does the mid brain do? Mid Brain Emotions Sexual instincts
Limbic System Sense of smell Possible connection?
Slide 11
Why is the cerebral cortex so important? Personality: makes us
human Seat of the soul Example: when faced with severe brain injury
to frontal lobe personality sometimes changes completely Strokes,
tumors sometimes causes this Personality: makes us human Seat of
the soul Example: when faced with severe brain injury to frontal
lobe personality sometimes changes completely Strokes, tumors
sometimes causes this
Slide 12
What your brain just did Analyzed instructions to lift right
hand Called on area that controls hand movements in left part of
your brain Called on area that controls hand movements (your finger
did not end up in your eye or nose!) Searched memory bank for words
you needed Put words together into sentence Sent to speech area to
say the words Triggered emotions in mid- brainIs she nuts? Why are
we doing this?
Slide 13
Corpus Callosum Broad, thick band running from side to side and
consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. Connections
between left and right sides of brain. Highway of information it is
the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain!
Slide 14
Where does the brain sit? Central Station of Human Nervous
System CNS (Central Nervous System) Enclosed in the cranium Floats
in cerebrospinal fluid Most common damage: stroke, blunt head
trauma
Slide 15
How is the brain protected? Protected by the thick bones of the
skull Cerebral Cortex covering Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid Isolated from the bloodstream by the
blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the
brain. blood-brain barrier Protected by the thick bones of the
skull Cerebral Cortex covering Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid Isolated from the bloodstream by the
blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the
brain. blood-brain barrier The delicate nature of the human brain
makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. Infection
of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but
is very serious when it occurs. Multiple Sclerosis-mylen,
insulation for nerves, is impaired. Parkinsons Disease, Huntingtons
Chorea = CNS diseases The delicate nature of the human brain makes
it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. Infection of
the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is
very serious when it occurs. Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation
for nerves, is impaired. Parkinsons Disease, Huntingtons Chorea =
CNS diseases
Slide 16
What is the Upper Brain? Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of
brain covers the cerebrum gray matter. Higher level thought 100
Billion nerve cells It is the most highly developed part of the
human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing
and understanding language. It is also the most recent structure in
the history of brain evolution
Slide 17
Summary There are three parts to the brain on a horizontal
level Upper Brain: higher level thinking Mid Brain: (Limbic
System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal
(alertness), and temperature regulation Lower Brain: primitive
functions, aggression, fight or flight Brain Stem: autonomic
functions Two hemispheres right hemisphere controls left, left
hemisphere controls right Brain Dominance Theory: Right brain
dominant art, language, creative. Left brain logical, math,
organized
Slide 18
Fissure: groove along middle of brain Frontal Lobe::reasoning,
personality, Thought, complex thoughts Parietal Lobe: sensory strip
Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Occipital Lobe:
interprets visual information Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing
Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Cerebellum: balance,
coordination Reticular Activating System: alertness Cerebral
cortex: covers brain (gray matter)
Slide 19
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy The only known diagnosis for
CTE occurs by studying the brain tissue after death. CTE has been
most commonly found in professional athletes participating in
American football, who have experienced repetitive brain trauma
show symptoms of dementia, such as memory loss, aggression,
confusion and depression, which generally appear years or many
decades after the trauma. a progressive degenerative disease, which
can only be definitively diagnosed postmortem in individuals with a
history of multiple concussions and other forms of head
injury.
Slide 20
As of December 2012, thirty-three former National Football
American football
Slide 21
Do Now: Reading Phineas Gage: Neurosciences Most Famous
Patient
Slide 22
Slide 23
Reticular Activating System Keeps us alert or puts us to sleep
alcohol mimics reticular system neurons The reason that most drunk
driving accidents are due to drivers falling asleep at the
wheel
Slide 24
Do Now: Draw a Clock
Slide 25
Mini-cog During the mini-cog, a person is asked to complete two
tasks: 1.Remember and a few minutes later repeat the names of three
common objects 2.Draw a face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in
the right places and a time specified by the examiner 3.The results
of this brief test can help a physician determine if further
evaluation is needed.
Slide 26
Mini-mental state exam (MMSE) During the MMSE, a health
professional asks a patient a series of questions designed to test
a range of everyday mental skills. Examples of questions include:
1.Remember and repeat a few minutes later the names of three common
objects (for instance, horse, flower, penny) 2.State the year,
season, day of the week and date 3.Count backward from 100 by 7s or
spell "world" backwards 4.Name two familiar objects in the office
as the examiner points to them 5.Identify the location of the
examiner's office (state, city, street address, floor) 6.Repeat a
common phrase or saying after the examiner 7.Copy a picture of two
interlocking shapes 8.Follow a three-part instruction, such as:
take a piece of paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and
place it on the floor
Slide 27
Disorders of the Brain Attention Deficit Disorder TBI:
Traumatic Brain Injury Alzheimers Disease Dementia with Lewey
Bodies: Although, where Alzheimers disease usually begins quite
gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially
rapid decline in the first few months. While the specific symptoms
in a person with DLB will vary, core features of DLB are: 1)
fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and
alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual
hallucinations. 3.)REM Behavior Disorder
Slide 28
List as many fruits as you can! Get ready, get set GO! Subjects
were asked to list as many types of fruit they could think of in a
second timed test. In 2005, a study was reported in
"Neuropsychologia" in which researchers tested 96 people diagnosed
with Alzheimer's and compared the results to 40 healthy
people.
Slide 29
Researchers found that healthy test subjects were able to list
20 to 25 words in each test, but patients with Alzheimer's could
remember only 10 to 15 words. The Alzheimer's patients were unable
to remember words learned later in life but could remember words
learned in early childhood. This pattern was so consistent that
researchers were able to determine which subjects had Alzheimer's
based on this word loss.
Slide 30
What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose?
Brain stem: internal physical state of body Medulla Oblongata:
breathing, heartbeat Pons: regulates brain during sleep Thalamus:
relay station between senses and cerebral cortex Cerebellum:
balance and movement Limbic system: emotions, memory Hippocampus:
long term memory Amygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very
active during adolescence) Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body
temperature
Slide 31
Split Brain Game
Slide 32
1.Who was Phineas Gage and what did we learn from him? 2.What
part of your brain controls long term memories? Hint: 3.What rare
and controversial procedure is sometimes done to patients with
severe seizure disorders? 1.Who was Phineas Gage and what did we
learn from him? 2.What part of your brain controls long term
memories? Hint: 3.What rare and controversial procedure is
sometimes done to patients with severe seizure disorders? No fair
darn Hippos!!!
Slide 33
Pupillary Response
Slide 34
Central Nervous System BrainSpinal Cord Peripheral Nervous
System Sensory neurons Motor Neurons
Slide 35
What are Neurons? Neurons Cell body DNA, Mitochondria,
Ribosomes (protein) Axons Long cable-like Carries nerve impulse on
length of cell Myelin Thin covering over nerve Like insulated
electrical wire Dendrites Branches connect to/communicate with
other cells Located at either end of cell
Slide 36
What are Neurons? A neuron is a nerve cell Neurons transmit
information throughout the body in both chemical and electrical
forms to send information to other cells. The axon and dendrites
are specialized structures designed to transmit and receive
information. The connections between cells are known as a synapses.
Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters into these
synapses to communicate with other neurons.
Slide 37
Motor Neuron Sensory Neuron Inter Neuron Neurotransmitters I
travel from brain to body I travel from body to brain I connect
sensory and motor neurons We put information into electrochemical
messages transmitted by sensory neurons What he said. The Role of
Neurons in your Brain
Slide 38
Quick Review: Synapses, neurotransmitters & neuronsoh my!
Neuron Gather and transmit electric and chemical signals Synapse
Point where 2 or more neurons connect, (pass info) Signals travel
up to several feet Neurotransmitters Chemicals in the endings of
nerve cells that send information across synapse
Dopamine Motor Functions Too much Schizophrenia (theory) Too
little Parkinson's and other movement diseases Motor Functions Too
much Schizophrenia (theory) Too little Parkinson's and other
movement diseases Acetylcholine Attention and R.E.M. Sleep Inducer
Too little: muscle weakness Attention and R.E.M. Sleep Inducer Too
little: muscle weakness Endorphin Relieve pain, Natural form of
morphine (woo hoo!) Serotonin chemical that helps maintain a "happy
feeling," helps with sleep, anxiety, depression GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid amino acid that helps induce relaxation and
sleep builds muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting over-
excitation amino acid that helps induce relaxation and sleep builds
muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting over- excitation
What are Some Neurotransmitters made up of?
Slide 41
Sensory Neurons: Travel from body to brain Motor Neurons:
Travel from brain to body Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor
neurons Neurotransmitters: Chemicals in the endings of nerve cells
that send information across synapse Central Nervous System: Brain
and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System: Stem off from spinal
cord What did we learn?
Slide 42
What are reflexes? A reflex is an involuntary or automatic,
action that your body does in response to something - without you
even having to think about it. There are many types of reflexes and
every healthy person has them. In fact, we're born with most of
themand most of them fade by age 6 months. Some infant reflexes
that show up in adulthood can be signs of neurological
disease.
Slide 43
Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm it. For
example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, a reflex causes you
to immediately remove your hand before a "Hey, this is hot!"
message even gets to your brain Blinking when something flies
toward your eyes or raising your arm if a ball is thrown your way.
Even coughing and sneezing are reflexes. They clear the airways of
irritating things
Slide 44
Common Reflexes Babinski (foot) Moro (startle) Tonic (fencing)
Rooting (sucking) Pupillary (eyes constriction Or dilation) Galant
(leaning against side of spine that is stroked)
Slide 45
Babinski on Infant
Slide 46
Babinski Reflex Babinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves
toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the
sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. This reflex, or sign, is
normal in younger children, but abnormal after the age of 2 The
presence of a Babinski's reflex after age 2 is a sign of damage to
the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain
Slide 47
Babinski Explanation
Slide 48
Moro
Slide 49
Moro Reflex Arms will rapidly fan out as if startled. It is
normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age
Absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system.
Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is
noted only in infants with severe neurological defects It is
believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns
Slide 50
Moro Reflex in baby kitten too
Slide 51
Tonic (Fencers) Reflex known as the fencing reflex" because of
the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which
resembles that of a trained fencer. Beyond the first months of life
may indicate that the child has developmental delays, at which
point the reflex is atypical or abnormal. For example, in children
with cerebral palsy the reflexes may persist and even be more
pronounced.
What have we learned about reflexes? Types of reflexes: Knee
Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic) Primitive reflexes in
adulthood often sign of neurological disease Absence of reflexes in
infancy neurologicial problem Normal reflexes protect us. Reflexes
use interneurons not sensory or motor neurons. Types of reflexes:
Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic) Primitive reflexes in
adulthood often sign of neurological disease Absence of reflexes in
infancy neurologicial problem Normal reflexes protect us. Reflexes
use interneurons not sensory or motor neurons.
Slide 56
Reading
Slide 57
Slide 58
Knee Jerk or (DTR) reflex The reflex that the doctor checks by
tapping your knee is called the patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex. It
is also known as a deep tendon reflex (DTR) This tap stretches the
tendon and the muscle in the thigh that connects to it.tendonmuscle
A message then gets sent to the spinal cord that the muscle has
been stretched. The spinal cord very quickly sends a message back
to the muscle telling it to contract. The contraction of the muscle
causes your lower leg to kick out.
Slide 59
Do Now: In reality, Dr. Sacks was conducting a double blind
study with 50% of the group on the L-Dopa and the rest on a
placebo. When Dr. Sacks saw the respons, he immediately put the
entire group on the drug. The family members had to sign approvals
releasing the hospital from responsibility. Do you think this was
ethical? Why/Why not? Even though Dr. Sayer was the doctor and
Leonard was the patient do you think he learned anything from
Leonard. Do you think it wouldve been better for the patients to
remain in their frozen states rather than giving them back life for
only a summer? Awakenings final day
Slide 60
Headaches Vascular Headaches: Migraines Muscle Headaches:
Cluster, Tension Worst Headache of your life! aneurism Seizures:
Grand Mal, Petit Mal, Absence
Slide 61
Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic)
Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological disease
Normal adult reflexes protect us. Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk,
Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic) Primitive reflexes in adulthood
often sign of neurological disease Normal adult reflexes protect
us.
Slide 62
Dr. Oliver Sacks In 1966 Dr. Sacks began working as a
consulting neurologist for Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx, a
chronic care hospital where he encountered an extraordinary group
of patients, many of whom had spent decades in strange, frozen
states, like human statues, unable to initiate movement. He
recognized these patients as survivors of the great pandemic of
sleepy sickness that had swept the world from 1916 to 1927, and
treated them with a then- experimental drug, L-dopa, which enabled
them to come back to life. They became the subjects of his book
Awakenings, which later inspired a play by Harold Pinter ("A Kind
of Alaska") and the Oscar-nominated feature film ("Awakenings")
with Robert De Niro and Robin Williams. Dr. Sacks is a NYT
bestselling author and award winning Neurologist. You can reach him
at This film is based on a true story
Slide 63
Do you remember? Why do we have reflexes? Describe two reflexes
you have now Describe one reflex you dont have anymore and why
