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PUTTING VOLUNTEER WORK ON THE ECONOMIC MAP OF THE WORLD:
WHY AND HOW?
Warsaw, Poland| September 2011
Lester M. Salamon Johns Hopkins University
A joint venture of:
+ European Volunteering Agencies
and European Statistics Agencies
THE EUROPEAN VOLUNTEER MEASUREMENT PROJECT
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
1. An enormous “renewable resource” for societal problem-solving.
Kenya
Israel
Pakistan
Australia
Belgium
Italy
Slovakia Germany
United Kingdom
Denmark
France
Sweden
Norway
The Netherlands
Finland
Austria
Switzerland Czech Republic
Poland
Romania
Russia
Hungary United States
Mexico
Colombia
Brazil
Chile
Canada
Uganda Argentina
South Africa
Peru
Tanzania
Ghana Lebanon India
Thailand
New Zealand
Morocco
Portugal
Spain
Ireland
Egypt
Japan
Korea
The Philippines
Turkey
COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR PROJECT COUNTRIES The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING? Contribution to GDP volunteers vs. selected industries, Canada
5
10
15 $14.1 billion
Volunteers
$12.8 billion
Agriculture Motor Vehicle Mfg.
$6.1 billion
The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
Volunteer input as a share of total private
philanthropy, 36 countries
Value of volunteering,
68%
Charitable giving,
32%
The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Paid workers, 56%
Volunteers, 44%
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
44 percent of nonprofit workforce in CNP countries
The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING? EU volunteer workforce vs. adult population of selected EU countries
7.5 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7 9.5
13.3 18.2
32.0 36.8
48.7 48.9 49.4
70.9
Sweden Hungary Belgium
Czech Republic Portugal
Greece Netherlands
Romania Poland
Spain France
Italy United Kingdom
Germany 115.9 EU "Volunteerland"
Number of people over 15 (millions)
The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
EU volunteer economy vs. selected EU national economies
282 EU "Volunteerland"
106 158 163 195 203 208
245
298 303
513 883
909 1,172
1,835 2,820
Portugal Finland Ireland Greece Austria
Denmark Poland
Sweden Belgium
Netherlands Italy
Spain France
United Kingdom Germany
2005 Euros (billion)
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
1. An enormous “renewable resource” for societal problem-solving.
2. Gross lack of reliable data.
METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS
Small samples
Impractical “recall period” (1 year)
No info on hours volunteered
Uneven use of prompts
Limited coverage/classification of activities
Divergent definitions
METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS
Divergent definitions “volunteering and charitable activities” (Gallup Worldview Survey)
“…belong to and currently do any unpaid voluntary work for” (10 types of orgs) (World Values Survey, pre-2002)
“…activities..for the general public good…where monetary reward is not the principal motivating factor.” (U.N. General Assembly, 2001)
“unpaid volunteer activities…through or for an organization” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)
“…time given freely to any organization [aimed at] benefiting people or a particular cause.”(UK Volunteer Center, 1990s)
METHODOLOGICAL CHAOS
Competing realities: UK
• Organizational work
National Survey of Volunteering UK, 1997
• Formal volunteering 48%
European Quality of Life Survey, 2007 Gallup Worldview Survey, 2010
• “Organizational volunteering” 29%
Harmonized European Time Use Survey, 2009
2%
• Informal volunteering 74% • “volunteering and
charitable activities” 31%
• “Helping strangers” 52%
• Informal help to others 10%
Survey Definition Volunteer
rate
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
1. An enormous “renewable resource” for societal problem-solving.
2. Gross lack of reliable data.
3. “What can’t be measured can’t be managed.”
4. Out of sight/out of mind—limits recruitment.
5. Not possible to assess what’s working.
6. Fulfill a United Nations and EC recommendation.
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
“The General Assembly calls on member states to…[establish] the economic value of volunteering….”
UN Resolution on the Year of the Volunteer, 2001
“A major constraint continues to be a limited availability of specific data on volunteer contributions…”
Report of the Secretary General on Implementation of the Year of the Volunteer, July 2005
THE ROAD TO WARSAW
KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK MEASUREMENT OF NPIS
NPI satellite account
Volunteer labour
THE ROAD TO WARSAW
WHY MEASURE VOLUNTEERING?
“Insufficient data” is one of “the potential obstacles to volunteering” in Europe.
European Commission, 2011
EC Policy recommendations to Member States: “Research and data collection on volunteering should be encouraged at the national level. In this context, the use of the International Labour Organisation’s Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work and the United Nations Handbook on Nonprofit Organizations is recommended.”
European Commission, 2011
PUTTING VOLUNTEER WORK ON THE ECONOMIC MAP OF THE WORLD
Johns Hopkins, International Labour Organization,
and United Nations Join Forces
April 30, 2007 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
THE ROAD TO WARSAW
TECHNICAL EXPERTS GROUP
University of Paris-Sorbonne University of Nairobi Yonsei University, South Korea Institute for Volunteering
Research, UK CEMEFI, México United Nations Volunteers INSEE, France Statistics Norway National Statistical Office,
Korea
Central Statistical Authority, Ethiopia Statistics South Africa Australian Bureau of Statistics IBGE, Brazil Central Statistical Office,
Poland Statistics Canada OECD, France Statistics New Zealand El Colégio de México
THE ROAD TO WARSAW
THE ROAD TO WARSAW
:
APPROACH
1. Use of labour force surveys
2. Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering.”
A broad definition
“Unpaid non-compulsory work; that is, time individuals give without pay to activities
performed either through organizations or directly for others outside their own household.”
DEFINING VOLUNTEERING
1. Use of labor force surveys
2. Broad definition—but no mention of “volunteering”
3. Short survey module
4. Four-week reference period
5. Activity focus
APPROACH
THE SURVEY MODULE
What does the survey module ask? The module does not use the word volunteering.
“So far I have been asking you about paid work. The next few questions are about unpaid non-compulsory work that you did, that is, time you gave without pay to activities performed either through organizations or directly for others outside your own household.”
What does the survey module ask? “In the last four weeks did you spend any time on
this kind of unpaid activity?”
How many hours?
What did you do?
THE SURVEY MODULE
KEY VARIABLES
Activity ISCO-88
Code
Served as an usher or a greeter 3480
Protecting the environment 2211
Nursing & Midwifery 323
Building caretaking 914
What does the survey module ask? “In the last four weeks did you spend any time on
this kind of unpaid activity?” How many hours? What did you do? Directly or through an organization? Name or kind of organization? 5 Prompts (for those unable to recall).
THE SURVEY MODULE
“Screening” questions to check on: Special events, disasters that may have affected
volunteering over the past year. Compulsory service requirements? Work for relatives? Reimbursement for volunteering? International volunteering Other possible items of interest (motivations,
barriers, etc).
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE IN MANUAL
WHAT WILL WE LEARN?
How many volunteers and who are they?
How many hours they volunteer.
What jobs volunteers perform.
Economic value of volunteer work.
Organizational auspices of work (direct/ nonprofit/for-profit/government).
Fields in which volunteering occurs.
WHAT CAN THESE DATA PRODUCE?
Volunteer rates
“Value added” by volunteering—overall and by field
The State of Volunteering in Country X reports
The State of Volunteering in Europe reports
HOW CAN YOU USE THESE DATA …
Boost visibility and respect for volunteering Improve volunteer management Permit valid cross-country comparisons Document volunteering’s economic
contribution Encourage supportive public policies Fulfill U.N.mandate. Encourage more volunteering Clarify the true size of the labour force
WHY? WE NEED YOUR HELP
To call attention to the ILO Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work in your country.
To promote its adoption by your statistical agency.
To monitor their progress.
To disseminate and promote the resulting information.
HOW YOUR ORGANIZATION CAN HELP
1. Join the European Volunteer Measurement Project by emailing us at [email protected] or [email protected].
2. Determine the status of volunteer measurement in your country.
3. Convene meetings of key stakeholders. Get word of the Manual out.
4. Make ILO Manual implementation part of your country’s National Plan for the 2011 European Year of Volunteering.
5. Translate and disseminate project information as needed.
6. Make contact with labour statistics officials to encourage implementation of the Manual.
7. Organise a launch event for the project.
8. Work in partnership with labour statistics officials to implement the ILO Manual.
9. Disseminate the resulting data and make the results widely known.
10. Keep us informed of your progress!!
HOW YOUR ORGANIZATION CAN HELP
