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DNV GL © 2016
JRC Petten ● 22-23 September 2016
Putting Science into Standards (PSIS)
Workshop 2016 "Driving Towards Decarbonisation of Transport:
Safety, Performance, Second life and Recycling of Automotive Batteries
for e-Vehicles"
Session 3:
Second life applications
Industry:
Bart in ’t Groen - DNVGL
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life applications -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life application -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
10 / 50 kV regional transport
DSO
medium voltage
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Continues evolution of the electricity grid
large scale production
International connections
industry
220 / 380 kV Interregional transport
TSO
110 / 150 kV
Regional transport
bio fermitation
combined heat power
wind park
distribution grid
400/ 230 V
Low voltage
consumer
industry
business
Local RES
Railway
marine
large scale RES
Source: De Bosatlas van de energie; november 2012
Transmission grid
DNV GL © 2016
e-bike + PV
HEMS + PV
Marine - Large vessels - Barges
10 / 50 kV regional transport
DSO
medium voltage
Wind (grid support)
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Continues evolution of the electricity grid
large scale production
International connections
Transmission grid
industry
220 / 380 kV Interregional transport
TSO
110 / 150 kV
Regional transport
bio fermitation
combined heat power
Railway Grid support
wind park
distribution grid
400/ 230 V
Low voltage
consumer
industry
business
Local RES
CES (island)
Railway
marine
Utility vehicles
(pumped) Hydro Secondary
reserve
Primary Reserve UPS
large scale RES
Wind (grid support)
CSP
Geothermal
Source: De Bosatlas van de energie; november 2012
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| High RES penetration; intermittency – imbalance supply / demand
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| High RES penetration; Day – night imbalance on the grid for solar energy
Battery Reuse for
local electricity storage
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Grid imbalance, problems occur at different time scales
Second based control
• Ancillary services
• Primary/Secondary reserve
Day- load shifting
• Energy Management Systems
Seasonal load shifting
• Hydro storage
50,06
50,04
50,02
50,00
49,98
49,96
49,94
Frequency (Hz)
Seconds day
Pow
er
Solar Power
Network Load
Solar Power Solar power
year
Network load
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Grid imbalance; instruments to allow high RES penetration……
Flexible Power Demandside management
Supergrid Energy storage
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Second life; Reusing batteries for storage of RES-energy
Increasing market: Renewable
Energy
Increasing market: Energy storage
Increasing market: Electric vehicles
Electric vehicle: http://www.globalinfodirect.com/electric-vehicles-future-automobile-industry/ Irena study: http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&PriMenuID=36&CatID=141&SubcatID=604
DNV GL © 2016
E-storage demand
Battery Reuse for
local electricity storage
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Second Life; providing cheap electricity storage
Valu
e
First life Second life
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Battery Service life
rem
ain
ing
ca
pa
cit
y [
%]
number of cycles
Second Life: 70 - 80% Capacity
100% DoD
80% DoD
20% DoD
e.g. PV Recycling: 50 - 60% Capacity
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| An End of Life Question?
SECOND LIFE Refurbish for high value Grid Applications
Appraisal /
Check
Recycling Material recovery
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Various ways to implement second life
1st life battery pack module 1
module 2
module 3
module 4
module 5
module x
Stack of 2ndlife batteries packs
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
Stack of 2ndlife batteries packs
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
2nd life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module y
1st life battery pack module 1
module 2
module 3
module 4
module 5
module x
pow
er
time
1st life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module 3
module 4
module 5
module x
1st life battery pack
module 1
module 2
module 3
module 4
module 5
module x
or..
First life Second life
DNV GL © 2016
Creating a business chain for second life batteries| Various ways to implement second life
dc/ac grid
Battery Pack 1
Storage system
Battery Pack 2
Battery Pack 4
Battery Pack 3
Complete packs
dc/ac grid
Storage system
universal
box 1
universal
box 2
universal
box 4
universal
box 5
universal
box 3
universal
box 6
Universal box
both have advantages & disadvantages
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life application -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
Different kind of
Storage
applications
Involvement of Stakeholders | Second Life; involved stakeholders
experience
money
right
Collection Refurbishment of
batteries
Government
data
Distribution centre Energy storage
(consumer)
EoL battery 2nd life bat.
Energy storage
(industry)
Electricity market
2nd life bat.
Advisory roll
service
EoL battery
Consumers
OEMS
EV
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life application -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
State of health batteries; technical requirements | State of health check
Visual inspection
Open circuit voltage measurements
kWh capacity
Remaining cycle life
Rated power
Discharge time at rated power
DC ohmic resistance
Efficiency
Self discharge
Source http://www.mpoweruk.com/lithium_failures.htm
DNV GL © 2016
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Separator
State of health batteries; technical requirements | Cell types (by combinations of materials)
Source: A Roadmap for the Next Generation of Batteries Materials, Chemistries, Performance and Cost; Kai-Christian Möller; Project Group Electrochemical Energy Storage; Fraunhofer, 3 Israeli Power Sources Conference 2013 (Powerpoint presentation)
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life application -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage|
Optimizing supply and demand
Minimizing OPEX and CAPEX
Integration of Renewable Energy
Power Quality
Base load operation
APX
System balancing
CAPEX delay prod. capacity
Increased turbine efficiency
Support renewable energy
Black start facilities
Frequency and reactive control
Postponing investment in
transport capacity
Reducing Net losses
Alternative transport
Congestion management
Volt control
Day night tariff
< connection-capacity
Minimising AC/DC conversion
Support decentral production
Support for downtimes
Island operation
> Reliability
Bulk Storage; >50 MW Utility Scale; 0,1-10 MW
Aggregated Utility
Scale; 2-50 MW
Production/trade Transmission/Distribution Final user
Behind the meter; <10MW
Generation Distribution
Commercial,
industrial &
residential
Transmission
Value areas for storage
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage| Capturing the value of storage
24
Bulk storage
applications
Large renewable support –
shifting, smoothing or
firming
Fossil generation support
Contingency reserve,
resource adequacy
Utility scale
applications
Distribution circuit
upgrade deferral
PV smoothing
Customer scale
applications
Customer bill
management
Outage mitigation
DNV GL proprietary tools
Bulk Storage>50 MW Utility scale 100kW-2MW
Generation Transmission
Distribution
Commercial,
industrial &
residential
Aggregated utility Scale 2-50 MW
Distributed scale 25kW-100kW
KERMIT grid simulation
PLEXOS production cost
PLATOS distribution valuation
SOPRA optimizer end use
Micro-grid
applications
Remote eff-grid
Islands
Energy
independence
Battery XT Aging
Battery use
Battery
capacity fade
algorithms
Loss as function
of T, C-rate,
SOC, DOD
Based on
chemistry test
results
DNV GL © 2016 25
Home Energy Management
System (HEMS) + PV
Utilities vehicles e.g. Forklift,
golfcars…
Marine;
Large vessels Marine;
Barges
Secondairy reserve
Community E-Storage systems for grid support Community Energy
Storage systems with RES, Island
situation
Rail station application for grid
support
Primary spinning reserves
Wind power for grid support
Uninterruptable Power Supply
(UPS)
E bike station +PV
Grid connected
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage| Fields of applications
Source: DNV GL ‘routekaart energieopslag’
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage| Second life Application: Pampus Power island
Pampus - Avoided Grid cost: € 2 000 000 for a cable
Aim: Autarky rate of 70%, local RE production and local use with a 24
kWh battery (without the diesel generator / grid)
http://www.pampus.nl/en/
Pampus - Avoided Grid cost: € 2 000 000 for a cable Aim: Autarky rate of 70%, local RE production and local use with a 24 kWh battery (without the diesel generator / grid)
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage| Refurbishment: From single cells to a 30 kWh battery container
28
DNV GL © 2016
Applications for energy storage| Carbon footprint analysis for second life batteries
http://www.arn.nl/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Carbon-Footprint-Analyse-2BCycled.pdf
DNV GL © 2016
Index - Second life application -
Creating a
business chain for second
life batteries
Involvement of
Stakeholders
State of health batteries;
technical requirements on measurements
and analysis of batteries
Applications for energy storage
by second life batteries
Future recommendat
ions (standardization and
R&D for battery reuse)
DNV GL © 2016
Defining building
blocks for an open
competitive market
place
Continuous updates
following technology
development and
end-user applications
Industrial Recommended Practice (DNVGL-RP-0043) on grid-connected energy storage
Guidelines and methods to evaluate, assess and test safety, operation and performance of grid-connected ES
Referencing ISO, IEC and IEEE standards if possible, enhancing where needed
Industry supported: created by consortium of 7 parties, 36 parties involved in review process
Comprehensive
Free to use
Future recommendations | Second life batteries could provide economic and environmental benefits
For more information, see www.dnvgl.com/services/gridstor-recommended-practice-for-grid-connected-energy-
storage-52177 and rules.dnvgl.com/docs/pdf/DNVGL/RP/2015-12/DNVGL-RP-0043.pdf
Research & demonstration topics:
• Dismantling / refurbishment / Safety
• Demonstrations needed
• Business case analysis,
• State of health determination,
• Legislative and juridical aspects
• Economics / Environmental benefits
Standardization for energy storage and second life applications
• Communication protocols BMS
• Energy storage for second life batteries, e.g. state of health determination, risk mitigation etc.
DNV GL © 2016
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
Thank you
32
Bart in ´t Groen
+31 26 356 2258 Department Renewables & Storage NL; New Energy Technologies (NET) Utrechtseweg 310, 6812 AR Arnhem (Building B31) P.O. Box 9035, 6800 ET Arnhem The Netherlands
DNV GL © 2016
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
Thank you
33
Bart in ´t Groen
+31 26 356 2258 Department Renewables & Storage NL; New Energy Technologies (NET) Utrechtseweg 310, 6812 AR Arnhem (Building B31) P.O. Box 9035, 6800 ET Arnhem The Netherlands
