PVC Compounds and Processing - polymerjournals.com · PVC Compounds and Processing ... academic institutions and research associations with an interest in polymer science. ... IRC

ISBN 1-85957-472-6

PVC Compounds andProcessing

Stuart Patrick(FLD Enterprises Inc.)

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Item 1Macromolecules33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- andether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injectionmoulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on thevariations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with timeobserved during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicatedthat variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealingvery much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with timeduring isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experimentsindicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in theheating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphaseseparation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs couldnot be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus variedwith temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

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ISBN 1-85957-472-6

PVC Compounds andProcessing

Stuart Patrick(FLD Enterprises Inc.)

PVC Compounds and Processing

1

Contents

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 PVC Compounds ............................................................................................................................ 3

1.3 History............................................................................................................................................. 3

2 PVC Industry ........................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 PVC Resin ....................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Vinyl Chloride Manufacture ............................................................................................... 42.1.2 Homopolymers ................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Copolymers and Terpolymers ......................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)............................................................................................................... 7

2.4 PVC Resin Characterisation ........................................................................................................... 7

2.4.1 Molecular Weight ............................................................................................................... 72.4.2 Particle Size ........................................................................................................................ 72.4.3 Bulk Powder Properties ...................................................................................................... 7

2.5 Key Additives ................................................................................................................................. 8

2.6 Processing Techniques .................................................................................................................... 8

2.7 Industry Outline .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.7.1 PVC Resin Producers ......................................................................................................... 82.7.2 PVC Compounders ............................................................................................................. 82.7.3 Global Market by Application ............................................................................................ 9

3 Health and Environmental Aspects of PVC ........................................................................................ 10

3.1 VCM and PVC Production ........................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Plasticisers .................................................................................................................................... 10

3.2.1 Phthalates .......................................................................................................................... 103.2.2 Adipates .............................................................................................................................11

3.3 Heat Stabilisers ..............................................................................................................................11

3.3.1 Lead Based Stabilisers .......................................................................................................113.3.2 Organotin Stabilisers .........................................................................................................113.3.3 Bisphenol A/Alkylphenols ................................................................................................113.3.4 Epoxidised Soya Bean Oil (ESBO) .................................................................................. 12

3.4 Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 12

3.4.1 Incineration ....................................................................................................................... 123.4.2 Landfill ............................................................................................................................. 123.4.3 Recycling .......................................................................................................................... 12

4 Additives, Formulations and Applications .......................................................................................... 12

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 12

4.2 Heat Stabilisers ............................................................................................................................. 12

4.2.1 Solid Stabilisers ................................................................................................................ 144.2.2 Liquid Stabilisers .............................................................................................................. 15

4.3 Plasticisers .................................................................................................................................... 16


2

4.3.1 Phthalate Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 164.3.2 Polymeric Plasticisers....................................................................................................... 18

4.4 Multifunctional Additives ............................................................................................................. 18

4.5 Property Modifiers ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.5.1 Process Aids...................................................................................................................... 184.5.2 Impact Modifiers .............................................................................................................. 194.5.3 Heat Distortion Temperature Modification ...................................................................... 194.5.4 Modifiers for Semi-Rigid and Plasticised Applications ................................................... 19

4.6 Lubricants ..................................................................................................................................... 20

4.7 Fillers ............................................................................................................................................ 20

4.7.1 Calcium Carbonate ........................................................................................................... 204.7.2 Wood Fillers/Fibres/Flour Composites ............................................................................ 214.7.3 Glass Beads/Glass Fibre ................................................................................................... 214.7.4 Conductive and Magnetic Fillers ..................................................................................... 214.7.5 Other Fillers ...................................................................................................................... 214.7.6 Nanocomposites ............................................................................................................... 21

4.8 Flame Retardants (FR) and Smoke Suppressants (SS) ................................................................ 22

4.9 Pigments ........................................................................................................................................ 23

4.10 Biocides ........................................................................................................................................ 23

4.11 Blowing Agents ............................................................................................................................. 24

4.12 Antioxidants and Light Stabilisers ............................................................................................... 24

4.13 Other Additives for PVC-P ........................................................................................................... 24

4.13.1 Antistatic Agents .............................................................................................................. 244.13.2 Viscosity Modifiers .......................................................................................................... 254.13.3 Antifogging Agents .......................................................................................................... 254.13.4 Bonding Agents ................................................................................................................ 25

4.14 Formulations ................................................................................................................................. 25

4.14.1 PVC-U Compounds and Testing ...................................................................................... 254.14.2 Crosslinked PVC .............................................................................................................. 254.14.3 Medical and Food Contact Use ........................................................................................ 264.14.4 Membranes ....................................................................................................................... 26

5 Compounding and Processing Technology .......................................................................................... 27

5.1 Compounding................................................................................................................................ 27

5.1.1 Dry Blend Mixing ............................................................................................................ 275.1.2 Melt Compounding........................................................................................................... 275.1.3 Liquid PVC Blending ....................................................................................................... 28

5.2 Processing ..................................................................................................................................... 28

5.2.1 Gelation ............................................................................................................................ 285.2.2 Extrusion........................................................................................................................... 295.2.3 Injection Moulding ........................................................................................................... 315.2.4. Extrusion Blow Moulding ................................................................................................ 315.2.5 Orientation ........................................................................................................................ 325.2.6 Calendering....................................................................................................................... 325.2.7 Moulding Processes for Plastisols and Pastes .................................................................. 33

6 Fabrication and Treatment ................................................................................................................... 34


3

6.1 Thermoforming ............................................................................................................................. 34

6.2 Surface Modification Processes .................................................................................................... 34

6.3 Coatings ........................................................................................................................................ 34

6.4 Adhesion ....................................................................................................................................... 35

7 PVC and Sustainable Development ..................................................................................................... 35

7.1 Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 36

7.1.1 PVC Rich Waste - Mechanical Recycling ........................................................................ 367.1.2 PVC Feedstock Recycling ................................................................................................ 387.1.3 Incineration/Energy Recovery .......................................................................................... 38

8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 38

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... 39

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 39

Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 41

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database .......................................................................................... 43

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 147

Company Index ............................................................................................................................................ 159


4

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3

1 Introduction

1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride

In the excellent previous Rapra Review Report on thissubject (464) the authors mentioned briefly theenvironmental assaults on polyvinyl chloride (knownas PVC or vinyl), but correctly considered them to beoutside the scope of that technical review. However,events have moved on considerably in the discussionson sustainability issues and this author believes thatno review would be complete without including thesubstantial efforts made by the PVC industry in thisarea.

PVC is a product based on two of the earth’s naturalresources, salt and oil. Salt water electrolysis yieldschlorine (in addition to caustic soda and hydrogen).Ethylene can be derived from naphtha when oil isrefined. Chlorine and ethylene can be combined to formthe monomer, vinyl chloride (VCM). PVC results fromthe polymerisation of vinyl chloride.

PVC cannot be processed on its own due to its verylow thermal stability and high melt viscosity. Therefore,it is necessary to combine with the polymer a numberof suitable additives to give a wide and varied range ofproperties to satisfy many different end-useapplications. It is this scope for generating a wide rangeof properties through appropriate formulation that givesPVC a broad application coverage that is unmatchedby any other commodity thermoplastic. Its durability(85% is used in medium- to long-term life spanapplications), linked to its cost effectiveness, has madeit the second largest commodity plastic afterpolyethylene.

1.2 PVC Compounds

PVC compounds are based on the combination of thepolymer and additives that give the formulationnecessary for the end-use. The convention in recordingthe additive concentration is based on parts per hundredof the PVC resin (phr). The compound is generated byintimately mixing together the ingredients, which issubsequently converted into the gelled article underthe influence of heat (and shear). Depending on thetype of PVC and additives, the compound prior togelation, can be a free-flowing powder (known as adry blend) or a liquid in the form of a paste or solution.

PVC compounds can be formulated, using plasticisers,into flexible materials, usually called PVC-P.Compounds without plasticiser for rigid applicationsare designated PVC-U.

1.3 History

The existence of the monomer, vinyl chloride, wasreported by Regnault in 1835, but the ability of thismonomer to polymerise was not fully known at thattime. The effect of sunlight on vinyl chloride was laterinvestigated by Baumann in 1872, when it wasobserved that a tough white substance formed as a resultof exposure.

Very little significant advance was then made until1912-1916 when Fritz Klatte discovered the basis forthe production of PVC. Patents were granted for themanufacture of vinyl chloride by reacting hydrogenchloride gas with acetylene at 180 °C in the presenceof metal chlorides as the catalysts. They also referredto polymerisation by sunlight and suggested some usesfor the polymer.

Pilot plant production of PVC resins began in Germanyin 1931 followed by the USA in 1933. The beginningof PVC as a technically useful product stemmed fromthe patent disclosures of Semon of the BF GoodrichCompany and Reid of Carbide and Carbon Chemicalsin 1933/34. It was discovered that PVC became aflexible material that resembled rubber or leather whenit was heated in the presence of a high boiling liquid.This led to the use of phthalate esters as plasticisersfor PVC giving a material that was processable atacceptable melt temperatures into products which werepermanently soft and flexible.

The industrial production of PVC using emulsion andsuspension technology had occurred in Germany, theUSA and the UK by the start of World War II. DuringWorld War II, the acute shortage of rubber accelerateddevelopments in this area, including cable insulationand sheathing.

During this period, heat stabilisers were first used inPVC formulations. In a further development duringWorld War II, German engineers produced rigid sheetand pipe, although PVC-U was generally consideredtoo brittle for practical use. Early PVC processing wascarried out on machinery originally developed forrubber and celluloid, namely compounding,calendering, compression moulding and extrusion.


4

2 PVC Industry

2.1 PVC Resin

2.1.1 Vinyl Chloride Manufacture

Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is produced from thechlorination of ethylene and pyrolysis of the resultingethylene dichloride (EDC) in a cracking unit (seeFigure 1).

An oxychlorination unit, in which recycled hydrogenchloride is reacted with further ethylene feedstock inthe presence of catalyst and oxygen, is also employedto generate further quantities of EDC, while excesshydrogen is oxidised to form water. Figure 2 is aschematic representation of the process. Theoxychlorination reaction is shown in Figure 3.

A new technology based on ethane-to-VCM is alsobeing developed (461).

Figure 2

The vinyl chloride monomer production process(after EVC International NV with permission)

Figure 3

CH2 = CH2 + 2HCl + ½ O2 CH2Cl - CH2Cl + H2O

CH2Cl - CH2Cl thermal decomposition CH2 = CHCl + HCl

EDC vinylchloride

hydrogenchloride

Figure 1

CH2 = CH2 + Cl2

ethylene chlorine EDC

ClH2C - CH2Cl

Ethylene

Oxygen

Ethylene

Chlorine

Oxychlorination

Direct chlorination

EDC purification EDC cracking

Hydrogen chloride recycle

WaterBy-products

VCM


5

VCM boils at -13.4 °C and is normally stored as a liquidunder pressure. It forms explosive mixtures with airand is toxic (carcinogenic).

2.1.2 Homopolymers

The VCM repeat unit is linked in a head-to-tail fashionand the number of repeat units can range between500 and 1,500. This corresponds to a theoreticalmolecular weight range of approximately 30,000 to95,000. The properties of PVC are influenced by itsaverage molecular weight and its molecular weightdistribution. The chemical structure deviates from thetheoretical chain with chain branching occurring duringpolymerisation. Details are covered in Section 4.

Commercial PVC polymers are essentially amorphousbut also have a crystalline phase amounting toapproximately 10% and a two-dimensionally orderednematic phase depending on processing history.

The glass transition temperature of PVC homopolymerlies in the range of 70-80 °C.

2.1.2.1 The Suspension Polymerisation Process

Suspension polymerised PVC (S-PVC) ismanufactured (see Figure 4) when VCM ispolymerised in large scale batch reactors (autoclaves)in the presence of water, initiators (organic peroxides)which are soluble in VCM and a protective colloid tostabilise the suspension. Other additives are pHregulators to counteract acidity and antifoaming agents(150). Depending on the dosage and nature of theprotective colloid and the stirring conditions, the

monomer droplets can agglomerate to a greater or lesserextent in the course of the polymerisation. The reactioncan be chemically short-stopped when the desiredconversion has been reached by the use of particularphenolics (148).

The suspended droplets of liquid monomer areprogressively converted to solid or porous PVCparticles. Unreacted VCM is stripped from the polymerand water is separated by centrifuging. The polymer isthen dried, typically in fluidised bed drying equipment.Prior to start-up of the next polymerisation cycle, thereactor is cleaned and coated with an antifouling agent.The mechanism of action of antifouling agents has beenstudied (149).

Recent investigations covering S-PVC polymerisationare to be found in (35, 166, 318, 345, 429). Topics coverimproved reactor economics, polymerisation in thepresence of calcium carbonate, secondary stabilisersto impart higher grain porosity to assist in improvingVCM removal and plasticiser uptake, initiatorstabilisers and an investigation on the effects ofpolymerisation conditions on PVC particles.

Typical suspension polymerised PVC has a meanparticle size of 100-150 µm with a range of 50-250 µm.The particles are complex and irregular in shape witha dense semipermeable skin.

S-PVC is the most common type of resin (around 85%of total PVC produced) used in both rigid and flexibleapplications and grades are formulated to meet anextensive range of requirements such as, highplasticiser absorption for flexible products, or high bulkdensity and good powder flow required for rigidextrusion.

Figure 4

The suspension polymerisation process(after EVC International NV with permission)

Polymerisation Stripping Centrifuging Drying

WaterVCM

VCM

Water

Additives

Water

S-PVC


6

2.1.2.2 The Emulsion Polymerisation Process

Emulsion polymerised PVC (E-PVC), see Figure 5, isproduced in an autoclave when VCM is polymerisedin the presence of water, a water soluble initiator(persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) and an emulsifier(anionic surfactants). At the end of the polymerisationstage, the autoclave contains a stable dispersion of finePVC particles in water. From this milky emulsion(latex), the PVC is separated from the water byevaporation in spray drying equipment. A millingprocess follows to modify the agglomerate size beforefinal size classification. As the resin retains most ofthe emulsifiers used during polymerisation, specialproperties, such as improved thermal stability andgreater ease of processing, are conferred on thepolymer.

A larger elementary particle size can be achieved byseeding the initial emulsion system. A PVC polymerlatex is introduced and the particles of the new polymergrow on the seed. A continuous emulsionpolymerisation process is also used.

The primary particles are solid, smooth surfaced sphereswhich are clustered into irregular shaped aggregateswith a typical mean particle size of 40-50 µm with arange of 0.1-100 µm.

When E-PVC resins are mixed with a liquid plasticiser,a paste (or plastisol) is produced. Consequently theseresins are called paste resins. They are used in a widerange of speciality applications such as coating, dippingor spreading.

2.1.2.3 The Microsuspension Polymerisation Process

Microsuspension PVC is produced when VCM ismixed in a vessel with water, an initiator soluble in

VCM and an emulsifier. These components arecirculated through a mixing pump (homogeniser) whichcauses the mixture to disperse into very fine droplets,before being placed in the autoclave. The droplets arecoated with surfactant which stabilises them during thereaction. Initiation and polymerisation occur within thedroplets. After polymerisation, the autoclave containsa stable dispersion of fine particles of PVC in water.Thereafter the subsequent operations for obtaining thefinal product are similar to the emulsion polymerisationprocess.

Microsuspension polymerised PVC is used for producingplastisols and paste in combination with E-PVC.

Emulsion and microsuspension polymerised PVCaccount for around 10% of all PVC produced.

2.1.2.4 The Mass Polymerisation Process

The mass (or bulk) polymerisation of VCM is carriedout by a two-stage process. In the first stage(prepolymerisation) vigorous agitation is necessary toobtain the desired particle size distribution. Monomerand initiator are charged and polymerisation proceedsto about 10% conversion at which time the formedparticles are dispersed in the bulk of the VCM. In thesecond stage (polymerisation) this material is slowlyagitated and additional monomer and initiator areadded. Polymerisation continues to approximately 20%conversion at which time all of the liquid VCM isabsorbed into the porous structure of the grains leavingonly dry powder. Polymerisation continues to 70-90%conversion and the unreacted monomer is recovered.

Particle size and range are similar to suspensionpolymer but the particles have highly spherical shapes,with higher bulk density. Particular uses for thismaterial are linked to its high transparency and good

Figure 5

The emulsion polymerisation process(after EVC International NV with permission)

WaterVCM

Polymerisation Stripping Spray drying

VCM

Water

Additives

E-PVC


7

plasticising properties. Mass and suspension polymershave been compared on particle morphology andplasticiser absorption in the preparation of slushpowders (111).

2.2 Copolymers and Terpolymers

A number of commercial vinyl chloride copolymersare predominantly made up of VCM units with co-monomer units randomly distributed in minorproportions. The suspension polymerisation process isnormally used.

Grafted copolymers obtained by VCM polymerisationand polyacrylic elastomer grafting, give high bulkdensity resins for products with high impact strengthsuitable for outdoor applications. The separate additionof acrylate impact modifiers to the PVC formulation iscovered in Section 4.5.2.

A vinyl chloride-ethylene-vinyl acetate terpolymersystem gives products with superior impact strengthsuitable for an outdoor environment. The modifiercomponent is a 45% vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymerwith PVC grafted on it. EVA modification depends ona network structure.

Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers are producedcontaining 5-15% of vinyl acetate. These materials,having a lower glass transition temperature, can beprocessed at considerably lower temperatures and areparticularly suited for thermoforming. Finishedproducts are highly transparent.

A block copolymer system of PVC and poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (EPM) resulting from ultrasonicirradiation, has been investigated (248).

2.3 Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)

CPVC is manufactured by chlorination of PVC polymerthereby raising the chlorine content from 56% to around66%. Chlorination takes place primarily at the -CH2-groups along the polymer chain so that the resultingstructure becomes virtually a copolymer of vinylchloride with 1,2-dichloroethylene.

Chlorination of PVC reduces the forces of attractionbetween the molecular chains. CPVC is also essentiallyamorphous. Both of these factors allow CPVC to bestretched more easily and to a greater extent than PVC

above its glass transition temperature. CPVC has a glasstransition temperature approximately 50% higher thanPVC but also has a higher melt viscosity in processing.

The upper service temperature for CPVC isapproximately 100 °C in comparison to PVC at 60 °C(463).

Pipe (436), mouldings (376) and sheet are formulatedfor high temperature use based on CPVC or blends ofCPVC and PVC.

2.4 PVC Resin Characterisation

2.4.1 Molecular Weight

PVC resins are polymerised to different molecularweights to suit the particular processing technique andend-use application requirements. The resin containsa random distribution of molecular weights and numberaverage, weight average and molecular weightdistribution can be measured. Normally, however, forproduction control, the dilute solution viscosity of theresin is used and the molecular weight can be calculatedfrom the Mark-Houwink equation expressed in termsof K value or viscosity number. Commercially availablePVC grades are supplied in K values ranging from57-80.

2.4.2 Particle Size

Various techniques are utilised to measure particle sizerange. Sieving is the most common technique,particularly for suspension resins, and can be used tomeasure particles above 30 microns. For particle sizesbelow 100 microns, techniques such as sedimentation,optical and electrical sensing can be used.

2.4.3 Bulk Powder Properties

Bulk density and packed bulk (or tapped) density areimportant properties. The bulk density determines theweight of resin that can be stored in a vessel and theamount a mixer can hold. It also has a major influenceon extruder output rates. The bulk density of a resindepends upon its porosity, particle shape and particlesize distribution. For suspension resin, bulk density istypically in the range of 450-650 kgm-3.


8

The packed density is based on the ability of the resinto occupy the smallest space without physical distortionand is usually 10-30% greater than the bulk density.

Another important consideration is powder flow timeas it governs the speed and ease of polymer dischargefrom a silo or from a mixer. This is influenced by thePVC particle shape, size distribution and compoundformulation ingredients.

2.5 Key Additives

PVC formulations can include many different types ofadditives which assist in imparting a large range ofphysical and chemical characteristics. This versatilityis the main reason why PVC has been so successful asa commodity thermoplastic, from medical applicationssuch as tubing and blood bags to long life applicationssuch as window frames and rainwater goods. Theunique polar characteristics of PVC permit a wide rangeof appropriate additives to be incorporated within thepolymer. The main groups of additives are:

• heat stabiliser

• plasticiser

• impact modifier

• process aid

• lubricant

• filler

• flame retardant/smoke suppressant

• pigment

• blowing agent

• biocide

• viscosity modifier

• antistatic agent

• antioxidant

• UV absorber

• antifogging agent

• bonding agent.

2.6 Processing Techniques

Prior to processing, it is necessary for the PVC andformulation additives to be combined intimatelytogether in some form of mixer. The main convertingprocesses are:

• extrusion

• calendering

• injection moulding

• extrusion/stretch blow moulding

• spreading/coating

• rotational moulding

• dip moulding

• slush moulding.

2.7 Industry Outline

The PVC industry consists of resin producers,compounders, additive suppliers and processors. Mostprocessors specialise in processes linked to either PVC-Uor PVC-P applications. In some cases, such as pipeand window frame manufacturing, the processed PVCis marketed directly by the processor. In other cases,the processor passes on the PVC in semi-finished formto another company.

2.7.1 PVC Resin Producers

There has been much rationalisation of resin producersin the last twenty years due to consolidationtransactions. The major PVC industry participants, asdescribed by EVC International NV, are shown inTable 1 for the year 2000 (166).

2.7.2 PVC Compounders

PVC compounds, formulated with all the necessaryadditives for the end-use, are supplied in gelled granuleform, powder dry blend or liquid paste. Obviously thegelled form only requires to be heated and processedthrough the appropriate equipment, whereas the powderdry blend or liquid paste must include a gelation phasewithin the processing stage.


9

In Western Europe, resin producers dominate thecompounding market (161).

The alternative to purchasing fully formulated materialis to mix on site and the decision, as to whether tocontinue buying compound or to make in-house,depends on volume and other factors (173).

2.7.3 Global Market by Application

The PVC world market was around 25,400 kt inthe year 2000 and Figure 6 shows the split by end-use applicat ion. This information has beensummarised by EVC International NV (www.evc-int.com).

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Global PVC market by application(Reproduced with permission from EVC International NV, www.evc-int.com)

Bottles3%

Pipes/Fittings36%

Profiles13%

Others13%

Coatings2%

Flooring3%

Flexible Profiles/Tubes5%

Wire & Cable7%

Flexible Film/Sheet7%

Rigid Film/Sheet7%


10

The global market is estimated to be growing at 3-4%with most growth in Asia (especially China) and somegrowth in North America. The Western Europeanmarket is maturing, but Eastern Europe is developing.Much of the growth is due to profile for windows andthis increased to over 20% by 2002.

The supply/demand balance is tightening forEDC/VCM due to capacity limitations caused by poorreturns holding back investment. In addition to supplierconsolidations, there have been customer basedconsolidations driving lower net prices.

More details on PVC markets and prospects areavailable (110, 166).

An important area for PVC is the water transportationmarket and there has been competition from polyolefinsin this area. The PVC producers have responded byintroducing foam core pipe, for improved costeffectiveness. In another development, orientationduring processing gives improved impact resistance(195). More details follow in subsequent sections.

The role of PVC in the healthcare industry is alsosignificant (205).

3 Health and Environmental Aspectsof PVC

PVC has been under intense and hostile attack for anumber of years, primarily because of its chlorinecontent and specific additives, such as plasticisers, usedin its formulations. Much of the argument has beenemotive rather than based on sound scientific studies.The situation came to a head in 2000 with an EU GreenPaper on PVC which included substitution options(271). Even a UK Government Life Cycle Assessment,which found there was little to choose between PVCand alternative materials, was being disregarded (210).Some companies, in attempts at ‘green’ marketing,indicated that substitution of PVC with other materialshad/would occur. Consequently, the PVC industry hashad to defend its existence and is now at the forefrontof tackling sustainability issues.

This section will focus on the environmental debatearound PVC. Recycling and sustainability issues willbe reviewed in Section 7.

3.1 VCM and PVC Production

Members of the European Council of VinylManufacturers (ECVM), who account for 98% ofproduction in the EU, have signed charters coveringthe production of VCM, S-PVC and E-PVC. Thiscovers environmental standards for limits on emissionsto air and discharges to water of VCM, EDC, HCl,ethylene, dioxin-like components and copper. VCMconcentration in PVC is also strictly controlled(particularly for food/medical applications) (126).

Subject to external audit, the industry has agreed towork towards these limits from 1998 for VCM andS-PVC, and 2003 for E-PVC.

3.2 Plasticisers

3.2.1 Phthalates

Concerns have been raised at regular intervals, inEurope and the USA, regarding the possible negativeimpact of phthalates on the environment and humanhealth due to alleged carcinogenic, endocrinemodulating and reproductive effects. In particular, theiruse in toys, healthcare products and flooring has raisedmuch debate and analysis at various levels concerningmigration (11, 117, 165, 228, 304, 377, 378), bloodcompatibility (58, 205) and differing NGO,governmental and political positions (40, 97, 98, 114,200, 247, 257, 272, 310, 317).

The assumption that all phthalates detected in the bodyare sourced from vinyl products does not appear to bethe case. Alternative sources appear to be cosmetics,detergents, oils and solvents (253, 262).

Much of the data generated has been as a result ofadvances in trace analysis in different environments,linked to a lack of understanding between hazard andrisk (probability of intrinsic hazard causing an effect).

The main phthalates under investigation are butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP),di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononylphthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP).These investigations include EU risk assessments basedon sound science but the political positions on flexiblePVC and phthalates cannot be ignored.


11

Hundreds of studies have been carried out on phthalatesand there are regular updates on the regulatory position(90, 100). The current position is available on thewebsite of the European Council for Plasticisers andIntermediates (ECPI) (www.ecpi.org).

DINP, the most commonly used plasticiser in soft toysand items intended to be put into children’s mouths,has had a positive EU and USA (Consumer ProductSafety Commission) risk assessment, provided thatrecommended migration limits have been adhered to(7, 247). However an EU temporary ban on the use ofphthalates, in toys and babycare items intended to beput into the mouth by children under three years old,has been renewed on a regular basis since December1999 until the date of compiling this report.

Plasticisers for toys have been reviewed (263).

Similarly, for DIDP, the EU risk assessment shows norisk to humans (247).

DEHP assessment (205) has shown no risk reductionmeasures are necessary for the general population, butmeasures could be taken to reduce risk of exposure inchildren’s toys (although DEHP is not used in toysintended to be put in the mouth) and medical devices(against the opinion of the EU’s Scientific Committeeon Medicinal Products and Medical Devices). Prior tothese results some formulators had already begun tochange from DEHP to DINP (119).

There has been some academic work carried out toreduce DEHP migration from flexible PVC (33, 219).

3.2.2 Adipates

PVC food packaging film (cling film) has been usedfor a number of years for wrapping fresh meat; for foodstorage; and for protecting food in the home.

The most common plasticiser used in this application isdi-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA), in combination withpolymeric plasticisers and epoxidised soya bean oil.

DEHA is used in preference to phthalates due toimproved flexibility at lower temperatures and alsogives the necessary permeability to oxygen and watervapour to preserve the freshness of the food.

PVC cling film formulations comply with permittedmigration limits (in fact well below) set at levels whichare considered totally safe by various health andgovernment organisations. However, some consumerorganisations still raise concerns (391).

3.3 Heat Stabilisers

For general background information, on the regulatorysituation up to 1999, refer to the regulatory update(331). The main source of information is the websiteof the European Stabiliser Producers Association(ESPA) (www.stabilisers.org).

3.3.1 Lead Based Stabilisers

Primarily used extensively for PVC-U applications inEurope and the Far East viz. pipe, fittings and profile,lead stabilisers have been very cost effective heatstabilisers. For similar reasons, plus good insulationresistance, lead stabilisers have also been used in PVC-Pin wire and cable across the world. Their toxicityhazards have been well known and controlled,particularly in relation to worker exposure.

However the EU classification of lead stabilisers asreprotoxic, harmful, dangerous for the environment anddanger of cumulative effects; and their presence (heavymetal) causing issues in waste management strategies,resulted in their agreed phase-out in Europe (seeSection 7).

A new UK standard reducing the lead level in drinkingwater by 2003 (264) was an additional factor.

3.3.2 Organotin Stabilisers

Organotin stabilisers have been caught up in the‘elimination of heavy metal’ discussions. There are alsoimproved analytical techniques now available to detectvery low levels of organotin species in differentenvironments (127, 183).

The identification of a perceived hazard, of course,must be related to the chance of that hazard having aneffect (the risk) and this is not always appreciated.

Full information on organotin stabilisers and their safeuse over many years is available (138).

3.3.3 Bisphenol A/Alkylphenols

Bisphenol A has been used as an inhibitor at the PVCpolymerisation stage and as an antioxidant. There hasbeen some concern regarding possible health hazardsand its use has been voluntarily stopped or restrictedto levels that do not exceed the predicted no effect


12

concentration in waste water etc. The content ofBisphenol A in, and its migration from PVC film, hasbeen determined by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) (14).

Nonylphenol can be generated from some liquid heatstabilisers (in addition to many other possible sources)and it has been identified as persistent and oestrogenic(160).

3.3.4 Epoxidised Soya Bean Oil (ESBO)

ESBO is a heat stabiliser and secondary plasticiser usedin PVC-P applications. It has food contact approval upto certain limits but there have been someenvironmental/political issues concerning the possibleuse of genetically modified soya bean oil in themanufacture of ESBO.

The migration of ESBO from PVC-P used in gasketsfor sealing baby food jars has been examined (395).

3.4 Waste Management

3.4.1 Incineration

The incineration of waste containing PVC has been asource of much discussion and comment, particularlyrelated to the dioxin and HCl emissions (66, 106, 282,341). PVC was also targeted in the EU incinerationdirective (297).

In a recent study the PVC content of municipal solidwaste for incineration was calculated at approximately0.8%. In a modern incinerator, energy and HCl recoveryoptions are attractive (115, 146).

3.4.2 Landfill

PVC has been under scrutiny in landfill immersion dueto perceptions about the leaching of additives, inparticular, heavy metals and phthalates (282). A studyhas shown that no degradation of the PVC occurred(252). However, the viewpoint that PVC materialsshould be buried in landfill in preference to beingrecycled is not generally accepted (422).

3.4.3 Recycling

Despite the evidence that PVC recycling initiativeswere increasing and approaching commercial viability,the political pressure on PVC continued in the late1990s viz. the EU automotive End-of-Life Directive(418) and EU waste management studies on mechanicaland feedstock recycling (282).

PVC recycling and sustainability issues, i.e., theVoluntary Commitment (275) are covered in Section 7.

4 Additives, Formulations andApplications

4.1 Introduction

The main groups of additives have already been listedin Section 2. PVC formulation technology depends onthe correct combination of several of these additivesto suit the processing and end-use requirements. A basicrigid PVC-U formulation will contain medium to lowmolecular weight resin plus lubricant and heatstabiliser. Other additives will be included to improveprocessability and physical properties, give weatheringresistance, improve cost performance, colour, etc.

A computer aided technique for the design of organicactive additives for PVC has been described (128).

In a basic flexible PVC-P formulation, the resin usuallyhas a medium to high molecular weight, with plasticiserand heat stabiliser essential. Other additives will beincluded for reasons of cost, electrical properties, etc.

Table 2 shows the main range of factors to beconsidered when formulating PVC for a particular end-use. Not all of these factors may be relevant for theapplication.

4.2 Heat Stabilisers

Commercially produced PVC is inherently thermallyunstable, due to some chain branching duringpolymerisation, so a heat stabiliser system is essential.The degradation process is shown in Figure 7.


13

Figure 7

Thermal degradation process for PVC

C C C C C C C

H

H

H

Cl

H

H

H

Cl

H

H

H

Cl

H

H

Ideal structureNon typical

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H H

Cl*

H

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TypicalLabile Cl* atom

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Allyl chloride

CC

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Heat

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H

H

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Heat

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14

During processing of PVC at high temperatures andshear stress, free hydrogen chloride is evolved, startingat a weak link and resulting in discolouration anddeterioration in physical and chemical properties. Thediscolouration is caused by the formation of conjugatedpolyene sequences of 7-25 double bonds. These highlyreactive conjugated polyenes further react to crosslinkor cleave the polymer chains. This increases the meltviscosity considerably. The dehydrochlorinationprocess is due to the existence of a long series ofalternating -CHCl- and -CH2- groups in the polymerbackbone that enable a chain of multiple consecutiveeliminations (zipper reaction). Intermediates formedin the thermal degradation process are allylic chlorideswith progressively increased numbers of conjugateddouble bonds. Initiation and chain reactions arecatalysed by the hydrochloric acid generated. Thethermal initiation reaction from the normal monomersequence of PVC chain fragments, or tertiary chlorinestructural defects, is a molecular concerted elimination,which may also be catalysed by hydrochloric acid.Because the thermal dehydrochlorination of PVC isnoticeably faster in the presence of oxygen, peroxideand hydroperoxide groups are also influential.

Heat stabilisers retard dehydrochlorination andautoxidation and reduce fragmentation. In addition,they also cure existing damage.

Some excellent review articles are available (48, 62,323).

The thermal degradation process can be followed byanalysis of the colour generated in a static or dynamicenvironment. The use of capillary rheometry has alsobeen highlighted (105).

There are many different types of heat stabilisers basedon different metal salts or soaps and these are coveredbelow. Different quantitative analysis methods for thedetermination of the metal contents in PVC have beenlisted and compared (415).

4.2.1 Solid Stabilisers

4.2.1.1 Lead Compounds

Lead compounds, usually based on a mixture of leadsalts, e.g., tribasic lead sulfate or dibasic lead phosphite,and lead soaps, e.g., dibasic or normal lead stearates,have been very cost effective heat stabilisers for manyyears, and function as HCl absorbers (236, 365, 438).

They are particularly suitable for wire and cableelectrical insulation because of their complete non-conductivity and the inert nature of the chloridesformed with HCl.

Technical limitations to their use have been opacityand sulfur staining. Their cumulative toxicity has beenmainly a concern for worker exposure. Apart from wireand cable, their use has been restricted to PVC-Uapplications in Europe and Asia. North America hasnever accepted lead compounds in PVC-U applications,preferring the use of organotins. This will be coveredlater in this chapter.

Non/low dusting products, which include the leadcomponents in a safe handling state, in combinationwith lubricants (one-pack), have been available formany years in different product forms - flake, granule,tablet and dosage packs. These one-packs are tailoredto suit the processing technique, primarily extrusionand injection moulding, and end-use specification.

Under the Voluntary Commitment (Section 7) there isan agreement to phase out lead stabilisers (159) andsuitable alternatives are being introduced.

4.2.1.2 Calcium Zinc (Ca Zn) Based

One of the most successful developments in recentyears has been the progress made in solid Ca Znstabiliser formulations to replace lead on a cost effectivebasis.

Ca Zn formulations are a complex blend of calciumand zinc soaps together with acid acceptors and organicco-stabilisers. Efforts have been made to increase theacid absorption capability in these systems (46, 82, 137,295). The role of the co-stabiliser is also critical inmaintaining initial colour and early colour hold onprocessing (47, 220, 308, 406, 407). Alternativecalcium carboxylates have also been evaluated (227).

Various Ca Zn systems are now available (141) for pipe,fittings, profile (153) and wire and cable (174, 431),from suppliers such as Baerlocher and Chemson.

Solid Ca Zn systems have also been developed for PVC-Papplications as replacements for liquid Ba Zn stabiliserswhere volatility and emissions may be an issue.

Non dusting product forms have also been developed(322), due to the light and fluffy nature of the Ca Znsoaps (stearates).


15

4.2.1.3 Calcium-Organic Based

Another major development has been the replacementof zinc with specific organic co-stabilisers. Most co-stabilisers only function well in the presence of zinc.Zinc free stabilisers are claimed to have a betterprocessing window than Ca Zn, although initially therewere also some mistaken perceptions about zinc beinga ‘heavy metal’ (159).

Organic based systems are being developed as leadreplacement for rigid pipe, pipe fittings, profile andcable (135, 136, 143), suppliers include Crompton.

4.2.2 Liquid Stabilisers

4.2.2.1 Organotin Compounds

Organotin compounds are primarily based on alkyl tinsuch as methyl, butyl or octyl derivatives, usuallymixtures of di-alkyl and mono-alkyl. They can be furtherclassified as mercaptides or carboxylates based ondifferent carboxylic acids. The main features of tinstabilisers are good initial and long-term colour holdcoupled with excellent clarity, linked to their goodcompatibility (85). The most powerful compounds arethe thioglycolate ester derivatives and these are the mostcommon. The octyl versions are approved (up to amaximum level) for use in rigid food contact and medicalapplications. Sulfur free maleate based tins impartexcellent light stability to clear PVC used in outdoorapplications, but require particular lubrication systemsdue to their anti-lubricating effect. Limitations to theiruse include their relatively high cost and unpleasantodour (particularly for the sulfur tins) and their use isnow almost exclusively in PVC-U applications.

The performance of organotin mercaptides is not onlybased on the amount of tin metal content, but on theorganotin species, mercaptide ligand chemistry andorganic co-stabiliser (453). The mechanism oforganothiotin stabilisation has been studied extensively(221, 347, 348, 387, 388).

In North America, the use of lower cost, reverse esterthiotins is common for PVC-U applications coveringpipe, profile and sidings, and foam. Rohm and Haasare one supplier.

4.2.2.2 Mixed Metal Compounds

Liquid mixed metal heat stabilisers are a blend of themetal soaps or salts in combination with

organophosphites (237) and co-stabilisers in a liquidmedium. These materials are used almost exclusivelyin PVC-P applications (270).

4.2.2.2.1 Barium Cadmium (Ba Cd)

Barium cadmium based systems (may also include zinc)have been available for many years due to their costeffectiveness in combination with good initial colour andlong-term stability. However, in the European area, theiruse was voluntarily phased out by the PVC industry in2001, due to severe restrictions for environmental andtoxicity reasons concerning cadmium.

Cadmium based stabilisers are still used in the USAand Asia Pacific areas, but are coming under increasinghealth and environmental scrutiny (291).

4.2.2.2.2 Barium Zinc (Ba Zn)

Ba Zn based systems now have the majority market sharefor stabilisation of PVC-P in Europe due to extensiveformulation development based on increasing the bariumcontent and the important role of new and existingorganic co-stabilisers (414). Suppliers include Akros.

One issue with liquid stabilisers is the emission ofvolatile components (phenol from the organophosphite,solvent, etc.) during processing and from the end useapplication, e.g., floor and wall coverings. Analyticaltechniques are now available to detect volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) (151) and so influence stabiliserdevelopment. New organophosphite-zinc technology hasalso been introduced to improve this characteristic (75).

4.2.2.2.3 Calcium Zinc (Ca Zn)

Traditionally less effective as a heat stabiliser, muchwork has been carried out to develop more sophisticatedand higher efficiency heat stabilisers based on Ca Zn.This is based on the ‘concerns’ about barium as a heavymetal although there is no evidence of health orenvironmental concerns. In addition to furtherformulation development (454), complexpolyphosphates (45), new Ca Zn intermediates (140) andnew calcium technology (84) have all been promoted.

4.2.2.2.4 Potassium Zinc (K Zn)

K Zn stabiliser/kickers are used primarily to activatethe decomposition of blowing agents


16

(azodicarbonamides) for PVC foam (372). (Analternative approach has been the development ofmodified azodicarbonamides incorporating an activatorsystem.)

4.3 Plasticisers

Plasticisers are added to PVC to achieve flexibility andworkability. The flexibility or softness is determined bythe type of plasticiser and level used in relation to thePVC (phr). They also operate as an internal lubricantbetween the PVC molecules. Based on organic esters,e.g., phthalates, adipates, trimellitates, phosphates, etc.,addition levels can be as low as 20 phr for semi-rigid to100 phr for very flexible applications. The effect on thethermal stability significantly depends on the physicalstate of the PVC-plasticiser system (260). The relativeamount of crystalline PVC in PVC/diethylhexylphthalate has been identified on the basis of acombination of carbon-13 solution and solid statenuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (361).

The main factors which influence plasticiser choice aredetermined by the specification requirement of thefinished product and depend on:

• Formulation cost

• Migration/permanence (22, 182, 222)

• Plasticisation effect (441)

• Solvating efficiency of the plasticiser for PVC -predicted using Hansen solubility parameters (350)and the Hildebrand solubility parameter (442)

• Volatility

• Plastisol viscosity

• Extraction.

The most commonly used plasticisers, together withtheir characteristics, are listed in Table 3.

The fundamentals of plasticiser selection have been listed(92). The thermodynamics of mixing PVC with phthalateesters have been studied (63). PVC-plasticiser interactionhas been described using light transmission (186).

The volatile photodegradation products from modelplasticised (dibutyl adipate - DBA) and titaniumdioxide (TiO2 ) pigmented films have been determinedwith CO2 being the main constituent (108).

The ease with which plasticiser is combined with PVCis a measure of processing characteristics critical inthe dry blend mixing operation of S-PVC or the gelationstage of plastisols. Predictive equations have beendeveloped (349).

For high temperature performance linked to lowmigration and volatility, trimellitates are used (91).Plasticisers based on pyromellitic tetraesters have alsobeen proposed (342).

Analytical methods have been developed to identifymonomeric plasticisers in flexible PVC (412).

PVC-P materials, subjected to ageing under model andclimatic conditions, have been extensively tested.Properties are lost as a result of diffusion controlleddesorption of the plasticiser and a mathematicaldescription of the ageing process has been formulated topredict lifetime (277). Plasticiser loss on ageing has alsobeen identified in the spectroscopic investigation of roofmembranes in service for a varying number of years (240).

Stain resistance of resilient sheet flooring has beenrelated to the plasticiser, wear layer toughness andthermoplastic nature. The plasticiser structure, level,extraction resistance, volatility and solubility all havean influence (389).

The phenomenon of plasticiser migration intopolyurethane foam, leading to hardening and crackingin arm and head rest applications, has been investigatedand a mechanism proposed (215).

4.3.1 Phthalate Alternatives

Several alternatives to phthalate esters have beenpromoted, primarily due to the considerable media,legislative and scientific attention on phthalates. Mostsuggested alternatives already have a niche use inspecific PVC-P applications.

A phenol alkyl sulfonate ester is claimed to replaceDEHP (56).

Benzoate esters have already been used for some timeand new blends have been introduced for plastisols (71).

Di-isononyl-cyclohezane-1,2-dicarboxylic ester(DINCH) has also been developed (86).

Citrate based plasticisers, although much moreexpensive, have particular use in medical and


17

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packaging films (FDA approved) and have also beenproposed as an alternative to phthalates (267). Acomparison of tri-n-butyl citrate (TBC) with DEHP hasbeen carried out (367). Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)also has a niche market (263).

A review of phthalate alternatives, taking account ofthe history of phthalates and cost performance, has beenpresented (89).

4.3.2 Polymeric Plasticisers

For applications requiring high temperature andextraction resistance, polymeric esters are used (88).New polymeric plasticisers are in development (87)including adipate based for improved low temperatureproperties (103). Plastisols based on propyleneglycoladipate have been examined (198) and the thermaldegradation has been determined using dynamic andisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (188).

4.4 Multifunctional Additives

There always has been an interest in additives thatperform both a plasticising and heat stabilising effect.The most obvious of these is epoxidised soya bean oil(ESBO), or epoxidised esters, which can beincorporated at 2-6 phr (particularly with mixed metalheat stabilisers), to improve heat stability by HClabsorption and also give a secondary plasticisation

effect. Molecular modelling has been used to establishmodifications of soya bean oil to identify suitable useas a primary plasticiser (194).

Other products proposed to give a combination of heatstabilisation and plasticisation are plasticiser thiols (44)and chlorinated paraffin types (168, 209).

The heat stabilising action of polymeric plasticisers hasalso been investigated (181, 223).

4.5 Property Modifiers

4.5.1 Process Aids

Process aids are added primarily to PVC-U (includingfoam) to improve fusion characteristics and melt flowduring the processing stage. Addition levels aretypically from 1-6 phr with resultant improvements inoutput and surface finish. Transparency can also beimproved in clear formulations. Chemically, theseproducts are high molecular weight methylmethacrylate and alkyl acrylate copolymers.

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4.5.2 Impact Modifiers

Unmodified PVC-U has relatively poor impact strengthat, and below, ambient temperatures and the inclusionof an impact modifier significantly improves itsperformance. Examples of the different generic typesof impact modifier that can be added to PVCformulations are as follows:

• methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene terpolymer(MBS)

• acrylate-polymethacrylate copolymer (acrylic)

• chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

• acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS).

Addition levels are typically from 5-12 phr and theirincorporation can influence gelation and melt viscosity.Having limited compatibility with PVC, it is believedthat the impact improvement is achieved via theinterruption of the homogeneous morphology into aheterogeneous structure. A disperse phase in the PVCmatrix is formed, which creates blockages to crackpropagation and acts as an internal energy absorber.

Acrylic modifiers have good processing characteristicslinked to reduced die swell and good outdoorweathering stability. Their use in window profile andsiding applications are well documented. Based on coreshell technology, produced by emulsionpolymerisation, an elastic core of the modifier has ahard shell to keep the product free flowing and couplethe modifier to the PVC matrix. Much work has beencarried out covering various aspects of their processingand performance characteristics viz. influence on weldstrength in window frame manufacture (437), therelationship with gelation level on impact strength andmorphology (261), the effect on impact strength ofvarying crosslinking level in the rubber component ofthe impact modifier (224), relationships between meltflow and mechanical properties (154) and achievinglow gloss in sidings (364). New and updated acrylicimpact modifier grades are being introduced bycompanies such as Rohm and Haas to meet demandsfor higher output with a broad processing window (77).

CPE impact modifiers contain around 35% of chlorineand are thermoplastic in nature. With a similar meltingpoint to PVC, they initially form a network structurewhich changes to a particulate structure on processing(134). They also have good processability and excellentweathering performance; consequently they are alsoused for window profiles (287). The effect of residual

crystallinity on impact properties has been studied(133). The incorporation of relatively small amountshas been shown to improve the strength and toughnessof PVC pipes (171).

MBS impact modifiers are used in a wide range ofapplications, particularly for clear packaging, as therefractive indices are similar between PVC and themodifier. They are not suitable for outdoor applications.Their impact behaviour has been studied in terms ofthe ductile/brittle transition (450).

Specific ABS terpolymer modifiers also process wellin clear applications giving low crease whitening andexcellent chemical resistance. The heat distortiontemperature of the ABS modified compound can behigher in comparison to MBS modified. They are alsonot suitable for outdoor applications.

Butadiene-styrene rubbers in powder form for PVC-Umodification have also been proposed (95).

Polybutene has also been shown to improve impactresistance and dynamic thermal stability in impactmodified PVC-U formulations (433).

4.5.3 Heat Distortion Temperature Modification

A major disadvantage of PVC is its relatively lowservice temperature (60-70 °C) and the addition of highlevels of some polymers can improve the heat distortiontemperature and Vicat softening point. An example ofsuch a polymer is alphamethyl styrene-acrylonitrile(AMSAN) copolymer. AMSAN-ABS polymer can beused as a combined heat and impact modifier.

4.5.4 Modifiers for Semi-Rigid and PlasticisedApplications

CPE modifiers are also suitable for flexible PVCapplications where a high degree of flexibilitycombined with durability is required. Acting as apermanent plasticiser, the liquid plasticiser componentcan be eliminated or substantially reduced.

ABS resins can be added to semi-rigid PVCformulations to improve hot melt strength, elongationand low temperature flexibility. Particular use is in deepdraw forming applications.

Nitrile rubbers (NBR) are blended into PVC-Pformulations giving vinyl based thermoplastic


20

elastomers for use in glazing gaskets, footwear, tubingetc. Nitrile rubbers are copolymers of acrylonitrile andbutadiene which are compatible with PVC andavailable in powder form for ease of mixing anddispersion. Relatively easy to process, formulationsincluding NBR, have good oil and chemical resistance,better low temperature flexibility and improvedabrasion resistance. Plasticiser loss is also reducedbecause of the affinity of NBR for plasticisers.

4.6 Lubricants

Lubricants function classically in two ways,(1) externally to reduce friction between the polymermelt and hot metal surfaces during processing, and(2) internally to reduce frictional forces within thepolymer matrix and, in so doing, lower the effectiveviscosity. External lubricants, by definition, have poorcompatibility with PVC. Internal lubricants are morecompatible and have high polarity. Both types areessential for processing of PVC-U formulations. Inpractice, most lubricants have both external and internalcharacteristics, but vary in the ratio of one to the otherin the way they perform. However, the correct balanceand type of internal to external and addition level arecrucial due to the influence on gelation level, plate-outof incompatible materials in the die and calibrationequipment, and physical properties (459).

Typical strongly external lubricants are paraffin wax,polyethylene wax, oxidised polyethylene wax andstearic acid. Typical strongly internal lubricants areglycerol esters and fatty acids. Calcium stearatefunctions somewhere between internal and external,depending on addition level. It also acts as an acidscavenger.

More detailed information on lubricants is available(74, 360).

Dynamic mechanical analysis has been used to studythe compatibility of ester lubricants, and stearic acidand its derivatives (403, 420). On the basis of a PVCmelt flow test (ASTM D 3364), the effect of lubricantson processing has been determined (313).

Lead free stabiliser formulations obviously require theremoval of lead stearate, a very efficient lubricant, andlubricants for Ca Zn stabilised profile extrusion havebeen investigated (139). As extruder running speedsincrease, this puts increased pressure on thecompatibility of lubricants and low plate-out lubricantsystems are being developed (292).

The rigid film calendering process (details in Section5.2.6) requires particular lubricant formulations andthese have also been reviewed (132).

In PVC-P applications, the plasticiser acts as an internallubricant and external lubricants can be added toincrease output etc. Excessive levels or incorrect choicecan cause problems with post treatment, e.g., printingor blooming on ageing.

4.7 Fillers

For most PVC-U and PVC-P applications, fillers areadded primarily to reduce formulation cost, but someare also used to enhance properties and performance.There is a balance between the cost benefits and anyacceptable deterioration in physical properties thatcould result. The density of the final product willincrease, of course, at higher filler levels.

Another important aspect is the influence on processingwith respect to output, plate-out and surface finish.

4.7.1 Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate (also known as chalk) is the mostcommonly used filler for PVC. This material is minedas calcite mineral and ground to a particular particlesize range. It may also be precipitated from solution togive a fine particle size suitable for use in highperformance areas.

Particle size is important and, for some applicationsrequiring good weathering and impact performance(window profile), the ultrafine milled, high whiteness,natural version is normally used. To ease dispersion,the filler is usually coated with stearic acid. Coatedultrafine and precipitated calcium carbonates areclaimed also to have a positive effect on impactproperties in impact modified formulations (52, 294,462). The abrasive wear of calcium carbonate, on meltprocessing equipment, is not significant but increaseswith increasing levels (177).

Tensile strength properties of PVC-U, filled withprecipitated and ground calcium carbonate, have beeninvestigated (381, 404).

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles are commerciallyavailable and are claimed to give a cost effective way ofincreasing impact strength (113). Their use in impactmodified PVC has improved mechanical properties (57).


21

Chalk fillers also have extensive use in PVC-Papplications where the particle size restriction is notso essential. Higher addition levels can also beaccommodated. They have extensive use in wire andcable where they assist, in combination with otheradditives to reduce HCl generation in a fire situation.

4.7.2 Wood Fillers/Fibres/Flour Composites

The use of wood fillers has expanded considerably,particularly in the USA. In comparison with traditionalproducts, wood filled PVC has superior weatheringresistance and can be used as wood (197). Finiteelement analysis, of impact durability, has been carriedout to establish the optimum profile wall thickness toresist impact for PVC containing 60% wood fibre (51).The positive effects of modifiers on physical propertieshave been identified (232). The use of CPE as acompatibiliser, for composites containing 25% and40% wood flour, has been demonstrated with improvedmelt strength and improved surface finish (54).Accelerated UV weathering performance testingindicated that wood flours are effective chromophoresas they accelerated the degradation of the polymericmatrix. However, there was no deterioration in strengthand stiffness properties (102).

4.7.3 Glass Beads/Glass Fibre

Work undergone in this area has looked at tensile andimpact properties of a PVC composite filled withhollow glass beads, of three different sizes, anddifferent volume fractions (96). The influence ofparticle shape and silane coupling agents, for surfacetreatment of glass beads, on mechanical properties hasalso been investigated (116, 366).

A new technology, based on impregnating continuousglass fibres with an extruded low viscosity PVC meltand subsequent application via the extrusion die of astandard PVC extrudate, has given PVC profiles witha 500% increase in stiffness (201).

4.7.4 Conductive and Magnetic Fillers

For specialised applications where electricalconductivity is required, such as antistatic flooring orshielding of electromagnetic induction, specific carbonblack pigment/filler is used. Copper and nickel metalpowders have also been studied (112). A review isavailable of the electrical properties of polymers filledwith different types of conducting particles (416).

For magnetic applications, the use of strontium ferritepowder has been characterised (234). The use of bariumferrite has been optimised (362).

4.7.5 Other Fillers

Depending on the geographical area, ground marble fillers,some with surface treatment, are used for PVC-U andPVC-P applications.

Ground dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate) andlimestone fillers are also used.

Talc has been used in calendered PVC compounds toincrease melt cohesion and modulus of the finishedmaterial.

Cellulose fillers, with and without silane coupling agenttreatment, have been investigated at various levels showingan increase in physical properties and viscosity (53).

Silane coupling agents have also been used for interfacialenhancement of PVC-P/silica composites (440).

Calcined kaolin clays can be used in footwear(improved abrasion resistance) and cable (improvedinsulation properties).

Calcium silicate mineral filler has been proposed as areplacement for calcium carbonate in primaryinsulation cable compound (83). Calcined calciumsulfate has been suggested to effectively replacecalcium carbonate in cable insulation (283).

Kaolin has a use in plastisol formulations giving goodrheological control. Calcium carbonate is also used inthis area. An alternative to calcium carbonate, phyllite,has been evaluated. This material, which containsquartz, muscovite and kaolinite, was characterised onthe basis of paste viscosity, gelation and fusionbehaviour, and mechanical properties (70).

Data is also available on investigations of compositesof PVC/leather fibre (380) and PVC/newsprint fibre(430) as a means of utilising these waste materials.

4.7.6 Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites are materials that contain nanometersized fillers at a low level. Operating at molecular level,these materials can give a very large improvement inproperties of the composite material, such as operating


22

temperature, flame retardancy, stiffness and toughnessetc. The influence of calcium carbonate nanoparticleshas already been covered in Section 4.7.1.

In comparison to other polymers, there have beenrelatively few details of investigations on PVCnanocomposites.

PVC/montmorillonite nanocomposites have beenprepared by blending organoclays of differinghydrophilicity with PVC and plasticiser. The thermalstability problems, attributed to the quaternary amineused in the organoclay, were overcome by pretreatingthe organoclay with the plasticiser. The degree of clayintercalation was determined and the co-intercalationof the plasticiser facilitated exfoliation. Improveddimensional stability and barrier properties wereobtained (50, 203). Intercalated and partially exfoliatedPVC/clay nanocomposites have been produced by meltblending. The best mechanical properties wereachieved at 2% clay loading with 5-10% plasticisercontent (180). The melt blending and preparation ofPVC/sodium montmorillonite have been extensivelytested (121). Epoxy resin has been suggested as acompatibiliser for these systems with improvedtransparency and processing stability (93). Thepresence of clay has been noted to retard the chainstripping thermal degradation of PVC with enhancedchar formation (65).

Solution blending was found to produce a mixedimmiscible intercalated nanocomposite with the claycausing a change in the degradation path (94). In situpolymerisation of polymer layered silicatenanocomposites has been investigated (36).

4.8 Flame Retardants (FR) and SmokeSuppressants (SS)

PVC-U formulations have low flammability due to thechlorine content. The addition of plasticiser in PVC-Pformulations necessitates the use of flame retardant andsmoke suppressant additives. These additives areknown as functional fillers and a correct balance isnecessary to achieve all the end-use specificationrequirements. They are predominately used in cable,conveyer belting and roofing membrane formulationsto give resistance to fire initiation and propagation. Itis also important to reduce dripping in a fire situationand that as little smoke as possible is generated.Antimony trioxide has been used extensively, usuallyin combination with phosphate ester plasticisers, givingexcellent fire performance and mechanical properties.

The FR mechanism is activated by the formation ofantimony oxychloride which acts as a radical scavengerand flame poison. However, antimony trioxide is asuspected carcinogen and work is ongoing to replaceor reduce the levels used. The use of zinc sulfide hasbeen suggested (167). The prevailing mechanisms forhalogen and phosphorus flame retardancy, includinghalogen-antimony synergy have been reviewed (443).

The most recent work has involved reducing smokeemissions, a previous weakness of FR PVCformulations. A review of this area covering additivesand testing is available (78).

Aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and magnesiumhydroxide (MDH) have been shown to create lowsmoke levels and much reduced toxic gas emission(245, 390). The activity of these materials is a functionof the vaporisation of their water of hydration.

Zinc borate is also an effective SS in combination withphosphate ester plasticiser (130). The combination ofammonium octamolybdate and zinc stannate is alsobeneficial (435). It has been shown that ATH and MDHfunctional fillers coated with zinc hydroxystannate givesignificantly increased combustion resistance and lowerlevels of smoke evolution (386). Copper (I) complexes havebeen suggested as smoke suppressants (241). Copper oxideshave also been investigated with positive results (60).

Ethylene copolymers (high molecular weightflexibilisers) have been proposed to replace liquidplast iciser for low smoke FR PVC cableformulations (238).

Calcium carbonate and lithium carbonate fillers alsoact as HCl absorbers and the effect on HCl generationduring the combustion of PVC-P has been shown to beeffective, particularly when used in combination (15).

The increasing demand for FR PVC-U applications hasprompted work in this area. The use of functional fillerscan cause a dramatic deterioration of physical propertiesat the addition levels necessary to achieve therequirements of flame retardancy and smoke emission.An evaluation has shown zinc hydroxystannate to givethe best overall FR and SS characteristics withoutadversely influencing important physical properties(129). The addition of low levels of zinc borate and/orATH was noted to improve flame retardancy and reducesmoke density in a PVC-U formulation (265).

The results of high energy mechanical milling of PVCwith zinc borate or zinc borate/ATH mixtures have been


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shown to give a marked increase in FR and physicalproperties as a result of chemical bonding and increasedinterfacial interaction (16).

4.9 Pigments

Pigments for PVC must be thermally and light stable,have good dispersibility and be compatible withinthe formulation. Inorganic pigments are the mostcommon type.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments are used to give‘bright’ whiteness and opacity.

Specific titanium dioxide grades are used in PVC-Uapplications and contribute to outdoor weatheringperformance (384). Their influence onphotodegradation (286), and on the kinetics ofweathering (278) have been studied. Reversiblediscolouration effects linked to the photochemicaldegradation of titanium dioxide pigmented PVC, havebeen shown, after a period of storage of the agedmaterial in the dark. This has been attributed to theformation of particular polyenic sequences, with thescreening effect of the pigment protecting thesepolyenes against photooxidation, so permitting thesepolyenes to accumulate in the degraded polymer (421).Volatile species produced during the UV irradiation ofa white pigmented PVC construction panel have beenmeasured as a function of irradiation time. Rates ofvolatilisation of organic and chloro-organic compoundsdropped sharply with irradiation time. This drop wasattributed to the crosslinking of the irradiated surfacewhich became chlorine deficient in TiO2 pigment (373).Pinking of PVC profiles, in mild climatic conditions,has been observed in service. This has been explainedby the formation of polyene sequences not completelyphotooxidatively bleached under conditions of oxygenstarvation. One predictive test has been designed andvalidated (13, 279). Other predictive tests have alsobeen suggested.

Titanium dioxides for use in PVC plastisols must satisfythe need for good wettability and dispersion within theliquid medium. Paste storage stability is also important.The effects of different surface treatments on TiO2 onthese parameters have been studied, with the conclusionthat the amount and type of alumina treatment issignificant (457). Aluminosilicates, as pigmentextenders to partially replace TiO2 in plastisols, havebeen investigated, with whiteness retention andreduction in surface gloss (131).

Lead chromate pigments, traditionally used for pipeand cable applications, are linked with the phase outof lead based stabilisers. Special pigment systems basedon organic or organic/inorganic combinations areavailable (320).

The most recent developments in pigmentingtechnology relate to ease of handling, dust free, colourconcentrates (73) and dosing on line. Such technologycovers encapsulation (385) and the use of polymercarriers (39, 321).

Black pigment selection for outdoor use has to considerweathering performance. Different infrared reflectingblacks have been evaluated in relation to heat build-upproperties and actual weathering characteristics. Theinfluence of free iron has also been examined (344).

4.10 Biocides

PVC-P materials, such as flooring and roofing material,can be prone to microbiological attack in humid ordamp conditions. This is due to the fungi using theplasticiser at the surface of the article as a food source.This can lead to partial discolouration (pink colour orblack specks) which can further cause a tacky surfacewhere dirt can accumulate. Unpleasant odours may alsobe a consequence.

Biocides function by becoming active on the surfaceof the material to destroy the fungi. Plasticiser transferto the surface is limited by the process of diffusion ofthe plasticiser within the material, the fungus also actingas a leaching solvent (370). Addition levels of the activeingredient are in the 400-2000 ppm level and the activebiocide is normally supplied dispersed in a plasticiseror ESBO carrier.

Based on their thermal stability, compatibility, permanenceand broad spectral performance against different fungi, themost common microbiocides are10,10´-oxybisphenoxyarsine (OBPA),2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one (OIT) and4,5-dichloro-2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT). InEurope, the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) couldinfluence future use of particular microbiocides.

Various laboratory test methods are available todetermine the effectiveness of biocides in simulatedperformance situations (42, 242, 334).


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4.11 Blowing Agents

Solid blowing agents are materials which decomposeto release gases at particular temperatures matchingthe appropriate melt viscosity necessary to retain thefoam structure. There are two main types:(1) azodicarbonamide, which is exothermic in natureand decomposes to give primarily nitrogen gas and(2) sodium bicarbonate, which is endothermic and soabsorbs heat as it releases carbon dioxide gas. Variousgrades are available to suit particular applications andboth have well controlled particle size distribution. Theazo compounds can be specially formulated, to includean activation agent which catalyses the decompositionand so increases the total gas evolved. Granular formsimprove handling.

PVC-U foams incorporate sodium bicarbonate and theresults are available of an investigation into controllingthe rate of gas evolution and heat of decomposition (281).

The manufacture of cellular PVC/wood composites hasbeen studied. The properties achieved, as foam densitywas reduced, were examined showing suitability formany wood replacement applications (196).

The influence of an exothermic and endothermicblowing agent on PVC/wood flour composite extrusionhas been examined showing that density is unaffectedby foaming agent content, but cell size was dependenton foaming agent type (192). Moisture has also beenproposed as a foaming agent in the manufacture of thesecomposite foams (55). Solid state microcellularfoaming technology (based on carbon dioxide) has beenused to investigate the influence of impact modifieron PVC-U and PVC-U/wood flour composites. Theimpact modifier accelerated the rate of gas loss whichimpeded the growth of nucleated cells. Consequently,impact modification inhibited the potential ofproducing foamed samples with void fractions similarto the unmodified samples (208). The mechanicalproperties of foamed PVC-U and PVC-U/wood flourcomposites have been characterised using differentblowing agents. A comparison has also been made withbatch microcellular processing (23).

A study of the effects of several different plasticiserson the density, elasticity and degree of expansion offoams, produced from different PVC plastisols, hasbeen reported (120). A three-dimensional and highresolution quantitative image technique has beenproposed for the investigation of the internalmicrostructure of foams. This provides a tool to studythe relationships between foam structure and physicalproperties (18).

The mechanical foaming of PVC pastes has beencarried out for some time on the basis of air or gasbeing whisked into specially formulated plastisols,which are cured using microwave or infrared ovens.The lightweight material is used for sound deadeningor domestic applications. There has been a relationshipestablished between the effects of residual emulsifierin the E-PVC resin grade and foaming behaviour (101).

4.12 Antioxidants and Light Stabilisers

Primary antioxidants, such as hindered phenols, operateas effective radical scavengers to protect the PVCmaterial during processing and in use (preventingphotodegradation). Phosphites and thiosynergists arealso used as secondary antioxidants to extend theefficiency of the primary antioxidant by reduction ofoxidation intermediates. These can be added at verylow levels at the polymerisation stage and incombination with the stabilising package at theblending stage (76, 81).

Light stabilisers also prevent photodegradation. UVabsorbers such as hydroxybenzophenone orhydroxyphenyl triazole types, operate by absorbing anddissipating UV radiation prior to potential degradationof the polymer. No permanent chemical change occurs,so activity is retained. Hindered amine light stabilisers(HALS) are also used but their activity is notparticularly well understood (80).

Cyanoacrylates have been proposed as a new range ofUV absorbers for PVC and other plastics (307).

There are various accelerated light stability testmethods available and/or exposure in harsher climates(Florida, Arizona) to test the weathering performance.The prediction of photoageing stability based onaccelerated laboratory testing is very difficult, but someattempts have been made for PVC-P (445). The mostrelevant point is to use as reference a formulationknown to have good outdoor weathering performance.

4.13 Other Additives for PVC-P

4.13.1 Antistatic Agents

Antistatic agents are added to the PVC formulation, toprevent the build-up of static electrical charges, whichcould lead to an electric shock or a spark causing a fire ina dusty or flammable area. Dust build-up is also reduced.


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By adding an antistatic agent (complex non-ionic orcationic materials), the surface resistivity is reduced,along with a reduction in static charge accumulation.The agent functions by the formation of an antistaticlayer on the surface, which by attraction of moistureand in combination with the antistatic agent itself,conducts away charges.

The influence of zeolites and iron oxide on the antistaticproperties of PVC based composites have beenestablished (426).

The addition of antistatic agents can have a detrimentaleffect on processing, particularly heat stability, and thisneeds to be taken into account.

An alternative method of achieving antistaticperformance, although not so permanent, is to apply acoating after fabrication.

4.13.2 Viscosity Modifiers

PVC plastisols or pastes should have a viscositysuitable for handling and storage, as well as themanufacturing process. This is necessary for thinningunder the appropriate shear conditions. Paste PVCresins (or blends of resins) are designed to satisfy aparticular rheology profile, but sometimes the additionof viscosity modifiers is necessary. Fumed silicas aretypically used. Calcium sulfonate gels have also beenpromoted (458).

4.13.3 Antifogging Agents

Antifogging additives are added to food packaging filmused for meat and vegetables, particularly on displayin the supermarket (400).

4.13.4 Bonding Agents

PVC plastisol, spread on to industrial fabrics based onpolyester or polyamide fibres, requires the addition ofa chemical bonding agent to improve the interfacialadhesion. Based on polyisocyanurates, dispersed in aplasticiser, this functions by reacting with the polargroups in the synthetic fibre to give strong chemicalbonding at the interface of the fabric and PVC. Thesematerials are highly reactive and the plastisolformulation has to take this into account in relation toplastisol viscosity build-up. Typical areas of use aretruck tarpaulins; air supported coated fabric structuresand protective clothing.

4.14 Formulations

4.14.1 PVC-U Compounds and Testing

New trends in PVC-U compound formulations,covering extruded foam, extruded wood flourcomposites and co-extruded capping applications, havebeen reviewed. Generic formulations have been listedtogether with the influence of each additive onprocessing, appearance and performance (72).Formulations for construction products have beenreviewed based on components and combinations,influence on the manufacturing and final products, andthe necessary testing to ensure suitability for thepurpose (402). To ensure that PVC-U products do notexhibit unacceptable heat distortion in hot climates, amethodology for predicting maximum field servicetemperatures from solar reflectance data has beenproposed and a predictive model for differentapplications given (352).

4.14.2 Crosslinked PVC

Crosslinking of PVC results in the improvement of anumber of properties, particularly at elevatedtemperatures and investigative work has been carriedout on both PVC-U and PVC-P. Chemical crosslinkableformulations need to generate a sufficiently crosslinkedportion with satisfactory thermal stability (usually aconflict) and should not, of course, crosslink duringprocessing. Crosslinking is achieved hydrolytically.

For some PVC-P formulations, organosilanes appearto be more suitable than peroxides in achievingimproved solvent and abrasion resistance (409, 424).A study on the thermal decomposition behaviourshowed the strong influence of an aminosilane incomparison to a mercaptosilane (337). Peroxidecrosslinking of PVC foam formulations has shown thepositive benefit of a trimethacrylate compound as co-agent, with good thermal stability and a very densecrosslink network (235). The use of a reactiveplasticiser, triallyl cyanurate, has improved the hightemperature creep resistance of peroxide crosslinkedplastisols (202). Viscosity measurements of magnesiumand barium mercaptide crosslinked formulations haveshown that the magnesium salt is more effective incrosslinking and conclusions have been made on thesuitability of different heat stabiliser systems (285).

The crosslinking of PVC-U formulations has also beeninvestigated using mercaptosilanes, aminosilanes and


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peroxides with slower crosslinking attributed to thereduced diffusion of water required to hydrolyse thesilane. Different heat stabilisers were also investigated(319). Peroxide crosslinking in the presence of atrimethacrylate has shown gel contents of 30-40% withimproved mechanical properties using appropriatecuring agent levels (268).

Irradiation crosslinking of PVC-U, carried out usingelectron beam, has shown a marked increase in glasstransition temperature in the presence of a triacrylate,with minimal thermal degradation (216). Electron beamirradiation has also been investigated on a PVC-P wirecoating formulation in the presence of different reactivemonomers (185). Flame retardancy has also beenimproved with the incorporation of appropriate flameretardants (118). The effect of UV irradiation onformulations, incorporating iron chloride or cobaltchloride, has also been studied (67).

4.14.3 Medical and Food Contact Use

PVC has a unique role in medical devices and inprotecting and preserving food on its journey fromsupplier to consumer (446).

For medical use, PVC is supplied in a range of speciallyformulated hardnesses covering PVC-U throughPVC-P for use in pharmaceutical blister packs, bloodand plasma bags, oxygen face masks, infusion kits etc.An important issue for PVC-P is the migration of theDEHP plasticiser, the main phthalate used in medicaldevices, into the contents and so into the body. Thishas been tested extensively and DEHP is specified bythe European Pharmacopoeia for use in blood bags.This has been reviewed in Section 3.2.1 showing theongoing debate.

The interaction of blood with PVC-P based on aphthalate and trimellitate plasticiser has shown thatthere is a higher reactivity for the trimellitate, whichcorrelated with the plasticiser distribution at thepolymer surface (316). Another important aspect is forthe medical packaging to be suitable for sterilisationof the contents. Details are available of improving thegamma irradiation stability of PVC-P in order to retaincolour (447). In addition to unacceptable colourformation, excessive shifts in pH and extractables canoccur in inappropriately stabilised PVC-P (301). Anadditive system, based on materials approved formedical use, has been developed to give lowextractables and low blush with good colour andprocessability (239). The effects of different plasticisers

during sterilisation and ageing have shown the largestabilising influence of DEHP and ESBO. Otherplasticisers have a much less stabilising influence (41).The results of corona discharge treatment of PVC-Pwith different plasticiser contents have shown no effecton the electrolytic equilibrium in relation to biologicaladsorption tests. Surface morphology depended ontreatment time and plasticiser content (199).

The use of polycaprolactone-polycarbonate as aplasticiser for medical grade PVC-P shows very fewchanges in material or surface composition when agedin water at different temperatures (17).

Machinery and processing conditions applicable to theinjection moulding of PVC medical products have beenexamined (218). Details are also available of the designof an autoclavable PVC-P medical device which wasinjection moulded (178).

Packaging in direct contact with food must comply withmigration limits set by government bodies. Most ofthe recent work in this area is connected with extractiontesting with food simulants. A rapid extraction test foroverall migration limit compliance testing has beenestablished. This relates to the ‘more severe test’ criteriato satisfy the EC Directive, and is based on extractionwith methanol or methanol/water (411). Amathematical simulation of DEHP transfer betweenPVC-P samples submerged in olive oil has beenproduced (392). PVC-P material, which has undergonespecific treatment, has reduced plasticiser diffusion inthe evaluation of mass transfers between the materialand liquid food or food simulants. A mathematicalmodel has been proposed to quantify the diffusion ratein terms of an average diffusion coefficient (351).

4.14.4 Membranes

PVC-P membranes are highly plasticised materials,usually solvent cast, used for ion-selective electrodesand biosensors. The influence of plasticisers onmechanical properties and dielectric characteristics hasbeen examined (379, 393, 432). PVC membranes havealso been suggested for controlled release ofagrochemicals (354). The microstructure of ion-selective membranes has been studied during theprocess of soaking in heavy water with plasticiser typeand content, together with the addition of a lipophilicsalt, significantly influencing water uptake (305).

Silane modified PVC films have been proposed forselective absorption of chloro-organics in the


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pervaporation separation of these compounds fromwater (274). By grafting acrylamide monomer on toPVC films using gamma radiation, a high performancefunctional membrane for treatment of radioactive wastehas been obtained (172). Modifying PVC with pyridinegroups has given stable and constant gas transportdiffusion coefficients, in comparison to the unmodifiedmaterial where no stability was observed over time(217).

5 Compounding and ProcessingTechnology

5.1 Compounding

The intimate mixing of the PVC resin with itsassociated additives is necessary prior to convertinginto a thermoplastic melt.

5.1.1 Dry Blend Mixing

5.1.1.1 High Intensity

Batch high speed mixing, followed by a cooling stage,is the most favoured process to produce PVC-U andrelevant PVC-P dry blends at high outputs. In additionto the formulation ingredients necessary for theparticular application, other important criteria have alsoto be considered for the dry blend mixing stage andsubsequent transportation to the processing equipmentviz. homogeneity, free-flow ability, bulk density, easeof handling and storage.

High intensity mixers are heated cylindrical tanks withthe mixing tool (propellers or knives) mounted on amixing shaft. Under the effect of transmitted andfrictional heat, the temperature rises, allowing theabsorption of the liquid and low melting solidcomponents. Further mixing ensures that the non-melting components are efficiently dispersed (in somecases fillers and certain pigments are added prior toreaching the final mixing temperature). The hot mix(now around 110-130 °C) is transferred to a muchlarger, cooled, low intensity mixer and cooled to~50 °C. This results in reduced agglomeration andimproved free-flowing properties (by reducingelectrostatic charges).

The process can be automated in relation to weighingof ingredients and spraying of liquid components intothe mixture.

To increase output, the double batching technique hasbeen suggested whereby double the quantity of additivesare added to the PVC in the hot mixer with the balanceof PVC added in the cooler mixer. Pipe (191) and profile(325) of acceptable quality are claimed.

5.1.1.2 Low Intensity

Virtually shear free, low speed mixers offer gentlerproduct handling with a uniform distribution of allingredients, with no change in particle identity. Thewalls of the mixer carry the bulk material by frictionproducing continuous dividing and reuniting of thematerial. Centrifugal forces are sufficient to throwmaterial particles into free space where they collidewith other particles. This breaks up agglomerates.Normally, this technique is used for cold mixing, butheating may be necessary to aid plasticiser absorption.

There are several types of mixers: helical ribbon, ribbonbar or paddle mixers.

5.1.2 Melt Compounding

For certain operations or scale of operations, the dryblend is fed directly into the processing equipment, e.g.,pipe and profile extrusion, which obviously includesthe melt compounding stage.

For some processes or smaller scale operations, the dryblend (PVC-U or PVC-P) must be gelled/meltcompounded, usually into a pellet or dice form. Thismay be necessary for the type of processing equipmentused for shaping the material, e.g., calendering, orwhere a high degree of homogenisation is required toachieve the performance requirements of the finalproduct. Continuous melt compounding extruders (9)are now the favoured option either based on:

(1) Co-rotating twin screws with kneading elements.The barrel is in segments and the length isdetermined by the process needs, with the screwsdesigned to include mixing, conveying, plasticisingand homogenising.

(2) Oscillating kneader extruder, based on a singlehelical screw blade which in addition to its rotary


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motion also makes a reciprocating axial movement.In one complete turn of the screw there is oneforward and backward motion. Kneading teeth orpins are mounted on the barrel, which is hinged,and the material is sheared in the shear gap betweenthese teeth and the screw flights. This technique isreputed to give maximum mixing performance withrelatively low energy consumption.

A twin screw feeder unit is used to dose dry blend intothe compounder. A discharge screw feeds the melt intoa pelletiser unit, which is a multi-hole die plate throughwhich the melt is forced into strands, cut by rotatingknives and cooled. Details are available of a range ofextruders developed for PVC compounds (34).

5.1.3 Liquid PVC Blending

Plastisol or paste PVC mixtures are dispersions ofemulsion or emulsion/microsuspension PVC resins inplasticisers. Alternatively organosols are based on theuse of a lower boiling point liquid.

The types of mixers used are:

(1) High speed dispersion vertical mixers which arefitted with a variable speed drive and a toothed discat the end of the vertical shaft. This type suits thelower viscosity plastisols used in wall and floorcoverings.

(2) Low speed planetary mixers fitted with verticaltrellis type paddles which rotate around the driveaccess in a circular motion around the mixingbowl. There may be a two stage mixingprocedure used where all the solids are dispersedin part of the plasticiser. The remainingplasticiser is added at the second stage, therebyimproving plastisol mixing. This type of mixerrequires longer mixing times but is suitable forhigh viscosity pastes with very little frictionbeing developed in the process.

All mixers are usually enclosed and fitted with avacuum deaeration facility, particularly necessary fortransparent top coat and foam formulations.

5.2 Processing

An excellent review of the different processingtechniques can be found on the Hydro Polymerswebsite, www.hydropolymers.com.

5.2.1 Gelation

In the case of PVC plastisols, gelation occurs on thebasis of heat imparted to the material during theprocessing stage. The influence of the plasticiserconcentration on the gelation and fusion process hasbeen studied rheologically. Gelation occurred in severalsteps depending on the speed of dissolution of the PVCparticles and temperature increase is necessary withhigher plasticiser concentrations (394). The behaviourof PVC plastisols has been studied during gelation andfusion using an in situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy technique and differences incertain bands, relating to the PVC and plasticisercomponents, are interpreted as a consequence of theirinteractions (434).

For dry blend, melt compounding is required to givethe thermomechanical energy necessary to achieveinterdispersion down to microscopic and possiblyintermolecular level. A high level of mechanical heatis generated due to heat input and shear generation andit is now generally accepted that the gelationmechanism involves compaction, densification, fusionand elongation followed by melting.

The gelation or fusion level is associated with thedegree of destruction of the inherent particulateboundaries of the PVC grains and the subsequentmerging of the primary particles and aggregates. Inaddition, there is an extensive network ofinterconnecting crystalline regions which develop withincreased processing temperature. This degree of fusionand the extent of crystallinity that exists within thepolymer network are essential to achieve the finishedproduct quality and properties (425), the crystallitesacting as crosslinks in a three-dimensional network. Itseems that there is an optimum level of gelation for aparticular product and/or process method.

Several different gelation measurement methods havebeen described in the literature, particularly differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheometry,transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomicforce microscopy (AFM). The gelation level ischaracterised either by crystallinity related aspects orfactors that relate to the development of the three-dimensional network and the correspondingdisappearance of the particulate structure (465, a.1).

Another technique is based on solvent absorption,usually involving methylene chloride, and visualisingswelling and solution effects. A mixture of methylenechloride with cyclohexanone has been proposed as animprovement on this technique (107).


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5.2.2 Extrusion

5.2.2.1 Twin Screw

Almost exclusively used for extrusion of PVC-U intopipe profile and sheet, extrusion equipment consistsof a cylindrical barrel containing two close fitting,intermeshed, Archimedean screws. PVC dry blend isfed in via a hopper at the start of the screws and isconveyed forward, softened, sheared and finally gelledby rotation of the screws and the heat of the barrel.The resulting homogeneous viscous melt is forcedthrough a heated die fitted to the exit end of the barrel.Thereafter the downstream equipment sizes orcalibrates, cools and pulls off the product which is alsocut to desired lengths.

The heated screws rotate in opposite directions (counterrotating) to each other and perform three basic functionswhich are feeding, gelation and metering, with thescrew flights designed accordingly. Venting isincorporated to remove entrapped air and volatiles. Thebarrel is temperature controlled, usually in differentzones, along the length.

The concept of twin screw extrusion is short residencetime in order to minimise thermal degradation, linkedto high output. Screws are typically chromium platedand/or nitrided to protect against acid corrosion andabrasion. Barrels are internally lined with various highalloy nitrided steels. The role of shear stress, in PVCdegradation, has been examined during extrusion andsuggestions made in modification of the flow channelto prevent polymer degradation (190).

Two main types of screw design are used, i.e., paralleland conical and these have been compared (427).Further information is available (356).

The use of conical twin screw extruders for theextrusion of wood filled PVC has also been presented(156). The characterisation of apparent viscosity forPVC wood fibre extrusion has been carried out andquadratic models used to establish tolerances withinwhich the dimensional and physical specifications wereachieved (69).

Statistical analysis has been used to establish theoptimum screw design for PVC extrusion with thecapability of reducing extrusion temperature anddecreasing slip velocity to reduce abrasion (254).

Screw design is complex, but enables melt temperature(which can be in the region of 190-200 °C) to be

controlled more accurately. Screws are categorised bythe ratio of their length to depth (L/D ratio) and havebeen 22/1 (22D) and 26/1 (26D). New 36D extrudershave been introduced for higher output in combinationwith less wear (144). The positive influence of PVCgrain morphology on the extrusion performance hasbeen studied (460).

Statistics, as a monitoring tool, can be used to determineif the process is under control. This has been positivelyidentified in relation to the mean and standard deviationof the melt pressure and motor load (398). Theprocessing window for PVC-U compounds should notbe too restricting to allow for batch to batch variationsin formulation ingredients and minor temperaturefluctuations. A processing window contour mappingprogramme, using sequential simplex techniques, hasbeen used to evaluate the effects of formulation changeson PVC-U compounds. This is combined with theformulation cost to give an overall response for thesimplex to optimise (312). An optimum processingwindow can also be defined by the use of statisticalexperimental design (328). The effects of formulationvariables on PVC-U processing and physical propertieshave been modelled. Capillary rheology was used toevaluate the flow properties. By modelling therheological properties, the optimisation of the flow,extruder conditions and physical properties wereachieved (338). A capillary rheometer has been usedfor numerical simulations to reproduce the elasticproperties of the large pressure drop on entrance andsmall extrudate swell during PVC extrusion (299).

The influence of processing variables on profile glosshas shown a direct relationship between gloss andsurface roughness (233).

5.2.2.2 Single Screw

Single screw extruders develop more frictional heatand rely more on back pressure from the die to improvehomogeneity. Screw design involves highercompression ratios, e.g., 2:1, which means the volumeoccupied between two fights at the start of the screw istwice that occupied between two consecutive flightsat the end of the screw.

PVC-P applications, such as wire and cable, glazingstrip, profile, tubing, hose etc., run on single screwextruders, are fed by gelled compound. The meltbehaviour of various PVC compounds has been studiedin single screw extruders and conclusions made inrelation to the dominant driving force conveying themelt and melting mechanisms (455). The relationship


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between the physical properties of PVC-P profileextrusions and extrusion melt temperature has beeninvestigated, showing an optimum level of temperatureto achieve satisfactory physical properties and surfacegloss (12). Flow instability of PVC-P, in a capillaryextrusion, has been correlated with the long timerelaxation ascribed to generation and growth of PVCcrystallites (189). The shear rate in passing through acopper wire coating die has been determined as higherthan one million reciprocal seconds when studied usingcapillary rheometry. As a consequence, there wasvolatilisation of DEHP and changes in the polymermolecular structure which enhanced the electricalproperties (213).

5.2.2.3 Downstream Equipment

Die design is critical to the extrusion process, materialrheology and flow through the die. Once ascertainedon a trial and error basis, it is now coming under morescientific investigation. An instrumented dual slit dierheometer, mounted on a twin screw extruder, has beendeveloped to determine shear viscosity and slip velocitycovering PVC formulations exhibiting very differentflow behaviour (142). The simulation of profile dies,using finite element methods, has been demonstratedshowing advantages in reduced sensitivity to outputrates, temperatures and material properties (326). A nonisothermal network flow model has been developed(this includes flow balancing, sidewall effects anddimensional changes that occur after die exit), whichgave good results (206). Computer aided engineeringsoftware has been used to investigate modifications tothe design of a PVC sewer pipe extrusion die resultingin improved output and product quality with modestchanges (170).

For flat die extrusion of sheet, critical variables aretemperature control, residence time and flow channelstreamlining. Recent developments have beenpresented (175, 176). Sheet and film extrusion linesinclude cooling and polishing rolls.

An overall review of extrusion tooling has been madecovering twin strand extrusion, cost effective tooling,flow and cooling simulation and melt homogenisation(157).

Profile forming is achieved by passing the extrudatethrough a series of calibration dies, which cool thematerial through contact with the metallic walls of thecalibrators. Vacuum holes or slots are used with the watercooled walls to improve and maintain final productdimensions. Alternatively, for pipe extrudate, the

material is sized and subsequently cooled with water bytotal immersion or spray. The influence of differentcooling environments, using a differential equation forheat transfer, has shown a direct relationship betweenthe temperature profile during cooling and deformation(251). The bowing of PVC-U extrusions caused bydifferential thermal shrinkage, associated with differentcooling rates, has been modelled (250). Heat reversioneffects, in PVC-U profiles, have been identified as amulti-axial parameter with the magnitude shown to be acomplex function of a number of interrelated variables.Higher line speeds, without increasing reversion levels,are possible by allowing for die swell (451).

Corrugated pipe, primarily used in land drainage, isproduced using thin wall extrudate feeding intocorrugator equipment (www.corma.com).

Coextrusion permits the simultaneous capping of aspecially formulated layer or layers of PVC onto thebulk material, normally pipe or profile. The speciallyformulated layer is normally virgin PVC to cap lowercost virgin or regrind or foam to give good gloss, aparticular colour and surface finish with possibly goodweathering performance (298). Details of the processhave been described (158).

Plate-out is a particular problem for PVC extrusion andis the formation of undesired deposits within theextrusion process; screws, die, calibrator etc. Plate-outis usually caused by incompatibility within, or reactionsresulting from, the formulation ingredients incombination with processing conditions. Severalanalytical techniques have been used in a study of plate-out using a specially developed die and calibrator unitand mechanisms described for plate-out formation (155).

5.2.2.4 Foam Extrusion

PVC-U foam extrusion has been well known since the1960s, but recently, more rapid development has takenplace due to improved specialist machinery andtechniques. Additional benefits to those associated withsolid PVC are weight and cost savings. Two processesare possible:

(1) Free foaming where the blowing gas freely expandsin the melt extrudate as it leaves the die going intothe calibrator and

(2) Inward expansion (Celuka process) where theextrudate is fed on to the calibrator walls via a diemandrel, the torpedo creating a space into whichthe extrudate expands. The die and calibrator are


31

the same size and this process creates its own skinon the extrudate surface.

The extrusion of foamed products with twin screwextruders has been reviewed (375). The machinery,tools and processes for the production of foam corepipe, sheet and profile have been listed and the marketreviewed (124, 333). Technical details of PVC-U foamsheet extrusion lines, including dies and calibrators,have been given (258).

The use of processing aids facilitates foaming and cellretention in the melt phase, and their function has beenreviewed (346, 359).

Statistical experimental design has been used to studythe effects of blowing agents, processing aids and fillersin PVC-U foam formulations, with the aim ofpredicting an optimum formulation (339). Optimumextrusion conditions for good quality material have alsobeen determined for a single screw extruder (413). Afundamental understanding of the relationship ofphysical properties to foam density, has been researched(401). The degree of fusion during the foaming processhas been studied using DSC (324).

An alternative process for the production of PVCfoam using microcellular foam technology, notrequiring impact modifier, for thin wall profile (280)has been reported. Proof of concept experimentsconfirm the satisfactory solid state extrusion of PVCpellets, prefoamed in a batch solid state microcellularprocess (109).

5.2.3 Injection Moulding

Injection moulding is a discontinuous process thatproduces articles in the final shape. A mobilereciprocating screw gels, transports and forces materialthrough a nozzle and into a mould. The relatively highmelt viscosity and thermal stability of PVC requireclose attention in relation to temperature and shearconditions. The most important stages of the processare melt preparation and mould filling to minimiseshear heating caused by excessive back pressure, screwspeed or injection rate. Screw and mould designs havemade big advances. PVC-U applications, usually basedon lower molecular weight polymer, cover theconstruction and telecommunication areas. Theformulation and performance criteria have beenevaluated for vinyl moulding compounds (419). PVC-Papplications include footwear, automotive, medical andelectrical.

A model has been developed to predict degradationduring moulding based on a spiral mould and the useof mathematical equations (249).

Strains imposed on the material during injection canresult in undesirable shrinkage and are indicative ofthe temperature at which the strains are imposed. Amathematical model has been developed to provide thebasis for interpretation of shrinkage data. A distributionmap of the various relative temperatures attained duringinjection has been determined (314). Using time-resolved fluorescence has enabled the estimation ofresidual stresses on the skin layer of PVC mouldings(169). To reduce the number of surface defects on PVCpipe fittings, the influence of injection mouldingconditions was studied experimentally and by finiteelement analysis, allowing optimisation of theprocessing conditions (230).

The problem of part failure in service has beenaddressed using diagnostic analytical tools (353).

The co-injection moulding of PVC-U with otherthermoplastics (glass fibre reinforced PVC,polypropylene, ABS and polycarbonate), wasinvestigated using the mono-sandwich process and theproperties determined. Polypropylene was the onlypolymer not to exhibit good adhesion. The mechanicalproperties of the other samples were intermediatebetween those of the constituent polymers (104).

5.2.4 Extrusion Blow Moulding

For thin walled containers, PVC-U gives a combinationof high clarity, inherent rigidity and good barrierproperties. However, the use of PVC in this area hasgreatly decreased due to the changeover to polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) for cost reasons.

Extrusion is mainly by a single screw horizontalmachine which changes to vertical flow via a ‘swanneck’ arrangement. Air is fed to the centre of theparison.

In the stretch blow moulding process, which is the mostcommon, the extruded parison is initially blownundersized, and then stretched and blown to its finalshape in a second mould. This produces biaxialmolecular orientation of the container walls, whichimproves impact resistance, rigidity and clarity.However, permeability is reduced.


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5.2.5 Orientation

The mechanical properties of PVC-U can be improvedsubstantially by stretching the polymer, usually in bothdirections, at temperatures above the glass transitiontemperature, 90 °C is normally used.

The mechanical properties of PVC pipe, produced bydrawing over an expanding mandrel, were found to beclosely associated with the imposed axial and hoopdraw ratio. Cooling also greatly improved quality andintegrity (315). In-line processes for PVC pressurepipes are now used (332, 358). The molecularorientation in conventional extruded pipe, uniaxiallyoriented and biaxially oriented systems has beenstudied using polarised infrared spectroscopy. Thedegree of order or crystallinity has also been studied(164). Monitoring of molecular orientation has alsobeen suggested using micro-Raman spectroscopy(163). Extrusion manufacture of oriented PVC (andmodified PVC) pipe has been presented, particularlywith reference to the use of calcium organic stabilisersystems (145).

The biorientation process is also used in themanufacture of PVC-U sheet (64).

Much of the work investigating orientation has beencarried out at the Institute of Polymer Technology andMaterials Engineering, Loughborough University, UKand published work includes:

• the dimensional stability of oriented PVC-U andPVC-P (357),

• the development of a machine for stretching PVC-Pwith enhancement of mechanical properties (303)and

• the structure-property relationships for orientedsamples of PVC-U and PVC-P (255).

The effect of the drawing and filler orientation in PVC-Pextrudates has been studied with improvements notedin mechanical properties (383).

5.2.6 Calendering

Early PVC calenders were modified from those usedin the rubber industry. Calendering processes andmachinery for rubber and PVC products have beenexamined (408).

A calender is essentially a set of four giant steel rollersmounted in a cast iron frame, usually in an invertedL-shape, in such a way that they can be rotated, andthe distance between each pair of rollers adjusted.Consecutive rolls squeeze the material resulting finallyin a continuous sheet of the desired thickness. PVC,ranging from rigid to semi-rigid to flexible, is producedcontinuously in film or sheet up to approximately1.5 millimetres in thickness and up to and over2.0 metres in width.

Calendering is much more capital intensive than theextrusion process, but higher production rates and moreaccurate product thickness are obtained. Mini calendersor Calandrette® lines (from Battenfeld) are availablefor the production of rigid and semi-rigid PVC filmswith lower investment costs.

The calender rolls have to transmit heat evenly acrossthe face and need to be independently variable in speedso that friction between two adjacent rolls can beapplied. The surfaces of the rolls need to be contouredto an accuracy of a few microns to ensure even filmthickness in both lengthwise and crosswise directions.The surfaces of the final two rolls can also be textured,ranging from highly polished to heavy matt, dependingon the sheet finish required. Hot melt is generatedthrough a continuous extruder-compounder, e.g., (374)feeding into the intake nip of the calender. Onealternative is an intensive internal mixer consisting oftwo heavy duty teardrop shaped counterrotating rotorsin a heated chamber, based on a batch process, feedingonto a two-roll holding mill.

The passage of hot melt between the rolls creates apressure forcing them apart and the calculation oftolerances using a statistical model has been described(417). There is a rolling bank of feed material createdin the gap or ‘nip’ set between the first pair and alsothe second pair of rolls. Passage of the material iscontrolled by roll temperature, surface finish and theratio of the roll speeds at the nip. The final calendernip controls film thickness.

The hot sheet is drawn from the final roll by stripperrollers which can be temperature controlled to permitgradual cooling, and regulated rotationally to allowstretching to the required dimensions. In-lineembossing can be carried out by feeding the hot sheetbetween a heated embosser and rubber backup roll.Final cooling is achieved using water cooled drums.

Plate-out can also be a problem in this area due to theformation of coatings which adversely influence sheetquality. The chemical structure of coatings, resulting


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from calendering of different feedstocks, has beenanalysed and attempts made to establish the causes andmechanisms of coating formation (423).

Typical applications for PVC-P materials include floorand wall coverings, film packaging, decorative surfacecoatings and stationery. Calendered PVC-U sheet isused for thermoforming of packs and containers.

5.2.7 Moulding Processes for Plastisols andPastes

PVC plastisol compounds can be manipulated intoshapes, or applied to fabrics in the ungelled state byeither simple flow techniques or by very low pressureprocesses. The main techniques are spreading, dipping,spraying and rotational and slush moulding.

5.2.7.1 Rheology

An understanding of the rheological behaviour isnecessary as PVC pastes are classified as non-Newtonian liquids and can be dilatent (shearthickening), pseudoplastic (shear thinning) orthixotropic (viscosity reduces with time under constantshear). Each process requires specific rheologicalcharacteristics and this is achieved by formulation ofappropriate PVC grades and knowledge of the influenceof shear rate and time under constant shear.

The mechanism of viscosity ageing, where viscosityincreases with time, has been investigated using resinshaving friable or non-friable agglomerates. De-agglomeration, of the friable agglomerates, causedviscosity ageing. With the non-friable agglomerateresin a small proportion of ultrafine particles dissolvedin the plasticiser, which resulted in viscosity ageing(19). Model systems of paste PVC resins have shownthe effects of particle size and particle size distributionon improved plastisol flow, also permitting a reductionin plasticiser level. Almost Newtonian flow behaviourwas possible (327).

5.2.7.2 Spreading or Coating

For the coating of continuous substrates, such asflooring, wall covering and tarpaulins, direct or transfercoating is used. The paste can be applied directly usingknife on roller or belt, or indirectly via reverse rollcoating. The substrate can be a carrier material whichis removed later. This process permits multilayer

coatings, including foam, and embossed finishes to becarried out in-line. The final process involves pregellingand gelation in a continuous oven.

The influence of plasticiser content and type, anddifferent PVC K-values on the rheological behaviourof plastisol, used for coated fabrics, has beendetermined (266).

Screen coating, typically used for wallcoverings, relieson plastisol being pumped into a cylindrical metalscreen with fine perforations. The paste is forcedthrough the perforations via a rubber blade onto thesubstrate; the amount deposited being controlled bythe screen mesh size and rubber blade pressure andangle.

Coil coating, usually on metal, is carried out using aroller with concentric grooves; the depth of the groovesdetermining the coating weight.

5.2.7.3 Dip and Spray Coating

The hot dip process is used to coat wire baskets,brackets etc., and depends on preheating the object tobe coated (100-120 °C) and dipping it into the plastisolwhere the PVC gels around the object. Cold dip andspray coating is used on fabrics, such as lined gloves,or metal, such as underbody sealant. These aresubsequently gelled in an oven. The use of an infraredsystem to cure PVC sealant compound has also beenintroduced (343).

Powder coating techniques are also used, includingfluidised bed and electrostatic spraying.

5.2.7.4 Rotational, Slush and Dip Moulding

Rotational moulding is carried out using closed mouldswhich undergo rotation through 360° in threedimensions, after feeding in a fixed quantity of paste.The rotation ensures that the paste is evenly coated overthe mould interior. The moulds are fed through an ovenwhere the paste is gelled and fused. On cooling, thearticle is peeled from the mould, which is designed tosplit open. This process is used to manufacture balls,toys and skins (which are subsequently filled with foamfor automotive use).

Slush moulding utilises heated open moulds which areinverted to remove excess plastisol. Layer thickness iscontrolled by the rheology of the paste, timing and


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temperature. Consecutive layers can be built up and adouble slush technique has been reported permittingrecycling of production waste (289). A typical productmade from this technique is PVC coated flexible foamfor automotive trim.

Dip moulding utilises a preheated former which isdipped into the paste and withdrawn at a constant rate.After heating in an oven and cooled, the article is peeledoff the former. Disposable gloves are manufactured bythis process.

6 Fabrication and Treatment

6.1 Thermoforming

Calendered or extruded sheet can be thermoformed toshape by applying heat, using vacuum or pressureforming over a preform or mould, and then cooling. Incomparison to injection moulding, thermoformingoffers economical advantages due to low equipmentcosts and ease of changing mould designs. However,the process is limited by the fact that the forming mustbe capable of being demoulded from the tool. Theprocess parameters on wall thickness distribution inthermoformed food containers have been optimised andthe process discussed (300).

6.2 Surface Modification Processes

The surface modification of PVC has been investigatedto improve some key factors such as coatability or toreduce migration.

Activities to reduce plasticiser migration include:nucleophilic substitution of the surface chlorine, in thepresence of phase transfer catalysts, by azide (448); orphotoactive diethyl dithiocarbamate (410) withsubsequent UV irradiation to crosslink the surface. Thereaction of PVC film with sodium azide and aminothiophenol has also been investigated in solvent/nonsolvent mixtures with sodium azide occurringhomogeneously through the film, while the aminothiophenol modified the surface (284). Nucleophilicsubstitution by sulfide ions in aqueous media has alsogiven benefits (37). Surface modification, using aminothiophenol in dimethyl formamide/water mixtures,indicated that surface selectivity and degree ofmodification (related to level of DEHP leached out)were dependent on reaction time (38).

The fluorination of the inner surface of intravenoustubing, using atmospheric pressure plasma glow(APG), has been evaluated to enhance biocompatibilityand suppress plasticiser migration (273). The effect ofplasma treatment on the migration of DOA, and anEVA-carbon monoxide terpolymer as partial orcomplete replacement, into isooctane solution has givenpositive results (231). A closed system microwaveplasma reactor was used to react imidazole moleculesto PVC surfaces with the claim that the resulting PVCwas useful as an implant for biomedical applications,on the basis of spectroscopic studies (368).

Argon plasma immersion ion implantation has resultedin increased wettability (32).

6.3 Coatings

Surface treatments are often necessary for aesthetic andperformance reasons. This can involve printing orlacquering, using both solvent and non-solvent basedinks, which are applied to the surface using rollers,pads, silk screen, inkjet or lasers. Waterborne coatingsare environmentally more desirable and siliconesurfactants are claimed to give the best performance toimprove substrate wetting (456).

UV cured acrylic clearcoats are also used, givingimproved weathering performance and scratching andabrasion resistance (179). A clear topcoat for flooring,based on an unsaturated polyester resin and used in aUV curable powder coating, has provided flexibilityand scratch resistance (59). An ultrasonic etchingtechnique has been shown to be effective for the pre-treatment of PVC for copper plating, in comparison toacid etching (399).

Printing on vinyl surfaces can be problematic due tothe influence of the formulation ingredients,particularly heat stabilisers and lubricants, on printadhesion. Spectroscopic analysis of PVC-P films hasidentified the formation of a barium zinc stearatecomplex which formed in the PVC matrix and migratedto the surface (207). Polymeric plasticisers have beendeveloped to increase the surface energy, and soimprove print adhesion. The incorporation of stearicacid had a surface energy reducing effect when usedwith the polymeric plasticiser (193).

Chemical embossing of flooring and wall coveringsinvolves the incorporation of a blowing agent inhibitor(which prevents the decomposition of the blowingagent) into the appropriate print area.


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Foil coatings can be laminated in-line on to PVC-U profileused for windows, usually with a wood grain effect. Hotmelt adhesives can be used. A biodegradable alkalinecleaning agent was proposed to remove surfacecontaminants which, when combined with flame treatmentand adhesive, gave good adhesion results (244). Theimpact performance and the effect of artificial weatheringand abrasion have been compared with uncoated and woodgrain effect obtained by transfer foil. Impact strengthretention after ageing, for the foil laminated material, wasdecreased (329). Wood veneers have been surfacemodified chemically to improve adhesion (396).

6.4 Adhesion

Different joining techniques are used to fabricate PVCinto the finished article. All welding techniques involvethe application or generation of heat to soften the materialwhilst pressure is applied simultaneously. Solvent cementjointing relies on softening/swelling of the material.

Techniques, used by the gas and water industries to joinand repair pipelines, include butt fusion, electrofusionsocket welding and socket jointing (309). The study ofbond strength testing for solvent joints in piping systemshas noted extreme sensitivity to minor variations in samplepreparation (259).

Friction welding has been assessed in relation to spinfriction pressure and time (269). Welding techniques,based on hot tool and vibration welding have also beenassessed with good results (256). High frequency dielectricjointing of PVC-P to PVC-U was investigated, permittingthe development of new stationery items (246). Aconcentrated solar beam radiation technique has also beenassessed (162). The manufacture of PVC-U windowsutilises a hot plate welding technique and finite elementanalysis has been used to assess the stress in the weldedcorner (452).

Bonding techniques, involving adhesives, are alsocommon. An in-depth study of PVC adhesion is available,together with the recommendation for a solvent bornepressure sensitive adhesive (229). A report is also availableon solvent based pressure sensitive adhesives suitable forPVC surfaces (226).

7 PVC and Sustainable Development

PVC has been at the centre of a continuedenvironmental campaign against its use and it is

unfortunate but timely that all the issues around modernsociety have been placed first at its door. No otherindustry has yet had to face questions about sustainabledevelopment to the same degree. However, the PVCindustry has confronted all the issues head on, and willsurely come through as a stronger enterprise.

Sustainable development is not only about being ableto advance and improve the standard of living today,but ensuring that future generations can also have thesame possibilities. Accordingly, the earth’s resourcesand life support systems should not be overloaded orimpaired, but balanced between satisfyingenvironmental, economic and social needs. For thePVC industry, this has resulted in Vinyl 2010(www.vinyl2010.org), the voluntary commitment of thePVC industry in Europe (275) which followed the EC‘horizontal study’, five studies covering acomprehensive investigation on all PVC issues relatingto waste management, and was introduced to pre-emptany further legislative action (at the time of writing,an EC Communication on PVC is still awaited). Thisis in addition to Directives covering motor vehicle End-of-Life (ELV), Waste Electrical and ElectronicEquipment (WEEE), Restriction of HazardousSubstances in electrical and electronic equipment(RoHS) etc.

In addition to setting targets on recycling of PVC richwaste (20), standards were set in place covering PVCproduction, the end of cadmium based stabiliser sales inthe EU, risk assessments to be carried out on phthalateplasticisers and lead stabilisers, reduction in the use oflead stabilisers by 50% (100% by 2015) and investigationof new technologies regarding end-of-life treatment. Thetarget is to have an additional 200,000 tonnes of postconsumer PVC recycled by 2010.

One approach to sustainability, very much focused onthe environmental aspect, has been the use of TheNatural Step (TNS) framework which applies a systemsmodel based on scientific principles governing theEarth’s ecosystem. PVC has been evaluated by thisprocess and five long-term challenges set coveringcarbon neutrality, closed loop waste management, nobuild-up of persistent organic compounds,sustainability of all additives with phase out ofpersistent compounds and those having toxic effects,and the raising of awareness about sustainabledevelopment within the industry and participation inits achievement (125). A major European resin producerhas taken on board this concept and has integrated theTNS framework into its business strategy (166). HydroPolymers has also announced the commissioning of anew operation dedicated to the processing of recycledPVC-U compounds (www.hydropolymers.com).


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The largest European resin supplier is also takingaccount of sustainability issues, focusing on theenvironmental, economic and social legs(www.evc-int.com).

7.1 Waste Management

Vinyl 2010 members (ECVM, ECPI, ESPA andEuropean Plastics Converters (EuPC)) have contributedin the region of €4.5 million in 2002, to wastemanagement projects which were funded to a total of€16.5 million.

7.1.1 PVC Rich Waste - Mechanical Recycling

7.1.1.1 General

A research report, covering post industrial and postconsumer vinyl reclaim in North America, wasconducted in 1998 and results compared with otherplastics (296) (www.recyclepvc.com). Thepracticalities of recycling PVC in Brazil have beenconsidered taking account of the need to avoiddevaluation of the recycled end product (288). Spanishinitiatives have been examined detailing waste sources,outlets for recycled materials and PVC recyclers (122).A review of recycling methods being used in Europe,and examples of recyclate uses has been published.Conflicting issues have been low prices for virginmaterial and inconsistent recyclate supply (184). Astudy of the influence of restabilisation on rheologicaland mechanical properties has been carried out (276).

In the UK, a Government funded initiative is in place,looking at how collection systems could be establishedfor PVC waste from the construction and automotiveindustries. The quality of recovered materials and theiruse in high value products will be assessed, along withthe associated economic and environmental impacts(68) (www.recyclepvc.com).

7.1.1.2 Grinding/Pulverisation/Separation

An important feature of processing plastic waste is thegrinding down to an appropriate particle size to suitthe next processing stage. The particle size distributionof a hammer mill ground PVC has been interpretedand a model developed to describe the distribution,relevant to separation (428). Selective grinding hasbeen proposed to induce differences in size and shape

between polymers with different compositions, forseparation by sieving or hydrocyclones (405). A Solid-State Shear Pulverisation technology is beingdeveloped based on a non-melting process involving aco-rotating twin screw extruder. The mixed polymersare subject to shear and compression that result inchanges to their structure via mechanochemistry. Thehomogeneous material is melt processable (25). Anelastic-deformation dispersion method has beendeveloped to obtain fine particle recycled material,based on the combined action of high pressure andshear deformation at elevated temperatures (61).

Separation techniques, for the removal of PVC fromother waste plastics, were initially focused on thepackaging area involving separation from PET (243).

The influence of small amounts of PVC degrading inPET scrap during reprocessing has been studied (371).An aqueous column flotation technique, utilising pHlevel and surfactants, has been proposed (311). Acontinuous thermal separation system, for removal oftrace PVC, has also been described (204).Triboelectrostatic separation, based on cyclones,fluidised beds or rotating tubes, has also separated fivecommonly used plastics, including PVC (30).

7.1.1.3 Pipes

The target for pipes and fittings is to recycle at least50% of the collected available quantity, at end-of-life,by 2005. As far back as 1996, pipe recycling wasalready under investigation and collection, cleaning andseparating, grinding and re-use was examined (449).A market survey, for Italy, has been compiled with theaim of devising a feasible recovery and recyclingsystem (123).

A consortium called Recovinyl SA is being set up tofacilitate the collection dispatching and recycling ofpost-consumer PVC waste (including pipe and profile)across Europe (www.vinyl2010.org).

7.1.1.4 Profile

The target in Europe for window frames is also torecycle at least 50% of the collectable availablequantity, at end-of-life, by 2005. A major UK producerhas become the first UK company to recycle usedwindow frames into high-end applications (68). A majorGerman producer has set up a facility for recycling allcomponents from window frames and this has beenoperational for some time.


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Profile material has been successfully subjected torepeated extrusion to investigate the effect of loss ofproperties and durability when PVC waste isreprocessed. Colour deterioration was the main issue(indicating a need for a virgin cap material to retaincolour, if necessary) (211). Fence posts based on a coreof recycled PVC, enclosed in a virgin cap skin, havebeen developed. At present, this depends on postindustrial waste, such as off-cuts and off specificationprofile materials as the source (99). A recycling project,for vinyl sidings in the USA, has also been conducted(397) (www.vinylinfo.org).

Pilot collection initiatives, start-up of new collectionschemes and optimisation of existing schemes aretaking place across Europe. In the UK, the BritishPlastics Federation (BPF) is leading a synergisticproject (funded by Vinyl 2010 through the EuropeanProfile Producers Association) aimed at finding themost appropriate ‘best practice’ solutions to collect andmanage PVC construction and demolition waste. A UKgovernment funded project is investigating increasingglass recycling. In its second phase, BPF members willlook at PVC-U frames (www.bpf.co.uk).

7.1.1.5 Wallcoverings

A project is underway in the UK looking at recyclingof post industrial use material.

The recovery of plasticiser and solvent from waste PVCplastisols, created in the manufacturing process duringscreen changeovers, has been shown to be possibleusing ceramic membrane separation technology (152).

7.1.1.6 Packaging

Collation trays, as used in supermarkets to transportand display products, remain one possibility formechanical recycling but this depends on a system toidentify the polymer, linked to a suitable collectionsystem. One outlet for this material is a foam layer incoextruded cladding (439). PVC water bottle scrap hasalso been incorporated into the foam core of coextrudedpipe. Another outlet is moulding of rainwater fittings.

7.1.1.7 Wire and Cable

In this application the desire to recycle the copper, fromwire and cable, has always been a driver. The recyclingof automotive cables was discussed in 1995 with reference

to separation techniques and costs. It was shown thatproduct quality was suitable for re-use in cable insulation(225). The separation of PVC cable waste, from otherpolymers, has been assessed using hydrocyclone, meltfiltration and triboelectric techniques. Tribocharging,which results in bodies becoming opposite electricallycharged was the most effective (330). An outlet for cablewaste in garden hose and reinforced washing machinehose has been described (336).

Solvent based technology (see below) is considered tobe the best option in this area.

7.1.1.8 VinyLoop® Process

This patented process involves the selective dissolutionof the PVC compound, separation of non-solublematerials and precipitation of the pure PVC compound.This can then be processed into the same applicationas the original material (26, 147).

Based on the VinyLoop® technology, Texyloop® hasbeen developed for coated fabrics and involves specifictreatment for recycling fibres and compounds.

7.1.1.9 Flooring

A vinyl-backed carpet recycling programme (non-solvent based) for end-of-life material was set up byone floorcovering company in the USA in 1998 (363).A major PVC flooring manufacturer in Europe has alsobeen recycling waste material (369). Changes inflooring properties, after service life, have beeninvestigated in relation to the influence on mechanicalrecycling and energy recovery options (43).

The first target in Europe is to recycle at least 25% ofthe collectable available quantity of PVC flooring wasteby 2006. Applications for recycled material andcooperation in the collection and future processing ofpost consumer waste are ongoing, primarily based onmaterial generated via the VinyLoop® process(www.vinyl2010.org).

7.1.1.10 Roofing Membranes

A target of 25% recycling for 2003, aiming for 50% by2005, has been set. This is based on a mechanicalcryogenic unit which will require additional capacityor be augmented via a solvent based process(www.vinyl2010.org).


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7.1.1.11 Coated Fabrics

An investigation into collectable waste has indicatedthat truck tarpaulins and advertising posters could bethe highest contributor. Test collection projects havebeen initiated. Solvent based recycling is seen as themost promising solution. Alternatively feedstockrecycling could be possible (www.vinyl2010.org).

A phase separation technique, using solvent andsubsequent swelling, has been described to separatePVC from polyester fabric, primarily to recycle thefabric (340, 355). A technique for recycling PVC coatedglass fibre fabric has been described, based oncompression or injection moulding, with addition ofan acid absorber (hydrotalcite) (49).

7.1.2 PVC Feedstock Recycling

Feedstock or chemical recycling is seen ascomplimentary to mechanical recycling and seemsappropriate for cost effective treatment of mixed andcontaminated plastic waste streams (115). A progressreport, on potential technologies for high PVC contentmixed plastic waste streams, is available (21).Promising developments, which look technically andeconomically viable, are:

(1) Combustion in a rotary kiln which deliversrecovered chlorine with energy recovery for newVCM/PVC production

(2) Hydrolysis and pyrolysis to dechlorinate andseparate into hydrocarbon and inorganic fractions(fillers and metals) followed by gas recovery andrecycling of the inorganic material and

(3) Dechlorination of mixed plastics from householdwaste, after separation from municipal solid waste,and co-injection with coal into a blast furnace forpig iron production. The aim is to replace pulverisedcoal in this process (www.vinyl2010.org).

A catalytic dehalogenation process, for treatment ofmixed plastic waste prior to pyrolysis to oil, has beeninvestigated (29). The coprocessing of waste plasticswith heavy petroleum fractions using catalysts, forliquid fuel generation, has been described (24).Dechlorination using calcium based sorbent has alsobeen examined (28). VCM polymerised withbutyllithium was dechlorinated completely under highpressure in hot water, in comparison to peroxidepolymerised material (27). A project involving

feedstock recycling of mixed plastics, in coking plants,has been carried out (31).

The possibility of converting waste PVC intocarboxylic acids, using oxygen oxidation in causticsoda solutions at high temperatures, has been proposed(302, 382).

A steam gasification technique, with oxygen addition, hasbeen described to convert PVC into hydrogen chloride,hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide etc. (187).

7.1.3 Incineration/Energy Recovery

A survey of state-of-the-art technologies, for thereduction and detoxification of neutralisation salts fromthe incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), is inplace (www.vinyl2010.org).

A process for the recovery of hydrochloric acid fromthermal processing of PVC waste has been described.This is linked to energy recovery and chlorinegeneration for VCM production (444). The eliminationof chlorine during incineration has also been achievedusing calcium hydroxide and calcium and sodiumcarbonate salts (306). The calcium carbonate fillercontent within the PVC was also observed to give anin situ neutralisation (293). Vacuum pyrolysis of mixedplastics, including PVC, showed some interaction withaltered decomposition rates. However, chlorine contentwas lower than expected (212, 214). MSW containsan average of 0.8% PVC and a paper has been presentedon energy and hydrochloric acid recovery with respectto environmental, economic and technological aspectsshowing that incineration is the most sustainablesolution for certain types of waste (146).

8 Conclusions

Despite being a so called mature product, operating in adifficult economic climate, PVC is adapting to thedemands of the 21st Century. It is still the second largestthermoplastic material, based on market volume, andretains its position as a cost effective and flexiblematerial. The market is developing at 3-4% per year withmost growth in the construction area, particularly Asia.

There has been much rationalisation and consolidationwithin the supply chain and there is no reason to believethat this will not continue. Much needed closerintegration and cooperation within the industry has


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occurred as it has taken on the issues surroundingsustainability, leading to the Voluntary Commitmentin Europe. It is, of course, essential that the targets setout in this agreement are achieved within the specifiedtimescale.

As the reader has observed in this review, theinnovation process is thriving within this newenvironment. The focus has been on more cost effectivepolymerisation plants with an improved environmentalprofile, the replacement of lead stabilisers, scientificstudies and support for phthalates, a greaterunderstanding of and an increasing role for impactmodifiers, recycling techniques and waste managementpossibilities.

All of these issues have been, and are being,accomplished at a cost and the industry is aware of theneed to balance the ongoing requirement forprofitability within this environment.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the authors of theprevious review report for the content and style whichhave been the basis of this review. Thanks are also dueto the author’s friends and colleagues within theindustry who have given their support and permissionfor use of their material.

Additional References

a.1 A. Gonze, Chim. Ind. Génie chimique, 1971,104, 422-427.


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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer

AFM atomic force microscopy

AMSAN alphamethyl styrene-acrylonitrile

APG atmospheric pressure plasma glow

ATH aluminium trihydrate

BBP butyl benzyl phthalate

BPD Biocidal Products Directive

BPF British Plastics Federation

CPE chlorinated polyethylene

CPVC chlorinated PVC

DBA dibutyl adipate

DBP dibutyl phthalate

DCOIT 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one

DEHA di-2-ethylhexyl adipate

DEHP di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate

DIDP diisodecyl phthalate

DINCH di-isononyl-cyclohezane-1,2-dicarboxylic ester

DINP diisononyl phthalate

DSC differential scanning calorimetry

ECPI European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates

ECVM European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers

EDC ethylene dichloride

EPM poly(ethylene-co-polypropylene)

E-PVC emulsion polymerised PVC

ESBO epoxidised soya bean oil

ESPA European Stabiliser Producers Association

EuPC European Plastics Converters

EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

FDA Food and Drug Administration (US)

FR flame retardant

FTIR Fourier transform infrared

HALS hindered amine light stabilisers

HPLC high performance liquid chromatography

MBS methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene terpolymer

MDH magnesium hydroxide

MSW municipal solid waste


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NBR nitrile rubber

NMR nuclear magnetic resonance

OBPA 10, 10´-oxybisphenoxyarsine

OIT 2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one

PET polyethylene terephthalate

phr parts per hundred

PVC polyvinyl chloride

PVC-P plasticised PVC

PVC-U unplasticised PVC

RoHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances

S-PVC suspension polymerised PVC

SS smoke suppressant

TEM transmission electron microscopy

TNS The Natural Step

UV ultraviolet

VCM vinyl chloride monomer

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited 43

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine14, No.10, Oct.2003, p.905-12BLOOD RESPONSE TO PLASTICIZEDPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE. DEPENDENCE OFFIBRINOGEN ADSORPTION ON PLASTICIZERSELECTION AND SURFACE PLASTICIZERLEVELZhao X B; Courtney J MStrathclyde,University

Three types of plasticised PVC containing eitherdiethylhexyl phthalate, triethylhexyl trimellitate orbutyltrihexyl citrate as plasticisers were assessed for bloodcontacting applications. Correlations between plasticiserand fibrinogen adsorption behaviour are discussed. Thefibrinogen adsorption mechanism was also examinedusing Freundlich adsorption modelling. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.901205

Item 2British Plastics and RubberNov.2003, p.4-6MINERAL FILLERS FOR PVCREINFORCEMENT

Uprating PVC compounds often involves the carefulspecification and addition of mineral fillers. This articlediscusses calcium carbonate, talc and glass fibre, takinginto account their size and their shape factor. Rigidity issensitive to the shape factor of the filler as is thedimensional stability. This study shows that glass fibre isthe most efficient filler. Talc is more efficient than calciumcarbonates. The impact performance is very sensitive tothe particle size. Precipitated calcium carbonate is the onlyfiller to act as an impact modifier. 12 refs.

SOLVAY BENVICWESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.901038

Item 3Polymer Degradation and Stability82, No.3, 2003, p.467-76INFLUENCE OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ONTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND SMOKEEMISSION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Li BHarbin,Northeast Forestry University

The results are reported of a study of the effect of variouspolymeric additives and metal oxides on the thermaldegradation, flame retardancy and smoke suppression ofrigid PVC carried out using a cone calorimeter at anincident heat flux of 25 kW sq.m. Polymeric additives

employed were an acrylic resin, chlorinated PE, lowmolec.wt. PVC and polyethylene wax. Metal oxides usedincluded CuO, MoO3 aand FeOOH, which served assmoke suppressants. 18 refs.CHINA

Accession no.900443

Item 4Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology9, No.3, Sept.2003, p.127-37MECHANISM OF ORGANOTINSTABILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.VI. COMPATIBILITY OF ORGANOTINSTABILIZERS WITH PVCSafronov A; Somova T; Suvorova A; Fisch M H;Stewen U; Bacaloglu R; Dooley TUrals,State University; Crompton Corp.

The compatibility of PVC with liquid alkyltin thioglycolatestabilisers was studied by thermal methods, includingisothermal calorimetry of mixing, DSC, dynamicmechanical analysis and dielectric relaxation. The enthalpyof mixing was measured. Results are discussed in terms ofthe superposition of glassy state and molecular interactioncontributions to the enthalpy of mixing of the glassypolymer with liquid additives. The influence of thestabilisers on the glassy structure of PVC films was studiedby DSC and the dielectric relaxation spectrum. 16 refs.RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.899602

Item 5Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology9, No.3, Sept.2003, p.108-15FIRE AND FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PVCCoaker A WCoaker A.W.,& Associates Inc.

Details are given of the addition of flame retardant andsmoke suppressant additives to PVC to meetspecifications such as oxygen index, heat release, smokeevolution or extent of burning in cable tests. Data arepresented for synergistic combinations of additives inPVC formulations. 31 refs.USA

Accession no.899600

Item 6Journal of Applied Polymer Science90, No.7, 14th Nov.2003, p1808-24EFFECT OF GELATION ON THE FLOWPROCESSABILITY OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Fujiyama M; Kondou MTokuyama Corp.


44 © Copyright 2004 Rapra Technology Limited

A study was made of the effects of gelation during thefusion of rigid polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) on thesubsequent flow properties by preparing samples of thepolymer with different levels of gelation, and measuringthe rheological properties using a capillary flowrheometer. Gelation levels of the samples were controlledby adjusting milling time and temperature, and it wasfound that higher gelation levels resulted in a slightincrease in viscosity, an increase in flow activation energy,and increased die swell at higher extrusion temperaturesor greater melt fracture at lower extrusion temperatures.Comparative effects on the different parameters werereviewed and differences in flow behaviour wereattributed to transition from particle flow to uniformmolecular chain flow. Samples were characterised for gellevel by differential scanning calorimetry, and formorphology as removed from the mill by scanningelectron microscopy of a fractured surface. 29 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.898857

Item 7Modern Plastics International33, No.9, Sept.2003, p.40PHTHALATES STILL FIGHTING UPHILLBATTLE TO CONVINCE PUBLICColvin R

Global plasticiser demand, which was at 4,647,000 tonnesin 2000, is showing 2.1% annual growth for 2003. In thepast, this stagnation could have pointed to the enduringargument over phthalates’ use in vinyl. The EuropeanCouncil of Plasticisers and Intermediates says the latestresearch studies have taken the wind out of many critics’sails. Earlier this year, the US Consumer Product SafetyCommission said there is no demonstrated health risk fromvinyl toys containing DINP. At this year’s NPE show anumber of products intended as alternatives to existingplasticisers were introduced. Teknor Apex debuted itsplasticiser-free FreeFlex PVC compounds, usingpolyolefin elastomers to yield flexibility.WORLD

Accession no.897659

Item 8Plastics Additives and Compounding5, No.4, July-Aug.2003, p.44-6NEW MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGYPROVIDES STEP CHANGE IN PVCSTABILIZATIONHolmes M

Vulcabond Stabiliser-Aid B2 has been introduced byAkcros Chemicals as the first of a new generation of PVCstabilisers for PVC-coated fabrics. This new range of baseand top-coat stabilisers is suitable for all plastisolapplications. A pot life of 20 hours is now possible withVulcabond Stabiliser-Aid B2. The new stabiliser offers

good anti-fogging performance, low volatility, lowplastisol viscosity and good adhesion results. Thecompany has also introduced Akcrostab LZB6104, a self-lubricating barium/zinc liquid stabiliser that is suitablefor use in calendering, extrusion and injection mouldingof clear and pigmented plasticised PVC.

AKCROS CHEMICALS LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894310

Item 9Plastics Additives and Compounding5, No.4, July-Aug.2003, p.30NEW KNEADING CONCEPT FOR PVCCOMPOUNDING

Coperion has introduced a new concept for the CoperionBuss Kneader. The Kneader superimposes a radial mixingeffect with the screw rotation and a lengthwise mixingeffect caused by the oscillating motion of the screw,creating a high mixing efficiency. This principle of theCoperion Buss Kneader has been retained in the quantec.The wide processing window for rigid and plasticisedPVC makes the quantec a versatile and productive PVCcompounding system. Also from Coperion is the ZSKMegavolume twin-screw compounder, which is designedfor processes where more free volume is required in thescrew channel.

COPERION CORP.USA

Accession no.894297

Item 10Journal of Materials Science38, No.13, 1st July 2003, p.2893-9ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE-COATED METALHYDROXIDE FIRE RETARDANTS: FIREPERFORMANCE AND SUBSTRATE-COATINGINTERACTIONSHornsby P R; Cusack P A; Cross M; Toth A; Zelei B;Marosi GBrunel University; Tin Technology Ltd.; HungarianAcademy of Sciences; Budapest,University ofTechnology & Economics

An investigation was carried out into the fire retardantbehaviour of zinc hydroxystannate-coated fillers (aluminatrihydrate and magnesium hydroxide) in PVC and EVAcable formulations. Measurements were made of thelimiting oxygen index, peak rate of heat release and smokeparameter and the data for unfilled and filled formulationscompared. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffusereflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy wereused to study the filler-coating interaction. 16 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.894085



Item 11Food Additives and Contaminants20, No.4, April 2003, p.317-24ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE OFPLASTICIZERS IN 1-WEEK DUPLICATE DIETSAMPLES FOLLOWING REGULATION OFDEPH-CONTAINING PVC GLOVES IN JAPANTsumura Y; Ishimitsu S; Saito I; Sakai H; Tsuchida Y;Tonogai YJapan,National Institute of Health Sciences;Aichi,Prefectural Institute of Public Health; NiigataPrefectural Research Laboratory for Health & Environment

Duplicate hospital diet samples obtained over one weekin 2001 were analysed to estimate the daily intake ofplasticisers and the results are compared with thoseobtained in 1999. The plasticisers quantified were: dibutylphthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), diisononyl adipate (DINA)and O-acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). Dipropyl, dipentyl,dihexyl and dicyclohexyl phthalate were also analysedbut not detected. The analytical procedure for this follow-up study is essentially the same as in the previous one.Detection limits are -.1-15.6 ng g-1 for each plasticiser.One-week duplicate diet samples provided by threehospitals in three remote prefectures of Japan are analysedas individual meals. DEHP is detected at 6-675 ng g-1 in62 of 63 meals, significantly lower levels compared withthose detected in 1999. Lower levels of DEHA and DINPalso decrease. The mean intake of plasticisers estimatedfrom all samples is 160 mu g DEHP day-1, 12.5 mu gDEHA day-1, 4.7 mu g DINP day-1 and 3.4 mu g BBPday-1. Levels of DINA are relatively high in meals fromone hospital: in those meals, the average daily intake is1338 mu g day-1. Those of ATBC are also higher in mealsfrom another hospital: the average daily intake is 1228mu g day-1. The sources of DINA and ATBC can be clingfilm or sausage packaging. 21 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.892690

Item 12Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology9, No.2, June 2003, p.61-4EFFECT OF EXTRUSION MELTTEMPERATURE ON PROPERTIES OFFLEXIBLE PVCRabinovitch E BPolyOne Corp.

The relationship between the physical properties of profilesextruded from flexible PVC compounds and the extrusionmelt temperature was studied. The properties included tearresistance, tensile properties, brittleness temperature andcompression set. The effect of thermal history on surfacecharacteristics of the extrudate, such as surface roughnessand gloss, and the relationship of the latter with theprocessing morphology were also examined. An increase

in extrusion melt temperature was shown to result inincreased tensile elongation, tear strength, 100% modulus,reduced brittleness temperature and very slightimprovement in compression set. An increase in melttemperature resulted in a smoother surface, but furthertemperature increase could cause agglomeration andsurface roughness. Extrudate gloss increased with anincrease of the extrusion melt temperature. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.891711

Item 13Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology9, No.2, June 2003, p.54-60CONFIRMING THE PINKING MECHANISM OFPVC PROFILES IN MILD CLIMATICCONDITIONSLemaire J; Siampiringue N; Girod N; Delprat P;Parmeland G; Macdonald N; Spriet CCNEP; Atofina; Huntsman Tioxide

The pinking observed after four years of weathering inthe mild oceanic conditions of West France or afteraccelerated testing was definitively assigned to theformation of alpha-chloropolyenes in the trans-configuration in the bulk layers of titanium dioxide-pigmented PVC profiles. The unsaturated compoundsformed through photolysis of PVC could not be fullybleached under the photochemical protection of titaniumdioxide and under conditions of oxygen starvation. Thegreying lead derivatives formed through the UV-inducedphotoreduction of lead stabilisers assisted by titaniumdioxide could not be converted into pinking and werereadily thermooxidised in environmental conditions intocolourless compounds. The absorptions of thesecompounds were not, therefore, observed after theaccelerated tests or after weathering. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891710

Item 14Food Additives and Contaminants20, No.6, June 2003, p.596-606DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN, ANDITS MIGRATION FROM, PVC STRETCH FILMUSED FOR FOOD PACKAGINGLopez-Cervantes J; Paseiro-Losada PSantiago de Compostela,Universidad

The bisphenol A contents of PVC stretch films for foodpackaging were investigated. Major components wereidentified by FTIR and horizontal attenuated totalreflectance. Migration of bisphenol A from these materialswas determined by HPLC using both fluorescence andUV detection. 33 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.891698



Item 15Polymer Testing22, No.5, 2003, p.539-43EFFECT OF CACO3/LICO3 ON THE HCLGENERATION OF PVC DURING COMBUSTIONZhu S; Zhang Y; Zhang CShanghai,Jiao Tong University; Shanghai ChloralkaliChemical Co.Ltd.

A plasticised PVC was compounded with several fillers(lithium carbonate and various calcium carbonates), whichacted as HCl absorbers, and the effects of these fillers onthe generation of HCl during the combustion of PVCinvestigated. The synergistic effect of the fillers on HCluptake was also investigated as was the influence of thefillers on the mechanical properties and oxygen index ofthe plasticised PVC. The fillers were found to be effectiveas HCl absorbers, particularly when used in combination.9 refs.CHINA

Accession no.891587

Item 16Journal of Applied Polymer Science89, No.3, 18th July 2003, p.753-62MECHANOCHEMICAL IMPROVEMENT OFTHE FLAME-RETARDANT AND MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATE AND ZINCBORATE-ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Hong Pi; Shaoyun Guo; Yong NingSichuan,University

The effect of the high-energy mechanical milling of amixture of PVC with zinc borate(ZB) or ZB-aluminiumtrihydrate(ATH) on the flame retardant and mechanicalproperties of ZB- and ZB-ATH-filled PVC was studied.The milling was shown to result in chemical bondingbetween PVC and ZB or ZB-AH, increasing the interfacialinteraction of PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends, whichresulted in a marked increase in the limiting oxygen index,impact and yield strengths, and the EB of PVC/ZB andPVC/ZB-ATH blends. UV spectroscopic and gaschromatography-mass spectroscopy results showed thatmechanochemical modification of ZB and ZB-ATHeffectively suppressed the release of aromatic compoundsin PVC/ZB and PVC/ZB-ATH blends during burning.Mechanochemical modification thus provided an effectiveroute for the improvement of the flame retardant andmechanical properties of flame retardant-filled PVC. 27refs.CHINA

Accession no.891296

Item 17Polymer Degradation and Stability80, No.3, 2003, p.451-8NEW PVC MATERIALS FOR MEDICAL

APPLICATIONS - RELEASE PROFILE OF PVC/POLYCAPROLACTONE-POLYCARBONATEAGED IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTSHakkarainen MSweden,Royal Institute of Technology

A medical-grade PVC plasticised with polycaprolactone-polycarbonate(PCL-PC) was subjected to aqueousenvironments at different temps. Solid phasemicroextraction and gas chromatography-massspectroscopy(GC-MS) were used to determine the releaseprofile during ageing. Changes in the surface compositionwere followed by FTIR. Very few changes in the materialor its surface composition were observed for 98 days at37C in water or phosphate buffer, while only a trace amountof 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, the final hydrolysis product ofPCL-PC, was detected in the GC-MS chromatograms andthe weight loss was negligible. Even when the ageing temp.was increased to 70C, only a minor increase in the amountof 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was observed and the weightloss after 98 days was under 1%. A marked increase in thehydrolysis rate of PCL-PC and almost complete depletionof PCL-PC from the blend was observed when the ageingtemp. was raised to 100C. 31 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.891234

Item 18Journal of Physics D36, No.10A, 21st May 2003, p.A37-43THREE-DIMENSIONAL QUANTITATIVEANALYSIS OF POLYMER FOAMS FROMSYNCHROTRON RADIATION X-RAYMICROTOMOGRAPHYElmoutaounakkil A; Fuchs G; Bergounhon P; Peres R;Peyrin FESRF; Atofina

A three-dimensional and high-resolution quantitative imagetechnique is proposed for the investigation of the internalmicrostructure of foams. Microscopy, which is theconventional method of investigation of foams, images onlythe surface of samples, though, 3D X-ray computedmicrotomography (muCT) enables the non-destructiveimaging of multiple slices of a sample. It is a powerfultechnique for the examination of porous and multiphasematerials. The application of 3D synchrotron radiation forthe characterisation of foam samples is presented. After abrief description of the imaging system, 3D image-processing tools to extract structural parameters quantifyingthe internal structure of foams are described. Results ofthis 3D quantitative image analysis on various types ofplasticised PVC foams are presented. This approachprovides a tool to study the relationships between the foammicrostructures and their physical properties. 19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.890229



Item 19163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003.Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca.,28th-30th April 2003.Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 77,pp.27, 28cm, O12RHEOLOGY OF PVC PLASTISOL - X.VISCOSITY AGING, MECHANISMS AND RESINTYPESNakajima N; Harrell E RAkron,University; Polymer Diagnostics Inc.(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Mechanisms of viscosity-ageing, the phenomenon ofviscosity increase with time, of PVC resins for plastisolapplications was investigated for resins having friable ornon-friable agglomerates, using di-2-ethylhexylphthalateas plasticizer, by particle size distribution analysis andby scanning electron microscopy. It was found that in aresin containing friable agglomerates, the mechanisminvolves de-agglomeration, while in a resin containingnon-friable agglomerates, a small proportion of ultra fineparticles dissolved in the plasticizer. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.890019

Item 20ENDS ReportNo.340, May 2003, p.20-1PVC INDUSTRY RAISES THE BAR ONRECYCLING

According to the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers,the PVC industry in Europe is hoping to achieve a recyclingrate of 10 to 15% for post-consumer waste by 2010. Thiswould require the recycling of an additional 350,000 to600,000 tonnes of PVC. A run-down of recyclingtechnologies in the latest report of Vinyl 2010 indicatesthat the industry has much to do to meet this target.

EUROPEAN COUNCIL OF VINYLMANUFACTURERSWESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.889784

Item 21Polimery48, No.4, 2003, p.263-7PROGRESS IN PVC FEEDSTOCK RECYCLINGBuhl REVC Belgium SA/NV

The PVC industry is actively involved in the developmentof recycling solutions for contaminated mixed plasticswaste streams with a high PVC content. Potentialtechnologies for achieving this goal are tested at presentat pilot scale. This paper provides an overview of theprojects under investigation and the results obtained sofar, while development work continues. 9 refs.

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.889640

Item 22Polymer Degradation and Stability81, No.1, 2003, p.29-36EFFECT OF INDOOR CLIMATE ON THE RATEAND DEGRADATION MECHANISM OFPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDEShashoua Y RDenmark,National Museum

The extent, rate and mechanisms of deterioration of modeland naturally aged PVC containing diethylhexyl phthalatewere examined during thermal ageing in variousenvironments. Weight loss was used to quantify loss ofdiethylhexyl phthalate, FTIR to quantify concentrationof diethylhexyl phthalate at surfaces and opticaldensitometry to examine darkening of samples.Correlations were made between the rate and extent ofdeterioration of plasticised PVC and the migration andloss of diethylhexyl phthalate. 14 refs.DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.889469

Item 23Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology9, No.1, March 2003, p.26-31MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUSION-FOAMED RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOURCOMPOSITESMengeloglu F; Matuana L MMichigan,Technological University; Michigan,StateUniversity

The mechanical properties of extrusion-foamed neat rigidPVC and rigid PVC/wood-flour composites usingendothermic and exothermic chemical foaming agents(CFAs) are characterised. The specific elongation at break(ductility) of the samples is improved by foaming whilethe opposite trend is observed for the tensile strength andmodulus of the samples, regardless of the chemicalfoaming agent type. In addition, experimental resultsindicate that foaming reduces Izod impact resistance ofboth neat rigid PVC and rigid PVC/wood/flourcomposites, but that this reduction is not statisticallysignificant for the composites. A comparison betweenbatch microcellular processing and extrusion foamprocessing is made, which demonstrates that foams withvery fine cells (microcellular processed) exhibit betterimpact strength than foams with larger cells (extrusionprocessed with CFAs). 19 refs.USA

Accession no.889245



Item 24ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A58pp.4, CD-ROM, 012CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEPLASTICS TO FUELSKaragoz S; Karayildirim T; Yanik J; Ozkan A RDokuz Eylul University; Ege,University(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

Coprocessing of waste plastics with heavy petroleumfractions have considerable interest in feedstock recycling.In this study, we aimed to investigate the processing ofmunicipal waste plastics (MWP) in presence ofconventional and non-conventional catalysts in a refinerystream. For this purpose, the hydrocracking of MWP invacuum gas oil (VGO) over metal loaded active carbonand conventional acidic catalysts (HSZM-5, DHC-8) wascarried out to obtain liquid fuel. 2 refs.TURKEY

Accession no.889126

Item 25ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A47pp.4, CD-ROM, 012A NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLYRECYCLING TECHNOLOGY: SOLID-STATESHEAR PULVERIZATION (S3P)Khait K; Riddick E GNorthwestern University(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

A new recycling technology called Solid-State ShearPulverisation (S3P) is under continuing development atthe Polymer Technology Centre (PTC) at NorthwesternUniversity. This non-melting process takes place in apulveriser. The pulveriser is based on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, by Berstorff, Germany, modified withintensive cooling and special elements. Duringpulverisation, polymers are subjected to shear andcompression that cause changes in their structure viamechanochemistry. Mixed-colour, commingled plasticfeedstock in the form of flakes or chips is continuouslyconverted to a powder of different particle size and particlesize distribution. The resultant powder is a homogeneous,light colour that is dependent on the dominant colour inthe recycled feedstock. The S3P-made powders are melt-processable by all conventional plastic fabricationtechniques. If pellets are required, the powder can bepelletised without the loss of physical properties. The goalof this work was to demonstrate that S3P can recycle awide range of post- and pre-consumer plastics (HDPE,LDPE, PP, PS, PVC, PET), and their blends, into value

added materials without the use of pre-madecompatibilisers. After pulverisation, the materials wereinjection moulded into ASTM test bars, directly frompowder. Testing, according to ASTM methods, showedthe S3P made materials to have good processability andimproved physical properties over conventionallyrecycled mixtures. Future research will demonstrate thatthis technology is suitable for the recycling of wastestreams other than the above-mentioned streams, such ascarpets, wire and cable, and automotive waste. The PTChas two complete lines on both laboratory and productionscales for demonstrating this environmentally friendlytechnology. Trials at the PTC are available as part ofcommercialisation from the primary licensee, MaterialSciences Corporation, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, USA.3 refs.USA

Accession no.889116

Item 26ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A35,pp.4, CD-ROM, 012VINYLOOP(R), THE NEW PROCESS THATREGENERATES PVC COMPOUNDS OUT OFPVC COMPOSITE RESIDUESLeitner H; Crucifix P; Yernaux J MSOLVAY SA(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

Vinyloop(r) is an original recycling process forregenerating PVC waste materials into a new precipitatedPVC compound. The three main steps of the process are:selective dissolution of the PVC compound in a mixtureof solvents completely recycled within the process;separation of the non soluble materials; precipitation of apure PVC compound with unique characteristics(homogeneity, grain size distribution,...) and directly fitfor the target applications (thanks to the possibility tocomplete the formulation within the process). TheVinyloop(r) process is valid for all types of PVCcomposites. But it is especially efficient in the recoveryof PVC from products in which the compound isintimately linked with other materials. The quality of theregenerated PVC compound is such that it can be reusedin most of the applications of the virgin one. Since Solvaypatented Vinyloop(r) in 1998, a pilot Plant has beenoperated in Brussels, and the start-up of the first industrialfacility (10,000 tons/year) was done in February 2002 inFerrara (Italy). Results of this industrial operation andthe other projects in Europe, Canada and Japan will bepresented during the conference. 0 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.889105



Item 27ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A26,pp.2, CD-ROM, 012DECHLORINATION OF PVC WITHCONTROLLED STRUCTURE UNDER HIGHPRESSURE IN HOT WATEREndo K; Emori NOsaka,City University(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

Dechlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) preparedby polymerisation of vinyl chloride (VC) withbutyllithium (BuLi) was investigated under the conditionsof high pressure and high temperature water.Dechlorination was induced completely and polyeneproduct was formed from PVC under high pressure andhigh temperature. The polymers obtained frompolymerisation of VC with the BuLi revealed differentdecomposition behaviour from that obtained with radicalinitiator such as lauryl peroxide. This was attributed tothe different chemical structure of the sample PVC.Complete dechlorination of PVC could be achieved inhot water under the conditions of 19.3 MPa and 300 deg.C.3 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.889096

Item 28ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A18,pp.4, CD-ROM, 012DECHLORINATION OF PVC CONTAININGWASTE PLASTIC DERIVED OIL USINGCALCIUM BASED SORBENTBhaskar T; Kusaba T; Kaneko J; Uddin Md A; Muto A;Sakata YOkayama,University(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

Novel carbon composite of calcium carbonate sorbent(Ca-C) was developed and utilized in a dechlorinationprocess during the degradation of municipal and mixedmodel waste plastics (PE/PP/PS(3P)/PVC). This is a two-stage process, consisting of plastic degradation at 430 Cand dechlorination by Ca-C at 350 C. The thermaldegradation liquid products from the 3P/PVC mixturecontained 380 ppm of chlorine (organic) and water trapcontains about 6100 ppm of HCl. However, thedegradation of 3P/PVC with Ca-C completely removedall organic chlorine and HCl. On the other hand, thethermal degradation of municipal waste plastic (MWP)showed the presence of 1200 ppm chlorine in liquidproducts and 40 ppm in water trap. When Ca-C (8g) was

used during MWP pyrolysis, organic chlorine contentdecreased to 290 ppm, and HCl concentration decreasedto only 1 ppm. The developed Ca-C sorbent wassuccessfully used for the removal of organic and inorganicchlorine content from the mixed model plastic andmunicipal waste plastic degradation. Based on thelaboratory scale study, the degradation of both modelwaste plastics (3P (150)/PVC (3), 153 kg) and MWP (50kg) was carried out using Ca-C in a large-scale pilot plant(250 kg/batch/12 h). 3 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.888801

Item 29ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A15,pp.4, CD-ROM, 012DEHALOGENATION OF PLASTIC DERIVEDOIL: A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR FEEDSTOCKRECYCLING OF WASTE PLASTICS BYPYROLYSISSakata Y; Uddin Md A; Bhaskar T; Kusaba T; Kaneko J;Muto A; Murata KOkayama,University(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

Dehalogenation process is an essential process in wasteplastic recycling technology. We developed the catalyticprocess for the dehalogenation of chlorinated andbrominated organic compounds formed after the pyrolysisof PVC and brominated flame retardant plastic (HIPS).In this study, two different approaches have been madeto clarify the effectiveness of our proposed catalyticdehalogenation process using various iron oxides andcalcium carbonate as catalyst/sorbent. The first approachis to develop dehalogenation catalysts for the catalyticdehydrochlorination of organic chlorine compounds fromPVC-containing mixed plastic-derived oil in a fixed bedflow type reactor. The second approach is to apply thecatalysts in the first approach to the degradation ofchlorinated (PVC) and brominated (brominated flameretardant containing PS) mixed plastics directly in orderto produce halogen free oil. The results of the abovestudies confirmed that the halogenated hydrocarbons weredehydrohalogenated to their corresponding alkenes andhydrogen halides over iron oxide and calcium carbonatecatalysts/sorbents. During dehydrohalogenation, the ironand calcium based catalysts were transformed into theircorresponding halides, which also revealed very highactivity for the dehydrohalogenation of the organichalogenated compounds. 4 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.888798



Item 30ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A08,pp.4, CD-ROM, 012ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF PLASTICSFROM INDUSTRIAL WASTES. A REVIEWDascalescu LInstitut Universitaire de Technologie(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

The paper analyzes the role of electrostatic separation inthe processing of plastics wastes. Corona-electrostaticseparation is effectively used for the removal of non-ferrous contaminants (copper, aluminum) from thegranulated plastics scraps. Extensively discussed in themain section of the paper, triboelectrostatic separation canthen be employed for the recovery of the various sorts ofplastics contained in multi-resin wastes. The factors thatinfluence the efficiency of contact and/or frictionalcharging are examined, emphasizing the need ofcontrolling the state of particle surface prior to processing,as well as the surrounding ambient conditions duringseparation. Various tribocharging devices (cyclones,fluidize beds, rotating tubes) can be employed for theelectrostatic separation of plastics, as demonstrated bythe laboratory experiments cited in the paper. Thereviewed industry applications mainly concern the fivemost commonly used plastics: polyethylene terephthalate(PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). Extract contentsin excess of 99%, with less than 3-5% losses, can beobtained with commercial electrostatic separators.Researches are in progress for the development of newapplications and the optimization of existing technologies.24 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.888792

Item 31ISFR 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Ostend,Belgium, 8th-11th Sept.2002.Brussels, Belgium, Vrije University, 2002, Paper A07,pp.4, CD-ROM, 012PLASTICS RECYCLING IN POLANDObloj-Muzaj M; Abramowicz A; Jeziorska R;Kowalska E; Machowska Z; Pelka J; Polaczek J;Wielgosz ZWarsaw,Industrial Chemistry Research Institute(Brussels,Free University; Japan,Research Assn.forFeedstock Recycling of Plastics)

The state of plastics recycling in Poland is presented andthe results of research projects developed in this Instituteconcerning feedstock recycling of mixed plastics(KARBOTERM, a new process for the utilization ofplastics wastes in coking plants) as well as recycling of

polyolefins, PVC and PETP (some of which have beensuccessfully evaluated under industrial conditions). 0 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.888791

Item 32Plasmas and Polymers8, No.1, March 2003, p.1-11HYDROPHILIZATION OF PVC SURFACES BYARGON PLASMA IMMERSION IONIMPLANTATIONBento W C A; Honda R Y; Kayama M E; Schreiner W H;Cruz N C; Rangel E CUNESP; Parana,Universidade Federal

Sheets of PVC were subjected to argon plasma immersionion implantation over various exposure times (from 900to 10,800 s) and the effect of exposure time on thecomposition, roughness and wettability of the PVC sheetsinvestigated. It was found that the wettability of samplesincreased with surface treatment and that the hydrophobiccharacter of samples treated for shorter periods recoveredeither partially or completely. Samples exposed for thelongest time remained highly hydrophilic. 21 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.888640

Item 33Polymer International52, No.5, May 2003, p.670-5TREATMENT OF PLASTICIZED PVC TOREDUCE PLASTICIZER/SOLVENTMIGRATION: OPTIMIZATION WITH ANEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNFugit J-L; Taverdet J-L; Gauvrit J-Y; Lanteri PSaint Etienne,University; Villeurbanne,University

A treatment to reduce mass transfer between PVC filmplasticised with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and aliquid, used to simulate contact with food, was investigated.The treatment involved soaking the PVC film in n-heptanefollowed by drying; analysis of DEHP in solution wascarried out by GC using an internal standard. Anexperimental design was developed in order to optimisethe process parameters of time and temperature of soaking,and time and temperature of drying. The physicalsignificance of the results is discussed. 21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.888416

Item 34Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri67, No.4, April 2002, p.224-5ItalianOPTIMISED COMPOUNDING

Details are given of the Quantec range of extrudersdeveloped by Coperion Buss for use in PVC compounding.



COPERION BUSS AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.887783

Item 35European Polymer Journal39, No.5, May 2003, p.1001-6ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR OF VINYLCHLORIDE/CALCIUM CARBONATE ANDPRESSURE/TEMPERATURE/CONVERSIONRELATIONSHIP FOR VINYL CHLORIDESUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION IN THEPRESENCE OF CALCIUM CARBONATEBao Yong-zhong; Zhang Li-feng; Huang Zhi-ming;Weng Zhi-xueZhejiang,University

The absorption of vinyl chloride(VC) on surface-treatedlight-grade and nanoscale calcium carbonate was shownto obey the Langmuir isothermal equation in VC/calciumcarbonate/water system. The absorption of VC on calciumcarbonate was shown to increase with increase of thepartial pressure of VC up to the saturation absorption andthe absorption of VC on nanoscale calcium carbonate wasgreater than that of light-grade calcium carbonate at thesame temp. and partial pressure of VC. The presence ofcalcium carbonate in VC suspension polymerisationsystem was found to influence the pressure/temp./conversion(PTC) relationship of the reaction system.Based on the absorption of VC on calcium carbonate andVC distribution in vapour, water and polymer phases, amodified model to represent the PTC relationship of VCsuspension polymerisation in the presence of calciumcarbonate was proposed. 10 refs.CHINA

Accession no.887470

Item 36Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002.Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held Boston, Ma.,18th-22nd Aug.2002.Washington, DC, ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2002, p.1312-3, 28cm, 012POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATENANOCOMPOSITES BY SUSPENSION ANDEMULSION POLYMERIZATIONS: PVC-MMTNANOCOMPOSITESXu Y; Malaba D; Huang X; Aguilar-Solis C; Brittain W JAkron,University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Polyvinyl chloride-montmorillonite nanocomposites wereprepared either by in-situ suspension polymerisation usinginitiator- and comonomer-modified montmorillonite in thepresence of free-radical initiators, such as AIBN, andcompared. It was found that monomer conversion was lowwhen the nanocomposites were prepared using initiator-modified montmorillonite. Exfoliated nanocomposites

were obtained in the presence of both the initiator- andcomonomer-modified montmorillonite. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.886428

Item 37Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (AppliedBiomaterials)65B, No.1, 2003, p.204-10PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OFSULFIDE-SUBSTITUTED PLASTICIZEDPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE AS A BIOMATERIALLakshmi S; Jayakrishnan ASree Chitra Tirunal Inst.for Med.Sci.& Technology

Plasticised PVC was surface modified by nucleophilicsubstitution of the chlorine atoms of PVC by sulphide ionsin aqueous media in the presence of a phase-transfercatalyst. The modified PVC was sterilised by steamautoclaving and gamma irradiation and subjected toplasticiser extraction. Surfaces were evaluated by contactangle measurements, SEM, cell culture studies, haemolysisassay and whole-blood clotting time measurements.Mechanical properties were examined. 31 refs.INDIA

Accession no.885901

Item 38Polymer44, No.8, 2003, p2263-9WETCHEMICAL SURFACE MODIFICATION OFPLASTICIZED PVC. CHARACTERIZATION BYFTIR-ATR AND RAMAN MICROSCOPYReyes-Labarta J; Herrero M; Tiemblo P; Mijangos C;Reinecke HCSIC

Surface modification of polyvinyl chloride films, bothplasticised and unplasticised, using amino thiophenol indimethyl formamide and water mixtures, was examinedusing attenuated total reflection fourier transform infraredspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy. Reaction kinetics, and the amountof dioctyl phthalate plasticiser leached out during thereaction were determined. Surface selectivity and degreeof modification was found to depend on reaction time.19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.885767

Item 39Modern Plastics International33, No.4, April 2003, p.50U.K. FIRM DEVELOPS POLYMER-SPECIFICCOLOR MASTERBATCH FOR RIGID PVCColvin R



A technology said to produce the world’s first polymer-specific colour masterbatch for rigid PVC uses processingaids and lubricants to overcome processability andhomogenisation problems related to the resin. Colour ToneMasterbatch claims universal and polymer-specificmasterbatches for adding colour to flexible PVC havenever worked reliably in rigid PVC. Colour Tone haspatented the masterbatch technology, dubbed Vynacol. Itis targeted at processors who colour in-line or add colourto rigid-PVC compounds.

COLOURTONE MASTERBATCH LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.885222

Item 40European Plastics News30, No.3, April 2003, p.18SOFT LANDINGReade L

The pressure on plasticisers may be waning. A case inpoint is the ongoing risk assessment into DEHP, the mostcommon PVC plasticiser. Moves to restrict its use inEurope may soon be relaxed. Based on a study by Poon,DEHP is thought to cause reproductive effects in rats atexposure levels of 3.7mg per kg of body weight. A newstudy carried out in the US by Wolfe suggests that ratsare only affected at much higher dosages of 360mg perkg of body weight. Researchers at the Dutch agriculturalresearch institute Ato are close to commercialising aplasticiser derived from natural products. The plasticiseris based on sorbitol, a relatively cheap raw material thatis used in the food industry.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.885155

Item 41Medical Polymers 2003. Proceedings of a conferenceheld Dublin, 2nd-3rd April 2003.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2003, Paper 18,p.159-66, 29 cm, 012PVC STABILIZATION DURINGSTERILIZATION WITH ELECTRON BEAMBrunella V; Bernardi F; Bonomi S; Costa LTurin,University; European Vinyls Corp.; Bioster SpA(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The effects of different plasticisers during sterilisationand ageing of PVC medical devices are reported. Notall the additives used for PVC biomaterials have thesame stabilising effect on them during sterilisation, andthe large stabilising effect of bis(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate(DEHP) and epoxidised soya bean (ESBO) is shown,which makes it possible to have materials stable duringsterilisation by mixing PVC with HP and ESBO. Otherplasticisers have been employed, but with poorstabilising effect. 10 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.884474

Item 42Revista de Plasticos Modernos83, No.550, April 2002, p.419-20SpanishPROTECTION OF FLEXIBLE PLASTICSAGAINST FUNGAL ATTACKBessems EAkzo Nobel Chemicals; International BiodeteriorationResearch Group

A report is presented of studies undertaken by the PlasticsProtection Working Group of the InternationalBiodeterioration Research Group to evaluate the nutrientsalts agar method as a technique for determining theeffectiveness of fungicides in PVC films. 2 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.884068

Item 43Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.3, 2003, p.439-48PVC FLOORINGS AS POST-CONSUMERPRODUCTS FOR MECHANICAL RECYCLINGAND ENERGY RECOVERYYarahmadi N; Jakubowicz I; Martinsson LSweden,National Testing & Research Institute

The results are reported of an investigation into changesin the properties of PVC flooring during their service lifeas a result of ageing and the influence of these changeson methods of recycling, such as mechanical recyclingand energy recovery. The results are discussed in termsof stabiliser consumption, plasticiser depletion, secondaryemission products and energy recovery. 19 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.883616

Item 44Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il.,26th-30th Aug.2001.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2001, p.881-2, 28cm, 012HEAT STABILIZATION AND PLASTICIZATIONBY ‘PLASTICIZER THIOLS’, A REMARKABLENEW CLASS OF NONMETALLIC ADDITIVESFOR PVCStarnes W H; Du B; Zaikov V GWilliamsburg,College of William & Mary(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Preliminary results are presented of studies of the use inPVC of materials in which a stabilising sulphhydryl



function has been bonded to a plasticiser to form a‘plasticiser thiol’. The stabilisation and plasticisation ofPVC compounds by several plasticiser thiols is discussed,together with the mechanism of stabilisation by thesecompounds. Comparison is made with conventionaladditives. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.883243

Item 45Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il.,26th-30th Aug.2001.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2001, p.878-9, 28cm, 012PHOSPHITE ESTER COMPOSITIONS FOR PVCCOMPOUNDSStevenson D R; Harr M E; Jakupca M RDover Chemical Corp.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Complex polyphosphites such as DP12 and DP675 wereshown to outperform simple phosphite esters asreplacements for heavy metal components of mixed metalstabilisers for PVC. It was found that the zinc level wascritical for optimisation of the performance of thephosphite blends. Synergistic performances wereobserved with combinations of several phosphite esters,with the additional benefit of cost effectiveness. Otherproperties of PVC compounds, such as clarity, lightstability and plate-out resistance, also improved markedlywhen heavy metal components of mixed metal stabiliserswere replaced with polyphosphites. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.883241

Item 46Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il.,26th-30th Aug.2001.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2001, p.876-7, 28cm, 012HIGHLY BASIC CALCIUM STEARATECOMPOSITIONS FOR RIGID PVCKodali S; Hood W; Jennings T; Fender MDover Chemical Corp.(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Highly basic calcium stearates were shown to be superiorto neutral or slightly basic grades of calcium stearate foruse as secondary heat stabilisers for PVC and to allowfor lower use levels of organotin-based heat stabilisers.They offered overall improved economics and weatheringperformance while retaining processing characteristicsand physical properties of the rigid PVC compounds. Theimproved synergistic effects of highly basic calciumstearates with low levels of organotin stabilisers shouldallow for the cost effective replacement of lead-based

stabilisers with the more environmentally-acceptableorganotin primary stabilisers. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.883240

Item 47Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il.,26th-30th Aug.2001.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2001, p.874-5, 28cm, 012NEW LOOK AT THE MECHANISTIC ACTIONOF COSTABILIZERS FOR POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE)Edge M; Chaudhry H; Allen N SManchester,Metropolitan University(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

A comparison was made between the mechanisms ofaction of the PVC costabiliser N-phenyl-3-acetylpyrrolidin-2,4-dione and existing costabilisers. Theresults obtained demonstrated that the performance ofshort-term costabilisers in calcium/zinc formulations waslinked to their ability to complex zinc stearate prior tothe initiation of degradation and that this prevented theearly formation of prodegradant zinc chloride. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.883239

Item 48Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Chicago, Il.,26th-30th Aug.2001.Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,2001, p.872-3, 28cm, 012CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF PVCSTABILIZATION MECHANISMS IN THE LIGHTOF RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSIvan BHungarian Academy of Sciences(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Systematic degradation experiments conducted previouslyby the author and coworkers with dilute PVC solutions inthe presence of a series of stabilisers led to unexpectedresults which resulted in the conclusion that the main roleof PVC stabilisers was blocking the fast hydrogen chloridezip-elimination reaction. In other words, efficient PVCstabilisers should react rapidly with propagating speciesof the unzipping process, probably by an ionic mechanism.The rapid degradation of PVC at the end of the inductionperiod (‘blackening’) could be explained by the reversibleblocking mechanism only, whereas this and other observedphenomena of PVC degradation in the presence ofstabilisers could not be obtained if the processes claimedby the Frye-Horst, Minsker or Michell mechanisms were



the major reactions in the course of stabilisation of PVC.12 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY

Accession no.883238

Item 49Progress in Rubber, Plastics and RecyclingTechnology19, No.2, 2003, p.93-116RECYCLING OF GLASS FABRIC COATED BYPOLYVINYL CHLORIDETakahashi T; Kimura TShimane,University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology

The results are reported of an investigation carried out toestablish a technique for recycling PVC coated glass fibrefabric by means of a safe and facile procedure. Thecomposite specimens were obtained by compressionmoulding and injection moulding and their mechanicalproperties determined by tensile and flexural testing. Theaddition of hydrotalcite and zinc stearate to the compositeswas also examined in an attempt to inhibit the generationof hydrogen chloride gas generated during moulding. Theeffects of kneading history of the composites and of UVirradiation on hydrogen chloride gas generation was alsoexamined and the addition of hydrotalcite established asan effective means of recycling the composites. 15 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.883035

Item 50ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 596, Session W13-Composites. Joint with Engineering Properties andStructure. Nanocomposites I, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012MODIFIED CLAY IN POLYVINYLCHLORIDE(PVC)Kalendova A; Kovarova L; Malac Z; Malac J; Vaculik J;Hrncirik J; Simonik JZlin,Tomas Bata University(SPE)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposites wereprepared by blending PVC with two differentmontmorillonites and plasticisers of different molecularweights, using a reciprocating screw blender. An increasein Young’s modulus was obtained. When significantbonding occurred between the matrix and the clay, theabrasion resistance of the in nanocomposite was notadversely affected. In the absence of bonding, the abrasionresistance was decreased. The nanocomposites exhibitedenhanced heat resistance compared with PVC, particularlywhen good exfoliation was achieved. 6 refs.CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.882331

Item 51ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 589, Session W12-Composites. Other Reinforcements in Composites II,pp.5, CD-ROM, 012FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF IMPACTDURABILITY ON EXTRUDED PLASTIC-WOODFIBER COMPOSITE LINEALSArney M S; Bai R; Hage R TAspen Research Corp.(SPE)

Two commercial plastic-wood composites, one consistingof poly(vinyl chloride) containing 60% fibre and the otherof polyolefin with 70% fibre, were characterised bymeasurements of tensile and compressive properties, andof viscosity by dynamic mechanical analysis. Extrusionsfor building applications were subjected to Gardner dropdart impact testing, using an instrumented tester toestablish the drop height which gave comparable damageto that sustained by wood sash lineals. The experimentalmeasured force-time relationships were used with finiteelement analysis (FEA) to establish that the optimumprofile wall thickness to resist impact was approximately2.0 mm. FEA was also used to simulate Rosenheim impact(dropped sphere) testing and impact testing of decking.4 refs.USA

Accession no.882324

Item 52ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 571, Session W7-Vinyl Plastics. Vinyl Composites, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SIZE ANDLOADING LEVEL ON THE IMPACTPERFORMANCE OF RIGID PVC COMPOUNDSCONTAINING VARYING AMOUNTS OFACRYLIC IMPACT MODIFIERBryant W S; Wiebking H ESpecialty Minerals Inc.(SPE)

Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) containing 0-20 phr of calciumcarbonate (size range 0.07-3 micrometre) and 0-8 phracrylic impact modifier was characterised bymeasurement of mechanical properties (notched Izod andfalling weight impact, low temperature impact andflexural modulus). The impact properties were improvedby increasing the concentrations of the impact modifierand the sub-micron calcium carbonate. The flexuralmodulus increased with increasing filler and decreasingimpact modifier contents. It was concluded that themechanical properties could be enhanced and the cost



decreased by reducing the content of expensive impactmodifiers and by using ultrafine fillers. 13 refs.USA

Accession no.882306

Item 53ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 570, Session W7-Vinyl Plastics. Vinyl Composites, pp.4, CD-ROM, 012AMINOSILANE SUPERFICIAL TREATMENT OFLIGNOCELLULOSIC FILLERS: COMPOSITEPREPARATION AND MECHANICALPROPERTIESRodriguez-Fernandez O S; Jimenez-Valdes L LCoahuila,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplicada;Coahuila,Universidad Autonoma(SPE)

Composites were prepared using plasticised poly(vinylchloride) and 20-40 wt% cellulosic fillers, with andwithout prior treatment of the fillers by 1-3% N-(-2-aminoethyl)-3 aminopropyl trimethoxy silane couplingagent. The fillers were wood flour, palm and lecheguilla.Filler dispersion was assessed by electron and opticalmicroscopy. The composites were characterised bydynamic mechanical analysis, and measurements ofmechanical and rheological properties. With increasingfiller concentration, the tensile strength, elastic modulusand viscosity increased, whilst the impact resistancedecreased. The tensile modulus increased with reducingfiller particle size. Treatment of the filler with aminosilaneincreased the toughness, and also the impact resistance,particularly at low filler concentrations. 14 refs.MEXICO

Accession no.882305

Item 54ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 569, Session W7-Vinyl Plastics. Vinyl Composites, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012PVC/WOOD FLOUR COMPOSITESCOMPATIBILIZED WITH CHLORINATEDPOLYETHYLENEGuffey V O; Sabbagh A BDuPont Dow Elastomers LLC(SPE)

Chlorinated polyethylene was evaluated as a compatibiliserfor poly(vinyl chloride) composites containing 25% or 40%wood flour. The compositions also contained lubricants, astabiliser and a processing aid. Following blending, thecomposites were characterised by rheology studies andmeasurements of melt strength. The addition of chlorinatedpolyethylene significantly enhanced the processability of

the composites, giving improvements in melt strength andelongation at break, particularly when using low chlorinepolymers. Reductions in shear stress and viscosity werealso obtained, with reduced melt fracture and improvedsurface quality of extruded samples. 8 refs.

Accession no.882304

Item 55ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 568, Session W7-Vinyl Plastics. Vinyl Composites, pp.6, CD-ROM, 012MOISTURE AS A FOAMING AGENT IN THEMANUFACTURE OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOURCOMPOSITE FOAMSMatuana L M; Mengeloglu FMichigan,Technological University(SPE)

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) with wood flour, chemicalfoaming agent (CFA), and acrylic foam modifier wereextruded using a single screw extruder. A quadraticresponse model was used to evaluate the influences ofwood moisture content (3-12%), additive additions anddie temperature (170-210 C) on the density of the resultingfoam. No synergism was observed between the CFA andthe wood moisture content, and foams with densities aslow as 0.4 kg/cu m were successfully produced with noCFA addition. Foaming was strongly dependent upon thepresence of the acrylic foam modifier and the dietemperature. The lowest densities were achieved using7-10 phr modifier and die temperatures at low as 170 C.25 refs.USA

Accession no.882303

Item 56Plastics Additives and Compounding5, No.2, March-April 2003, p.48-9PVC PLASTICIZER ADDS VALUE TOWATERBEDS

The replacement of the diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)-plasticised PVC film in Akva Waterbeds’ water mattresseswith PVC plasticised with Bayer Chemicals’ Mesamollphenol alkyl sulphonate is discussed. The performanceadvantages resulting from this switch are considered withparticular attention to the greater saponification resistanceof these plasticisers and their much reduced tendency tomigrate. Data are given on the stability of Mesamoll andphthalate plasticisers in terms of saponification andhydrolysis and on the change in EB with time ofMesamoll- and DEHP-plasticised PVC films.

BAYER CHEMICALS CORP.; AKVA WATERBEDS APSEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.882253



Item 57China Synthetic Rubber Industry26, No.1, 2003, p.44EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATENANOPARTICLES AND BLENDEX 338 ONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PVCChen Ning; Qiao Xiuying; Zhang Yong; Zhang YinxiShanghai,Jiao Tong University

The use of nano-calcium carbonate and Blendex 338impact modifier (a modified ABS with a high rubbercontent from GE Specialty Chemicals) to improve themechanical properties of PVC was investigated. It wasshown that both the calcium carbonate and the Blendex338 could increase the impact strength of PVC and thatthere was a synergistic toughening effect of the calciumcarbonate and the Blendex 338 on PVC. It was possiblethat nano-calcium carbonate was encapsulated by Blendex338 in the composite, forming a core-shell structure thatcould account for this synergistic toughening effect. Theflexural modulus, flexural strength, TS and EB were alsostudied. 2 refs.

GE SPECIALTY CHEMICALSCHINA

Accession no.882222

Item 58PIMS 2000. Proceedings of the Ninth InternationalConference on Polymers in Medicine and Surgery, heldKrems, Austria, 11th-13th Sept.2000.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2000, Paper 19,p.177-85, 21cm, 012PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.DEPENDENCE OF FIBRINOGEN ADSORPTIONON PLASTICISER SELECTION AND SURFACEPLASTICISER LEVELZhao X B; L’Etang A J; Courtney J MStrathclyde,University(Institute of Materials)

Three types of plasticised PVC sheet were investigatedfor blood compatibility using fibrinogen adsorption.Plasticisers used were diethylhexyl phthalate,triethylhexyl trimellitate and butyltrihexyl citrate. FTIRwas used to monitor surface chemistry. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881981

Item 59Drogenbos, 2002, pp.2, 30 cm, 18/10/02UVECOAT 3003UCB SA

Provisional technical information is given for Uvecoat3003, an unsaturated polyester resin for use in UV-curablepowder coatings. The resin has been specially developedfor use as a clear topcoat for PVC based resilient flooring,

where, as a coating, it provides flexibility and resistanceto chemicals and scratches. Resin properties, applicationparameters and a standard clear formulation are presented.Film properties listed include details of chemical, abrasionand scuff resistance, and flexibility.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.881957

Item 60Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.2, 2002, p.349-56A STUDY OF THE THERMALDECOMPOSITION AND SMOKE SUPPRESSIONOF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) TREATED WITHMETAL OXIDES USING A CONECALORIMETER AT A HIGH INCIDENT HEATFLUXBin LiHarbia,Northeast Forestry University

The thermal decomposition, the flame retardancy and thesmoke emission behaviour of PVC formulationscontaining transition metal oxides, Cu2O, CuO, MoO3and Fe2O3 were investigated. Cone calorimetry wascarried out at an incident heat flux of 50 kWm-2. Theresults showed that the four transition metal oxidesimparted good flame retardancy and smoke suppressionby effectively reducing peak and average heat release rate,peak smoke production rate and total smoke production.The copper oxides were found to be more effective thanMoO3 and Fe2O3 in reducing smoke emission in thePVC. The transition metal oxides can change the thermaldecomposition behaviour of the PVC. They reduce themass loss rate and mass loss of the PVC backbone, andpromote char residue formation at the end of flaming.23 refs.CHINA

Accession no.881550

Item 61International Polymer Science and Technology30, No.3, 2003, T/38-40RECYCLING OF PVC WASTE USING ELASTIC-DEFORMATION DISPERSION METHODAkhmetkhanov R M; Kadyrov R G; Minsker K S

Trials are carried out and described, which proves themethod of elastic-deformation dispersion as a techniquein making possible the effective processing of waste fromvarious PVC materials to obtain fine-particle recycledproduct with wide possibilities of practical use. Theelastic-deformation dispersion method, is based on theidea of multiple breakdown, when the material issubjected to the combined action of high pressure andshear deformation at elevated temperatures. Elastic-deformation dispersion of roughly ground materials withparticle diameter of 1-3 cms. was carried out in a single-



screw rotary disperser designed at the Institute ofChemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Variable parameters were the zone temperatures of theapparatus, pressure, rate of loading of the initial rawmaterial and the screw speed, and the influence of theseon the particle fineness and specific surface of the recycledproperties is examined. 4 refs. (Article translated fromPlasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2002, pp.45).RUSSIA

Accession no.881460

Item 62Polymers and Polymer Composites11, No.2, 2003, p.123-132DEGRADATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)WITH DIFFERENT ADDITIVES STUDIES BYMICRO RAMAN SPECTROSCOPYGupper A; Wilhelm P Schiller MGraz,Technische Universitat

Raman spectroscopy was used to study the thermaldegradation of PVC. Intensity enhancements of vibrationsbelonging to conjugated double bond sequences in thecorresponding spectra allowed for the detection at the veryfirst stage. In this initial period, the kinetics of degradationshowed a linear increase in conjugated sequences. Theinfluence of additives (calcium stearate, zinc stearate andzinc chloride) on the resistance of PVC to thermal stresswas investigated by the same method, and results arecompared with those for unstabilised PVC. A positivedevelopment in thermal behaviour was observed uponstabilisation, and predicted reaction mechanisms for singlecomponents were confirmed. 9 refs.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.880395

Item 63Polymer Science Series A44, No.11, Nov.2002, p.1208-15THERMODYNAMICS OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) MIXING WITH PHTHALATEPLASTICIZERSSafronov A P; Somova T VUral,State University

The phase behaviour and enthalpies of interaction of PVCplasticised with various phthalates at 298K over the entireconcentration range were investigated using varioustechniques, including cloud point and thermomechanicalmeasurements. It was found that most of the plasticisedPVC systems were homogeneous in the temperatureinterval ranging from the melting point of the plasticiserto 420K and that dissolution of the plasticised systemswas accompanied by an exothermic effect at high PVCconcentrations and an endothermic effect in the case ofdilute PVC solutions. 24 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.880107

Item 64Plastiques et Elastomeres Magazine54, No.3, April 2002, p.25FrenchBIORIENTED PVC SHEETS FOR IMPROVEDPROPERTIESGouin F

Extrusion and biaxial orientation processes used bySolvay subsidiary Ondex in the manufacture of PVCsheets are described, and the properties and applicationsof these sheets are examined.

ONDEX; SOLVAY SABELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879921

Item 65Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.2, 2003, p.319-24XPS INVESTIGATION OF THERMALDEGRADATION AND CHARRING ONPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)-CLAYNANOCOMPOSITESJianxin Du; Dongyan Wang; Wilkie C A; Jianqi WangBeijing,Institute of Technology; Marquette,University

The thermal degradation and charring of nanocompositesof PVC, dioctyl phthalate and clay were studied by use ofX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and examination of thecarbon(C1s), chlorine(C12p) and oxygen(O1s) spectra.Comparison was made with the results of previous studiesof PS-clay and PMMA-clay nanocomposites in which theclay was shown to migrate to the surface as the temperatureincreased and the polymer degraded, thereby confirmingthe barrier properties as a mechanism by which thesematerials functioned. For PVC-clay nanocomposites, thesurface at high temperatures was dominated by carbon andnot the oxygen of the clay. The presence of the clay didretard the chain-stripping degradation of the PVC and theenhanced char formation accounted for the observation ofenrichment of carbon. 23 refs.CHINA; USA

Accession no.879813

Item 66Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.2, 2003, p.253-6SUPPRESSING EFFECT OF CALCIUMCARBONATE ON THE DIOXINS EMISSIONFROM POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(PVC)INCINERATIONRen-De Sun; Irie H; Nishikawa T; Nakajima A;Watanabe T; Hashimoto KKanagawa,Academy of Science & Technology;Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd.; Tokyo,University

The effect of addition of calcium carbonate on the emissionof dioxins from PVC incineration was investigated. It was



found that the incorporation of calcium carbonate greatlyreduced the generation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and dibenzofurans(PCDFs) in the exhaustgas. Although the amount of PCDDs and PCDFs trappedin the ash decreased, the total amount (in the gas and ash)decreased significantly after calcium carbonate addition.A possible mechanism for the suppressing effect of calciumcarbonate additive is discussed. The PCDDs and PCDFstrapped in the ash were not expected to becomeenvironmental contaminants because they weredecomposed by the titanium dioxide photocatalyst, whichwas simultaneously incorporated in the PVC with calciumcarbonate. 17 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.879806

Item 67Polymer Degradation and Stability79, No.2, 2003, p.231-40INFLUENCE OF UV-IRRADIATION ONPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) MODIFIED BY IRONAND COBALT CHLORIDESKaczmarek H; Kowalonek J; Oldak DTorun,Nicholaus Copernicus University

The effect of UV radiation on thin PVC films modifiedby addition of 1 to 5 wt % iron(III) chloride or cobalt(II)chloride was studied. The photoinduced degradation,oxidation and dehydrochlorination were studied by GPC,viscometry, UV visible and FTIR absorptionspectroscopies. The photocrosslinking yield was estimatedby separation of insoluble gel. Ferric chloride and cobaltchloride were found to hinder main chain scission in PVCin the initial stage of irradiation but to accelerate thisreaction during prolonged exposure (10-30 h).Photodehydrochlorination was retarded in doped PVC(with the exception of PVC with 1% cobalt chloride). PVCphotocrosslinking was less efficient in the presence ofadditives after a longer period of degradation. Ferricchloride slightly decelerated while cobalt chlorideaccelerated the formation of carbonyl groups in PVC. 30refs. (2nd International Conference on PolymerModification, Degradation and Stabilisation, MODEST2002, Budapest, Hungary, June/July 2002)EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.879804

Item 68ENDS ReportNo.337, Feb.2003, p.32ANGLIAN OPENS WINDOW ON PVCRECYCLING

Double-glazing giant Anglian Windows has become thefirst UK company to recycle used PVC window framesinto high-end applications. Old window frames are beingbrought back to its manufacturing site in Norwich usingthe company’s own fleet. They are then stripped down

and sent for processing together with off-cuts from themanufacturing process. Meanwhile, WRAP, theGovernment’s recycling markets development body, islooking at how collection systems could be establishedfor PVC waste from the construction and automotivesectors. The study will assess the quality of recoveredmaterials and their use in high-value products. It will alsoconsider the economic and environmental impacts of PVCrecycling.

ANGLIAN WINDOWS LTD.; UK,WASTE &RESOURCES ACTION PROGRAMMEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.879347

Item 69ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 540, Session W1-Extrusion. Extrusion General, pp.6, CD-ROM, 012CHARACTERIZATION OF APPARENTVISCOSITY WITH RESPECT TO A PVC-WOODFIBRE EXTRUSION PROCESSBender T MAspen Research Corp.(SPE)

Design of experiments methodology was used todetermine the maximum variability in viscosity which apoly(vinyl chloride)/wood fibre profile extrusion processwas able to tolerate. Fourteen critical dimensions, profilebow, shrinkage, Young’s modulus, and stress and strainunder maximum load were measured. Quadratic modelswere created from the dimensional measurements, bow,maximum tensile stress, pressure in the die adaptor andthe current drawn by the screw drive, and used to establishthe tolerances within which the dimensional and physicalspecifications were simultaneously achieved.USA

Accession no.879145

Item 70ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 520, Session T52-Injection Moulding, Polymer Modifiers & Additives.Interactive Presentations, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012EFFECT OF PHYLLITE AS A FILLER FOR PVCPLASTISOLSValera T S; Ribeiro A P; Valenzuela-Diaz F R;Yoshiga A; Ormanji W; Toffoli S MSao Paulo,University; Odebrecht(SPE)

Phyllite (containing quartz, muscovite and kaolinite) wascompared with calcium carbonate as a filler for poly(vinyl



chloride) (PVC) plastisols. Compositions suitable for themanufacture of lower and superior grade balls, andartificial leather were prepared and characterised bymeasurements of viscosity, heat stability, gelation andfusion temperatures, tensile strength and viscoelasticproperties. The phyllite-containing compositionsexhibited superior mechanical properties, the sameprocessing temperatures and heat stability, and higherplastisol viscosity, compared with those containingcalcium carbonate, and phyllite was considered to be asuitable filler for PVC plastisols. 8 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.879125

Item 71Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 48 Paper 5, p.517-30, 27 cm, 012NEW BENZOATE PLASTICIZER BLENDS FORROTATIONAL MOULDING PLASTISOLSArendt W D; Lang J; Stanhope B EVelsicol Chemical Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Benzoate ester plasticisers are high solvating plasticisers,and have been commercially available and used in vinylapplications for many years. Recently, new benzoateplasticiser blends have been introduced as improvementsfor established benzoate esters and certain phthalate esterplasticisers for flexible vinyl applications. The new blendsoffer improved efficiency, processing and performancecharacteristics versus older benzoates and phthalates suchas diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Plastisols for rotationalmoulding products such as toys are often compoundedwith DINP. One of the new benzoate blends (Blend 2860),a blend of diethylene glycol dibenzoate, triethylene glycoldibenzoate and dioctyl adipate, functions very effectivelyas an offset to DINP. Blend 2860 is a high solvatingplasticiser and was designed for rotational mouldingapplications. Blend 2860 plastisols process faster at lowertemperatures than plastisols based on DINP. Data onformulating phthalate free plastisols for rotationalmoulding are presented. Information on processing Blend2860 based plastisols in a Composite Mould Technologymoulding machine are discussed. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.877709

Item 72Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 4, Paper 4, p.463-72, 27 cm, 012

NEW TRENDS IN RIGID PVC COMPOUNDFORMULATIONKroushl PFerro Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Although many areas of rigid PVC formulation have notseen dramatic changes in formulation technology overthe past 10 or 15 years, there are areas where thetechnology is developing rapidly. Three areas of rigid PVCformulation which are presently generating much interestare extruded PVC foam, extruded PVC/wood flourcomposites and PVC coextruded capstock applications.Many of the recent developments in formulationtechnology for each area are described. For eachapplication a generic formulation is examined and theeffects of each formulation additive on processibility,appearance and performance of the final product arediscussed. Also examined are potential modifications toeach formulation, which will lead to improvements incertain key properties. 16 refs.USA

Accession no.877705

Item 73Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 4, Paper 2, p.437-48, 27 cm, 012COLOR CONCENTRATE TECHNOLOGY FORPVC APPLICATIONSSummers J; Rabinovich; Majewski T; Jarus DPolyOne Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Colour concentrate technology for vinyl applications isreviewed. This is a science of distribution and dispersionthat involves energy transfer through compatibility,rheology, surface chemistry and equipment design. Alsoinvolved are other requirements such as making hard-to-disperse pigments more dispersible, avoiding messypigment dusts, insuring weatherability and thermalstability performance. PolyOne offers solutions for colourneeds in many different polymers and applications. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.877703

Item 74Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 4, Paper 1, p.413-34, 27 cm, 012ADDITIVES AND COMPOUNDINGLindner R A



L & L Consulting LLC(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Lubricants have been classified as either internal orexternal. Typically, internal lubricants have meantmaterials that are compatible with PVC that promote flow.The difference between internal lubricants and plasticiseris that the internal lubricant is only soluble at hightemperature whereas the plasticiser is soluble andfunctional at room temperature. External lubricants onthe other hand, are said to be incompatible and come tothe surface and create metal release. It is reported thatthere are two distinct types of external lubricants. Internallubricant efficiency can be readily predicted by simplemathematical formula and that partial substitution ofesters for paraffin allows the reduction of modifier orincreased filler levels to achieve savings without loss ofany physical properties.USA

Accession no.877702

Item 75Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 8, p.403-10, 27 cm, 012EXAMINATION AND REDUCTION OF VOC’SFROM FLEXIBLE PVC FORMULATIONSJakupca M R; Harr M E; Stevenson D R; Jennings TDover Chemical Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Flexible PVC compounds are extremely versatile, costeffective and additive intensive. The worldwide flexiblePVC market has been estimated at 15 billion lb in 2002,but is said to be growing at a rate of only 2%/year, onlyhalf of the growth rate of all thermoplastic resins as awhole. The slow growth rate of flexible PVC may bepartially attributed to perceived environmental concernsrelated to the polymer and its numerous additives. Inrecent years the industry has focused upon the reductionof flexible PVC heat stabilisers based on heavy metalssuch as lead and cadmium as a mechanism for improvingthe environmental profile of PVC compounds. Emphasisis placed on methods for the further improvement offlexible PVC heat stabilisers by reducing the amount ofvolatile organic compounds (VOCs). The volatile natureof three commercial barium-zinc stabilisers is examinedin comparison with an organophosphite-zinc basedstabiliser, Dover PhosBooster, DPB. The volatileemissions from flexible PVC formulations containingthese stabilisers are measured and the sources of theemissions are identified. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.877701

Item 76Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 7, p.391-400, 27 cm, 012STABILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDEAGAINST OXIDATIONLee R E; Papazoglou E; Pearson KGreat Lakes Chemical Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Traditionally, stabilisation is required for all polymerapplications to provide acceptable processing, storage anduse lifetimes. Primary antioxidants like hindered phenolsare ubiquitously used for this purpose, as they are effectiveradical scavengers. Phosphites, and to a lesser extentthiosynergists, are used as secondary antioxidants toextend the efficiency of the former, by reduction ofoxidation intermediates. Light stabilisers like hinderedamine light stabilisers (HALS) and UV absorbers (UVAs)provide durability when there is an exposure to light. Abrief look is taken at phenolic antioxidant use in PVCsystems. The benefits and needs for the industry areexamined from resin manufacture to final use. Emphasisis placed on phenolic antioxidants used during thepolymerisation step and during initial compounding.USA

Accession no.877700

Item 77Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 5, p.367-74, 27 cm, 012ADAPTATION OF NEW ACRYLIC IMPACTMODIFIER TECHNOLOGY TO PVCEXTRUSION INDUSTRY TRENDSMartin R; Chou C SRohm & Haas Co.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The new generation of acrylic impact modifiers isdesigned to address the relationship between polymerstructure, processing and physical properties of extrudedvinyl materials. Better impact resistance can be achievedwith optimal design of core shell acrylic modifier. Highthroughput processing with acceptable melt rheology suchas melt pressure, temperature and motor load can also beachieved through polymer design and modifications. Abroad processing window with lower levels of acrylicimpact modifiers will become the future trend in PVCimpact modification. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.877698



Item 78Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 4, p.347-63, 27 cm, 012FIRE AND FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PVCCoaker A WCoaker A.W.,& Associates Inc.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The flammability performance of PVC plays a significantrole in its selection for many applications. Its relativelyhigh chlorine content (58.6%) makes it more resistant toignition and burning than most organic polymers. In thecase of flexible PVC, the plasticisers which contributeflexibility, in most instances, detract from its resistanceto fire. To meet specifications such as oxygen index, heatrelease, smoke evolution or extent of burning in cabletests, flame retardant (FR) and smoke suppressant (SS)additives are often incorporated. Synergistic combinationsof FR and SS additives to PVC formulations facilitatepassing many stringent FR specifications cost effectively.30 refs.USA

Accession no.877697

Item 79Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 3, p.335-43, 27 cm, 012ACRYLIC PROCESSING AIDS: KEY TO THEFUTUREAzimipour B; Schipper PAtofina Chemicals Inc.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The development of new applications for PVC, such as foamand wood composites as well as the demand for higherproductivity in these and other existing commercialapplications, has dramatically highlighted the importanceof processing aids as an integral part of most new and existinghigh productivity PVC formulations. The importantparameters of the transformation process and the role thatprocess aids play in the optimisation and enhancement ofcompound processability, end product properties andmanufacturing efficiency are reviewed. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.877696

Item 80Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 2, p.321-31, 27 cm, 012NOR HINDERED AMINES: A NEW UVSTABILIZER CLASS FOR PVCCapocci GCiba Specialty Chemicals Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

UV absorbers such as those from the hydroxyphenylbenzotriazole and hydroxy benzophenone class ofcompounds have a long history of use as UV stabilisersin PVC. They are especially well known for protectingproducts made from flexible PVC; products such as patiofurniture, window and door trim, greenhouse films,fencing, pond liners, etc. What is not so familiar is theuse of NOR hindered amines as UV stabilisers for PVC.NOR hindered amine light stabilisers are introduced as anew photostabiliser class for PVC. Unlike UV absorbers,hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS) do not absorbUV light. Their effectiveness as light stabilisers forpolyolefins is well-documented; however, their activityin PVC is neither well understood, nor well known. Inseveral laboratory studies, NOR HALS were found tosubstantially increase the weatherability of flexible PVC.NOR HALS were also compared to and found to be farmore effective than traditional NH HALS. A proposedexplanation for their superior activity is presented. Othereffect additives - additives such as antimicrobials,antistats, optical brighteners, antioxidants, antifog agents,etc. - that are often present in a fully formulated PVCcompound are not examined, although these otheradditives can have a substantial influence on UV stability.8 refs.USA

Accession no.877695

Item 81Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 3, Paper 1, p.295-317, 27 cm, 012NEW ADDITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE PVCINDUSTRYWegmann A; Oertli A G; Voigt WCiba Specialty Chemicals Inc.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Phenolic products, especially sterically hindered phenols,are widely used throughout the PVC industry - forinstance, as chain-stoppers and antioxidants in PVCpolymerisation, to terminate the reaction and preventdegradation of the virgin resin in the stripper and dryer.Methyl methacrylate butadiene-styrene (MBS), afrequently used impact modifier for rigid PVC, needshighly efficient protection against oxidative degradation



of its rubber phase by a synergistic blend of a phenolicantioxidant with a thiosynergist. Plasticisers for flexiblePVC in thermally demanding applications are alsostabilised with phenolic antioxidants. In the abovementioned applications, traditionally used solidantioxidants are increasingly replaced by more efficientliquid products, which give additional invaluableadvantages in handling, dosing, and case ofemulsification, very important for introduction intoaqueous processes, as well as a good toxicological profile,enabling broad registration and food approval status,thereby enhancing PVC’s environmental acceptance.Alternatively to stabilising plasticisers, or to further boostthe thermal stability of PVC, solid hindered phenolantioxidants can be added to heat stabilisers, or directlyto the compound. Newly developed high performancelight stabilisers and other effect additives (biocides,antistats, and fluorescent whitening agents, etc.) enhancethe quality of finished PVC articles, thereby furtherstrengthening the position of PVC applications in themarketplace. 1 ref.SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.877694

Item 82Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 7, p.269-71, 27 cm, 012ADVANCED HYDROTALCITE FOR ENHANCEDPVC STABILIZATIONChen T; Ashton H CHuber J.M.,Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The characteristics of a new synthetic hydrotalcite productdesigned for use in PVC stabilisation are discussed. Asan effective acid scavenger, this new hydrotalcite, whenused with other metal stabilisers such as calcium or zincstearate, can impart effective thermal stability to the PVCcompounds as compared to heavy metal stabilisers. Suchsynergistic stabilisation improvements are shown to bebeneficial to PVC formulations for various applicationsincluding wire and cable. Similar mechanical propertiesare seen with the hydrotalcite-stabilised PVC compoundsvs. lead-stabilised compounds. Electrical properties asmeasured by volume resistivity show to be comparablebetween hydrotalcite-stabilised compounds and lead-stabilised counterparts. The rigid PVC compoundscontaining the hydrotalcite show enhanced thermalstability as demonstrated by the slower compound colourdevelopment over time. This new hydrotalcite is very lowin Fe and Zn contaminants, making it desirable for PVCapplications where excellent electrical performance isneeded. The hydrotalcite also has characteristically platey(i.e. higher aspect ratio) morphological structure providing

desirable rheological performance and reducedagglomeration during PVC compounding.USA

Accession no.877692

Item 83Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 6, p.247-66, 27 cm, 012WOLLASTONITE: A NON-TRADITIONALFILLER FOR PVC: WHAT DOES IT OFFER?Robinson S; De Massa J; Ciullo PVanderbilt R.T.,Co.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Filler technology has been undergoing a renaissance inthe last several years. As performance demands of plasticsincrease, filler profiles change to keep pace, especiallywith requirements related to strength. Some years ago,selected wollastonite grades were compared to calciumcarbonate in a heat ageing test to observe heat and colourstability performance. The data, as published, showed thatwollastonite demonstrated a modest change in colourstability in contrast to the calcium carbonate. In anothertest, with vinyl floor tile, the data indicated thatwollastonite incorporated with titanium dioxide had bettercolour after ageing, in accelerated heat and in exposurein a weatherometer for 1350 hours. Wollastonite isselected as a non-traditional filler for PVC. This naturallyoccurring white calcium silicate mineral filler may be analternative to conventional fillers in improving propertiesof PVC. Unique in its needle-like (acicular) shape, themineral has a long successful history as a very effectivereinforcing filler in thermosets and thermoplastics.Because this same mineral has desirable chemicalproperties, it has found utility in products like those usedin the wire and cable industry. It has been shown thatselected grades improve low temperature processing andcure cycles while contributing to mechanical strength.Selected wollastonite grades in flexible PVC, asrepresented by a 75 deg.C rated PVC primary insulationcompound typically filled with calcium carbonate andcalcined clay, are evaluated. The wollastonites arecompared to calcium carbonates with similar particle sizedistributions for effects on compound tensile properties.Using calcium carbonates as filler, wollastonite iscompared to the calcined clay for effect on volumeresistivity. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.877691

Item 84Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.



Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 5, p.231-53, 27 cm, 012TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN LIQUIDMIXED METAL STABILIZERSReddy J E; Hackett J A; Ford J IOMG Inc.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

The global market for liquid mixed metal stabilisers ismigrating toward conservational or ‘green’ alternatives.Historically, these systems have not been performanceand cost competitive. High efficiency calcium-zinc andcalcium-barium-zinc stabilisers have the potential toreplace existing high volatile mixed metal products. Theintrinsic value of non-phenolic lubricating calciumintermediates and unique Trimetal stabilisers arediscussed. The Trimetal and Ca/Zn technology are foundto be viable alternatives to Ba/Zn and Cd/Ba/Znstabilisers. The novel calcium intermediates makeperformance and cost competitive stabilisers and reducedheavy metal and phenolic derivative containing stabilisersa reality. Furthermore, this technology permits stabiliserformulations extremely low in volatile organic content(VOC). This new calcium technology can produceeffective heat stabilisers for most applications underrigorous testing conditions. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.877690

Item 85Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 3, p.205-17, 27 cm, 012COMPATIBILITY OF ORGANOTINSTABILIZERS WITH PVCFisch M H; Stewen U; Bacaloglu R; Dooley T;Safronov A; Somova TCrompton Corp.; Urals,State University(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Compatibility of PVC with liquid alkyltinalkylthioglycolates stabilisers is studied by thermalmethods including isothermal calorimetry of mixing,DSC, DMA and dielectric relaxation. The enthalpy ofmixing of PVC with the series of alkyltin alkylthioglycolates is measured over the entire concentrationrange at ambient conditions. It is found that all compoundsare compatible with PVC in a broad concentration rangeand form homogeneous mixtures. The results arediscussed in terms of superposition of glassy-state andmolecular interaction contributions to the enthalpy ofmixing of glassy polymer with liquid additives. Theinfluence of organotin stabilisers on the glassy structureof PVC films is studied by means of DSC and thedielectric relaxation spectrum. The alkyltin alkyl

thioglycolates enhancement of the glassy structure of PVCis interpreted as the result of strong multi-site molecularcomplexes between organotin molecules and PVC chains,which act like additional clips in the entanglementnetwork of polymer chains. 16 refs.RUSSIA; USA

Accession no.877688

Item 86Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 2, p.193-202, 27 cm, 012NEW PLASTICIZER FOR FLEXIBLE PVCWadey B; Gans GBASF Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

For some time now plasticisers, especially phthalates,have been under pressure from environmentalists andregulatory bodies. In the regulatory arena there is theRCRA and CERCLA requirements of the EPA,Proposition 65 in California and the EU labellingrequirements of chemicals. Taking this into account, aswell as customer demand for alternative plasticisers,BASF has undertaken a project to develop a plasticisersuitable in a wide range of applications and which wouldmeet the following predefined requirements: low acutetoxicity, no sensitising properties, no peroxisomeproliferation, no genotoxicity, no reprotoxicity andbiodegradability. The driving forces behind thedevelopment of a new plasticiser, di-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid ester, designatedHexamoll DINCH, are discussed. The manufacturingprocess, physical properties and a comparison of threehomologue cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid esters ispresented. The toxicology of Hexamoll DINCH isreviewed.USA

Accession no.877687

Item 87Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 2, Paper 1, p.181-90, 27 cm, 012NEW POLYMERIC PLASTICIZERDEVELOPMENTLang J M; Streeter B E; Stanhope B EVelsicol Chemical Corp.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Polymeric plasticisers are an important part of the totalplasticiser market and are used primarily in speciality



applications where high permanence, resistance toextraction, low migration and weatherability are required.For special needs, the properties of polymeric plasticiserscan be tailored by varying the chemical structure,molecular weight and manufacturing process. A briefcomparison of the performance difference betweenpolymeric and monomeric is discussed. Two case studiesare given to illustrate the chemical structure-propertyapproach for developing new polymeric plasticisers inorder to meet the performance requirements of specialityapplications. The performance requirements covered areprintability, low temperature flexibility and plasticiserviscosity. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.877686

Item 88Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 7, p.153-75, 27 cm, 012FUNCTION AND SELECTION OF POLYMERICESTER PLASTICIZERSO’Rourke SHall C.P.,Co.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Traditional PVC applications have for years usedmoderate to low performance ester plasticisers. However,longevity requirements for flexible PVC articles havecreated a need for higher performance ester plasticisers.With the increasing high temperature and extractionresistance demands required, polymeric esters provide aunique set of properties to insure longevity of flexiblePVC. Plasticisers commonly used for PVC are extractable,migrating or too volatile. Some information is providedon plasticisers that are designed for high performanceapplications. The test data include heat ageing, extractionby organic fluids and low-temperature as moulded afterageing. It is shown that permanence of the plasticiser afterthese various ageing is the key to retention of physicalproperties.USA

Accession no.877685

Item 89Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 6, p.113-50, 27 cm, 012HOW ABOUT ALTERNATIVES TO PHTHALATEPLASTICIZERS?Krauskopf L GVinyl Consulting Co.Inc.

(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Phthalate plasticisers have historically served as thepreferred plasticisers to impart flexibility to PVC andseveral other polar polymers. They provide a desirablebalance of cost and performance properties. Theiracceptable and safe use is unmatched in medicalappliances, food processing and packaging applications,as well as many other end uses. Potential alternatives donot have the historical record of acceptable performancefound with phthalate plasticisers. Nevertheless, the‘Precautionary Principle’ has caused certain segments ofsociety to clamour for alternatives to phthalate plasticisers.Known ‘non-phthalate’ plasticisers are reviewed, andcomparisons to the traditional ‘General Purpose’ (GP)phthalate plasticisers are provided; ‘General Purpose’plasticisers are those that impart optimum overallperformance properties in PVC at lowest cost. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.877684

Item 90Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 5, p.101-9, 27 cm, 012PHTHALATE ESTER REGULATORY UPDATEKeller L HExxonMobil Chemical Co.(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Phthalate esters or phthalates are molecules usedpredominantly in commerce to make plastic flexible. Thesubstances produced in highest quantity, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) are used almost exclusivelyas plasticisers in flexible PVC. In recent years thesephthalates have been the focus of regulatory attentionaround the world. This attention has been triggered by anumber of allegations, which are discussed in detail.Among these, it has been asserted that these phthalatesare persistent in the environment and may increase inconcentration. It has also been claimed that thesephthalates may cause harm to humans. Several of theseissues are addressed, focusing specifically on the scientificevidence, and it is concluded that these phthalates can beused without risk to human health or the environment innearly all of the current applications, although somespecialised uses in medical devices require further studies.Laboratory studies show that these phthalates rapidlydegrade in the environment, so they are not persistent.These compounds also efficiently undergobiotransformation by organisms and do not biomagnify.Although they produce effects of various kinds in ratsand mice when given for long periods of time at high



levels, the relevance of these effects to humans is, at best,questionable. Finally, recent investigations reveal that,except in some very rare situations, levels of humanexposure are far below those that cause effects inlaboratory animals. 17 refs.USA; WORLD

Accession no.877683

Item 91Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 4, p.89-98, 27 cm, 012TRIMELLITATES-VERSATILE PLASTICIZERSFOR THE VINYL COMPOUNDERAdams RBP Chemicals(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

Since the introduction of trimellitic anhydride by AmocoChemicals in the late 1960s, trimellitates have found theirplace in applications requiring greater permanence thanexisting commercial phthalate plasticisers. Trimellitateplasticisers offer today’s vinyl compounder a uniquecombination of properties not attainable with polymericor other monomeric plasticisers. Phthalate plasticisers,long the workhorse of the industry, are efficient, processeasily, impart good low temperature properties, and arewell suited for general use. Unfortunately, phthalates canbe volatile and lack the permanence needed for hightemperature applications. The polymerics, which have thepermanence for high temperature applications, are ofteninefficient, are difficult to process, have poor lowtemperature properties, and are expensive. Trimellitatesfill this gap in performance for the flexible vinyl industry.5 refs.USA

Accession no.877682

Item 92Vinyltec 2002. Compounding polyvinyl chloride in the21st century. Proceedings of a conference held Itasca,Il., 30th-2nd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Session 1, Paper 3, p.69-86, 27 cm, 012FUNDAMENTALS OF PLASTICIZERSELECTIONKozlowski RSunoco Chemicals(SPE,Chicago Section; SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,PolymerModifiers & Additives Div.)

ASTM D-883-98 defines a plasticiser as ‘a substanceincorporated in a material to increase its workability,flexibility or distensibility’. This is a definition thatincorporates the two technical industrial drivers of the

early 20th century. The ability is still required to processhigh molecular weight polymers, and the goal is todevelop polymer compounds that have a flexibilitynecessary to be useful in product design. The history ofplasticisers is long and colourful. The start ofcommercialisation of technology in PVC is much shorter,starting around 1935. In a period of less than 75 years theindustry went from a handful of plasticising compoundsto a few hundred in 30 years and back to a handful ofcommercially significant materials today. During this timeperiod PVC compounding progressed from an art to ascience. Chemistry, engineering and raw materials supplyhave evolved into the current commercial landscape.When examining world usage of plasticisers it is easy toconclude that esters are the most effective plasticisers,and by some definitions, are perhaps the only plasticisersfor PVC. The portion of the definition of plasticisersrelating to workability for PVC is now studied within thedisciplines and concepts of the materials more often calledlubricants, process aids and modifiers. Most of thesematerials meet the early definition and do plasticisepolymers. Many of these products are esters. Emphasisis placed on a rather small range of low molecular weightesters that are compounded into PVC to effect a desiredcombination of stiffness, permanence and chemicalresistance to produce a cost effective, useable engineeringpolymer system suitable for its intended application. Thechemistry of esters and the interaction with PVC on themolecular level is the heart of effort for those of us whodevelop new plasticisers. A basic model from which atechnician can build an understanding from whichplasticiser choices can be screened is presented.USA

Accession no.877681

Item 93China Synthetic Rubber Industry25, No.6, 2002, p.381OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID PVC/MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITESWITH EPOXY RESIN AS COMPATIBILIZERChaoying W; Xiuying Q; Yong Z; Yinxi ZShanghai,Jiao Tong University

Polyvinyl chloride/montmorillonite nanocomposites wereprepared using an epoxy resin, as compatibiliser, and theeffect of this compatibiliser on the optical properties ofthe nanocomposites investigated. It was found that thetransparency of the nanocomposites improved withincreasing content of montmorillonite, which waspretreated with the epoxy resin. The good transparencyof the nanocomposites also indicated that the epoxy resinimproved the processing stability of the nanocomposites.3 refs.CHINA

Accession no.876688



Item 94Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology8, No.4, Dec.2002, p.238-45PREPARATION OF PVC-CLAYNANOCOMPOSITES BY SOLUTION BLENDINGWang D; Wilkie C AMarquette,University

Nanocomposites were prepared by solution blending PVCwith sodium montmorillonite and an organically modifiedclay using THF, as solvent, and the layered structure ofthese nanocomposites characterised by TEM and X-raydiffraction. The thermal degradation of the compositeswas investigated by TGA and mechanical propertiesdetermined by tensile testing. It was found that solutionblending produced a mixed immiscible-intercalatednanocomposite and that the presence of clay caused achange in the degradation path of the polymer. 28 refs.USA

Accession no.876667

Item 95China Synthetic Rubber Industry25, No.6, 2002, p.335-7ChineseDEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OFPOWDERED BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBERFOR MODIFICATION OF RIGID PVCFeng S; Liqiang C; Xuecheng P; Xiao L; Yuanzhang YQilu Petrochemical Corp.

A powdered SBR slurry was prepared by crosslinking andgraft modification and powdered SBR having a particlesize less than 0.9 mm obtained by filtering, washing,sifting and drying. The effects of crosslinking, grafting,condition of the powder and rate of rotation on particlesize were investigated and the modification of PVC bypowdered SBR studied. 6 refs.CHINA

Accession no.876644

Item 96Macromolecular Materials and Engineering287, No.9, 11th Oct.2002, p.588-91TENSILE AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OFHOLLOW GLASS BEAD FILLED PVCCOMPOSITESJi-Zhao LiangSouth China,University of Technology

Tensile and impact properties of a composite of polyvinylchloride filled with hollow glass beads to different volumefractions, and using three different sizes of bead. It wasreported that yield strength reduced only gradually andYoung’s modulus increased slightly with increasing fillercontent, but was not significantly affected by bead size.Impact strength reduced rapidly to a filler level of 5percent, independent of bead size, and then reduced only

slowly. A mathematical formula was developed whichrelated yield strength to filler level. 11 refs.CHINA

Accession no.875470

Item 97ENDS ReportNo.335, Dec.2002, p.35DOH JOINS QUEST FOR NON-PVC MEDICALDEVICES

The Department of Health is reported to be searching fordiethylhexyl phthalate-free products for the NationalHealth Service following international concern overpossible health effects from exposure to the plasticiser.The EU Scientific Committee on Medicinal Products &Medical Devices has made no recommendation thathospitals should take any precautionary measures toreduce exposures of groups of patients considered to beat risk although Health Canada and the FDA have issuedprecautionary assessments.

UK,DEPT.OF HEALTH; UK,NATIONAL HEALTHSERVICE; EU,SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ONMEDICINAL PRODUCTS & MEDICAL DEVICES;HEALTH CANADA; US,FEDERAL DRUGSADMINISTRATIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.875427

Item 98Medical Device Technology13, No.9, Nov.2002, p.8/12EVEN MORE OPINIONS ON PVC, ANDBROADER LESSONSWilliams DLiverpool,University

We are told that a Scientific Committee of the EuropeanCommission has addressed toxicity concerns about PVCplasticised with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) when used incertain medical applications. It has reached conclusions whichdiffer from those reached by some other organisations. Thisarticle discusses the basis for these opinions in detail. 7 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION; INTERNATIONALASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN CANCER;US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTHCANADAEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.875070

Item 99Plastics and Rubber Weekly29th Nov.2002, p.10PVC POST WITH THE MOSTSmith C



Polyfence has developed Supalite, a hollow coextrudedrigid PVC fence post that it claims will meet theperformance criteria of existing wooden and concretealternatives, while providing a big weight saving, greaterdurability and a higher quality appearance. The Sheffield-based company has invested more than 400,000 poundssterling in two coextrusion lines to manufacture the fenceposts. The coextruded products comprise a core ofrecycled PVC enclosed in a skin of high-quality virginPVC. The core of the product, which makes up around92% of the total weight of each post, is manufacturedfrom PVC recovered from the window profile extrusionand window fabrication industry.

POLYFENCEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874602

Item 100Addcon World 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldBudapest, Hungary, 22nd-23rd.Oct. 2002.Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 3, p.33-43, 29 cm, 012PLASTICISERS FOR PVC: HEALTH ANDENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTCadogan D FEuropean Council for Plasticisers & Intermediates(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

Plasticisers, particularly, phthalates, have long been thefocus of considerable media, legislative and scientificattention, with concerns raised regarding their possiblenegative impact on the environment and human health.This paper examines the reasons for the continuedwidespread use of phthalates, and the particularadvantages of certain alternatives. The results of the lateststudies are summaries, and their impact is considered onthe risk assessments being conducted on five phthalatesin line with the requirements of Council Regulation 793/93. The legislative and environmental pressures onplasticisers, including changes in the classification andlabelling of phthalates, are presented, together with theresponse from industry. 53 refs.BELGIUM; EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.874502

Item 101Polymer Plastics Technology and EngineeringVol.41, No.5,2002, p.997-06THE RELATION BETWEEN THEFOAMABILITY OF PVC PASTES AND THEQUALITY OF A PVC POLYMERSimonik JZlin,Technical University

The presence of surfactants make possible the mechanicalfoaming of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pastes, which

secure the formation of a PVC foam and its stability atthe next processing. An evaluation of the efficiency ofthe surfactants that are utilised in this technology can becarried out on the basis of the viscosity difference betweenthe descending and rising component of the viscositycurve for the PVC pastes in the region of low shear rates.The value of this criterion has been proven by a correlationwith the rate of degradation of the foam structure and isbased on the hypothesis of the formation of a spatialnetwork of molecular and supermolecular clusters of thesoap surfactants, which is insoluble in the non-aqueousmedium of the PVC paste. The criterion of the viscositydifference makes it possible to assess the pastes ofdifferent types of PVC, such as Vestolit B 7021, PevikonD 61, AST 66, and Slovinyl K 72. Associated with thefoamability of PVC pastes, it is the effect of a residualemulsifier and the character of particles in terms of theiraverage size and distribution which is important. 6 refs.CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.873388

Item 102Polymer Engineering and Science42, No.8, Aug.2002, p.1657-66ACCELERATED ULTRAVIOLET WEATHERINGOF PVC/WOOD-FLOUR COMPOSITESMatuana L M; Kamdem D PMichigan,Technological University; Michigan,StateUniversity

The UV weathering performance of PVC filled withdifferent concentrations of wood flour was studied.Extruded PVC/wood-flour composite samples weresubjected to cyclic UV lamps/condensation exposures andassessed over a total of 400 and 2600 hours. Eachassessment consisted of DRIFT-FTIR and X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopic studies, contact anglemeasurement, colour measurement and tensile propertytesting. The experimental results indicated that woodflours were effective chromophore materials as theirincorporation into a rigid PVC matrix accelerated thedegradation of the polymeric matrix. Photodegradationconverted unfilled PVC samples to a coloured materialof lower extensibility. Although composite samplesexhibited greater discolouration than unfilled PVCsamples, they retained all their original strength andstiffness properties even after 2600 hours of cyclic UVirradiation/condensation exposures. 28 refs.USA

Accession no.873203

Item 103ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 285, Session T7-Vinyl Plastics. Properties and Stabilization, pp.4, CD-ROM, 012



ADIPATE BASED POLYMERIC PLASTICIZERWITH IMPROVED LOW TEMPERATUREPROPERTIESStreeter B E; Lang JVelsicol Chemical Corp.(SPE)

The behaviour of an adipic acid-based polymericplasticiser for poly(vinyl chloride)s, developed to giveimproved low temperature flexibility, was compared withthat of a conventional adipate plasticiser of the samemolecular weight. Blends containing 50 phr plasticiserwere prepared. The new plasticiser exhibited a similarsoftening efficiency and permanence whilst improvingthe glass transition and brittle temperatures (3-4 C lower).The dry blend time was reduced by 10%. The viscosityof the new plasticiser was 25% lower than that ofcomparable conventional adipates. 1 ref.

Accession no.872897

Item 104ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 284, Session T7-Vinyl Plastics. Properties and Stabilization, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012CO-INJECTION MOLDING OF PVC WITHOTHER THERMOPLASTICS: PROCESSING,PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONSParsons M; Toyoda PPolyOne Corp.(SPE)

Plaques were produced using the Mono-sandwich co-injection moulding process, with rigid poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) being co-injected with glass fibre-reinforced PVC (GFR-PVC), polypropylene (PP),acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), andpolycarbonate (PC). The samples were characterised byoptical microscopy, and by measurements of tensilemodulus and strength, flexural modulus and strength,impact strength, dart impact energy, and heat distortiontemperature. The core always formed a single, continuouslayer adjacent to the gate, whilst further from the gate,core flow ceased, resulting in a skin-only region. Moreuniform distribution of skin and core layers was obtainedat slower injection speeds. PVC exhibited poor adhesionto PP, and good adhesion to GFR-PVC, ABS and PC,with no delamination and mechanical propertiesintermediate between those of the constituent polymers.Dropped dart impact was largely determined by the skinlayer. 10 refs.

Accession no.872896

Item 105ANTEC 2002. Proceedings of the 60th SPE AnnualTechnical Conference held San Francisco, Ca., 5th-9thMay 2002.

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2002, Paper 282, Session T7-Vinyl Plastics. Properties and Stabilization, pp.5, CD-ROM, 012STUDY OF PVC STABILIZATION USINGCAPILLARY RHEOMETRYBacaloglu R; Fisch M H; Stewen U; Bacaloglu I;Krainer ECrompton Corp.(SPE)

Degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was studiedusing capillary rheometry to separately evaluate the staticthermal degradation at very low shear rates and the dynamicdegradation due to orientation of macromolecules.Degradation of flexible PVC containing solid mixed metalstabilisers (Ba-Zn and Ca-Zn), and rigid PVC stabilisedusing a dialkyltin bis (alkyl thioglycolate) was studied, tooptimise the stabiliser composition and content. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.872894

Item 106Polymer Degradation and Stability78, No.3, 2002, p.479-84TIO2/POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALSWITH REDUCED GENERATION OF TOXICCHEMICALS DURING AND AFTERCOMBUSTION - EFFECT OF HF-TREATED TI02Sun R-D; Nishikawa T; Nakajima A; Watanabe T;Hashimoto KKanagawa,Academy of Science & Technology;Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd.; Tokyo,University

The effect of hydrofluoric acid treatment on the ability oftitanium dioxide to adsorb toxic aromatic compounds,such as dioxin, generated during the combustion of PVCwas investigated using dibenzofuran, as a modelcompound. It was found that this treatment did improvethe adsorption capability of TiO2, as evidenced by anincreased amount of dioxins trapped in ash generatedduring the incineration of PVC samples containing thetreated titanium dioxide. This improved adsorptioncapability is attributed to an increase in the amount ofsurface acid sites on the TiO2 surface, resulting inenhanced interaction between the surface acid sites andpi electrons of the aromatic compounds. 22 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.872763

Item 107Polymer Testing22, No.1, 2003, p.115-9VISUALISATION OF GELATIONINHOMOGENEITY OF PVCPiszczek K; Sterzynski T; Lukaszewicz EBydgoszcz,Technical & Agricultural University

The variation the PVC gelation level in extruded products,usually related to the instability of the extrusion process,



leads to inhomogeneity of the local end-use properties.The main task is to develop a simple visualisation methodbased on swelling and solution effects, allowingdetermination of the gelation homogeneity in extrudedPVC-U products. It is found that the applied visualisationtechnique allows identification of the regions with adifferent resistance to attack of a mixture of methylenechloride with cyclohexanone, and thus with variousdegree of gelation. DSC and rheological investigationsconfirm the results of the visualisation measurements.Consequently, it is ascertained that an etching proceduremay be used in parallel and/or instead of rheological orDSC measurements for the determination of thehomogeneity of the PVC gelation in extruded products.23 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.872008

Item 108Plastics, Rubber and Composites31, No.8, 2002, p.329-35TITANIUM DIOXIDE PHOTOCATALYSEDOXIDATION OF PLASTICISERS IN THINPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FILMSSearle J; Worsley DSwansea,University of Wales

A closed system incorporating FTIR continuousmonitoring and GC-MS sampling is developed to studythe generation under UVA illumination of volatilephotodegradation products from model plasticised andTiO2 pigmented films. The presence of the plasticiserdibutyl adipate (DBA), at levels of 0-88 phr, is shown toslow the onset of yellowing of PVC caused by theformation of polyene sequences through photodegradationof the polymer matrix. However, increasing plasticisationincreases the amount of volatile by-products emitted underintense UVA illumination as a result of TiO2 catalysedphotodegradation. The rate of CO2 production fromirradiated films increases linearly by up to a factor of 21as the concentration of DBA is raised from 0 to 88 phr.This increase in the rate of CO2 production suggestsincreasing photoactivity within the film and this,accompanied by a decreased yellowing rate of the polymerbackbone, implies that the plasticiser is photo-oxidisedin preference to the polymer matrix. In addition, smallquantities of organic molecular fragments are releasedinto the gas phase above the films and are trapped usingadsorption tubes. The molecular structures of the emittedspecies form an homologous series, the parent of whichis the plasticiser, each with one fewer carbon atoms. Allthe fragments are produced at similar levels, suggestingthat the mode fragmentation is via random scission. Theproduction of volatile organic carbon compounds (VOCs)peaks after 1h irradiation, corresponding to the initial rapidphoto-oxidation of plasticiser moieties bound to the TiO2surface. The VOC emissions account for only ~3% of thetotal carbon emission with ~97% accounted for by CO2,

suggesting that the major breakdown pathway is viacomplete oxidation with the majority of retainedmolecular fragments within the irradiated polymer filmbeing subsequently oxidised. The efficiency of suchoxidation is similar for each fragment as determined byseparate complete oxidation studies over irradiated pureTiO2 films. In each case the major product is CO2 withonly small quantities of other VOCs being produced. 17refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.871933

Item 109Foams 2002. Proceedings of a conference heldHouston, Tx., 22nd-23rd Oct.2002.Brookfield, Ct., 2002, Session II, p.25-46, 27cm, 012NOVEL REDUCED DENSITY MATERIALS BYSOLID-STATE EXTRUSION: PROOF-OF-CONCEPT EXPERIMENTSSchirmer H G; Kumar VBBS Corp.; Washington,University(SPE,Thermoplastic Materials & Foams Div.;SPE,South Texas Section)

Solid-state foam refers to polymer foam in which bubblenucleation and growth occurs in the solid-state, that is,near the Tg of the polymer. These foams have a distinctstructure and properties compared to the common melt-extruded foams due to the increased molecular orientationin the cell walls. Extrusion of solid-state foams has beenelusive because they are foamed at the Tg of the polymer.Now extrusion of solid-state foams has been accomplishedin two different resin systems, using differentmechanisms. The first is based on rigid PVC pellets coatedwith a plasticiser and dusted with flexible PVC powder.PVC pellets, pre-foamed in a batch solid-statemicrocellular process, are extruded in a way that preservesthe microcellular structure of the individual pellet. In thesecond system, solid state extrusion of foam has beenaccomplished with the special preparation of coextrudedhollow pellets. These hollow pellets are made using PSas the core material and encapsulating it with polyethyleneand ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA) that has adegree of adhesion to PS and PE. These specially preparedpellets are extruded into a rod and chopped into pellets oflowered bulk density. During extrusion, the softer, lowermelting polyolefins carry the PS through the extruder inthe solid-state either unfoamed or as microcellular foam.The unique feature in both examples is that the polymerto be solid-state foamed is not melted inside the extruderbarrel. Each resin system uses a different approach to theextrusion process to demonstrate that there are a varietyof ways to approach extruding materials in the solid state.9 refs.USA

Accession no.871796



Item 110Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.196,30cm, 42C382PVC-WORLD MARKETS AND PROSPECTSPritchard PRapra Technology Ltd.

This report provides an overview of the PVC industrylooking at supply and demand, price, markets andapplications, environmental issues and the futureprospects of the industry. The report addresses both rawmaterials and synthesis, additives, compounding andprocessing. Current issues have been highlightedincluding new technology and market forces. Applicationsare dealt by sector including building and construction,medical, wire and cable and packaging. The report focuseson global trends indicating where markets are mature andwhere they are likely to expand. Descriptions of individualcompanies in the PVC industry are cited within the reportwith details of capacity and prospects provided.Environmental concerns in the use of PVC includingrecycling, safety, legislation and end-of-life are discussedhere.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.871566

Item 111Journal of Applied Polymer Science86, No.13, 20th Dec. 2002, p.3331-5EFFECT OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) RESINTYPE IN THE PREPARATION PROCESS OFSLUSH POWDERLuo Y; Dai GEast China,University of Science & Technology

Slush powders were prepared from mass polymerised andsuspension polymerised vinyl chloride polymers and theabsorption of plasticisers into the polymers wasinvestigated using the Haake rheomix procedure. Thefusion behaviour of the powders was also investigatedand the morphology of the particles analysed by scanningelectron microscopy. The properties of the two differentpowders are compared. 6 refs.CHINA

Accession no.871469

Item 112European Polymer Journal38, No.9, Sept.2002, p.1887-97ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYOF POLYMERS FILLED WITH METALPOWDERSMamunya Y P; Davydenko V V; Pissis P; Lebedev E VUkranian Academy of Sciences; Athens,NationalTechnical University

The electrical and thermal conductivity of systems basedon epoxy resin and PVC filled with metal powders were

studied. Copper and nickel powders having differentparticle shapes were used as fillers. A model is proposedto describe the shell structure electrical conductivity. 39refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;UKRAINE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.868339

Item 113Modern Plastics International32, No.10, Oct.2002, p.82-3NANOPARTICLES OFFER PERFORMANCEBOOST IN COMMODITY MATERIALSJianfeng C; Yun J; Guoquan WNanoMaterials Technology Pte Ltd.

Research has shown that nanoparticles can be employedas a cost-effective means of increasing the toughness(impact strength) of PVC and PP copolymer withoutcompromising rigidity. Calcium carbonate nanoparticlesare already commercially available from NanoMaterialsTechnology. Proprietary surface modification techniquesare applied to the 15- to 40-nm-dia particles to enablecompounding of masterbatches. The economics of theprocess allow nano-calcium carbonate to be employed tocommodity resins. The key to using nano-calciumcarbonate to increase the toughness of plastics lies in thedispersion of the nano-calcium carbonate particles in thepolymer matrix.SINGAPORE

Accession no.868174

Item 114Plastics News(USA)14, No.31, 30th Sept.2002, p.1/20AGENCY MAY ALTER OPINION ON PVC TOYSToloken S

Four years after pushing the toy industry to remove acontroversial phthalate from PVC toys, the US ConsumerProduct Safety Commission could be reversing courseand saying there is no risk to children from the chemical.A CPSC report released in September concludes theagency should not ban PVC toys or issue an advisory onhealth risks from soft vinyl toys, as some environmentalgroups had urged. The agency’s report concludes thatchildren are exposed to much less diisononyl phthalatethan previously thought.

US,CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETYCOMMISSIONUSA

Accession no.868089

Item 115Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.122, 29cm. Rapra Review Report 148, vol. 13, No.4, 2002PLASTICS WASTE - FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING,



CHEMICAL RECYCLING AND INCINERATIONTukker ATNOEdited by: Humphreys S(Rapra Technology Ltd.)Rapra Review Report No.148

This report discusses the options for feedstock recyclingof plastics waste, including aspects of the environmentaland economic pros and cons relating to feedstock recyclingin comparison with incineration or mechanical recyclingof municipal solid waste, based on a number of life cycleassessments. Particular reference is made to the experienceof the TNO-CML Centre of Chain Analysis.485 refs.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERNEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.867304

Item 116Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology16, No.5, 2002, p.523-42SURFACE STRUCTURE OF SILANE-TREATEDGLASS BEADS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THEMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLEDCOMPOSITESYoshinobu Nakamura; Kazuya Nagata; YoshiyukiTobita; Naoki Yokouchi; Hideyuki Nigo; Takeo IidaOsaka,Institute of Technology; Okayama PrefectureIndustrial Technology Center

Four different silane coupling agents were used for thesurface treatment of glass beads, chosen as a model filler.The silanes used have an aminopropyl or amethacryloxypropyl group as an organofunctional groupwith di- or tri-alkoxy structure. The amount of silanedetected on the bead surface was 4 to 6 times that requiredfor a monolayer coverage. The topography of the silanelayer was studied using atomic force microscopy. Themechanical properties of silane-treated glass bead-filledPVC was also investigated. The topography of depositedsilane layer was strongly affected by the silane solutioncomposition and the number of alkoxy groups. The yieldstress was higher for a silane with a dialkoxy structurethat for a silane with a trialkoxy structure for bothaminopropyl and methacryloxypropyl silanes. Theelongation-at-break decreased by the surface treatmentin the opposite order to the yield stress. The crackpropagation behaviour became more brittle with theincrease in interfacial adhesion. 28 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.864572

Item 117Food Additives and Contaminants19, No.6, June 2002, p.602-10MIGRATION OF PHTHALATES FROM PVCTOYS INTO SALIVA SIMULANT BY DYNAMIC

EXTRACTIONBouma K; Schakel D JNetherlands,Inspectorate for Health Protection &Veterinary Public Health

The plastics materials and plasticisers currently being usedin soft toys were studied. In the PVC-containing toys,the diisononyl phthalate(DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP) release was determined in salivasimulant using the ‘Head over Heels’ agitation method.The DINP and DEHP contents of the samples were alsomeasured. All the toys complied with the ScientificCommittee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and theEnvironment(SCTEE) guidance release value of 6.7micrograms/min/10 sq cm. The DEHP migration of sixtoys exceeded the SCTEE guidance release value of 1.7micrograms/min/10 sq cm. Substitutes found for phthalateplasticisers were acetyltributyl citrate, tributyl citrate anddiisononyl adipate. Other plasticisers and additives foundin minor amounts should also be regulated. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.863631

Item 118Polymer Degradation and Stability77, No.2, 2002, p.221-6FLAME RETARDANCY OF RADIATION CROSS-LINKED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)(PVC) USEDAS AN INSULATING MATERIAL FOR WIREAND CABLEBasfar A ASaudi Arabia,Institute of Atomic Energy Research

Attempts were made to improve the flame retardancy offormulations of radiation-crosslinked PVC for wire andcable insulation applications. Limiting oxygen index(LOI)was used to characterise the flammability of theformulations developed. The effect of plasticisers, suchas dioctyl phthalate(DOP), diisodecyl phthalate and tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, and different flame retardantfillers, i.e. antimony oxide, zinc borate, aluminiumhydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, on the mechanicalproperties and flammability was investigated. Theinfluence of radiation dose on the mechanical propertieswas minimal both at room temp. and after thermal ageingfor 168 hours at 136C. The highest LOI was 39% for PVCformulations containing DOP as a plasticiser andtrimethylpropane triacrylate at absorbed doses of 90 and120 kGy. Both differential TGA peak maxima and temp.for loss of 50% mass decreased with increasing irradiationdose. No influence of plasticiser type or flame-retardantfiller on the thermal properties was observed. 13 refs. (8thEuropean Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers,Alessandria, Italy, June 2001)SAUDI ARABIA

Accession no.863581



Item 119ENDS ReportNo.329, June 2002, p.30VINYL FLOORING FIRMS SHUN DEHP, LOOKTO NON-PVC FUTURE

Producers of PVC floor coverings are reported to havebegun to substitute the controversial phthalate plasticiserDEHP even before the outcome of an EU risk assessmentof the chemical. Growing numbers are also developingnon-PVC floorings, which they say have at leastcomparable properties. The trigger for several flooringproducers to stop using DEHP was an EU decision in2001 to upgrade its classification from a category 3 to acategory 2 reproductive toxicant for fertility anddevelopmental effects. Containers of DEHP must nowbe labelled as such and carry a skull and crossbonessymbol. A full EU risk assessment of the chemical is stillunder way. Europe’s largest supplier of vinyl flooring tothe commercial sector, Tarkett Sommer, says that eventhough the new label does not have to be applied tofinished products, its own environmental policy led it tostop using DEHP. With the alarm bells sounding in 2000,it became the first flooring company to make a wholesaleswitch from DEHP to another phthalate DINP. Detailsare given.

TARKETT SOMMER; AMTICO CO.; DU PONT DENEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860448

Item 120Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology8, No.2, June 2002, p.159-65THE EFFECTS OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEPROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)FOAMSVelickovic S J; Stojkov D; Popovic I G; Brankov K;Cvorkov LBelgrade,University; Sintelon AD; Novi Sad,University

The results are reported of a study of the effects of severalplasticisers on the density, elasticity and degree ofexpansion of foams produced from different PVCplastisols containing either 44 parts of chalk and 52 partsof plasticiser or 60 parts of chalk and 66 parts ofplasticiser. Plasticisers employed were di-iso-heptylphthalate, DOP, butyl benzyl phthalate, dioctyl adipate,dodecyl benzene or combinations thereof. 9 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; YUGOSLAVIA

Accession no.859208

Item 121Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology8, No.2, June 2002, p.139-50MELT BLENDING PREPARATION OF PVC-SODIUM CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES

Wang D; Parlow D; Yao Q; Wilkie C AMarquette,University; Brooklyn,Polytechnic University

The results are reported of an in depth study of thestructure, thermal properties, dynamic mechanicalproperties, flammability and smoke properties of meltblended PVC-sodium montmorillonite nanocomposites.Investigative properties employed included X-raydiffraction, TEM, TGA, DMA and cone calorimetry. Theeffects of clay loading, DOP concentration, annealing,blending time and molec.wt. on the formation of thecomposites are discussed and fire properties of PVC-organically modified clay and PVC-sodium claynanocomposites are presented and discussed. 15 refs.USA

Accession no.859206

Item 122Revista de Plasticos Modernos82, No.542, Aug.2001, p.130/4SpanishRECYCLING OF PVC

Spanish initiatives in PVC recycling are examined withparticular reference to mechanical recycling, anddevelopments in chemical recycling techniques are alsoreviewed. Statistics are presented for sources of PVCwaste and forms and applications of the recycledmaterials, and a map shows the geographical distributionof PVC recyclers in Spain.

AISCONDEL SA; ATOFINA ESPANA; HISPAVICINDUSTRIAL SA; REVINIL; ECOEMBALAJESESPANA SA; CICLOPLAST SA; EUROPEANCOUNCIL OF VINYL MANUFACTURERSEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.858829

Item 123Macplas InternationalFeb.2002, p.27RECYCLING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

The Italian association for plastics processors, Unionplast,has been collecting figures for many years with the aimof devising a feasible recovery and recycling system forend-of-life plastic products, and has carried out a marketsurvey specifically regarding PVC pipes and pipe-fittings.This article provides details of the association’s findings.

UNIONPLASTEUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855895

Item 124Blowing Agents and Foaming Processes 2002.Proceedings of a conference held Heidelberg, 27th-28thMay 2002.



Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 11,p.113-121, 29cm, 012FEEDBLOCK TECHNOLOGIES FOR FOAMCORE PRODUCTSDobrowsky JCincinnati Milacron Austria(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

This paper is a replication of a PowerPoint presentationand shows slides on new feedblock technology for foamedPVC products, including coextruded foam core pipe andsheet.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.854595

Item 125Cheltenham, The Natural Step UK, 2000, pp.64, 30cm, 17PVC:AN EVALUATION USING THE NATURALSTEP FRAMEWORKEverard M(Natural Step; UK,Environment Agency)

This is the full report of the Natural Step in the UK researchproject which was initiated by the PVC Co-ordinationGroup. The Natural Step framework evaluates thechallenges needed to make PVC truly sustainable acrossits entire life cycle. The key questions explored in this studyare whether the PVC industry is currently sustainable or isit moving towards increased sustainability and what stepsare needed to make PVC sustainable?EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.853889

Item 126Brussels, ECVM, 2001, pp.22, 30cm, 17VINYL 2010: THE VOLUNTARY COMMITMENTOF THE PVC INDUSTRY(European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers; EUPC;ECPI; ESPA)

This report sets out the future objectives of the Vinyl 2010- Voluntary Commitment of the PVC Industry. Principlesand actions covering the period 2000-2010 apply to thefollowing: PVC manufacture, Additives-plasticisers andstabilisers; waste management; social progress anddialogue; management, monitoring and financial scheme.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.853888

Item 127Macromolecular SymposiaVol.180, 2002, p.191-201STUDY OF THE MIGRATION OF ADDITIVESFROM PLASTICIZED PVCBelhaneche-Bensemra N; Zeddam C; Ouahmed S

Algiers,Ecole Nationale Polytechnique

The interactions between plasticised PVC packaging andfood were studied. The additives, including di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate plasticiser, tin-based heat stabiliser,processing aid, and internal and external lubricants, werefirst characterised and kinetic studies of their specificmigrations were then carried out using various analyticalmethods such as gas chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy,atomic absorption spectrometry and DSC analysis. Theinfluence of various parameters such as temp., stirring,nature of food simulant and initial concentration ofplasticiser was investigated. 7 refs. (EUROMAT 2001,Polymer Processing and Structure RelationshipsSymposium, Rimini, Italy, June 2001)ALGERIA

Accession no.853302

Item 128International Polymer Science and Technology29, No.4, 2002, p.T/78-81COMPUTER DESIGN OF ACTIVE ADDITIVESFOR PVCGermashev

A computer aided technique for the design of organicactive additives for PVC is described. The methodproposed refers to the analysis of the relationship structurevs. property of organic substances used as additives forpolymer compositions based on PVC. The study uses theidea of the virtual space of chemical compounds, the basisof which is that organic compounds showing a particularactivity in a polymer composite, form more or lesscompact clusters in some n-dimensional space. Thecoordinate axes of such a space can represent thephysicochemical, mechanical and other parameters inrespect of the known ideas or the fundamental values ofhe properties of the molecule. Fuzzy methods ofclassification are employed for the classification whichthen uses a statistical sample of the appropriate organiccompound from the total number available. Within sucha framework, catalogues were devised of statistics ofdescriptors according to the classes of compounds, onthe basis of which, a method of prognosis was developed.The current research uses descriptors contained in existingcatalogues of the following types: structural descriptors,length descriptors, conjugation descriptors which are usedin the design process. 5 refs. (Article translated fromPlasticheskie Massy, No.7, 2001, pp.36).RUSSIA

Accession no.853075

Item 129PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 60,p.590-601, 21cm, 012EVALUATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS AND



SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR RIGID PVCThomas N L; Harvey R JEVC (UK) Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

The fire performance of several inorganic flame retardants inrigid PVC formulations was investigated using conecalorimetry and limited oxygen index testing. Flame retardantsevaluated were antimony trioxide, zinc borate, zinchydroxystannate and ammonium octamolybdate. Theinfluence of the flame retardants on properties of the PVC,including heat stability, colour and impact strength, was alsoevaluated. Zinc hydroxystannate was found to exhibit the bestoverall fire retardant and smoke suppressant characteristicsand to have no detrimental effects on importantphysicomechanical properties. The optimum level of zinchydroxystannate was found to be from 3 to 4 phr. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852796

Item 130PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 59,p.579-89, 21cm, 012LOW-SMOKE, THERMALLY STABLE, LEAD-FREE FLEXIBLE PVC COMPOUNDSFerm D J; Leeuwendal R; Shen K KRio Tinto Borax(Institute of Materials)

The results are reported of studies on PVC formulations,which show that lead-free, heat stable, flexible PVCcompounds can be prepared through the proper selectionof calcium/zinc stabilisers combined with selectedcostabilisers, fillers and other additives. The preparationof PVC insulation and sheathing compounds having oxygenindex values greater than 30% using a combination ofFirebrake ZB zinc borate and a phosphate ester plasticiseris also demonstrated. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852795

Item 131PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 58,p.569-78, 21cm, 012USE OF ALUMINOSILICATES AS ANALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL WHITEPIGMENTS IN PVC PLASTISOLSEastup P; Howick C; Toft AEuropean Vinyls Corp.; Ineos Silicas Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

The potential use of aluminosilicates as pigment extendersin PVC plastisols is considered and the results of tests

carried out on PVC wall coverings, PVC foam and clearfilm containing, as an aluminosilicate, Zeocros E100, arereported. The data obtained show that partial replacementof titanium dioxide makes whiteness retention possibleand gives rise to a reduction in surface gloss.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852794

Item 132PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 57,p.559-68, 21cm, 012SELECTION, USE AND IMPACT OFLUBRICANTS - WAXES FOR PVC FILMSRichter EClariant GmbH(Institute of Materials)

The characteristics of lubricants, their effects duringplastics processing and their influence in the calenderingprocess are discussed in depth. Attention is paid to thedifferent internal/external behaviour of lubricants,viscosity reduction by internal lubricants, fusion delayby external lubricants, shear liquefaction by lubricantsand the suitability of various lubricants for themanufacture of calendered PVC films in relation to meltelasticity, release effect, flow and plate-out.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852793

Item 133PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 56,p.555-8, 21cm, 012EFFECT OF RESIDUAL CRYSTALLINITY OFCPE IMPACT MODIFIER ON THE IMPACTPROPERTIES OF RIGID PVCMarossy KBorsodChem RT(Institute of Materials)

The influence of residual crystallinity of chlorinated PEon the impact properties of rigid PVC containing variousamounts of the impact modifier was investigated by meansof impact and tensile testing, DSC and X-ray scattering.It was found that the residual crystallinity of thechlorinated PE originated from long blocks, that theoriginal crystal structure of these long blocks wasdestroyed by melting of the chlorinated PE and that theimpact properties of the PVC were improved when achlorinated PE having from 2 to 3% crystallinity wasemployed as impact modifier. 7 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; HUNGARY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852792



Item 134PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 55,p.548-54, 21cm, 012FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMOPLASTICIMPACT MODIFIERS FOR RIGID PVCBerard M T; Sabbagh A BDuPont Dow Elastomers LLC(Institute of Materials)

The concept that friction between filler particles andbreakdown of filler network is heat generating is appliedto an understanding of the fusion behaviour of PVC. It isshown that the treatment of a PVC melt as a filler-containing polymer provides information on theanomalous effects observed in the rheological propertiesof PVC and that differences in the fusion behaviour ofPVC compounds containing different impact modifiersand lubricants can be explained with the aid of thisapproach. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852791

Item 135PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 53,p.529-39, 21cm, 012NEW ORGANIC PVC STABILISERSNorcini G; Allieri GLamberti SpA; Lagor SpA(Institute of Materials)

The development of oligomeric and/or polymericaminouracil stabilisers, which are suitable as heat stabilisersfor rigid and flexible PVC, is reported and the results arereported of investigations into the heat stability, staining andblistering of plasticised PVC formulations containing thesestabilisers. A comparison is also made of the performanceof PVC formulations containing these stabilisers with thosecontaining conventional stabilisers. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852789

Item 136PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 52,p.515-28, 21cm, 012ORGANIC BASED STABILISER SYSTEMHopfmann ThCrompton Vinyl Additives GmbH(Institute of Materials)

A report is presented on the development of OBS systems,which are based on Crompton Vinyl Additives’

pyrimidindiones, which are organic based stabilisersparticularly suitable for rigid PVC pipe applications. Thechemistry, stabilisation mechanism and absorption spectraof these stabilisers are described and the results of studieson the influence of different PVCs and two differentpolymer K-values on a sewage pipe formulation stabilisedwith these OBS systems are reported. The results of aninvestigation into the mechanical properties of OBSstabilised pressure pipes are also reported. The recycling,environmental and regulation aspects and outlook forthese organic based stabilisers are also discussed. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852788

Item 137PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 51,p.504-14, 21cm, 012ZEOLITE CO-STABILISERS FOR PVCAPPLICATIONSWypart R W; Marcus BPQ Corp.(Institute of Materials)

Tailoring of the properties of zeolites is discussed andthe development of zeolite costabilisers, called Advera401, which are crystalline sodium aluminosilicates, foruse in PVC applications is reported. The performance ofAdvera 401P, a general-purpose, less expensive zeolitecostabiliser, and Advera 401S, a zeolite costabiliser forrigid PVC where high impact performance at highloadings of costabiliser is required, in flexible and rigidPVC systems is demonstrated. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852787

Item 138PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 50,p.496-503, 21cm, 012TIN STABILISERS. A HISTORY OF SAFE USEAtofina Chemicals Inc.(Institute of Materials)

A discussion is presented on the safe use of tin compounds, asheat stabilisers, in PVC processing technology. Various aspectsare addressed, including handling of tin stabilisers, workerexposure to tin-based heat stabilisers, regulations relating tothe use of tin stabilisers in PVC products, such as toys, foodpackaging, food-contact applications and potable water pipes,product development over the years and life cycle and landfillstudies on PVC containing tin stabilisers. 23 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852786



Item 139PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 49,p.486-95, 21cm, 012LUBRICANTS FOR CA/ZN STABILISED PVC-PROFILESKling RClariant GmbH(Institute of Materials)

Lubricants used in PVC formulations are brieflydescribed. The results of trials carried out on calcium/zinc stabilised PVC formulations with and withoutlubricants run on laboratory and production twin-screwextruders aimed at optimising the formulations are alsopresented and discussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852785

Item 140PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 48,p.471-85, 21cm, 012NEW INTERMEDIATES FOR CALCIUM-ZINCSTABILISERSBacaloglu R; Fisch M H; Stewen U; Shah M;Fakinlede J; Krainer E; Bacaloglu ICrompton Technical Center(Institute of Materials)

The mechanism of stabilisation of PVC by calcium/zincstabilisers is briefly discussed and the development ofhighly efficient, solid and liquid calcium/zinc stabilisersbased on novel types of calcium, zinc, calcium-zinc orcalcium-zinc-phosphite intermediates for PVC is reported.These new stabilisers are capable of providing PVCcompounds having equivalent or improved static heatstability when compared with commercial barium-zincstabilisers even without the addition of high costcostabilisers. Data in graph form on PVC compoundscontaining these stabilisers are included. 33 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852784

Item 141PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 47,p.461-70, 21cm, 012OVERVIEW ON CURRENT STABILISERSYSTEMS AND OUTLOOK ON FUTURESYSTEMSReith WBaerlocher GmbH

(Institute of Materials)

An overview is presented on current stabilisers for cables,foamed sheets and profiles, PVC pipes and fittings andprofiles, which shows that lead is the most used stabiliserbut, like tin, is under pressure in some European countries.Stabiliser systems based on calcium and zinc areconsidered to be the stabiliser systems of the future.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852783

Item 142PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 46,p.445-57, 21cm, 012DUAL SLIT IN-LINE DIE MEASURING THEFLOW PROPERTIES OF S-PVCFORMULATIONSThorsteinsen P; Hinrichsen E L; Glomsaker THydro Polymers AS(Institute of Materials)

The development of an instrumented dual slit dierheometer, which is mounted on a twin-screw extruder,for measuring the flow properties of a material, whichhas undergone a thermomechanical history comparableto a material in a profile die, is reported. This rheometerpermits the determination simultaneously of the shearviscosity and slip velocity according to the Mooneytechnique and the planar elongational using Cogswellequations. The use of the rheometer and the way in whichthe data should be analysed are demonstrated utilisingPVC formulations exhibiting very different flowbehaviours. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORWAY;SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852782

Item 143PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 45,p.437-44, 21cm, 012ORGANIC BASED STABILISERS FORINJECTION MOULDINGCockett S; Kellett R W; MacDonald S; Schiller MChemson Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

The characteristics of organic based heat stabilisers usedin PVC are outlined and a comparison is made of theperformance of an organic based stabiliser one-pack witha traditional lead stabiliser one-pack in the injectionmoulding of an unplasticised PVC pipe compound. Spiralflow and colour development during injection mouldingare discussed and the results of customer trials on a large



four impression pipe fitting tool equipped with tab gatesare briefly reported. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852781

Item 144PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 44,p.416-36, 21cm, 012HIGHER OUTPUT AND LESS WEARSchneider H-PKrauss-Maffei Kunststofftechnik GmbH(Institute of Materials)

An in-depth analysis is made of the wear behaviour ofKrauss-Maffei’s twin-screw extruders for manufacturingPVC pipes. Wear mechanisms and factors for minimisingwear and influencing wear behaviour are discussed andthe development of a new series of 36D double degassingextruders, which are less prone to wear, is reported. Theenergy balance, output rates and configuration of theseextruders are briefly described and a policy for dealingwith wear problems in extruders is outlined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852780

Item 145PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 43,p.410-5, 21cm, 012EXTRUSION MANUFACTURE OF PVC-O ANDPVC-M PIPES WITH ORGANIC STABILISERS -THE PACIFIC PERSPECTIVECrema J; Aylett G JVinidex Pty.Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

Improved techniques for stabilising formulations andidentifying and targeting the extrusion process window,which help to further improve the economic performanceof oriented PVC and modified PVC pipes containingcalcium zinc and organic stabilisers, are described. Theimplications of this extrusion process window concepton the whole manufacturing process and the need for aconcurrent approach for developing and commercialisingnew technologies are briefly discussed. 7 refs.AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852779

Item 146PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.

London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 41,p.388-98, 21cm, 012ENERGY AND HCL RECOVERY FROM PVC INMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATIONMusdalslien U I; Sandberg PNorsk Hydro(Institute of Materials)

The reasons why incineration is viewed as an attractiverecovery option are outlined and environmentalchallenges facing the incineration industry are considered.The overall European situation with regard to residuegeneration and processing costs is discussed and theprogress being made towards the voluntary commitmentof the PVC industry in relation to municipal solid wasteincineration and other recovery processes. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORWAY;SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852777

Item 147PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 40,p.382-7, 21cm, 012VINYLOOP, THE NEW PROCESS THATREGENERATES PVC COMPOUNDS OUT OFPVC COMPOSITE RESIDUESLeitner HSolvay SA(Institute of Materials)

The basic principles of the Vinyloop process, a mechanicalrecycling process using an organic solvent to separatePVC compounds from other materials and provide aprecipitated PVC compound with a formula similar tothat of the original material, are outlined. Thecharacteristics and target applications of the precipitatedPVC compound are indicated as are the best suited rawmaterials for the process. The impact of a facility for theVinyloop process on the environment and the profitabilityof the process are discussed and the future for the Vinyloopprocess is briefly considered.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852776

Item 148PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 32,p.322-9, 21cm, 012STERICALLY HINDERED PHENOLS INPRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF PVCWegmann A; Xanthopoulos PCiba Specialty Chemicals(Institute of Materials)



The use and benefits of liquid, partially hindered phenols,such as Irganox 1141, as effective chain-stoppers andantioxidants in PVC polymerisation and as heat stabilisersfor MBS (impact modifiers for PVC) and PVC plasticisersare demonstrated.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;SWITZERLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852768

Item 149PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 31,p.317-21, 21cm, 012MECHANISM OF ANTI-FOULING AGENTS INS-PVC POLYMERISATIONSVisentini A(Institute of Materials)

The formation of polymer build-up in polymerisationreactors and the routes towards minimising polymer build-up are described. The antifouling action of Evicas 90, anaphthol/formaldehyde condensate, is demonstrated andthe main factors influencing the formation of polymerbuild-up and the effectiveness of antifouling agents areoutlined. 10 refs.

EVC ITALIA SPAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852767

Item 150PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 30,p.311-6, 21cm, 012MAGIC INGREDIENTS FOR PVCBechthold NDegussa(Institute of Materials)

An overview is presented of antifoam chemistry fromDegussa and its application to the production andformulation of organo-modified siloxane anti-foamingagents for polyvinyl chloride. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852766

Item 151PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 27,p.273-81, 21cm, 012DETECTION AND REDUCTION OF VOLATILEEMISSIONS FROM FLEXIBLE PVCMellor M T J; Malcomson S P

Akros Chemicals(Institute of Materials)

An overview is presented of the analytical methodsemployed to detect volatile organic compounds associatedwith solid and liquid stabilisers in PVC used in suchapplications as floor coverings and wall coverings and adescription is given of the ways in which these methodsare being utilised to improve stabiliser performance inflexible polyvinyl chloride.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852763

Item 152PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 20,p.221-7, 21cm, 012THE POTENTIAL RECOVERY OFPLASTICISER AND SOLVENT FROM WASTEPVC PLASTISOLS USING MEMBRANESEPARATION TECHNOLOGYBushell T; Howick CPall Corp.; European Vinyls Corp.(Institute of Materials)

A study was carried out into the potential recovery ofplasticiser and solvent from waste PVC plastisols using aceramic multi-bore crossflow tube filter. The procedureemployed to perform the test sequence involved cleanwater flux measurement, media acclimatisation,optimisation trial, concentration run, cleaning trial andfinal water flux measurement. Permeate samples wereanalysed using gas chromatography and compared withstandards of diisononylphthalate(DINP)/white spiritmixtures. The ceramic membrane successfully recovereda clear mixture of DINP and white spirit.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852756

Item 153PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 17,p.186-91, 21cm, 012NEW GENERATION OF STABILISER SYSTEMSFOR PVC PROFILESSchiller M; Fischer W; Cockett SChemson Group(Institute of Materials)

Polyvinyl chloride window profile formulationscontaining organic-based and calcium-zinc stabiliserswere produced and the performance of the stabilised PVCcompounds compared. Properties evaluated includedrheological properties, heat stability, colour, gloss,



mechanical properties, recyclability, plate-out andartificial weathering. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852753

Item 154PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 16,p.179-85, 21cm, 012RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MELT FLOW ANDMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDEDPVC PROFILES FOR WINDOW APPLICATIONSCora BRohm & Haas European Laboratories(Institute of Materials)

The effect of the type of impact modifier on the melt flowof a PVC window profile formulation as a function ofshear rates encountered during extrusion was investigatedand the relationship between the melt flow and mechanicalproperties of the profiles evaluated. A Rheoplast CapillaryRheometer with a pre-shearing device was employed toinvestigate the melt viscoelastic properties of theformulations and the performance of the formulations interms of post-extrusion shrinkage, surface gloss andenthalpy relaxation discussed. 2 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852752

Item 155PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 14,p.157-65, 21cm, 012PLATE-OUT IN PVC EXTRUSIONGilbert M; Varshney N; Van Soom K; Schiller MLoughborough,University; Honeywell; Chemson(Institute of Materials)

The results are reported of a study of plate-out in PVCextrusion carried out using several analytical techniques,including DSC, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy and laserionisation mass spectrometry. A special die and calibratorunit developed to investigate plate-out are illustrated andthe reproducibility of the method evaluated. The effectsof water content and anti-plate-out additives, such asalumina and silica, on plate-out are discussed andmechanisms explaining the formation of plate-out areproposed. 11 refs.AUSTRIA; BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852750

Item 156PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 13,p.151-6, 21cm, 012EXTRUSION OF WOOD-PVC COMPOSITEMATERIALSSehnal ECincinnati Extrusion(Institute of Materials)

The extrusion of woodlike, wood-filled and wood profilesbased upon wood fibres and PVC is discussed and theextruders employed are described. The characteristics andbenefits of the products are also considered.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852749

Item 157PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 8,p.105-15, 21cm, 012EXTRUSION TOOLS - WHERE TO GO INTOOLINGDorninger FTechnoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH(Institute of Materials)

An examination is made of past and future trends inextrusion tooling. Trends in high speed extrusion,inexpensive tooling, flexible tooling, dual extrusion, flowsimulation, bypass rheometry, melt homogenisation,process documentation and customer education.AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852744

Item 158PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 7,p.95-104, 21cm, 012COEXTRUSION OF PVC PROFILES - THETECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTSeifert SBattenfeld Extrusionstechnik GmbH(Institute of Materials)

The aim of coextrusion is outlined and the toolingavailable for different types of profiles, including windowprofiles, sidings, fences and foam profiles, is described.Machinery for coextrusion is also described and detailsare provided on a specially designed coextruder (BEX 2-54CC/1) equipped with negative conical screws. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852743



Item 159PVC 2002: Towards a Sustainable Future. Proceedingsof a conference held Brighton, 23rd-25th April 2002.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002. Paper 4, p.53-62, 21cm, 012THE VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT -STABILISER CHANGESRosenthal MESPA(Institute of Materials)

This presentation covers various aspects relating tostabilisers. These include the structure and mission of theESPA, the EC Green Paper on stabilisers published on27th July 2000 and the resolution of the EU Parliamentrelating to lead and cadmium stabilisers adopted on 3rdApril 2001, current EU legislative status of cadmium andlead, key milestones of the PVC Industry VoluntaryCommitment relating to stabilisers, scenario of leadreplacement in Western Europe, alternatives to lead,plastics additives with approval for direct food contact,tin stabilisers for PVC and issues concerning zinc.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.852740

Item 160ENDS ReportNo.327, April 2002, p.13NONYL PHENOL “UBIQUITOUS IN FOOD”,RESEARCHERS FIND

German researchers have reported that the oestrogenicchemical nonylphenol is detectable in all kinds of foods.They suggest that pesticides, packaging and cleaningproducts are possible sources. Nonylphenol is a persistent,toxic and oestrogenic chemical used in PVC. A riskassessment conducted during a recent EU review wasunable to estimate human NP exposure from pesticidesin food, but did consider potential exposures frommigration from food packaging.

JULICH,INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICALCHEMISTRYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852455

Item 161European Chemical News76, No.2000, 8th-14th April 2002, p.12PRODUCERS STILL DOMINATE MARKET

Atofina continues to lead the European PVCcompounding market, according to a recent study byApplied Market Information. All the top five PVCcompounders in Europe but one are major PVC producers.However, there has been a significant increase in the

volumes compounded by smaller independent producerssince 1999 and this trend is set to continue.

APPLIED MARKET INFORMATIONEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.852435

Item 162Journal of Polymer EngineeringVol.22, No.1, Jan./Feb. 2002, p.1-25THERMOPLASTIC JOINING USING SOLARENERGY CONCENTRATORSiores E; Stoynov L A; Yarlagadda P K D VQueensland,University of Technology;Swinburne,University of Technology

Details are given of the feasibility of using concentratedsolar beam radiation for joining engineeringthermoplastics such as HDPE, PP, PVC and PS. Tensiletests were conducted to determine the bond strength atthe joint interface. The effect of variation of parameterssuch as standoff distance, weld time and idle processingtemperature along with the analysis of the tensile strengthof the resultant bond is discussed. The advantages andlimitations of the solar energy concentrator technique areassessed. 18 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.851731

Item 163Applied Spectroscopy56, No.4, April 2002, p.528-35FAST MONITORING OF THE MOLECULARORIENTATION IN DRAWN POLYMERS USINGMICRO-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPYVoyiatzis G A; Andrikopoulos K SHELLAS

A new method is proposed for the estimation of thesegmental orientation of vinyl or vinylidene polymers ofmoderate crystallinity by acquisition of only one Ramanspectrum at a specific polarisation geometry. Data arepresented for PVC, isotactic PP, and PVDF. 21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.851725

Item 164Journal of Materials Science37, No.8, 15th April 2002, p.1675-82POLARISED INFRARED AND DIFFERENTIALSCANNING CALORIMETRY STUDIES ONORIENTED VINYL PIPE MATERIALSKwon J A; Truss R WQueensland,University

The molecular orientation on a conventionally extrudedPVC pipe, a uniaxially oriented PVC pipe and a biaxiallyoriented PVC pipe was studied by IR dichroism. The



degree of order or crystallinity was also studied by DSCand FTIR. 26 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.851679

Item 165Polymer Science Series B44, Nos.1-2, Jan./Feb.2002, p.45-9IR SPECTROSCOPY STUDY OF PLASTICIZERMIGRATION FROM POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)-BASED COMPOSITIONSLirova B I; Lyutikova E A; Mel’nik A I; Pyzh’yanova L GUrals,State University

An IR spectroscopy technique was developed to studythe plasticiser migration from polymer compositions tothe air environment. The applicability of the method wasdemonstrated for filled PVC compositions plasticised withdi-n-butyl phthalate. Values for the effective diffusioncoefficient(D) of the plasticiser were calculated from thespectroscopic data. An increase in the chalk content in aPVC composition led to a monotonic increase in D,whereas kaolin-filled compositions exhibited a morecomplex behaviour. The observed pattern of changes inD with varying filler content was correlated with thecompeting interaction of components in the system. 20refs. (Full translation of Vys.Soed.B, 44, No.2, 2002,p.363-8)RUSSIA

Accession no.850492

Item 166London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2002, 60 papers,pp.vii,608, 21cm, 012PVC 2002:TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELDBRIGHTON, 23RD-25TH APRIL 2002European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers; BPF; PIFA(Institute of Materials)

The key theme of this three day international conferenceis the role the PVC industry can play in creating asustainable future. Papers are divided into nine sessions:Strategic direction; Challenges and markets; PVCprofiles; Flexibles; Polymerisation; Sustainability;Processing; Stabilisers; AdditivesEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850351

Item 167Polymer International51, No.3, March 2002, p.213-22ZNS AS FIRE RETARDANT IN PLASTICISEDPVCSchartel B; Kunze R; Neubert D; Tidjani AGermany,Federal Institute for Materials Research &Testing

Plasticised PVC containing different combinations ofadditives such as 5% ZnS, 5% antimony oxide and 5% ofmixtures based on antimony oxide and ZnS was studied.The thermal degradation and the combustion behaviourwere studied by TGA coupled with FTIR or with massspectrometry(MS) and using a cone calorimeter,respectively. Data on the decomposition and release ofthe pyrolysis products were obtained using both TGA-MS and TGA-FTIR. The influence of ZnS, antimonyoxide and the corresponding mixtures on the thermaldecomposition of plasticised PVC was demonstrated.Synergism was observed for the combination of the twoadditives. The combustion behaviour (time to ignition,heat release, smoke production, mass loss, CO production)was monitored versus external heat fluxes between 30and 75 kW/sq m with the cone calorimeter. Addition of5% ZnS had no significant influence on the fire retardant.Synergism of ZnS and antimony oxide allowed thepossibility of replacing half the antimony oxide with ZnSto reach equivalent fire retardancy. 29 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847565

Item 168Plasticheskie MassyNo.5, May 2001, p.32RussianSINSTAD POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITIONSFOR POLYMERS. XII. SYNERGISTICADDITIVES IN SINSTAD COMPOSITIONNo B I; Zotov Yu L; Klimov D S; Shishkin E V;Klimov S A; Shatalin Yu V; Knyazeva E A

Data are given on the thermal stability of Sinstadcomposition employed for stabilising compositions basedon PVC. 10 refs. Articles from this journal can berequested for translation by subscribers to the Rapraproduced International Polymer Science and Technology.

Accession no.846968

Item 169Journal of Applied Polymer Science83, No.12, 2002, p.2600-3MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ININJECTION-MOLDED POLYMER PARTS BYTIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCEIkawa T; Shiga T; Okada AToyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.

Time-resolved fluorescence using 9-methylanthracene(9MAn) as a photoluminescent probe was used to detectresidual stresses on polymer products. The fluorescencelifetimes of 9MAn in this nondestructive measurementwere correlated with the stresses, not the strains, of thePVC samples containing carbon black and 9MAn. Thetest enabled the estimation of residual tensile stresses on



the skin-layer of PVC injection-moulded test pieces.13 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.846594

Item 170Revista de Plasticos Modernos81, No.539, May 2001, p.573-80SpanishSTUDY OF AN EXTRUSION DIE FOR PVCSEWER PIPES: POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVINGOUTPUT AND PRODUCT QUALITY USING THEDIEPLAST CAE SOFTWAREMonzon M D; Castany F J; Benitez A N; Gomez RGran Canaria,Universidad de Las Palmas; Taller deInyeccion de la Industria del Plastico; Plastican SA;Zaragoza,University

The Dieplast computer aided engineering software,developed by Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canariaand Taller de Inyeccion de la Industria de los Plasticos,was used to investigate modifications to the design of anextrusion die for PVC sewer pipe production. Comparisonof the results with experimental extrusion studies showedthe feasibility of improving output and product qualitythrough modest changes in die design. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.846198

Item 171European Rubber Journal184, No.3, March 2002, p.4FREUDENBERG ADDS R&D, BUYS STAKE INLEDERERWhite L

This is actually two small articles, both relating to theFreudenberg Group of Germany. The first reports that theGroup has recently set up two research companies:Freudenberg Mechatronic KG and Fuel Cell ComponentsCo. The second tells us that Freudenberg Group’s sealingoperation has purchased an interest in the German liquidsilicone specialist, Lederer GmbH. Brief details are given.

FREUDENBERG GROUP; FREUDENBERGMECHATRONIC KG; FUEL CELL COMPONENTSCO.; LEDERER GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.845709

Item 172Polymer International51, No.2, Feb.2002, p.150-5USE OF RADIATION GRAFTED PVC-ACRYLAMIDE MEMBRANES INRADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT

Maziad N A; Sayed M S; Hegazu El-Sayed ACairo,National Center for Radiation Res.& Technol.

High performance functional membranes useful for ionexchange were obtained by grafting acrylamide (Aam)monomer onto PVC films using gamma radiation, andthe preparation, characterisation and some of theproperties of the membranes were studied, i.e. theirthermal properties, using thermogravimetric analysis anddifferential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractionfor determining changes in polymer morphology. A studyof the selectivity of the membranes towards variousradionuclides showed that the PVC-g-PAAm polymerobtained had a very marked tendency towards preferentialremoval of 60Co from a radioactive liquid containing both60Co and 137Cs. 18 refs.EGYPT

Accession no.845460

Item 173Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conferenceproceedings.Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.103-11MAKE/BUY PVC COMPOUNDING.RECOMMENDATION FOR THE IN-HOUSEBLENDING OF PVC COMPOUNDSMathews G CCoronado Engineering Inc.(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)

The market for PVC based compounds continues toexpand as a primary substitute for natural materials themost prolific being building products, automobiles andfurniture. Examples include vinyl siding, vinyl windows,fencing, decking, soffits, trim, furniture and automotivetrim. There are major companies prepared to supply thepre-mixed compound usually delivered in Gaylord boxes,bulk truck or bulk rail car. At some volume in a producer’sprocess the make/buy decision is imminent. An attemptis made identify and familiarise processors with the factorsand costs for the make/buy decision.USA

Accession no.845037

Item 174Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conferenceproceedings.Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.97-101NON-LEAD AND HEAVY METAL-FREETRENDS IN WIRE AND CABLEGrant JPolyOne Corp.(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)

Non-lead and heavy-metal-free (HMF) stabilised PVCcompounds present a viable material alternative to vinyllead-based systems for wire and cable applications. Trendsdriving the use of these non-lead and HMF materials in



applications where there is human contact, such as withtelephone and extension cords, appliance cable and others,are discussed. Lead is a widely and safely used stabiliserin wire and cable systems where there is minimal humancontact with out-of-reach materials, such as those usedfor fixed cable installations. However, through the 1990s,regulations such as California’s Proposition 65 and publicreaction to the issue of lead content in consumer productshave put pressure on wire and cable manufacturers toreduce the lead content in cable applications where theremay be human contact. The regulations and factorsinfluencing public perception driving the use of thematerials, as well as the chemistry of non-lead and HMFstabilisers, are reviewed. The economic impact onmanufacturers switching to non-lead and HMF systemsis discussed, together with current developments in vinyl,non-lead wet-rated systems.CANADA

Accession no.845036

Item 175Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conferenceproceedings.Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.89-96NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN VINYL FLAT DIEEXTRUSIONRincon AExtrusion Dies Inc.(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)

The degradable nature of PVC makes its extrusion achallenging task. Temperature control, residence time andthe streamlining of the flow channel are critical variablesto be examined during the design process of extrusionequipment. Recent developments in flat die extrusion andcoextrusion technology are presented, together with theiruse in different segments of the PVC extrusion industry.4 refs.USA

Accession no.845035

Item 176Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conferenceproceedings.Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.71-4IMPROVING PROFITABILITY IN VINYLSHEET AND FILM PRODUCTIONDarrow D JCloeren Inc.(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)

recent advances that have enhanced profitability of PVCsheet and film production are discussed. The advancesmade in die design and functionality that have affordedlonger production runs, less downtime, reducedmaintenance and better overall and layer-to-layeruniformity are examined. PVC processors in all

applications, such as building and construction, as wellas thermoformed packaging, film and a variety ofcommercial applications, are enjoying many of theseadvances. Although PVC is one of the most difficultpolymers to process, die suppliers, machinery suppliers,suppliers of resin and additive formulations andprocessors have worked together to improve profitabilityof the production of extruded PVC sheet.USA

Accession no.845032

Item 177Vinyltec 2001. Pushing Profitability. Conferenceproceedings.Iselin, N.J., 11th-12th Sept.2001, p.29-38EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THEABRASIVE WEAR OF MELT PROCESSINGEQUIPMENT IN FILLED SYSTEMSMobley G; Boutelle T; Gatrrett S; Joiner L; Calhoun AImerys Pigments & Additives(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Palisades Section)

Calcium carbonate loaded systems are tested for abrasivewear on extruder parts through a test which measures theweight of a bronze alloy screen placed in a supportingscreen pack before and after a 5500 g extrusion run. Theeffects of particle size and mineral contamination levelare explored, as well as the effect of mineral loading level.It is found that the abrasiveness of calcium carbonate is,as expected, much lower than that of titanium dioxideand increases with increased loading levels. It is alsoshown that the larger the median of the psd, the greaterthe abrasive wear on the screen. Finally, it is shown thatthe degree of wear can be closely correlated with the levelof impurities present in the natural mineral. 16 refs.USA

Accession no.845027

Item 178Journal of Applied Medical Polymers5, No.2, Autumn 2001, p.55-8SURFACE DELAMINATION OF AN INJECTIONMOLDED MEDICAL DEVICE USING FLEXIBLEPVCYang T; Shang S; Booras J; Ling M T K; Blom H; Woo L;Jin H-S; Marcquenski DBaxter Healthcare

Details are given of the design of an autoclavable medicaldevice using flexible PVC. The device was injectionmoulded and exposed to steam autoclaving. Surfacedelamination was investigated. Experiments on residualstresses after moulding and statistical analysis of themoulding process were conducted. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.844617



Item 179Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.4, Dec. 2001, p.235-43PHOTOSTABILISATION OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) BY PROTECTIVE COATINGSDecker CEcole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse

A survey of work carried out to increase the light stabilityof PVC using UV-cured acrylic clearcoats is presented.It is shown that light stability of PVC can be considerablyimproved through the use of a clearcoat containing a UVabsorber and a hindered amine radical scavenger.Photochemical grafting of the clearcoat onto the PVCsubstrate results in coated PVC exhibiting long-termadhesion, transparency and gloss after being subjected toaccelerated weathering tests and improved resistance tosolvents, chemicals, scratching and abrasion. Thesuccessful use of this approach to recover highlyphotodegraded PVC and produce a material with evenbetter weathering resistance is also demonstrated. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.842924

Item 180Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.4, Dec. 2001, p.214-21PVC-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES:PREPARATION, THERMAL AND MECHANICALPROPERTIESWang D; Parlow D; Yao Q; Wilkie C AMarquette,University; Brooklyn,Polytechnic University

Intercalated and partially exfoliated PVC-claynanocomposites were produced by melt blending in thepresence and absence of DOP and characterised by X-raydiffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effectsof various factors, including volume fraction of clay,plasticiser content, melt compounding time and annealing,on nanocomposite structure and the thermal and mechanicalproperties of the nanocomposites were also examined. It wasfound that the best mechanical properties were achieved at2% clay loading and 5 to 10% DOP loading. 18 refs.USA

Accession no.842921

Item 181Macromolecular SymposiaVol. 176, Nov. 2001, p.39-48STABILISING ACTION OF POLYMERICPLASTICISERS IN PVCMaura G; Rinaldi GLa Sapienza,Universita

The thermal and UV stabilising action of linear, lowmolec.wt. unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins in PVCwas investigated using short-term tensile and long-termtensile creep testing and calculations of isochronous creep

moduli. It was found that 20 to 30 wt.% of these resinsimproved not only thermal, oxidative and UV stabilitybut also provided PVC with good short- and long-termmechanical properties. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.841755

Item 182Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conferenceproceedings.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1796-7PERMANENCE OF PLASTICISERS INPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE OBJECTS IN THEMUSEUM ENVIRONMENTShashoua YDenmark,National Museum(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

Deterioration of plasticised PVC in the museumenvironment is most frequently manifested by a tacky feelto the plastic, exudation of droplets which subsequentlyjoin to form films on the surface, and adhesion of theobject to packaging materials. A sweet odour may alsobe detected. Shrinkage, embrittlement and discolourationof the bulk plastic results. The most likely cause ismigration of plasticiser from the bulk phase to the surfacelayer. Permanence of a plasticiser is determined by itscompatibility with the resin and also by kinetic effectssuch as volatility and extraction. Loss of permanence ofphthalate plasticisers in museum objects has beenobserved within 15 years of collecting plasticised PVCobjects, although this period is highly dependent on itsprevious history and function. The causes and extent ofplasticiser loss from the surfaces of PVC objects storedin museums rather than in everyday use are examined.The behaviour of model formulations is compared withthat of naturally aged objects using low vacuum scanningelectron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy and contact anglemeasurements. The results presented form the first stageof a continuing research project. 9 refs.DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.840047

Item 183Applied Organometallic Chemistry15, No.12, Dec. 2001, p.933-8SPECIFICATION AND DETECTION OFORGANOTINS FROM PVC PIPE BY MICRO-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-ELECTROSPRAY-ION TRAP MASSSPECTROMETRYJones-Lepp T L; Varner K E; Hilton B AUS,Environmental Protection Agency

Details are given of the application of a micro-liquidchromatography-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry



method for the separation and detection of organotincompounds leached from potable-water PVC pipes. Dataare presented for the detection of dibutyltin, used as aheat stabiliser in the PVC. 23 refs.USA

Accession no.838767

Item 184Modern Plastics International31, No.12, Dec.2001, p.38-9INDUSTRY ADVANCES EFFORTS INRECYCLING, RECYCLATE USEDefosse M

We are told in this article that PVC is in fact recyclable,and that it is already being recycled by some companies.This article looks at the methods being used, and alsocites examples of the use of the recyclate. We are alsotold that limitations to increase PVC recycling havelargely been due to low prices for virgin material, andinconsistent supply of recyclate.

VINNOLIT KUNSTSTOFF; EUROPEAN COUNCILOF VINYL MANUFACTURERS; EUROPEANCOUNCIL FOR PLASTICISERS &INTERMEDIATES; EUROPEAN STABILISERSPRODUCERS ASSN.; EUROPEAN PLASTICSCONVERTERS ASSN.; EVC; SOLVAY; LINDE AG;TECNOMETAL; VULCAFLEX; KOBE STEEL;PROGNOS; PRINCIPIA PARTNERS; VINYLINSTITUTE; MIKRON INDUSTRIES; VEKA AG;SOLVIN; DECEUNINCK; MARLEY FLOORS LTD.BELGIUM; EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEANCOMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY;ITALY; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; SWITZERLAND; USA;WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.838578

Item 185Polymer Degradation and Stability74, No.2, 2001, p.213-8ELECTRON BEAM STRUCTUREMODIFICATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)-WIRE COATINGYoussef H A; Ali Z I; Zahran A HEgypt,National Centre for Radiation Res.& Technol.

The effect of irradiation dose and different polyfunctionalmonomers(PFMs) at a constant ratio of 10 phr on thephysicochemical properties of a PVC formulation usedas wire coating was investigated. The PFMs used weretrimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate,diethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate,triallyl cyanurate and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate. Theproperties studied included tensile properties at room andelevated temps., softening temp., swelling characteristicsand volume resistivity. 18 refs.EGYPT

Accession no.838274

Item 186International Polymer Science and Technology28, No.11, 2001, p.T/10-14STUDY OF PVC PLASTICISER INTERACTIONMarossy K; Gaal H; Magyar E

The use is described of a method of investigating PVCplasticiser interaction by means of measuring lighttransmission. Also described is the TX-75 device used totest the light transmissivity of the mixture of PVC powderand plasticiser. Consideration is given to the effect of therate of heating, type of plasticiser and effect of themolecular weight of the PVC powder. The dissolutiontemperature obtained can be used to test plasticisers andto evaluate the morphology of the PVC powder, and inaddition, the method can be used to determine the K valueof PVC powders. Viscosity measurements are used tosupplement the results obtained by optical examination,and help in the understanding of the process, it is claimed.7 refs. (Article translated from Muanyag es Gumi, No.1,2001, p.12).EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY

Accession no.838053

Item 187Polymer Recycling6, No.1, 2001, p.43-8INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE STEAMGASIFICATION OF PVCVan Kasteren J M N; Slapak M J PEindhoven,University

The recycling of PVC by hydrothermal techniques isdescribed, in which PVC is thermally converted in a steamatmosphere into hydrogen chloride, hydrogen, carbondioxide, carbon monoxide and some gaseous and liquidhydrocarbons. Whilst gasification with only steam is anendothermic reaction, partial combustion of PVC by theaddition of small amounts of air, enables autothermicoperation of the process to take place. This work dealswith the effects of the addition of air on the gasificationproducts, and compares an endothermic operation withautothermic and exothermic operation. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834285

Item 188Polymer Degradation and Stability73, No.3, 2001, p.447-53THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) PLASTISOLS BASED ON LOW-MIGRATION POLYMERIC PLASTICIZERSJimenez A; Torre L; Kenny J MAlicante,University; Perugia,University

Thermal degradation and degradation kinetics ofpolyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisols, plasticised bypolymeric plasticiser, were examined using dynamic and



isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under anitrogen atmosphere. The results of TGA for differentplasticiser levels and cure temperatures and times wereused to optimise the formulation and processing methodssuitable for industrial production. Results were comparedto those obtained for traditional phthalate and adipateplasticised materials, and were shown to be similar.25 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831826

Item 189Journal of Applied Polymer Science82, No.5, 31st Oct.2001, p.1277-83FLOW INSTABILITY IN CAPILLARYEXTRUSION OF PLASTICISED POLYVINYLCHLORIDEYamaguchi MTosoh Corp.

Flow instability in a capillary extrusion is studied for ahigh molecular weight, plasticised PVC. The onset of meltfracture correlates with the long time relaxation ascribedto the generation and/or growth of PVC crystallites. Anincrease in residence time in the cylinder leads to thislong time relaxation and results in melt fracture, althoughthe apparent shear stress remains constant irrespective ofresidence time. The extrudate temperature and the speciesof the plasticiser also have a significant influence on theapparatus of the extruded products. 28 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.831294

Item 190POLYMER PROCESSING ENGINEERING. 01.Proceedings of a conference held June 2001.London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2001, Paper 9,p.81-7, 012DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS DURING THEEXTRUSION PROCESSVlcek J; Samsonkova P; Simonik JCompuplast International Inc.; Zlin,Tomas BataUniversity(Institute of Materials; Interdisciplinary ResearchCentre)

The degradation of rigid PVC occurring in a section ofconverging flow where material flow is squeezed afterpassing through a screen changer section was investigated.The role of shear stress in polymer degradation isexamined and the critical shear stress is calculated forthe flow domain with degradation. A method of modifyingthe flow channel to prevent polymer degradation isdescribed.CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.830362

Item 191Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 611OPTIMIZATION OF PVC DRY BLENDPRODUCTIVITY THROUGH DOUBLEBATCHINGKannan V; Vasudeo Y B; Paparao C; Purav Marg V NReliance Industries Ltd.; Chembur(SPE)

Conventional poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) batchpreparation in which the dry materials are blended in aheated mixer and then cooled in a cooler mixer, wascompared with the double batching preparation process.In this process, twice the required additives are added tothe PVC, blended in the hot mixer, and the balance of thePVC then added to the mixed materials in the coolermixer. This reduces the overall energy requirements. RigidPVC for pipe manufacture was processed by bothmethods, and assessed by studying the rheological andphysical properties and extrudability. Material ofacceptable quality and pipe to the required standards wereproduced by the double batching process, with enhancedproductivity and cost savings on power and labour. 4 refs.INDIA

Accession no.830043

Item 192Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 609FOAMING OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOURCOMPOSITES THROUGH A CONTINUOUSEXTRUSION PROCESSMengeloglu F; Matuana L MMichigan,Technological University(SPE)

The influence of chemical foaming agent (CFA) type andconcentration, and the use of an all-acrylic processing aid,on the density and cell morphology of extrusion foamedpoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood flour composites wasinvestigated. The foaming agents were modifiedazodicarbonamide (exothermic) and sodium bicarbonate(endothermic). The foamed materials were characterisedby density and cell size measurement. The density was notinfluenced by the CFA content, whilst the cell size wasdependent upon the CFA type, the exothermic CFA givingsmaller average cell sizes compared with the endothermicagent. Addition of the processing aid gave foams withdensities comparable to those of neat rigid PVC, and offeredthe possibility of producing rigid PVC/wood-flourcomposite foams without the use of CFA. 19 refs.USA

Accession no.830041

Item 193Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 605



INCREASED VINYL SURFACE ENERGYTHROUGH PLASTICIZER CHOICEStreeter B(SPE)

Proprietary polymeric plasticisers for poly(vinyl chloride)were developed which both plasticised and also increasedthe surface energy to facilitate printing. The performanceof PVC containing these plasticisers was compared withthat containing a commercial adipate polyester. Theinfluence of varying the stearic acid lubricantconcentration over the range 0-0.5 phr was alsoinvestigated. The prepared materials were assessed bymeasurement of surface energy according to ASTM D-2578, and dry blend times according to ASTM D-2396-94. The polymeric plasticisers gave surface energyincreases of up to 4 dynes/cm. Stearic acid used inconjunction with the conventional plasticiser had littleeffect on surface energy, but reduced the surface energywhen used with the proprietary plasticiser. 3 refs.

Accession no.830037

Item 194Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 604ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLYPLASTICIZERS FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC) RESINSVijayendran B R; Benecke H; Elhard J D;McGinniss V D; Ferris K FBattelle Memorial Institute; Battelle Pacific NorthwestLaboratories(SPE)

Molecular modelling was used establish modificationsof soyabean oil which would render it suitable for use asa primary plasticiser in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC).Attention was focused on solubility and volatilityparameters, and six grades were produced with a rangeof viscosities, volatilities, and functionalities. Theplasticisers were compared with dioctyl phthalate at highand low loadings in two PVCs. Films were produced andthe tensile modulus, elongation and tensile strength weremeasured. Volatile was was measured at 70 C for timeperiods of 24 and 120 h. The soyabean oil-basedplasticisers exhibited excellent plasticising efficiency witha significant reduction in migration and volatility. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.830036

Item 195Modern Plastics International31, No.9, Sept.2001, p.53/5POLYOLEFINS CHALLENGE, AND VINYLPARRIES, FOR WATER MARKETDefosse M

Just as extruded PVC pipe has grabbed a majority shareof the water transportation pipe market in the last 50 years

from ductile iron and concrete, now polyolefins such asHDPE and PP are taking market share from PVC in thetwo highest-volume applications, potable water andsewage pipe. While PVC use in potable water pipe isstagnating at current levels, demand for HDPE is risingby about 8%/year. However, improved impact resistance,provided by new processing procedures that orient thePVC’s molecular structure, is one reason processors thinkoriented PVC pipe can hold its own in potable watermarkets. For sewage lines, Cincinnati Extrusion estimatesdemand growth at less than 1% for PVC versus 6% forPP. One growth area for PVC is foam core pipes.WORLD

Accession no.829711

Item 196Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.138-41NEW OPPORTUNITIES WITH WOOD-FLOUR-FOAMED PVCPatterson JRohm & Haas Co.

A major disadvantage of composites of wood withthermoplastics materials is a relatively high specificgravity compared with those of many natural woodproducts. A PVC-wood composite, for example, has aspecific gravity of about 1.3 g/cc. The manufacture ofcellular PVC-based wood composites was studied and theproperties that were achieved as the foam density wasreduced were examined. Overall, even with densities aslow as 0.6 g/cc, the physical properties should be adequatefor many wood replacement applications. The compositesalso exhibited the aesthetics of wood and economics thatwere favourable compared with those of both rigid andcellular PVC. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.829656

Item 197Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.3, Sept.2001, p.134-7PVC WOOD: A NEW LOOK IN CONSTRUCTIONChetanachan W; Sookkho D; Sutthitavil W;Chantasatrasamy N; Sinsermsuksakul RThai Plastic & Chemicals

The use of PVC wood, which includes PVC foam andPVC/wood flour composite, as an alternative to wood andwood-like products is discussed. Compared withtraditional products, the PVC wood is shown to exhibitimproved termite resistance and weathering resistance,lower moisture absorption and ease of installation. It isdemonstrated that PVC wood can be nailed, screwed,sawed, cut and bonded like wood by conventional toolswithout any special skills being required. The bendingstrength of PVC wood is lower, but it can still be used for



decorative applications, i.e. cornices, doors and siding.5 refs.THAILAND

Accession no.829655

Item 198Journal of Applied Polymer Science81, No.8, 22nd August 2001, p.1881-90FORMULATION AND MECHANICALCHARACTERIZATION OF PVC PLASTISOLSBASED ON LOW-TOXICITY ADDITIVESJimenez A; Lopez J; Iannoni A; Kenny J MAlicante,University; Valencia,Polytechnical University;Perugia,University

Based on low-toxicity polymeric plasticisers, newformulations of PVC plastisols were proposed andcharacterised. The study used propyleneglycol adipate asthe polymeric plasticiser and compared its properties withtwo conventional phthalates DEHP and DINP. Mechanicaland optical properties were examined, together with thedetermination of the optimum processing conditions forthe higher viscosity plastisols using the polymericplasticiser. 21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.829456

Item 199Journal of Applied Polymer Science81, No.10, 6th Sept.2001, p.2419-25CORONA DISCHARGE TREATMENTS OFPLASTIFIED PVC SAMPLES USED INBIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTDumitrascu N; Borcia G; Popa GJassy,Cuza A.I. University

Scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy andcontact angle measurements were used to study the resultsof corona discharge treatment of polyvinyl chloridesamples with different plasticiser contents. Surface energyincreased, with surface functionalisation which, fromobservation of biological adsorption tests, does not affectthe electrolytic equilibrium, allowing use in biomedicalapplications. Surface morphology depended on treatmenttime and plasticiser content, but an increase in porosityand cleaning of oligomers from the surface were noted.12 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.829340

Item 200Plastics News(USA)13, No.28, 10th Sept.2001, p.1/23FDA REPORT WON’T END PVC PRODUCTDEBATEToloken S

The Food and Drug Administration is reported to havereleased a long-awaited report on the safety ofdiethylhexyl phthalate, but the conclusion will not endthe debate on the safety of PVC health-care products.According to the report, some young children undergoingmedical procedures may be exposed to harmful levels ofDEHP, one of the most widely used plasticisers in PVChealth-care products. The report says that infants exposedto repeated treatments can receive between five and 20times the safe levels. The report also says that a smallnumber of adults undergoing some types of bloodtransfusion and patients who receive enteral nutritiontreatments could be at risk. Details are given.

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATIONAccession no.828929

Item 201European Plastics News28, No.8, Sept.2001, p.40PULLING PLASTIC PROFILESVink D

At the Profiles 2000 conference, Pera discussed a researchproject which had led to the production of PVC profileswith a 500% increase in stiffness. In this technology,continuous glass fibres are impregnated with low viscosityPVC melt from a small extruder. They are then drawninto the extrusion forming die area, where a larger extruderapplies a conventional extrusion grade of PVC. Thesystem, FibrePlas, has been used in a pultrudedconservatory roof spar. Dow Plastics introduced Fulcrumtechnology hardware and resin system for continous fibrepultrusion of thermoplastic PU in 1999. The companyclaims that its thermoplastic pultrusion is ten times fasterat 10m/m for a 2-12mm thick profile than is typical withthermosetting resins.WORLD

Accession no.828570

Item 202Polymer Engineering and Science41, No.6, June 2001, p.998-1006STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OFPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)-TRIALLYLCYANURATE PLASTISOLSHorng-Jer TaiTaiwan,I-Shou University

Triallyl cyanurate(TAC) was used as a reactive plasticiserto promote the high-temp. creep resistance of PVCplastisols. The resultant crosslinked structure wascharacterised using gel content and swell ratiomeasurements as well as FTIR spectroscopy. Thecrosslinking reaction was initiated using peroxide. Theeffect on the network structure of using a free radicalscavenger in the formulation was also studied. The gelyield and crosslink density in the gel increased withincreasing TAC concentration in the plastisol, while the



grafted PVC fraction and the residual unsaturation of TACbehaved in the opposite way. Introduction of TAC intothe plastisol promoted creep resistance at high temps. andthe log. creep rate was found to decrease linearly withincreasing crosslink density. 23 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.827243

Item 203Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 415PVC/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITESTrlica J; Kalendova A; Malac Z; Simonik J; Pospisil LAliachem jc; Brno,Technical University; Brno,PolymerInstitute(SPE)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/montmorillonitenanocomposites were prepared by blending organoclaysof varying levels of hydrophilicity with PVC anddioctylphthalate plasticiser, using a kneader or a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. The degree of clayintercalation was determined by Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of thenanocomposites was dependent upon the type oforganoclay, and thermal stability problems experiencedduring compounding were eliminated by pre-treating theorganoclay with the plasticiser, so creating a barrierbetween the polymer and the quaternary amine. Thesimultaneous co-intercalation of the plasticiser facilitatedexfoliation. The nanoclay additions enhanced dimensionalstability and barrier properties. 4 refs.CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.827042

Item 204Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 384DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTINUOUSTHERMAL SEPARATION SYSTEM FOR THEREMOVAL OF PVC CONTAMINATION IN POST-CONSUMER PET FLAKEDvorak R; Kosior ESwinburne,University of Technology; Visy Plastics(SPE)

A thermal system was evaluated for the separation oftraces of PVC from flake post-consumer poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PETP). The system consisted of a heatedrotating drum, the inside of which was tapered and carriedlifting bars. The drum was fed with the flake by an auger.As the drum rotated, the flake material fell onto an inclinedvibrating plate, which was heated to a temperature whichsoftened the PVC causing it to stick, whilst the PETPwas unaffected and fell from the plate for collection andprocessing. The influences of drum temperature, platetemperature, residence time on the plate, plate angle, drumspeed, and multi-stage separation on the separation

efficiency were investigated. The system effectivelyremoved trace amounts of PVC, the plate temperaturebeing the most significant parameter influencingseparation efficiency. 6 refs.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.826600

Item 205Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.142, 11cm,42C382THE ROLE OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) INHEALTHCAREBlass C RRapra Technology Ltd.

This book reports upon the use of PVC in the healthcareindustry. It discusses what key properties it has whichmake it the most widely used polymer within the globalhealthcare market despite recent media speculation as tothe associated environmental damage and risk to humanhealth. Main headings include: Global market size,composition, value and future trends; Benefits of PVCfor healthcare; Composition and property profile forflexible and rigid PVC compounds; Toxicology,biocompatibility and regulatory status of PVC medicalcompounds; PVC medical device application fields;Processing and fabrication; Sterilisation of PVC basedmedical devices; Environmental issues - real andperceived; Recent advances in PVC medical compoundtechnology; Key barriers to PVC replacement. The bookconcludes that while PVC replacement is an achievableobjective a number of major obstacles have to besuccessfully overcome. 45 refs. and bibliography of usefuldocument abstracts.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.826523

Item 206Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 28STREAMLINE DIE DESIGN FOR COMPLEXGEOMETRIESBeaumier D; Lafleur P G; ThibodeauMontreal,Ecole Polytechnique(SPE)

A non-isothermal network flow model was developed tofacilitate extrusion die design, which included flow-balancing, sidewall effects and the dimensional changeswhich occur after the die exit. Poly(vinyl chloride)swelling measurements were made using capillary andslit dies to determine the swelling as a function of shearrate, residence time and temperature. The model was usedto design several dies which gave satisfactory extrusionbehaviour. 7 refs.CANADA

Accession no.825424



Item 207Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.2, June 2001, p.76-82PRINTING ON VINYL. II. FTIR AND TOF-SIMSSTUDIESBurley J WAkcros Chemicals America

Earlier surface analysis studies suggested that, at least insome situations, the print adhesion properties of barium/zinc-stabilised, stearic acid-lubricated PVC wereinfluenced by the migration of a barium/zinc stearatecomplex. Using the techniques of FTIR and time of flight/secondary ion mass spectroscopy, the previous study wasexpanded in an attempt to reproduce the effects observedon samples of commercially-produced films, to explainthe origin of the migrating species and to identify thevariables that influenced the extent to which thephenomenon occurred. The effects of different lubricants,stabilisers and processing conditions were studied.Mechanistic studies suggested that a revised hypothesiswas appropriate and that the hydrolysed complex wasactually formed in the PVC matrix and not at the surface.1 ref.USA

Accession no.825289

Item 208Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology7, No.2, June 2001, p.67-75MICROCELLULAR FOAMING OF IMPACT-MODIFIED RIGID PVC/WOOD-FLOURCOMPOSITESMatuana L M; Mengeloglu FMichigan,Technological University

Solid-state microcellular foaming technology was usedto investigate the influence of impact modification on thefoamability of neat rigid PVC and rigid PVC/wood flourcomposite samples. The effects of impact modifier types(crosslinked versus uncrosslinked) and concentrations onthe void fraction of foamed samples were examined. Theinfluence of impact modification on the sorptionbehaviour of carbon dioxide in the samples was alsostudied. The experimental results indicated that impactmodification accelerated the rate of gas loss during thefoaming process, which impeded the growth of nucleatedcells, independent of modifier type. As a result of thisaccelerated gas loss, impact modification inhibited thepotential of producing foamed samples with void fractionssimilar to those achieved in unmodified samples. 26 refs.USA

Accession no.825288

Item 209International Polymer Science and Technology28, No.7, 2001, p.T/67-9SINSTAD MULTI-FUNCTIONAL

COMPOSITIONS FOR POLYMERS. 11. USE OFSINSTAD COMPOSITIONS IN LOW-PLASTICISED PVC COMPOSITIONSNo B I; Zotov Y L; Klimov S A; Shatalin Y V;Gorokhovitskii G GVolgograd,State Technical University; Kaustik AOOT;Kubra Public Joint-Stock Co.

The use is discussed of Sinstad multifunctionalcompositions for use in low-plasticised PVC pipeformulations as heat stabilisers and plasticisers. Theresearch reported consisted mainly of investigating thephysical and mechanical properties of the plasticcompound, its ease of manufacture, and processing withpartial replacement of the plasticiser and stabiliser andcomplete replacement of the lubricants. Properties of PVCcompositions for the production of pipe connectors andpipes with varying formulations are discussed. 7 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2000,p.43)RUSSIA

Accession no.824301

Item 210ENDS ReportNo.318, July 2001, p.28-9HOUSING SECTOR SEEKS ALTERNATIVES TOPVC, DESPITE OFFICIAL LCA

A discussion is presented on the switch by some councilsand local housing associations from PVC to timber despitethe Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs’life cycle assessment of PVC, which found that there waslittle to chose between PVC and alternative materials. Theissue of recycling of PVC window profiles is alsoconsidered.

UK,DEPT.OF THE ENVIRONMENTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.824039

Item 211Polymer Degradation and Stability73, No.1, 2001, p.93-9EFFECTS OF REPEATED EXTRUSION ON THEPROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF RIGID PVCSCRAPYarahmadi N; Jakubowicz I; Gevert TSweden,National Testing & Research Institute

When plastics waste is reprocessed, the loss of propertiesand durability are critical considerations. Rigid PVCprofiles were re-extruded five times, without adding anyadditives, to evaluate these changes using conventionalprocessing. The material was characterised after eachextrusion run for changes in colour, gelation, tensileproperties and molecular level ageing, and samples werealso thermally aged at various temperatures. It wasobserved that there was a significant increase in extrusion



pressure (gelation) during the second extrusion with anassociated increase in tensile strength and elongation ontested samples followed by marginal decreases withsubsequent re-extrusion. Deterioration in colour,particularly yellow, were observed with repeatedextrusion. The activation energies of degradation werefound to decrease after each extrusion. Despite theobserved property changes, it was concluded that rigidPVC was suitable for reprocessing. Full details of theextrusion and testing are given with detailed results.12 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERNEUROPE

Accession no.823944

Item 212Polymer Degradation and Stability73, No.1, 2001, p.47-67VACUUM PYROLYSIS OF COMMINGLEDPLASTICS CONTAINING PVC. PART II.PRODUCT ANALYSISMiranda R; Pakdel H; Roy C; Vasile CQuebec,Universite Laval; Pyrovac Institute Inc.; PetruPoni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry

Vacuum pyrolysis was performed on HDPE, LDPE, PP,PS and PVC materials individually, and also on a mixedplastics sample containing the five polymers. The maingaseous and liquid products, including chlorinatedhydrocarbons, were identified by chromatography, andthe yields and pyrolysis products were compared for theindividual and mixed runs. The results suggested that thepyrolysis yields of the plastics mixtures were similar tothose calculated from the pyrolysis of the individualpolymers. However, the chlorine content was lower thanexpected indicating limited interaction during pyrolysis.Full details of the experimental procedures are givenincluding a detailed tabulation of all the pyrolysisproducts. 54 refs.CANADA; EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.823939

Item 213Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 207RHEOLOGY BEYOND ONE MILLIONRECIPROCAL SECONDSRiley D WExtrusion Engineers(SPE)

It was determined that the shear rate in PVC passingthrough a copper wire coating die was in excess of4000000 /s. This resulted in volatilisation of the dioctylphthalate plasticiser and changes in the polymer molecularstructure, as determined by infrared spectroscopy. Theflow was studied using capillary rheometry with a die ofa 0.15 mm diameter. It was concluded that the change in

molecular structure enhanced the electrical properties ofthe PVC, and that the high temperatures created by thehigh shear rates did not significantly degrade the polymer,as it was cooled to room temperature within 10 ms ofleaving the die. 5 refs.

Accession no.823706

Item 214Polymer Degradation and Stability72, No.3, 2001, p.469-91VACUUM PYROLYSIS OF COMMINGLEDPLASTICS CONTAINING PVC. PART I KINETICSTUDYMiranda R; Jin Yang; Roy C; Vasile CLaval,Universite; Institut Pyrovac Inc.; PetruPoni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry

The thermal decomposition behaviour of commingledplastics during incineration was evaluated with particularemphasis on the influence of chlorine released from PVCduring pyrolysis. The principal polymers found inmunicipal plastics waste were evaluated; HDPE, LDPE,PP, PS and PVC. This initial program studied the pyrolysiskinetics of the five individual polymers, mixed polymerswithout PVC and mixed polymers including PVC. Twoexperimental approaches were adopted; comparing thedecomposition curves for the mixed and individualpolymers, and a comparison of the kinetic parameters foreach material. Samples were heated at varying heatingrates both under a vacuum and in a nitrogen atmosphere.Thermogravimetric weight loss and weight loss derivativecurves were recorded against time. The results indicatedthat some interactions occurred between the plasticsmaterials during pyrolysis mainly above 375 deg. C astheir individual decomposition rates were significantlyaltered. However the chlorine from the PVC was releasedalmost completely below 375 deg. C. Detailedexperimental procedures and results are given. 73 refs.CANADA; EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.818936

Item 215Polymer Degradation and Stability72, No.3, 2001, p.459-68PLASTICISER MIGRATION AND STRUCTURALCHANGES IN AN AGED POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) COATINGMonney L; Jamois-Tasserie M; Dubois C; Villa F;Lallet P; Renaud CFranche-Comte,Universite; Laboratoire de Vitry

Samples of plasticised PVC coatings backed with a thinpolyamide fibre cloth used for arm and head rests of trainswere analysed after both normal use in service andartificial ageing at 100 C. Two parameters were studied;the effects of temperature inside the train and the influenceof the polyurethane foam inside the rests. Plasticiser lossdue to migration during ageing led to hardening of the



PVC. with frequent cracking. Structural changes alsooccurred inside the PVC layer due to the formation ofnon-filled PVC nodules. As a result of these changes, thePVC layer would tend to crack when flexed in service.The plasticiser migration increased when the PVC wasin contact with the polyurethane foam. Detailedexperimental procedures, sample photographs and resultsare given. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818935

Item 216Polymer Testing20, No.5, 2001, p.485-90IRRADIATION CROSSLINKING OFUNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE INTHE PRESENCE OF ADDITIVESRatnam C T; Nasir M; Baharin AMalaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research;Malaysia,Science University

Electron beam-irradiated crosslinking of unplasticisedPVC was carried out over a range of irradiation dosesfrom 20 to 200 kGy. The effects of trimethylolpropanetriacrylate(TMPTA) and Irganox 1010 on the rate ofcrosslinking were also studied. Changes in gel fraction,hardness, TS and damping properties upon irradiationwere investigated. The results obtained showed that, underthe irradiation conditions employed, the stabilised UPVCwas crosslinked by the electron beam. The addition of 4phr TMPTA was found to be effective in increasing therate while Irganox 1010 inhibited crosslinking. A markedincrease in Tg upon irradiation of UPVC in the presenceof TMPTA was observed. Within the dose range studied,the degradation caused by electron beam irradiation wasfound to be minimal. 35 refs.

CIBA SPECIALITY CHEMICALSMALAYSIA

Accession no.817821

Item 217Polymer42, No.11, 2001, p.4817-23EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AGEING ON THE GASTRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF PVC AND PVCMODIFIED WITH PYRIDINE GROUPSTiemblo P; Guzman J; Riande E; Mijangos C;Reinecke HInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

Gas transport coefficients of PVC and PVC modified withpyridine groups were studied. It was found that there is astrong time dependence of the permeability and diffusivityof oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane inmembranes prepared by solvent casting of PVC andpyridine modified PVC. There is a two-fold reduction forPVC of the diffusion coefficients during the first two days,

and about one order of magnitude, a month after themembranes were prepared, and no stabilisation of thetrend was seen after a month. Membranes prepared frommodified PVC show short-term diffusion rate reductionsimilar to that in PVC; at longer times the diffusion ratedecrease levels off quickly, attaining constant values after10 days. 34 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.815920

Item 218Revista de Plasticos Modernos80, No.530, Aug.2000, p.148/52SpanishINJECTION MOULDING OF PVC FORMEDICAL USEBertora MSandretto Industrie SpA

Technical difficulties associated with the injectionmoulding of PVC are discussed, and machinery andprocessing conditions applicable to the injection mouldingof PVC medical products are examined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814824

Item 219Journal of Applied Polymer Science80, No.10, 31st May 2001, p.1841-7DECREASING POLLUTION OF PLASTICIZEDPVC PACKAGING: A COMPARISON OF THREEPLASTIC TREATMENTSFugit J-L; Taverdet J-LSaint Etienne,University

The diffusion of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate plasticiser(DEHP) from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) packaging wasstudied using samples prepared in three different ways.Plasticised PVC discs were soaked in n-heptane, followedby drying, resulting in DEHP-depleted surface layers.Further samples were prepared by pressing PVCcontaining 35% DEHP between sheets containing only7% DEHP. Lastly, samples were prepared by dippingplasticised PVC in solutions of PVC, followed by drying.Diffusion of liquid into the discs, and of plasticiser intothe liquid, was measured as a function of time for discsimmersed in n-heptane. Diffusion rates were dependentupon the time and temperature of storage of the samplesprior to testing. Mass transfer was modelled in terms ofdiffusivity. 25 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814334



Item 220Journal of Applied Polymer Science79, No.11, 14th March 2001, p.2029-37SYNERGETIC EFFECT OF DIMERIZEDPENTAERYTHRITOL ESTERS WITHSYNERGETIC METAL SOAP ON THESTABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Ikeda H; Goto H; Higaki Y; Sunami M; Nakan0 K;Nakamura Y; Iida TOsaka,Institute of Technology; Nissin Oil Mills Ltd.

An investigation was carried out to determine thesynergetic effect of dimerised pentaerythritol esters, usedas novel costabilisers with metal soap, a mixture of zincand calcium stearates, as stabilisers for polyvinyl chlorideto control undesirable discolouration when heated. 17 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.814089

Item 221Vinyltec 2000. Conference proceedings.Philadelphia, Pa., 11th-12th Oct.2000, p.97-103MECHANISM OF ORGANOTINSTABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)5. MECHANISM OF PVC STABILIZATION BYSTANNIC COMPOUNDSFisch M H; Bacaloglu R; Dooley T; Diaconescu CCrompton Corp.(SPE,Vinyl Div.; SPE,Philadelphia Section)

The study of PVC stabilisation by stannic compounds inthe presence of HCl scavengers shows that the essentialstabilisation process is nucleophilic substitution of theallylic chlorine by the thioglycolate or mercaptopropionategroups. It is claimed that their capability to form complexeswith HCl and transport this degradation catalyst to HClscavengers are essential for the marked synergism observedbetween these two types of stabilisers. 14 refs.USA

Accession no.811300

Item 222Polimeri21, No.6, 2000, p.186-90CroatianTHEORETICAL STUDY OF THE KINETICS OFLOSS OF PLASTICISER FROM PLASTICISEDPVC FOILSRusic D; Mrklic Z; Kovacic TSplit,University

A kinetic model of the physical process of loss ofplasticiser di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate from plasticisedPVC foil is developed. Experimental investigations arecarried out using isothermal thermogravimetry in thetemperature range of 120-150 deg.C. The thickness ofthe foil is 0.1 mm and the amount of the plasticiser in theplasticised polymer is 10-40%. The kinetic parameters

are estimated by the differential method of analysis. Therate of the process of weight loss of plasticiser from thefoils can be described as the function of three variables.The linear dependence of the rate of evaporation on theresidual concentration of plasticiser in the foil isdemonstrated, and it is shown that the diffusion does notaffect the process of plasticiser loss from plasticisedpolymer. 14 refs.CROATIA

Accession no.810956

Item 223Macromolecular Materials and Engineering286, No.2, 28th Feb.2001, p.88-93HEAT STABILIZATION EFFICIENCY OFPOLYESTER PLASTICIZERS FOR POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE)(PVC)Farahat M SAlabama,University; Egyptian Petroleum ResearchInstitute

Four different polyester plasticisers for PVC, havingmoderate acid numbers (11.5 to 20.5 mg KOH/g resin),were synthesised. These polyesters were modified byconverting the terminal COOH group to Ba(II) and Cd(II)carboxylate salts in order to introduce the capability ofheat stabilisation for PVC. The modified polyesters wereapplied as dual function polyesters, i.e. as plasticisers andstabilisers at the same time. The thermal stabilisationefficiency of the plasticised PVC films formed was testedphotometrically and the data obtained were compared withthat afforded by Irgastab BZ 556. The efficiencies of thesemodified polyesters as heat stabilisers for PVC were foundto be comparable with those of Irgastab BZ 556. 38 refs.

CIBA-GEIGY CO.EGYPT; USA

Accession no.810576

Item 224Polymer Engineering and Science41, No.3, March 2001, p.575-83IZOD IMPACT STRENGTH OF A PRODUCTMOLDED OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)/IMPACT MODIFIER CONTAINING VOIDS(VOID MOD)Takaki A; Narisawa I; Kuriyama TKANEKA Corp.; Yamagata,University

The Izod impact strength of a PVC/impactmodifier(MOD) moulded product was investigated bysuitably reducing the amount of crosslinking agent in therubber of MOD or by making rubber particles void whenthey were in the form of a latex. The results obtained arepresented and discussed with particular reference toevaluation results of Izod impact strength, mechanism ofimprovement in Izod impact strengths of low crosslinkedMOD (0.5% of allyl methacrylate content) and void



MOD, and Izod impact strength of void MOD having anoptimised degree of crosslinking. 9 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.810421

Item 225Patent Number: US 6155811 A1 20001205STACK MOLD CARRIER MOUNTED ONLINEAR BEARINGSLooije P A; Sabapathy P A; Di Simone J; Keir W SHusky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.

A carrier assembly for supporting the mould centre sectionof a stack mould has a pair of mould supports to whichthe mould centre section can be attached. Each mouldsupport is movable along a linear rail attached to the baseof a moulding machine and has at least one blockcontaining a linear bearing mounted thereto for engagingthe linear rail. Each mould support also includes a linkageassembly for connecting the mould support to otherplatens to synchronise movement of each mould supportwith movement of at least one other platen.USA

Accession no.809872

Item 226Advances in Polymer Technology20, No.1, Spring 2001, p.72-85SOLVENT-BASED PRESSURE-SENSITIVEADHESIVES FOR PVC SURFACES: A SPECIALREPORTCzech Z

The influence of parameters such as crosslinking agentaluminium acetylacetonate content, introduction time ofmonomers, amount of reactor charge, distribution of N-vinyl caprolactam (VC), diverse crosslinkers, viscosityand molar mass of the synthesised pressure-sensitiveadhesives (PSA); and solvent balance and transfer agentkind and content on such important parameters of PSA asshrinkage, plasticity, adhesion to steel and deformationare examined. Synthesised pressure-sensitive adhesivesbased on acrylic polymers and containing 2-ethylhexylacrylate (2-EHA), methyl acrylate (MA), acrylic acid(AA) and VC are used for production of self-adhesivescontaining PVC carrier. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.808585

Item 227International Polymer Science and Technology28, No.1, 2001, p.T/69-73NEW STABILISERS FOR POLYVINYLCHLORIDE - MIXED SALTS OF CALCIUMCARBOXYLATES

Nafikova R F; Naugumanova E I; Abdrashitov Y M;Minsker K SBashkir,State University; Kauchuk Closed Stock Co.

This work aims to produce mixed calcium carboxylatestabilisers for use in place of calcium stearate for thestabilisation of PVC. The new stabilisers are based onmixed salts of stearic acid with derivatives of phthalic ormaleic acid and also with branched alpha, alpha-branchedcarboxylic (C12-C16) acids, noted for their lower cost andadequate effectiveness. Test results are examined in detailfor the performance of these stabilisers in terms of serviceproperties, processability, and stabilising action. 2 refs.(Translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.5, 2000, p.19)RUSSIA

Accession no.808344

Item 228Addcon World 2000. Conference proceedings.Basel, Switzerland, 25th-26th Oct.2000, paper 1FLEXIBLE VINYL MEDICAL PRODUCTS:DISCUSSION ABOUT THE EXTRACTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUSPLASTICISERSAdams R CBP Amoco Chemicals(Rapra Technology Ltd.)

The use of plasticised PVC for toys and medical deviceshas been under attack from various environmental andhealth care activist groups. Their concerns are related tothat under certain conditions small amounts of theplasticiser may leave the flexible PVC compound. Thisextracted plasticiser can then enter the human body andthen, allegedly, cause damage ranging from cancer tohormone disruption. The plasticiser under most scrutinyis di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, commonly known as DEHPor DOP. DEHP is the largest volume plasticiser in useworldwide and the most widely used plasticiser for PVCmedical devices. The various mechanisms under whichplasticisers leave flexible PVC medical devices aredescribed, reviewing available information from Hatco,Morflex and BP Amoco, on the migration and extractioncharacteristics of various plasticisers, including DEHP,TOTM, citrates and adipates. Potential selection criteriaare discussed based on plasticiser permanence. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.807842

Item 229Tech XXIII. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., 3rd-5th May 2000, p.115-21NOVEL PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVESFOR VINYL FACESTOCKSSmith H; Smit ENational Starch & Chemical Co.; National Starch &Chemical BV



(Pressure Sensitive Tape Council)

The flexibility of PVC film makes it ideal for manyindustrial tape and label applications. Unfortunately, PVCfilm can be difficult for many adhesives to bond to andtransfer failure is common. This can lead to long-termdebonding as well as reduced holding power and chemicalresistance. An in-depth look at PVC adhesion is providedand a solventborne adhesive with superior anchorage toPVC films as well as improved heat-resistance isdescribed. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807804

Item 230Revista de Plasticos Modernos79, No.527, May 2000, p.554-8SpanishSTUDY OF THE SURFACE QUALITY OF PVCFITTINGS ON THE BASIS OF INJECTIONMOULDING PARAMETERSCastany F J; Llado J; Sanchez B; Javierre C; Aisa JTaller de Inyeccion de la Industria del Plastico;Zaragoza,University

The influence of injection moulding conditions on theoccurrence of surface defects on PVC pipe fittings wasstudied experimentally and by finite element analysis.Comparison of the experimental results with theoreticalpredictions allowed optimisation of the processingconditions for the production of parts having the requiredsurface quality. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807113

Item 231Journal of Applied Polymer Science79, No.8, 22nd Feb.2001, p.1384-93COLD PLASMA SURFACE MODIFICATION OFCONVENTIONALLY ANDNONCONVENTIONALLY PLASTICISEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)-BASED FLEXIBLEFILMS: GLOBAL AND SPECIFIC MIGRATIONOF ADDITIVES INTO ISOOCTANEAudic J-L; Poncin-Epaillard F; Reyx D; Brosse J-CMaine,Universite

The effect of plasma treatment of flexible PVC foodpackaging films on the migration of plasticisers therefromwas investigated using supercritical fluid chromatographyto monitor plasticiser migration into isooctane solution.Plasticisers employed were di-2-ethylhexyladipate andepoxidised soybean oil. The surface energy, weight lossand surface crosslinking of the films were examined andthe influence of plasma treatment on plasticiser migrationfrom films containing an elastomeric ethylene-vinyl

acetate-carbon monoxide terpolymer as partial orcomplete replacement of the adipate plasticiser. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806711

Item 232Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 660EFFECTS OF IMPACT MODIFIERS ON THEPROPERTIES OF RIGID PVC/WOOD-FIBERCOMPOSITESMengeloglu F; Matuana L M; King J AMichigan,Technological University(SPE)

Composites consisting of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) andwood fibre, modified by the addition of crosslinked(acrylic and methacrylate butadiene styrene) and un-crosslinked (chlorinated polyethylene) impact modifiers,were prepared by dry mixing followed by extrusion andcompression moulding. The composites werecharacterised by measurement of tensile and impactproperties. The tensile strength and modulus weresignificantly decreased by the impact modified additions,whilst the elongation at break was not affected. The impactresistance was strongly dependent upon the type andcontent of impact modifier, increasing significantly withmodifier concentration. The crosslinked modifiers weremore effective than the chlorinated polyethylene. 27 refs.USA

Accession no.805668

Item 233Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 655GLOSS CONTROL IN RIGID PVC - PART IIEFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ONGLOSS OF RIGID PVC PROFILERabinovitch E; Harshbarger DGeon Co.(SPE)

The influence of extrusion processing conditions on thegloss of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) profile wasinvestigated. The processing variables studied were: melttemperature (165-202 C), extruder temperature settings,extrusion rate, and the die surface roughness. Gloss wasmeasured by gloss meter at an angle of 85 deg. to thenormal, and the surface was characterised by scanningelectron microscopy. There was a direct relationshipbetween gloss and surface roughness. Increasing theextrusion melt temperature from low to medium decreasedthe gloss due to agglomerate flow and a rougher surface.Further temperature increases reduced the agglomerateflow, so increasing the gloss. Increasing extrusion ratedecreased the gloss due to surface roughness increasesassociated with melt fracture. Rough surfaces on the die



and sizer resulted in rough surfaces on the extrudate andlow gloss. Refs.USA

Accession no.805663

Item 234Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 652MAGNETIC MATERIALS BASED ONPOLYMERS AND MAGNETIC FILLERSRodriguez-Fernandez O S; Sifuentes P; Ramos de ValleL F; Matutes-Aquino J; Ayala-Valenzuela O; Rios-Jara DCoahuila,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplicada;Mexico,Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados(SPE)

Plasticised poly(vinyl chloride), containing 10-85 wt%strontium ferrite magnetic powder, was compressionmoulded at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of180 C, and characterised by dynamic mechanical thermalanalysis and measurements of magnetic and rheologicalproperties. The intrinsic coercivity decreased linearly withincreasing strontium ferrite content, attributed toincreasing particle interaction. Viscosity increased withincreasing strontium ferrite content, attributed to strongparticle interactions. 14 refs.MEXICO

Accession no.805660

Item 235Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 651CHEMICAL CROSSLINKING OF FLEXIBLEPVC FOAM FORMULATIONSIbarra-Gomez R; Yanez-Flores I G;Rodriguez-Fernandez O S; Gilbert MCoahuila,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplicada;Loughborough,University(SPE)

The peroxide crosslinking of emulsion grade poly(vinylchloride) using trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate(TMPTMA) as a co-agent was investigated, and comparedwith the use of a triazine/MgO system. The preparedplastisols were heated in air at 195 C for different timesto obtain the crosslinked foams, which were characterisedby differential scanning calorimetry and by determinationof gel content, residual unsaturation, crosslink density,and thermal stability. The peroxide/TMPTMA systemformed a very dense network, attributed to thetrifunctional nature of the co-agent, and showed noresidual unsaturation after the optimum curing time. Thethermal stability was superior to that of a commercialfoam, and at lower peroxide:TMPTMA ratios it wascomparable to that of samples crosslinked by the triazine/MgO system. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MEXICO; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.805659

Item 236Your Ticket to Outstanding Color and Additives.RETEC 2000. Conference proceedings.Washington, D.C., 17th-19th Sept.2000, paper 7COLOR DEVELOPMENT IN PVCGrossman DHalstab(SPE)

The use is examined of submicron particle size leadstabilisers in PVC formulations, which function ashydrochloric acid absorbers, and which also provide goodcolour retention. It is generally thought that stabilisersthat act only by scavenging HCl, provide good processsafety, but poor retention of original colour. A methodhas been developed for the synthesis of dibasic leadphthalate, tribasic lead sulphate, dibasic lead phosphite,basic lead carbonate, and related compounds with aparticle size in the 0.1-0.7 micron range. Time to failureand to visible discoloration are noted for the variousstabilisers. Enhanced failure time under high shearprocessing conditions are obtained for submicron leadstabilisers. It is thought likely that the submicron versionsare more mobile and can coordinate to potentialdegradation sites more efficiently. 18 refs.USA

Accession no.804341

Item 237Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 557ROLE OF PHOSPHITES IN STABILIZATION OFNON-POLYOLEFIN POLYMERSAshton H C; Enlow W; Nelen TGE Specialty Chemicals Inc.(SPE)

Mechanisms of degradation in condensation polymers,and the stabilisation of these polymers and non-polyolefinpolymers such as poly(vinyl chloride) usingorganophosphites is discussed in terms of the stability ofcolour, thermal properties and molecular weight.Stabilisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) andpolycarbonate by organophosphites was studiedexperimentally. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.803854

Item 238Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 650HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT FLEXIBILIZERSIN LOW SMOKE FLAME RETARDANT PVCCOMPOUNDSGriffin E RDuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.(SPE)



Ethylene copolymers were compared with liquidplasticisers for use as additives to improve the flexibilityof poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) for electrical cableinsulation applications. The PVCs were assessed bydetermining smoke generation, flammability, tensileproperties and the low temperature brittle point. Theethylene copolymers gave similar peak heat release rates,but the peak smoke and the total smoke generation werelower. They also gave similar or increased strength,similar elongation and flexural modulus, and lower brittlepoint temperatures. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.803847

Item 239Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 533LOW EXTRACTABLE, LOW BLUSH, LOWCOLOR PVC WITH IMPROVEDPROCESSABILITY FOR MEDICALAPPLICATIONBuan-delos Santos L; Laurin D; Lynch DBaxter Healthcare Corp.(SPE)

An additive system was developed for poly(vinylchloride) for medical applications. The additives includeprimary stabilisers (Ca-Zn stearate and Zn stearate),secondary stabilisers (epoxides) and lubricants (ethylenebisamide and high density polyethylene), to improve meltprocessing and heat stability. The use of the stabilisersresulted in reduced equipment down-time, increased thelevel of recycled material which could be incorporated,and enhanced the product characteristics, includingcolour, clarity, blush, aqueous extractables and particlegeneration. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.803380

Item 240ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.Volume 75. Conference Proceedings.Orlando, FL., Fall 1996, p.69-70. 012SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OFUNREINFORCED, PLASTICISED PVC ROOFMEMBRANES IN SERVICE FOR UP TO 13YEARSParoli R M; Delgado A HCanada,National Research Council(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

This paper evaluates how well photoacoustic Fouriertransform spectroscopy can be used to study the shatteringphenomenon of unreinforced, plasticised polyvinylchloride roofing membranes. Spectra were obtained foran unreinforced PVC roof membrane in service for 6years, 10 years, and 14 years were obtained, withcorresponding controls. Measurements of the bands for

carbonyl, methylene and methyl groups were obtained.With the loss of plasticisers and/or stabilisers due toweathering, the intensity of the CH2-Cl band appearshigher. It is most likely that degradation is attributable toloss of plasticisers rather than de-chlorination of PVC,because the exposed sample did not show any bands nearthe 1650 cm-1 typical of carbon-carbon double bonds.The three samples show very similar spectral features toeach other. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.803054

Item 241ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.97NEW COPPER(I) COMPLEXES AS POTENTIALSMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR POLYVINYLCHLORIDEPike R L; Starnes W H; Graham P M; Maeyer J T;Gomaa W A; Doyal A S; Levy E RWilliamsburg,College of William & Mary(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

The problem of smoke formation during pyrolysis of PVCrepresents a significant technological challenge.Dehydrochlorination of the polymer produces polyenesegments in the solid phase. The polyenes give rise to acombination of organic volatiles and solid char. The volatilesare largely aromatics formed through the cyclisation of thepolyene segments. Vapour phase combustion of thesearomatics greatly contributes to the formation of smoke andto the addition of heat to the pyrolysing solid. In contrast,the crosslinking of the polyenes tends to block the formationof volatile aromatics and increases the yield of solid char. Astrategy of PVC smoke suppression is investigated basedon the use of low-valent metal compounds. It is shown thatzero-valent metal promotes reductive crosslinking of allylicchloride groups, which are present as labile centres in virginand pyrolysing PVC. Since copper(I) is readily reduced,complexes of Cu(I) have been the focus of recent studies.As part of our ongoing search for potential smoke-suppressant additives for PVC, a variety of new complexesof Cu(I) bearing nitrogen- and sulphur-based ligands arereported, as well as their thermal chemistry. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.802840

Item 242Plastics Additives and Compounding2, No.10, Oct. 2000, p.24-7TESTING OF FLEXIBLE PVC COMPOUNDSFOR BIOSTABILITYHamel R G; McEntee T CRohm & Haas Co.

The performance is compared of three different biocidesin protecting PVC in outdoor applications. Biocides tested



and compared were OBPA (10,10-oxybisphenoxarsine),OIT (2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one), and DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one). They werecompared in laboratory and exterior testing and the resultsof tests demonstrate the superior performance of DCOITin protecting flexible PVC films in outdoor applications.Test methods used include the Pink Stain Test. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799815

Item 243Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, pp.108. 29cms. 11/1/01. Rapra Review Report, vol.11, No.4,2000. NALOANSORTING OF WASTE PLASTICS FORRECYCLINGPascoe R DExeter,UniversityEdited by: Dolbey R(Rapra Technology Ltd.)Rapra.Review Report No.124

The sorting of waste plastics prior to recycling is describedwith reference to separation and identification techniques,and cleaning and size reduction processes employed.Methods used to identify plastics including by colour andtype are reviewed, followed by manual and automatedsorting systems. Separation techniques described includethose involving density, triboelectrification, froth flotationand separation based on differential softeningtemperature. Examples are included of plastics separationrelating to mixed plastic bottles, automotive waste,thermoset composites, electrical cables, aluminium/plasticlaminates, and carpet sorting technology. 427 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799426

Item 244Kunststoffe Plast Europe90, No.12, Dec. 2000, p.16-8. (Translated fromKunststoffe 90 (2000), 12, p.46-51)LAMINATING PVC WINDOW PROFILESWITHOUT SOLVENTSGehrke J; Kleinert H; Hoffmann HDresden,Technische universitat; Henkel Dorus

Analytical studies of the PVC profile surface indicatedthat the reasons for failure of the adhesive bond betweenthe PVC film and PVC profile in decorative filmlaminated structures, was finely dispersed lubricant andwax particles on the PVC profile. These contaminantsprevented the build-up of bond forces at the interfacebetween the adhesive and PVC profile. A biodegradablealkaline cleaning agent was developed to remove thecontaminants, which, when combined with flametreatment and a solvent free polyurethane hot melt

adhesive, enabled good results to be obtained undersimulated production conditions. A full-scale plant isreported to have now been commissioned that operatesreliably using the process described. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799408

Item 245Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 388EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDES ONTHE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A SEMIRIGIDPVC USED IN WIRE COATINGTorone J A; Petrie SMillipore Corp.; Massachusetts,University(SPE)

Four alternative magnesium hydroxides and aluminatrihydrate were evaluated as smoke suppressants inpoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wire coating compositions.The compositions, which also containing plasticiser,calcium carbonate, lead stabiliser and antimony oxide,were compounded by twin screw extrusion. Samples wereprepared by injection moulding and used for thedetermination of tensile and smoke generation properties.PVC containing magnesium hydroxide had the higherelongation, whilst those containing alumina trihydrateexhibited the best smoke suppression properties.However, when the sample surface was removed, thesmoke suppression rankings changed, and the PVCscontaining magnesium hydroxide gave the better results.7 refs.USA

Accession no.799174

Item 246Polymer Preprints, Volume 40, Number 2, August1999, Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., August 1999, p.1092-3USE OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS TO CONTROLTHE MORPHOLOGIES AND PROPERTIES OFTHERMOSET/THERMOPLASTIC BLENDSPascault J-P; Girard-Reydet ELyon,Institut National des Sciences Appliquees(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)

In the field of thermoplastic immiscible blends, theemulsifying activity of block copolymers has been widelyused to solve the usual problem of large immiscibilityassociated with high interfacial tension, poor adhesionand resulting in poor mechanical properties. Animmiscible thermoplastic blend A/B can actually becompatibilised by adding a diblock copolymer, poly(A-b-B) whose segments are chemically identical to thedissimilar homopolymers, or poly(X-b-Y) in which eachblock is chemically different but thermodynamicallymiscible with one of the blend component. Theoretical



models have been developed to describe the molecularmechanism of emulsification and compatibilisation byblock copolymers. An attempt is made to transfer theconcept of compatibilisation by poly(X-b-Y) and ifpossible poly(X-b-E-b-Y) triblock copolymers with anelastomer central block E to TS/TP blends generated viathe reaction-induced phase separation procedure. Thekinetics of the epoxy-amine precursor, the initial solubilityof the chosen thermoplastic, polyphenylene ether (PPE)and the reaction-induced phase separation process havebeen already studied. PS is known to be miscible withPPE and it has been demonstrated that PMMA is misciblewith the chosen TS precursor up to the end of the epoxy-amine reaction. 28 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.798453

Item 247European Plastics News27, No.11, Nov.2000, p.10EU IS READY TO CLEAR PHTHALATES

The European Union is poised to announce that phthalateplasticisers pose no risk to either human health or to theenvironment. A five-year risk assessment into sixphthalates, which are used extensively in PVC products,is nearing an end. In September, an EU Technical Meetingcompleted its assessments of DINP and DIDP and decidedthat the two needed no classification or labelling forenvironmental or health effects. DINP is the phthalatemost often used in soft PVC toys and items intended tobe put into childrens’ mouths, on which most of the recentanti-PVC furore has been focused.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.795132

Item 248Polymer Bulletin45, No.2, Sept.2000, p.137-44MECHANOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE)-BLOCK-POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-PROPYLENE) COPOLYMERS BY ULTRASONICIRRADIATIONFujiwara H; Minamoto YOsaka,Institute of Technology

The mechanical degradation and mechanochemicalreactions resulting from ultrasonic irradiation were studiedin heterogeneous and homogeneous PVC andpoly(ethylene-co-propylene) (EPM) systems at 30 C. Thenumber-average molecular weights of PVC and EPMdecreased with increasing irradiation times, indicating thatchain scissions of both polymers occurred in each of thethree reaction systems studied. The rates of decrease inthe number-average molecular weights of the degraded

polymers were fastest in the solid PVC:EPM solutionsystem, slower in the swelled PVC-EPM solution systemand slowest in the homogeneous PVC-EPM system. Theend radicals of PVC and EPM resulting from mechanicaldegradation formed PVC-block-EPM copolymers bymechanochemical synthesis. The surfaces of the polymerswere studied by SEM both before and after themechanochemical reaction. 7 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.794367

Item 249Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 86PREDICTING THERMAL DEGRADATION OFPVC COMPOUNDS DURING INJECTIONMOLDINGGarcia J L; Koelling K W; Summers J WOhio,State University; Geon Co.(SPE)

The thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride duringinjection moulding was studied using a spiral mould tosimulate a rectangular channel, and a centre gated plateto study radial flow, employing low viscosity and highviscosity polymers over a range of injection speeds, melttemperatures, and shot sizes. A model was developed topredict degradation during moulding using finitedifference method in conjunction with an algorithm tocalculate the velocity and temperature profiles duringinjection. It was concluded that the degradation of PVCduring injection moulding could be predicted, but themodel gave better agreement with results from the spiralmould, attributed to the fact that the degradation was moregradual, whilst degradation in the radial mould occurredin the sprue and was transported into the mould. Thedegradation kinetics were different to those reported forstatic systems. The activation energy was approximately65 kcal/mol. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.793817

Item 250Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 67PREDICTING HOW THE COOLING ANDRESULTING SHRINKAGE OF PLASTICSAFFECT THE SHAPE AND STRAIGHTNESS OFEXTRUDED PROFILESBrown R JFormtech Enterprises Inc.(SPE)

The bowing of polyvinyl chloride extrusions caused bydifferential thermal shrinkage associated with differentcooling rates was modelled. The extrusion was consideredto consist of a number of rectangular sections, and agraphical solution for the differential equations for



unsteady state heat transfer develop by Schmidt wasadapted for solution using a computer spreadsheet. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.793798

Item 251Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 66COOLING OF EXTRUDED PLASTIC PROFILESPlacek L; Svabik J; Vlcek JVUT; Compuplast International Inc.(SPE)

The influence of cooling on an extruded polyvinylchloride profile was studied using a differential equationfor heat transfer which was solved using commercialsoftware. The solution required the definition of theboundary conditions. The initial condition specifiedtemperature distribution in the profile as it left the die,which was assumed to be a constant. The boundaryconditions for the contact of the profile with the coolingmedium were determined by assuming that the mediumhad a specified temperature and defined heat transfercoefficient (Fourier condition). Three coolingenvironments were modelled: for slow extrusion rates;for normal production extrusion rates, with imperfect topcooling; and with good cooling using water sprays. It wasshown that there was a direct relationship between thetemperature profile during cooling and deformation, andthat it was possible to predict the deformation using themodel. 5 refs.CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.793797

Item 252Plastics, Rubber and Composites28, No.7, 1999, p 321-6.LONG TERM BEHAVIOUR OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) PRODUCTS UNDER SOIL BURIEDAND LANDFILL CONDITIONSMersiowsky I; Stegmann R; Ejlertsson JHamburg,Technical University; Linkoping,University

The behaviour of poly(vinyl chloride) products in landfillsites longterm and their leachate products and gasevolution have been monitored. Over the period of thestudy no degradation of the poly(vinyl chloride) wasobserved. The leachate analysis determined that there wasno significant contribution to the level of heavy metals inlandfills, and that the presence of phthalates and organotincompounds presented no risk to the aquaticenvironment.14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.793729

Item 253ENDS ReportNo.308, Sept.2000, p.12-3PHTHALATE EXPOSURE STUDY POINTS TOCOSMETIC SOURCES

US health scientists are to publish a study which showsthat people are exposed to much higher levels of phthalatesthan anticipated. Phthalates are used widely in PVC andother diverse applications and many have oestrogenicproperties which, at high doses, can damage reproductivetissue and cause deformities in developing embryos. Thestudy has found strong indications that cosmetics may bean important source of this hazardous material.

US,NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY INSTITUTE OFTOXICOLOGYEUROPE-GENERAL; LATIN AMERICA; USA

Accession no.792005

Item 254Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 45COMPUTER DESIGN AND SCREWOPTIMIZATIONThibodeau C A; Lafleur P GMontreal,Ecole Polytechnique(SPE)

Statistical analysis was used to establish the optimumscrew design for the extrusion of polyvinyl chloride(PVC), by evaluating the results of a series of simulationsfrom a mathematical extrusion model which considered5 screw parameters: angle, constant depth of feeding zone,constant depth of metering zone, length of feeding zone,and length of metering zone. The performance of theoptimised screw was compared with that of a conventionalPVC screw. The extrusion temperature was decreased by7 C, the slip velocity of the solid bed was decreased by65%, so reducing abrasion, whilst the mixing capabilitieswere similar. 8 refs.CANADA

Accession no.791357

Item 255Plastics, Rubber and Composites29, No.3, 2000, p.149-60BIAXIAL ORIENTATION OF POLYVINYLCHLORIDE COMPOUNDS. II. STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIRTIME DEPENDENCYHitt D J; Gilbert MLoughborough,University

X-ray diffraction and thermomechanical analysis are used,respectively, to examine structural order and shrinkagebehaviour for oriented samples of rigid and flexible PVC.Results are compared with previously measured tensile



properties and structure-property relationships explored.X-ray diffraction shows that drawing produces planarcrystallite orientation in PVC sheets. If drawing andsubsequent annealing conditions are held constant, butdraw ratio is varied, there is good correlation betweenstructural order measured by X-ray diffraction and tensilestrength. Increased annealing time and temperatureimprove crystallite order and dimensional stability, whiletensile strength is unchanged. The greatest enhancementin tensile strength is achieved by stretching PVC towardsits maximum draw ratio at 90 deg.C but optimum thermalstability of the oriented structure is achieved when higherannealing temperatures are used. Roomtemperaturerecovery is observed for flexible PVC whenthe material has a glass transition temperature belowambient. This can be delayed by increased annealing timeand temperature, and by increased draw ratio. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789922

Item 256Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology6, No.3, Sept.2000, p.158-65HOT-TOOL AND VIBRATION WELDING OFPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Stokes V KGE Corporate R & D

The weldability of PVC (Geon 87416 and Geon 85885)was assessed through studies of hot-tool and 120-Hzvibration welding. Equivalent strengths weredemonstrated for welds made by these two weldingtechniques. For these two grades of PVC, relative weldstrengths of 85 and 97%, with corresponding failurestrains of about 2.5 and 3.3%, respectively, weredemonstrated. 52 refs.USA

Accession no.788892

Item 257Chemical and Engineering News78, No.32, 7th Aug.2000, p.52-4ALERT ON PHTHALATESHileman B

In July 2000, a US Government panel finished a two-year study at a meeting in which it expressed seriousconcern that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in PVCmedical devices may harm the reproductive organs ofcritically ill and premature male infants exposed duringmedical treatment. This article reports fully on the panel’sfindings.

US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH SCIENCES; AMERICAN CHEMISTRYCOUNCIL; US,SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL

HEALTH NETWORK; EASTMAN CHEMICAL;EXXON BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES;MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY; HEALTH CARE WITHOUTHARM; ADVAMED; US,FOOD & DRUGADMINISTRATION; VINYL INSTITUTEUSA

Accession no.787852

Item 258Marnate, 2000, pp.6. 30 cms. 10/10/2000Italian; EnglishRIGID PVC FOAM SHEET EXTRUSION LINESBausano Group SpA

Technical data are given for the PVC foam line from theBausano Group. Illustrations are included of the die andcalibrators, door panel die heads, turbomixer, andextruder.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787654

Item 259Limitations of Test Methods for Plastics. STP 1369.Conference proceedings.Norfolk, Va., 1st Nov.1998, p.93-106STUDY OF BOND STRENGTH TESTING FORSOLVENT JOINTS IN PVC PIPING SYSTEMSPaschal J RNSF InternationalEdited by: Peraro J S(American Society for Testing & Materials)

To evaluate the strength of the bond area formed by solvent-cementing of thermoplastic pipe and fittings, tests areconducted at 2, 16 and 72 hours. Because the data isstatistical in nature, more than a single specimen must betested to provide a representative strength at each cure time.Considering that three tests are run, each consisting ofmultiple specimens, a method is developed for testingjoined plaques rather than pipe and fitting. This method,known as lap-shear, is much less time intensive than actualpipe joint preparation, and in theory, provides a goodapproximation of the anticipated strength of a pipe/fittingjoint. A study of this test method is conducted to investigatevariables in preparation technique and their effect onstrength. The results indicate an extreme sensitivity to minorvariations in preparation. The interpretation of this datawith respect to joint strength is also discussed. Anexplanation of these significant deviations encountered dueto the changes in preparation is provided, based onthermodynamic considerations of the mixing dissolutionprocess and work input to sample/solvent system. Ananalysis of the sample preparation technique is presentedin both a theoretical and qualitative context of solutionthermodynamics, together with an evaluation of the minorchanges in methodology that can cause major differences



in test results. Notable results include changesin shearstrength on the order of 12-100% based solely on samplehandling within the first 30 seconds, and a lack of sensitivityto the composition of the cement within normal ranges.Solution thermodynamics analysis provides some insightas to the relative significance of the variables in thepreparation method. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.787033

Item 260Polymer Science Series B42, Nos.5-6, May-June 2000, p.124-6EFFECT OF AN ESTER PLASTICISER ON THETHERMAL STABILITY OF POLYVINYLCHLORIDEKulish E I; Kolesov S V; Minsker K SBashkir,State University

The influence of dicarboxylic acid ester plasticisers onthe thermal degradation of PVC significantly depends onthe physical state of the PVC-plasticiser system. If PVCretains the structure formed in the stage of suspensionpolymerisation, the additive produces inhibition of theprocess of thermal dehydrochlorination. In the case oftrue diluted PVC solutions in ester plasticisers, thepolymer exhibits accelerated degradation, in accordancewith a high value of the solvent basicity. 7 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.786833

Item 261Plastics, Rubber and Composites28, No.4, 1999, p.165-9IMPACT STRENGTH AND MORPHOLOGY INPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE WINDOW PROFILES.RELATIONSHIP WITH GELATION LEVELCora B; Daumas B; Zegers ARohm & Haas France SA

Details are given of the effect of processing on mechanicalproperties of PVC window profiles by altering thetemperature profile set on the extruder and by varyingthe shear heating phenomena using different lubricationbalances. The effect of filler level and type of impactmodifier on the impact properties of extruded profiles withvarious levels of free volume are presented. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.786464

Item 262Plastics News(USA)12, No.27, 4th Sept.2000, p.31CDC: PHTHALATE LEVELS HIGHER THANTHOUGHTToloken S

A groundbreaking study by the Center for Disease Controland Prevention suggests that people are exposed to higherlevels of potentially toxic phthalates than previouslythought. However, the report notes that the phthalates usedin vinyl products are found less often than those used indetergents, oils and solvents. The study marks the firsttime researchers have been able to measure the presenceof phthalates processed by the body, rather than measuringphthalates in the environment.

US,CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROLUSA

Accession no.785063

Item 263Plastics NetworkNo.10, 2000, p.25-7PLASTICISERS FOR TOYSCheng H CLyte Industries Co.Ltd.

For many years, the plasticiser DINP has been the primaryplasticiser used in PVC toys. However, it is claimed bysome pressure groups that the phthalate plasticiser leachesfrom PVC and poses a potential health hazard to children.Toxicity is the major concern when seeking a replacementfor DINP. Others are compatibility, processability,physical properties and cost. With respect to theprocessability and cost ratio, a table is presented fordifferent plasticisers used in PVC toys. The use of acetyltributyl citrate as a plasticiser in PVC is discussed.WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.785046

Item 264ENDS ReportNo.307, Aug.2000, p.6PVC PIPES BREACH NEW LEAD STANDARDFOR DRINKING WATER

Tests conducted for the Drinking Water Inspectorate showthat some PVC pipes cause breaches of a new standardfor lead due to be introduced in 2003. The failures aredue to the use of lead salts to stabilise the plastic, and theDWI has warned pipe manufacturers that they mustreformulate their products.

UK,DRINKING WATER INSPECTORATEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785019

Item 265Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.14, 29th Sept.2000, p.3119-27FLAME-RETARDANT AND SMOKE-SUPPRESSANT PROPERTIES OF ZINC BORATEAND ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE-FILLEDRIGID PVC



Yong Ning; Shaoyun GuoSichuan,University

Incorporating a small amount of zinc borate, aluminiumtrihydrate or a mixture of the two greatly increased thelimiting oxygen index of rigid PVC and it reduced thesmoke density of PVC during combustion. The mixtureof zinc borate and aluminium trihydrate showed a goodsynergistic effect on the flame retardance and smokesuppression of PVC. Incorporating a small amount of zincborate, aluminium trihydrate or a mixture of the twogreatly increased the char formation of PVC. The amountof aromatic products released during combustion wasdecreased and the amount of aliphatic products wasincreased as a result of a series of crosslinking reactionsof PVC after the evolution of hydrogen chloride duringcombustion. 19 refs.CHINA

Accession no.784890

Item 266Journal of Industrial Textiles30, No.1, July 2000, p.50-62INFLUENCE OF PLASTICISER CONTENT ANDTYPE ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUROF PLASTISOL USED IN COATED FABRICSZadhoush A; Alsharif M AIsfahan,University of Technology

The rheological properties of pastes of emulsion PVChaving k-values of 69, 70 and 75 for coating fabrics wereinvestigated using a coaxial viscometer and the influenceof the content and type of plasticiser (dioctyl phthalateand dioctyl adipate) on these properties evaluated.Consistency index and power law index values for thevarious formulations were determined and the resultsobtained analysed statistically using shear stress as thevariable for each paste. 14 refs.IRAN

Accession no.784843

Item 267Modern Plastics International30, No.7, July 2000, p.31-2CITRATE, POLYESTER PLASTICIZERS FINDOPPORTUNITIES IN FLEXIBLE PVCLeaversuch R D

The substitution of phthalates as plasticisers for flexiblePVC by citrates and polyesters is discussed. Accordingto citrate manufacturer Morflex, the roughly 300-400%higher costs of citrate plasticisers as compared tophthalates will be offset by countervailing market forcesin which the safety factor surrounding the use of phthalateplasticisers is providing an opportunity for materialssubstitution. In Japan, a group of phthalate alternativesare polyester plasticisers, such as PX-811, developed byAsahi Denka Kogyo KK for the domestic market. The

company estimates that 10-15% of the global flexiblePVC market is potentially open to non-phthalates.

MORFLEX; ASAHI DENKA KOGYO KKJAPAN; USA

Accession no.784673

Item 268Journal of Applied Polymer Science77, No.12, 19th Sept. 2000, p.2657-66PEROXIDE CROSSLINKING OFUNPLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDEGarcia-Quesada J C; Gilbert MAlicante,University; Loughborough,University

Rigid PVC was crosslinked with 1,1-di-t-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane peroxide in the presence oftrimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and the effect ofcrosslinking on the tensile properties at 130C, softeningtemperature, Tg and heat stability of the cured PVCinvestigated. The influence of the concentration of bothreagents on the properties of the cured PVC was alsoexamined. Gel contents of 30 to to 40% were obtained,premature crosslinking during processing was avoidedand improved mechanical properties attained usingappropriate curing agent concentrations. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.784346

Item 269Polymer Engineering and Science40, No.8, Aug.2000, p.1931-41FRICTION WELDING OF SIMILAR ANDDISSIMILAR MATERIALS. PMMA AND PVCLin C B; Wu L CTamkang,University

The effects of spin friction pressure and time on thefriction welding between PMMA-PMMA, PVC-PVC andPMMA-PVC are discussed. Data are presented for thethe three heat-affected zones and the three sections oftensile fracture morphology. 19 refs.CHINA

Accession no.782996

Item 270Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume1.Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.141-5ROLE OF HEAT STABILIZERS IN FLEXIBLEPVCSkladany M EFerro(TAPPI)

The paper consists of a series of slides illustrating themechanisms responsible for degradation in polyvinylchloride (PVC), and the compositions of heat stabilisers



used for various PVC applications. The stabilisersinterrupt the degradation, neutralise the HCl which isformed, scavenging free radicals, and decomposeperoxides. Stabilisers are classified into three types: tin-based, for rigid applications; lead-based, for wire andcable applications; and mixed metal, with variablecomposition according to the PVC end use.USA

Accession no.782688

Item 271ENDS ReportNo.306, July 2000, p.40-1GREEN PAPER ON PVC INCLUDES OPTION OFSUBSTITUTION

Substituting PVC in certain applications is includedamong a range of mandatory and voluntary measuresoutlined in a Green Paper on PVC issued by the EuropeanCommission in July. The paper highlights the use of heavymetal stabilisers and phthalate plasticisers, the low levelof recycling and the generation of hazardous waste fromincineration as the main problems and promises a draftPVC strategy early next year.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERNEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.782547

Item 272ENDS ReportNo.306, July 2000, p.39-40COMMISSION BROADENS INQUIRY INTOPHTHALATES BEYOND TOYS

The European Commission has accepted proposedEuropean Parliament amendments to the draft Directiveon phthalates which ask it to explore the potential healthrisks of phthalates in products other than PVC toys,particularly from floor coverings and food packaging ofsoft PVC. Another amendment would require theCommission to review other applications of PVC articleswhich may expose people to risks, especially PVC articlesused in healthcare. The Directive would make permanentthe temporary ban on the marketing of PVC toys andchildcare articles intended for the mouth in children underthree and containing six phthalates.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERNEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.782546

Item 273Polymer41, No.20, 2000, p.7355-60POLYMER DEPOSITION USINGATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA GLOW

(APG) DISCHARGEPrat R; Koh Y J; Babukutty Y; Kogoma M; Okazaki S;Kodama MJapan,National Inst.for Advanced InterdisciplinaryResearch; Sophia,University

A report is presented on the fluorination of the innersurface of blood circulating tubes made from PVC usingAPG discharge treatment in order to enhancebiocompatibility and suppress the bleeding of plasticisersfrom the PVC. A hydrophobic surface was produced onthe inner surface of the tube by polymerisinghexafluoropropylene or tetrafluoroethylene and the treatedsurfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and contact angle measurements.17 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.781444

Item 274ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering FallMeeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings.New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.542-3SILANE-MODIFIED POLYVINYL CHLORIDEPERVAPORATION MEMBRANESSilverstein M S; Sluszny A; Narkis MTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)

Pervaporation is a separation technique used to separateliquid mixtures using selective vaporisation of permeatesmoving through a non-porous permselective membrane.Pervaporation has been demonstrated to be a usefultechnique for the separation of chloro-organic compoundsfrom water. The guidelines for choosing a membraneinclude selective absorption of chloro-organics, chemicalresistance and resistance to swelling. Membranes preparedfrom industrial PVC films which are modified using avinyl silane are characterised and then evaluated forchloro-organic/water pervaporative separation. 6 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.780833

Item 275European Chemical News73, No.1919, 24th-30th July 2000, p.18-9INDUSTRY TAKES THE INITIATIVE ON PVCJohnston S

The European Commission’s “horizontal study” on PVCwas welcomed by the PVC industry when it wasannounced three years ago. Industry saw it as a chance toconsolidate information on PVC in a conclusive form.The Commission identified areas which it felt requiredfurther study and commissioned consultants to carry outfive studies. However, the ECVM says it was surprisedto discover these were all waste management studies.ECVM decided to pre-empt any future command and



control action by the Commission by implementing avoluntary approach to improve the environmentalperformance of PVC. The voluntary commitment includesa commitment to mechanically recycle 25% of all PVCpipes, fittings and window frames by 2003 and 50% by2005.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONWESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.780190

Item 276Macromolecular SymposiaVol.152, March 2000, p.201-10RE-STABILISATION OF RECYCLEDPOLYMERSLa Mantia F PPalermo,University

The results are reported of a study of the influence ofstabilisers and antioxidants (Irganox B900 and SandostabP-EPQ) on the rheological and mechanical properties ofrecycled PP and PVC. The effects of the number ofreprocessing operations, reprocessing conditions,molecular parameters of the polymers and the type andcontent of stabilisers on the properties of the recycledpolymers are discussed. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778697

Item 277Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering39, No.3, 2000, p.567-650KINETIC ASPECTS OF AGEING OFPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE-BASED POLYMERMATERIALSZaikov G E; Gumargalieva K Z; Pokholok T V;Moiseev Y V; Zaikov V GRussian Academy of Sciences

The results of the complex study of samples of plasticisedPVC subjected to ageing under model and climaticconditions or being in use for a long time (from 15 to 30years at 253-301 K) studied by various techniques andthe mechanism of their ageing are presented. Usingthermogravimetric, chromatographic, UV and IRspectroscopic techniques, gel permeationchromatography, mercury porosimetry and techniques formeasuring mechanical strength properties of the materials(e.g. tensile strength and strain), it is shown that the serviceand functional properties of plasticised PVC are lost as aresult of diffusion-controlled desorption of a plasticiseror other additives. Information about the ageing conditionscan be derived from the experimental time histories ofthe weight loss or additive depletion in the course offunctioning of PVC samples or their exposure to differentimpacts. These experimental data are used to formulate amathematical description of the ageing process in these

systems and to predict the lifetime of such materials inuse. 134 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.778055

Item 278Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology6, No.2, June 2000, p.80-7TIO2 PIGMENT STRUCTURE AND KINETICSOF PVC WEATHERINGGesenhues U; Hocken JSachtleben Chemie GmbH

The influences of doping the core of TiO2 pigments withAl2O3 and of various inorganic surface modifications onthe rate of PVC weathering are investigated. The kineticsof loss of gloss are transformed into photooxidation ratesby using Weibull statistics of failure, and a scheme oftwo consecutive reactions is fitted to the intermediatelosses of brightness observed for the most photoactivepigments. When Ca/Zn stabilisers in PVC are exchangedfor Pb stabilisers, gloss degradation rate doubles, and theenergetic spread of irradiation defects broadens. Noindications for specific interactions between pigment andstabiliser are found. 38 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778023

Item 279Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology6, No.2, June 2000, p.69-79TOWARDS THE PREDICTION OF PINKING OFPVC PROFILES IN MILD CLIMATICCONDITIONSLemaire J; Siampiringue N; Chaigneau R; Delprat R;Parmeland G; Dabin P; Spriet CCNEP; Elf Atochem SA; Huntsman Tioxide

Pinking of TiO2-pigmented PVC can be observed forprofiles exposed to the mild environmental conditions ofNorth European countries. The pinking phenomenon isaccounted for at the molecular level by the formation ofpolyene sequences not completely photooxidativelybleached under conditions of oxygen starvation.Photoreduction of TiO2 to give Ti(III) species accountsfor greying which cannot be converted into pinking undermild thermooxidative conditions (65 deg.C). The polyenicsequences which account for an initial greying after briefexposure in the SEPAP 12.24 apparatus can be convertedinto shorter, modified polyene sequences which explainthe pinking. From the basic understanding gained, apredictive test is designed and validated by comparisonwith results obtained under natural exposure conditions.15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778022



Item 280Journal of Cellular Plastics36, No.2, March/April 2000, p.148-57MICROCELLULAR PVC FOAM FOR THINWALL PROFILEVanvuchelen J; Perugini C; Deweerdt M; Chen L;Burnham TDumaplast Extrusion; Trexel Inc.

The production of PVC foam having excellent toughnesswithout the addition of impact modifier usingmicrocellular foam technology is described. Theimportance of proper gelation prior to supercritical fluidinjection and proper cell nucleation and growth controlis highlighted and the roles of screw design and processconditions in achieving microcellular structure areindicated. (SPE Foams ’99 Conference, 19-20 Oct.,Parsippany, New Jersey). 6 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777388

Item 281Journal of Cellular Plastics36, No.2, March/April 2000, p.126-47COMPOUND MECHANISM OF THE ENDO-EXOTHERMIC + OR - BALANCED BLOWINGAGENTZhou Q; Wei Ping G; Wu J; Wang J; Zhen H Y; Wu QQingdao,Institute of Chemical Technology

The results are reported of an investigation into theformulation of endo-exothermic blowing agents aimedat controlling the rate of gas evolution and heat ofdecomposition during the extrusion of PVC foams. Thedecomposition features of NaHCO3/citric acid and themechanism of strong exothermic H2N-CON=NOCNH2are discussed as are the properties of endo-exothermicand exo-endothermic blowing agents and the density andtensile strength of rigid PVC foams produced in aBrabender extruder. 6 refs.CHINA

Accession no.777387

Item 282ENDS ReportNo.303, April 2000, p.29-31WASTE PROBLEMS LOOM LARGER FOR PVC

This article presents details of the gloomy picture of theenvironmental impacts associated with PVC waste whichhas been painted by four PVC waste management studiescarried out for the European Commission. The studiescover mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling,behaviour in landfill, and the influence of PVC onincinerator flue gas cleaning residues.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.777317

Item 283Revista de Plasticos Modernos78, No.522, Dec.1999, p.699-708SpanishNEW MINERAL FILLERS FOR COMPOUNDSUSED IN THE INSULATION OF ELECTRICCABLESHidalgo M; Sanchez MYesos Ibericos

Oparex 15 calcined calcium sulphate (Yesos Ibericos) wasevaluated as a filler in plasticised PVC cable insulationcompounds in comparison with two grades of calciumcarbonate. Improvements were observed in tensile,electrical and low temperature properties, flammabilityand heat ageing characteristics and chemical resistancefor calcium sulphate filled compounds, while nosignificant differences in water absorption and hydrolysiswere noted. Studies of rheological properties showedimproved processability in mixing and extrusion trials.

URALITAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.776778

Item 284Polymer41, No.15, 2000, p.5577-82SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PVC FILMS INSOLVENT-NON-SOLVENT MIXTURESSacristan J; Reinecke H; Mijangos CInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

Suitable reaction conditions for the selective surfacemodification of PVC films with sodium azide and aminothiophenol were investigated. While the use of a phasetransfer agent made it possible for the nucleophilicsubstitution reaction to occur, the morphology of the filmwas changed by the reaction, leading to a loss in bothsurface smoothness and transparency of the film.Performing the reaction in mixtures of a good and a non-solvent for PVC modification, on the other hand, tookplace in a controlled manner and the film remained bothsmooth and transparent. The degree of modification couldbe varied as a function of time, of temp. and of the solvent/non-solvent ratio used in the reaction. The determinationof the overall degree of modification of films of differentthickness allowed conclusions to be drawn about thesurface selectivity of the reaction. The reaction withsodium azide appeared to occur homogeneously throughthe film, while the use of amino thiophenol led to apolymer film which was preferentially modified at thesurface. 16 refs.



EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.776307

Item 285Polymer Degradation and Stability68, No.2, 2000, p.253-9VISCOSITY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITHTHE CHEMICALLY INDUCED CROSSLINKINGOF PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDEMEASURED BY PARALLEL PLATE TORQUERHEOMETRY: INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUMAND BARIUM MERCAPTIDESRosales-Jasso A; Arias G; Rodriguez O S; Allen N SCentro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplicada;Manchester,Metropolitan University

The chemical crosslinking of PVC induced by metallicmercaptides (Ba and Mg salts of 2-dibutylamino-4,6-dithio-1,3,5-triazine) combined with various thermalstabiliser combinations (calcium/zinc and barium/zincstearates) is examined by parallel plate and torquerheometry and gel formation. The extent of crosslinkingis determined by measuring the solvent (tetrahydrofuran)insoluble gel content. The crosslinking reaction, asmeasured by torque and parallel plate rheometry, showsthat the magnesium salt of the 2-dibutylamino-4,6-dithio-1,3,5-triazine is more effective than the barium salt incrosslinking the PVC. In combination with metalstearates, the Ca/Zn stearates give shorter induction timesthan their Ba/Zn analogues, i.e. the stabilisers are lesseffective in inhibiting crosslinking. The data are discussedwith a view to the development of appropriate stabiliser/sensitiser packages for PVC with a window that allowseffective process stabilisation coupled with post-crosslinking. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MEXICO; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.776031

Item 286Polymer Degradation and Stability68, No.2, 2000, p.185-96INFLUENCE OF TITANIUM DIOXIDEPIGMENTS ON THE PHOTODEGRADATION OFPOLYVINYL CHLORIDEGesenhues USachtleben Chemie GmbH

A nanocrystalline rutile powder, an anatase white pigmentand a photoactive as well as a photostable rutile pigmentare examined for their influence on the photodegradationof PVC, compared to blanc fixe as an inert filler. By UV-vis spectroscopy, the intermediate transfer of oxygen fromthe TiO2 surface to the polymer is proved. From the glosslosses during dry irradiation and full weathering, by theWeibull statistical model of failure the rates of PVCphotooxidation are calculated. So for each TiO2 pigment

the individual balance of UV-protective and photocatalyticproperties can be quantified. Gloss losses are correlatedwith surface roughness measurements and electronmicroscopic images to elucidate the underlyingmorphological changes. In dry irradiation, thephotooxidation of PVC comes to a standstill when theirradiation intensity is reduced by only 50%. Thus thespace of UV-protective influence around a rutile pigmentparticle is much larger than its ideal UV extinction spherecalculated from electromagnetic theory. 27 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.776024

Item 287Advances in Plastics Technology. Conferenceproceedings.Katowice, Poland, 16th-18th Nov.1999, paper 9NEW GENERATION CPE MODIFIER FOR PVCWINDOW PROFILESKim A; Gerlach DDuPont Dow Elastomers SA(Poland,Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry)

PVC is an outstanding material for the production of rigidextruded goods, such as pipes or profiles. However due,to its high glass transition temperature, it has shortcomingsin impact strength. It has therefore to be modified toprovide impact strength at ambient and low temperature.Impact modifiers provide consistently ductile behaviourover a broad temperature range. The requirements forimpact strength depend on the end use - there are weightdrop or slow fracture toughness tests for pipes, andnotched (fast) impact tests for window profiles. Additionalneeds for outdoor use are weathering and ageing stability- in particular the maintenance of colour, gloss, and impactstrength over extended periods. Last but not least, theprocessor seeks products with sufficient processinglatitude - products which are easy to formulate and runreliably on a wide range of extruders and tools. A shortoverview is given of principles and mechanisms of impactmodification. The different products used are discussedand positioned, and the possibilities for chlorinated PE(CPE), a product growing strongly in the profile industry,are expanded upon. 5 refs.SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.775955

Item 288Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia9, No.4, Oct./Dec.1999, p.195-200PortugueseRECYCLING OF PVC IN BRAZILPiva A M; Wiebeck H; Neto M BSao Paulo,Escola Politecnico; Instituto do PVC

The practicalities of recycling PVC are considered. It ispointed out that Brazilian recycling technology is slightly



different from traditional recycling and, as a result,alternative procedures for recycling are required in orderto avoid devaluation of the recycled end product. 15 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.774214

Item 289Kunststoffe Plast Europe90, No.3, March 2000, p.31-4English; GermanDOUBLE SLUSHBouwman B; Klein B; Wolfgramm PLimburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV/SA; PeguformGmbH

The double slush technique offers added service value,such as ageing resistance, passive safety, weight savingsand the recycling of production waste in the sameapplication. The Audi A2 now marks the first productioncar to have come onto the market with an instrument panelsurface developed according to this technology. 3 refs.Translated form Kunstoffe Vol.90 No.3, 2000, p.114-7.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.771750

Item 290Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.83-7HIGH PERFORMANCE ACRYLIC PROCESSAID FOR PVCNishimura R; Silbermann J; Nakanishi YKaneka Texas Corp.; Kaneka Corp.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Functions of acrylic process aid with extremely highmolecular weight are discussed from a rheological pointof view. Besides conventional ideas of fusion promotionand melt viscosity/elasticity enhancement, long polymerchain of process aid plays an important role in formingand maintaining polymer chain entanglement structureand contributes to improve several process performances.Unique test methods are adopted to estimate the effect ofchain entanglement to the molten state of PVC, and theresult is compared to observed process behaviours. 5 refs.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.769502

Item 291Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.52-8ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF LIQUIDMIXED-METAL PVC STABILISERDEVELOPMENTBurley J WAkzo Nobel Resins BV(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Concerns over worker safety, processing emissions andfinished product acceptability continue to drive newproduct development in this area. Western Europe hasled these initiatives; however, there are now signs thatthe USA marketplace is changing in order to conformwith these environmental trends. Technological aspectsof the replacement of cadmium in liquid stabilisers andthe reduction of volatile constituents and phenol in thesematerials is reviewed. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.769497

Item 292Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.48-51NEW LOW PLATE OUT RIGID PVCLUBRICANT SYSTEM TO MEET THEPROCESSING CHALLENGES OF TODAY’SHIGH-OUTPUT EXTRUSION PROCESSDecker R W; Falter J AHenkel Corp.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Advancements in processing equipment have forcedchanges in PVC compounds. While these compounds runthe gamut of complexity in terms of additives, thefundamental requirement of a stabiliser and lubricantsystem to facilitate processing still exists. Today’sprocessor is challenged to use these additives to maximisethe investment in equipment while producing a highquality product. Current challenges are related to outputrate and achieving longer run times by reducing plate out.A new lubricant system is developed with improvedcompatibility to reduce the tendency to plate-out, providea more efficient lubricating effect, and allow fasterextrusion speeds compared to conventional lubricantsystems. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.769496

Item 293Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.42-7ROLE OF PVC IN THE RESOURCE RECOVERYOF HYDROCARBONS FROM MIXED PLASTICWASTES BY PYROLYSISDay M; Shabnavard L; Touchette-Barrette C;Sheehan S E; Cooney J DCanada,National Research Council(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

The pyrolysis products obtained from a variety of mixedplastics containing PVC are investigated. Whilehydrochloric acid is the major chlorinated productproduced by PVC pyrolysis, other chlorinatedhydrocarbons are produced. However, the compositionand yield of these compounds are very much dependentupon the other polymers present in the plastic mixture. In



the case of a polymeric waste stream containing inorganicfillers, such as calcium carbonate, the HCl produced bythe PVC can be neutralised in situ, leading to theproduction of inorganic chlorides, alleviating many of theconcerns associated with HCl formation. 9 refs.CANADA

Accession no.769495

Item 294Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.32-7USE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE TO ENHANCETHE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID VINYLPRODUCTSCallhoun A; Bradshaw R W; Mobley G; Prince JECC International Inc.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Historically, the use of calcium carbonate in PVCapplications has been driven by a desire to cut formulationcosts. The concept of calcium carbonate as a filler is stillstrongly held by many purchasers of carbonate. However,the leaders in the mineral industry have shifted their focusfrom supplying standard products as fillers to supplyingfunctional additives engineered to meet customer needs.In working to meet this goal a great deal of energy hasbeen exerted to identify what effects calcium carbonatehas on the final properties of rigid vinyl products. It isdiscovered that two application properties are integrallydependent on the form of the calcium carbonate: impactstrength and fusion time/torque.USA

Accession no.769493

Item 295Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.13-7ACID ABSORBERS AS PVC COSTABILISERSGrossman R FHammond Group,Halstab Div.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

It is well known that acid acceptors such as hydrotalciteand zeolite have stabiliser value in PVC and otherhalogenated polymers. In ‘test tube’ reactions, thesematerials react with aqueous HCl at about the same rateas CaCO3 or Mg(OH)2, that is, essentiallyinstantaneously. In polymeric matrices, however, the fatteradditives have very little stabilising effect and are at bestsecondary stabilisers. It has been suggested that acidabsorbers that are effective as stabilisers form additioncomplexes at degrading sites, tending to deactivate suchsites and to capture catalytic, highly mobile HCl beforeelimination of further HCl can occur. That is, thatstabilisers have coordinating properties that enable theirbeing at the right place at the right time, at least to a fargreater extent than common, acid-reactive fillers. Whenused as a primary stabiliser, additives such as hydrotalcite

and zeolite (and certain others) provide stabilitycomparable to, for example, barium stearate. That is,process stability is long, but colour hold poor. This hasbeen corrected in practice by combination with zinccarboxylates. The effect has been to treat the acid absorberas if it were a barium or calcium component of a mixedmetal stabiliser. Acid absorbers coated with zinccarboxylates are useful in flexible PVC compounds wherethe application has rather modest stabiliser demand, e.g.cove base extrusion. They are also widely availablecostabilisers for organotin mercaptides in rigid PVC.7 refs.USA

Accession no.769490

Item 296Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.1-7VINYL RECYCLING: THE (UNTIL NOW)UNTOLD STORYWisner DGeon Co.Inc.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Much has been reported over the last several years aboutthe declining state of plastics recycling. Vinyl, inparticular, has been singled out as lagging behind otherplastics in recycling rates. Processors’ difficulties inrecycling vinyl bottles and other post-consumer packaginghave led some to allege that vinyl is ‘unrecyclable’ withoutfurther investigating the obstacles. In 1998, the VinylInstitute and the Chlorine Chemistry Councilcommissioned a comprehensive study of the state of vinylrecycling. The goals were to confirm the amount of vinylactually being recycled, probe allegations of low vinylrecycling rates, and identify obstacles to and opportunitiesfor increased vinyl recycling. That research report, ‘Post-Industrial and Post-consumer Vinyl Reclaim: MaterialFlow and Uses in North America’, was issued by theconsulting firm Principia Partners. The results of the firstphase of research, conducted from February to April 1998,were presented at Vinyltec ’98. This initial researchfocused on post-industrial vinyl recycling. The secondphase of research, conducted in September and November1998, expanded the study’s focus to post-use and post-consumer recycling. This more complete analysiscompared vinyl to the other plastic resins in applicationareas commonly evaluated by traditional recycling ratestudies - bottles and other post-consumer packaging.USA

Accession no.769488

Item 297ENDS ReportNo.302, March 2000, p.44PARLIAMENT TARGETS PVC IN VOTE ONINCINERATION DIRECTIVE



Amendments to the draft EC Directive on the incinerationof PVC are outlined. The European Parliament voted totighten emission levels for new cement kilns co-incinerating waste, and reduced by one year the proposedexemptions for existing cement kilns burning less thanthree tonnes of waste per hour. These would have to beupgraded by January 2007 rather than January 2008 aspreviously agreed. Also agreed was an amendment whichwould require incinerator operators to take steps to removelarge PVC items from the waste stream. Otheramendments relating to the combustion of fibrous wasteare indicated.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.768077

Item 298Modern Plastics International30, No.2, Feb.2000, p.93COLOURED PVC COMPOUNDS HOLDSTRONG PROMISE IN EXTERIOR PROFILEAPPLICATIONS

Rainbow compounds from Solvay are said to overcomeproblems associated with compounds used to date forcoloured PVC profiles. The all-PVC compounds are costcompetitive and maintain colour and mechanicalproperties for years regardless of weather conditions. Theapproach involves coextruding a UV-resistant colouredPVC skin on a base profile of low-cost PVC containingno UV stabilisers. The low IR absorption rate of the skinreduces thermal deformation of the profile by hinderingheat accumulation on the profile.

SOLVAY SABELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766820

Item 299Rheologica Acta39, No.1, Jan.2000, p.80-96NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EXTRUSION OFS-PVC FORMULATIONS IN A CAPILLARYRHEOMETERGlomsaker T; Hinrichsen E L; Irgens F; Thorsteinsen PNorwegian University of Science & Technology;SINTEF Materials Technology; Hydro PolymersNordic

A study was made of the ability of viscoelastic models todescribe the measured material functions of unplasticisedPVC during extrusion and to determine whether it waspossible to reproduce the elastic properties of the largeentrance pressure drop and small extrudate swell duringthe extrusion of PVC using a capillary rheometer. Modelsused were the Phan-Thien and Tanner model and the K-BKZ-Wagner model with a single exponential damping

function. Tests were carried out on two PVC formulationshaving different morphologies and gelatinisation. 49 refs.NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.766482

Item 300Polymer Engineering and Science40, No.1, Jan. 2000, p.1-10WALL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION INTHERMOFORMED FOOD CONTAINERSPRODUCED BY A BENCO ASEPTICPACKAGING MACHINEAyhan Z; Zhang Q HOhio,State University

The effects of process parameters such as formingtemperature, forming air pressure and heating time onwall thickness distribution in plug-assisted thermoformedfood containers were investigated. The optimum operatingconditions of the packaging machine for thethermoforming process are discussed. Data are presentedfor high impact PS, LDPE, and PVC. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.766399

Item 301Journal of Applied Medical Polymers3, No.2, Winter 1999, p.44-9RADIATION STERILISATION COMPATIBILITYOF MEDICAL PACKAGING MATERIALSShang S; Ling M T K; Westphal S P; Woo LBaxter Healthcare Corp.

The gamma sterilisation compatibility for three medicalpackaging materials is examined. Techniques used includethermal analysis, physical testing, optical propertyevaluations and failure analysis. For a variety of PVCformulations, gamma radiation often leads todiscolouration. This results from conjugated poly-enesequences formed through dehydrohalogenationdegradation during ionising radiation. In addition tounacceptable colour formation, excessive pH shifts andhigh extractables are often observed. For most polyolefins,radiation is found to deplete the antioxidant packageleading to discolouration and/or mechanical failures. ForPPs, the degradation can lead to the well-publicisedcatastrophic failures during post radiation shelf lifestorage. These examples and methods to ensure radiationcompatibility and shelf life stability are presented. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.764996

Item 302Polymer Degradation and Stability67, No.2, Feb.2000, p.285-90CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF RIGID PVC BYOXYGEN OXIDATION IN NAOH SOLUTIONS



AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURESYoshioka T; Furukawa K; Okuwaki ATohoku,University

Rigid PVC pellets were subjected to oxidative degradationwith oxygen in 1 to 25 mol/kg-H2O sodium hydroxidesolutions at 150 to 260C in order to establish thefundamental conditions necessary for recycling wastePVC using a novel method. The effects of reactionconditions on weight loss, weight loss kinetics and productyield and distribution were investigated. Majordecomposition products were identified as oxalic acid, amixture of benzenecarboxylic acids and carbon dioxide.The possibility of converting PVC into raw materials, suchas carboxylic acids, by chemical recycling is considered.32 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.760988

Item 303Polymer Testing19, No.1, 2000, p.27-41DEVELOPMENT OF A MACHINE FOR THESTRETCHING OF POLYMERSHitt D J; Gilbert M; Marfell MLoughborough,University; Avon Technical Products

The stretching mechanism of an equal biaxial stretchingmachine was modified. Tests with plasticised PVCshowed that the machine could produce oriented sheetsunder different stretching modes - uniaxial (constantwidth), simultaneous (equal and unequal) biaxial andsequential. If plasticised PVC was biaxially oriented tothe same draw ratios by different stretching modes, similarenhancements of mechanical properties occurred. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760936

Item 304Plastics Additives and Compounding1, No.5, Oct.1999, p.5TOY INDUSTRY COMMITTED TO TEST SOFTPVC TOYS

This article briefly describes new Dutch and UK testmethods for measuring the migration of phthalateplasticisers in PVC toys. Companies Hasbro and Mattelhave already adopted these methods. The Toy Industriesof Europe organisation hopes that the new test methodswill eventually lead to a common method within the EUto ensure the safety of toys and child care items to reassureconsumers, and hopes that their use will spread to othermember states.

TOY INDUSTRIES OF EUROPE; HASBRO;MATTELEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.759093

Item 305Analytical Chemistry71, No.19, 1st Oct.1999, p.4313-20MICROSTRUCTURE OF ION-SELECTIVEPLASTICISED PVC MEMBRANES STUDIED BYSMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERINGYe Q; Borbely S; Horvai GBudapest,Technical University; Budapest,ResearchInstitute for Solid State Physics & Optics

The microstructure of plasticised PVC membranes in thedry state and during the process of soaking in heavy wateris studied by small-angle neutron scattering. In the drymembrane, inhomogeneities are found. The membranestructure is well described by a polydisperse hardspheremodel. The mean diameter of the dispersed sphericalinhomogeneities is ~6 nm, smaller than the estimateddimension of a single statistically curled PVC polymerchain in the membrane. The values of the best-fitparameters and their change with membrane compositionsuggest that the particles consist of unplasticised PVC,probably in the crystalline state. Type of plasticiser,plasticiser content and addition of a lipophilic salt arefound to significantly influence water uptake. Wateruptake does not change the microstructure due to theoriginal (i.e. dry state) inhomogeneities in the membranes.29 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY

Accession no.759006

Item 306Info Chimie MagazineNo.411, Sept.1999, p.128-9FrenchTREATMENT OF WASTES: ELIMINATION OFCHLORINE IN WASTE THERMOLYSISFontana A; Laurent P; Jung C G; Gehrmann J;Beckmann MUniversite Libre de Bruxelles; ClausthalerUmwelttechnik-Institut GmbH

Results are presented of studies of the thermolysis ofPVC-containing wastes in which calcium carbonate,calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodiumhydrogen carbonate were used for the capture of chlorine.2 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758765

Item 307Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings.Prague, 27th-19th Oct.1999, paper 20, pp.5CYANOACRYLATES AS UV ABSORBERS FORSPECIALITY PLASTICSTrauth H; Krockenberger JBASF AG(RAPRA Technology Ltd.)



Chemical structures, thermal degradation behaviour andlight absorption spectra are shown for ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate (Uvinul 3035), 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate (Uvinol 3039) and 3-bis((2-cyano-3,3'-diphenylacryloyl)oxy)2,2-bis-(2-cyano-3’3-diphenylacryloyl)oxyl)methyl)propane (Uvinol 3030) UVstabilisers from BASF. Molecular structures are shownfor a range of stabilisers. Results (yellowness index,DECIE and retained TS) are shown graphically for theageing up to 6000 hours of polycarbonate sheets,polycarbonate films, ABS, plasticised PVC, rigid PVC,pigmented polyamide and PETP fibres containing variousstabilisation systems including the above cyanoacrylates.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758478

Item 308Addcon World ’99. Conference proceedings.Prague, 27th-19th Oct.1999, paper 19, pp.6INCREASING ROLE OF ORGANIC CO-STABILISERS IN PVC STABILISATIONMellor M T J; Harvey H B; Schmets G H FAkcros Chemicals BV(RAPRA Technology Ltd.)

The stabilisation process by heavy metal-free systems,including co-stabilisers is explained briefly and resultsare given for stabilisation systems that contain stearoylbenzoylmethane, dibenzoylmethane, dehydroacetic acidand the pyrrolidine-2,4-diones (P24D organic costabilisersfrom Akcros Chemicals). Results (colour generation,whiteness index and yellowness index) are given for bothoven ageing (95C) and mill ageing (180C). Themechanism of stabilisation by P24D, including thegrafting of the co-stabiliser to the backbone, is givenparticular attention. Patents are cited on the use of uracilcompounds, e.g. 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil, 6-amino-1,3-dipropyluracil and 6-amino-1,3-dibutyluracil, ascompounds that do not need zinc salts to catalyse theirstabilisation mechanism. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758477

Item 309Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites.Conference Proceedings.London, 16th-17th March 1999, p.185-92PLASTICS PIPELINE JOINTING METHODS INTHE UTILITIESHill D JDurapipe Ltd.(Institution of Mechanical Engineers)

Techniques used by the gas and water industries to joinand repair pipelines are discussed. The main jointingmethods for PE, PP, rigid PVC, ABS and GRP are listed.

Listed too are the main techniques for welding andmechanical joints. Detailed descriptions and evaluationsare given of butt fusion, electrofusion socket welding,spigot and socket jointing (with elastomeric O-rings orlip seals as sealing means) and flange adaptors. It ispointed out that techniques used at installation are notalways suitable for repairing pipes. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758456

Item 310ENDS ReportNo.299, Dec.1999, p.47-8EC SCIENTIFIC ADVISERS FAIL TO STOP BANON PHTHALATES IN PVC TOYS

An immediate ban on phthalates used in soft PVC toysintended to be chewed or sucked by children under threehas been agreed by EC Member State representatives on1 December. The measure was only adopted followingdisagreement between the European Commission and itsscientific advisers about where the boundary lies betweenrisk assessment and risk management. Details are givenof the discussions involved.

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.757682

Item 311Polymer Recycling4, No.1, 1999, p.1-11SEPARATION OF PETP FROM PVC USINGCOLUMN FLOTATIONRead S J; Lees G C; Hurst S JManchester,Metropolitan University

A mixed granulate produced from PETP and PVC post-consumer bottles has been separated using the technologyof column flotation. The aqueous separation medium pHand surfactant concentration were optimised with respectto separation efficiency, using Response Surface Methods.The study has shown that column flotation could be usedto give close to 100% separation of PVC from PETP in asingle operation. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.756659

Item 312Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.3, Sept.1999, p.137-42RIGID PVC FORMULATION OPTIMISATIONUSING SEQUENTIAL SIMPLEXBerard M TDuPont Dow Elastomers LLC



A rigid PVC formulation is optimised for processingwindow and cost using sequential simplex techniques incombination with desirability functions. This optimisationis performed on seven of the ten ingredients from a‘standard’ siding compound with a relatively limitednumber of experiments. The processing window contourmapping technique is used to evaluate the effects offormulation changes. This is combined with theformulation cost by using desirability functions to givean overall response for the simplex to optimise. The basicmechanics of sequential simplex and desirability functionsare described along with the results of the optimisation.6 refs.USA

Accession no.755489

Item 313Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.3, Sept.1999, p.132-6EFFECT OF LUBRICANTS ON PROCESSING. I.DETECTION BY PVC MELT FLOWRiley D WExtrusion Engineers

It has been known for decades molecular structuralchanges in the processing of PVC can be detected by usingASTM D 3364 (PVC Melt Flow Test). It has been realisedthat this test can detect small changes in the ingredientsas well. Through a special design of experiment, the effectof three lubricants on extrusion of dry blends of PVC(with and without calcium stearate) is investigated. Theeffects of extrusion on extruded pellets are also studiedas part of this design. To detect the changes in lubricity,the ASTM D 3364 techniques are modified to includenew higher pressures on the ram as well as other revisions.It is shown how the various lubricants at differingconcentrations and types can alter the PVC melt flow testresults and imply differences in processing. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.755488

Item 314Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.3, Sept.1999, p.116-24CONTRIBUTION OF FLOW DEFORMATION TOTHE SHRINKAGE OF INJECTION MOULDEDPVCHarrell E R; Elleithy R H; McFarland C A; Summers J WPolymer Diagnostics Inc.; Geon Co.

The viscoelastic nature of PVC cannot be ignored duringthe injection moulding process. Strains imposed on thecompound during the injection stage display recoverydynamics that are indicative of the temperature at whichthe strains are imposed. A mathematical model, employing‘approximate’ time-temperature modulus relationships,provide the basis for interpreting the shrinkage data. Adistribution map of the various relative temperatures

attained within the part during injection is determined.6 refs.USA

Accession no.755486

Item 315Polymer Engineering and Science39, No.9, Sept.1999, p.1710-6DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF APOLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) TUBE BYMANDREL DRAWINGUlas IMitsubishi Chemical Corp.

Biaxial mechanical properties of products produced bydrawing over an expanding mandrel are found to beclosely associated with the imposed axial and hoop drawratio. An attempt is made to further understanding of thedeformation behaviour and related mechanicalimprovements in a processed PVC tube and it is shownthat behaviour is controlled by the polymer networkstructure. The effect of post-mandrel bath cooling onproduct straightness, spring-back and thicknessdistribution is investigated, and it is shown that bathcooling greatly improves the quality and integrity of theproduct. 20 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.755465

Item 316Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine10, No.9, Sept.1999, p.527-31BLOOD INTERACTIONS WITH PLASTICIZEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE): RELEVANCE OFPLASTICIZER SELECTIONYin H Q; Zhao X B; Courtney J M; Blass C R; West R H;Lowe G D OStrathclyde,University; Hydro Polymers Ltd.; CSMALtd.; Glasgow,Royal Infirmary

A study has been carried out on the interactions of bloodwith plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) biomaterials in atubular form. The influence of different factors such asthe biomaterial, antithrombotic agent, blood condition andthe nature of the application is represented whenconsidering the blood response in the clinical utilisationof the plasticised PVC. The PVC was plasticised with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and tri-(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TEHTM)and in-vitro and ex-vivoprocedures used to study the biomaterial with respect tothe selection of the plasticiser. The blood response wasmeasured in terms of the measurement of fibrinogenadsorption capacity, thrombin-antithrombin III complexand the complement component C3a. X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy was used for surface characterisation of thepolymers and the data obtained indicated that incomparison with DEHP-PVC, there is a higher reactivity



for TEHTM-PVC, which correlates with the plasticiserdistribution at the polymer surface. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.751990

Item 317Plastics News(USA)11, No.33, 4th Oct.1999, p.3/59HEALTHCARE GROUP ARGUES AGAINST PVCSAFETY FINDINGSToloken S

Health Care Without Harm claims that a report by formerSurgeon General C. Everett Koop misrepresents scientificevidence. HCWH contends that Koop’s panel selectivelyused data about the health effects of phthalates leachingfrom PVC and questions the intellectual honesty of Koop’sreport. HCWH is leading the charge to get rid of PVC inmedical devices.

HEALTH CARE WITHOUT HARMUSA

Accession no.749320

Item 318PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.451-8WATER DILUTABLE SECONDARYSTABILISERS IN THE SUSPENSIONPOLYMERISATION OF PVCPrince K DHarlow Chemical Co.Ltd.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

One of the continuing trends in the development ofsuperior quality suspension PVC (S-PVC) resin has beenthe need to impart higher grain porosity, facilitatingimproved VCM removal and faster, more uniform,plasticiser uptake. To achieve this, PVC producers haveadopted the use of specific secondary suspending agents,traditionally in the form of low-hydrolysis, low molecularweight PVOHs. Low-hydrolysis PVOHs are insoluble inwater, and as such have to be supplied as alcohol oralcohol-rich solutions, typically in methanol. The use ofmethanol presents safety and environmental hazardsrelating to its particular toxicity and flammability. Theseconcerns led to the development, during the 1980s, ofwater-based secondary suspending agents, with a lowmethanol content, typically at 55% hydrolysis. ThesePVOHs remained for a long time the optimum hydrolysisat which a stable, aqueous product could be supplied,whilst imparting good PVC grain porosity. Even so, incertain S-PVC formulations, aqueous-based 55%hydrolysed secondaries were failing to achieve the samehigh porosity levels as the solvent-based systems,typically with hydrolysis levels below 50%. The recentdevelopment of a lower hydrolysis, water soluble, fullydilutable grade, named Alcotex WD30, has provided the

ideal solution, giving all the advantages of both secondarysystems. It is demonstrated, using experimental designsoftware, that such a water-based, modified secondary,of 45-50% hydrolysis, is the optimum product forproducing high porosity PVC, with an acceptable grainsize, in conjunction with a 72.5% hydrolysed PVOH asprimary. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747919

Item 319PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.441-50CROSSLINKING OF RIGID PVCGilbert M; Garcia-Quesada J cLoughborough,University; Alicante,University(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Crosslinking of PVC can result in the improvement of anumber of properties, particularly at elevatedtemperatures. In the 1990s there has been renewed interestin the chemical crosslinking of PVC, with most workfocusing on plasticised compounds. Two methods, whichhave been studied in some detail, are the use of silanesand to a lesser extent, peroxides. Work has shown thatboth systems can produce successful crosslinkableformulations. The requirements of these, which are tosome extent conflicting, are adequate gel content (i.e. %crosslinked polymer), adequate thermal stability and theavoidance of premature crosslinking during processing.Less attention has been devoted to the chemicalcrosslinking of rigid PVC, where achieving the aboverequirements is considerably more difficult. The mostsignificant work is that of Kelnar and Schatz who reportedthe crosslinking of rigid PVC using mercaptosilanes. Itwas shown that high levels of crosslinking could beachieved in the presence of basic lead salts, although nocomment was made on the thermal stability of thecompounds produced, despite the fact that reducedthermal stability was implied. Crosslinking of rigid PVCwas shown to be slower than for plasticised PVC, an effectattributed to the reduced diffusion of water required tohydrolyse the silane in the rigid material. In this work,the possibility of using aminosilanes and peroxides tocrosslink rigid PVC is investigated. The effects of differentthermal stabilisers are also studied. 14 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747918

Item 320PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.398-409COLOURING CA/ZN STABILISED PVCDittes MBASF AG



(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

An objective view of the issues concerning lead chromatepigments and their replacements is presented. Anoverview of organic and inorganic pigments is given. Thisknowledge is important in order to be able to substituteheavy metal pigments with economic and technicallysuitable alternatives. Some alternatives are described andtheir costs compared. Practical examples of leadsubstitution are explained. This is followed by importantfindings about colouring PVCs that use different stabilisersystems. The main findings from a comparison of theweathering resistance of Pb- and Ba/Cd-stabilised PVCwith Ca/Zn-stabilised PVC are outlined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747913

Item 321PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.388-97PERFORMANCE OF POLYMERIC CARRIERBASED COLOURANT SYSTEMS IN RIGID PVCEXTRUSIONSmith N; Matthey JJohnson Matthey Pigments & Dispersions(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

The effects of using dry pigments, wax dispersions andpolymeric dispersions to colour rigid PVC, particularlyfor window profile, pipe and rainwater applications arereviewed. Pigment dispersions of this type havetraditionally been based on low melting point waxes oron PVC masterbatches, but recent developments have ledto novel PVC free polymeric dispersions. Work carriedout at Loughborough University has demonstrated thatimpact strength is a function of fusion level. Wa- baseddispersions have been shown to have lubricatingproperties that can have adverse effects on fusion level.The new polymeric dispersions minimise this effect. Workcarried out on a small-scale twin-screw extrusion linecoupled to a torque rheometer for rheological datacollection and process control is described. Subsequentimpact data is gathered on the samples produced and usedto quantify the effects of the dispersion systems withrespect to impact testing used within the PVC industry.Results demonstrate that it is possible to use trends foundin the laboratory to scale up to production plant, thusproving the validity of the laboratory scale trials. Thepolymeric-based dispersions studied differ from wax-based dispersions by their inherently elastic nature. Thisin turn has an effect on the melt rheology and degree ofgelation of the PVC. Consequently, patents have beenapplied for covering the manufacture and use of thesenew polymer based dispersions. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747912

Item 322PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.370-6NEW GENERATION OF LEAD-FREESTABILISERS - NON-DUSTING MELTPRODUCTSSchiller M; Zuschnig G; Egger A; Videler CChemson Polymer Additive GmbH(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

During the last decade, lead-free PVC stabilisers haveassumed a higher significance through increasingecological awareness. As a consequence, advancedproducts, new delivery forms and new technologies arein demand. The natural choice for the new range ofenvironmentally-friendly stabilisers was therefore basedon calcium and zinc. The new generation of thesestabilisers is characterised by solid, free flowing and dust-free product forms, especially in tablet form; excellentdispersion in the resin; no health risk for the manufacturer;no risk of cross contamination due to incompatibility;delivery and storage in big bags or silos. A comparisonof different product forms of calcium-zinc stabilisers isshown with reference to heat stability, rheology, colour,water immersion, dispersibility, mechanical and electricalproperties. Emphasis is placed on advantages of meltableproduct forms and experience of these products in themarket.AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747910

Item 323PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.350-9MECHANISM OF PVC STABILISATIONFisch M H; Bacaloglu RWitco Corp.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

PVC thermal degradation is the result of a ‘zipperdehydrochlorination’ process that involves allylic chloridesas intermediates and is catalysed by hydrochloric acid. PVCstabilisers can stop the degradation process by reacting withallylic chlorine atoms (primary stabilisers) or by scavenginghydrochloric acid (secondary stabilisers). Scavenging HOcannot stop the degradation process completely as it isdiffusion controlled. However, HG scavengingconsiderably reduces the rate of degradation and avoidsthe very fast process that eventually causes PVC blackening(catastrophic degradation). Stabilisers that scavenge HClimprove long term stability but do not give very good earlycolour. Compounds that substitute the allylic chlorine atomscan stop the degradation in its early stages and do maintaingood early colour. They have to be able to associate withPVC at the surface of primary particles where the mobilityof PVC chains allows dehydrochlorination to occur. Thepropagation step in chain dehydrochlorination is a veryfast process; it can be stopped by nucleophilic substitution



only if the stabiliser is already associated with the chlorineatom that becomes allylic when HCl is eliminated. Differenttypes of stabilisers are discussed concerning theirmechanism of PVC stabilisation. 41 refs.USA

Accession no.747908

Item 324PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.331-40FUSION OF PVC FOAMArmstrong D; Daumas BRohm & Haas SA(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

The use of the Brabender Plasticorder is widespread inthe development and quality control of formulationsdestined to be used in uPVC foam extrusion applications.The morphology transformations associated with theprocess have been widely studied but the particularitiesof the application have not often been taken into account- low K-value and high concentration of high molecularweight process aid. This work uses a commercially viableformulation to examine the fusion aspect of thetransformation process. Differential scanning calorimetryis used to observe the degree of fusion. 9 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747906

Item 325PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.302-10DOUBLE BATCHING IN WINDOW-PROFILEMANUFACTUREGrosse-Aschhoff MIKA GmbH & Co.KG(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

In PVC compounding, double batching permits asignificant increase in throughput in the heating andcooling mixer, with simultaneous energy saving. Theseparation of the compound can be compensated byhomogenisation effects during processing, still providinga high-quality extruded profile. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747903

Item 326PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.281-93SIMULATION OF PVC PROCESSINGBusby W JSymbolic Systems Ltd.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Simulation of PVC dies for profiles using finite elementmethods is presented, including a proposed design

philosophy called ‘Avoid Cross-channel Flow’. This hasseveral advantages, including less sensitivity to outputrates, temperatures and material properties. The steps inthe simulation and design are detailed. Wall slip andcooling of PVC profiles can now be simulated, enablingthese critical elements to be fully visualised and optimised.2 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747901

Item 327PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.249-57IMPROVED PLASTISOL FLOW AND REDUCEDLEVEL OF PLASTICISER IN PASTEPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE FORMULATIONSSaethre B; Thorjussen T; Jacobsen H; Pedersen S;Leth-Olsen K-AHydro Polymers AS(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Adverse effects from the usage of plasticisers and diluentsin the manufacture of flexible PVC products have latelyreceived increased environmental concern. As aconsequence there is a lot of work in progress to findmore environmentally friendly systems and/or systemsthat can reduce the consumption of organic liquids in theplastisol industry. Model systems of paste-PVC resins areprepared by blending a fine particle resin (0.2-2 mu) anda resin of 15 mu monodisperse PVC particles in differentratios. The effects of particle size and particle sizedistribution on particle packing and plastisol rheology areassessed in plastisols prepared from these resin blends.By optimising the blending ratio, it is found to be possibleto reduce plasticiser levels in the formulation from 50 to30 phr and still have a satisfactory low viscosity and analmost Newtonian flow behaviour. Additional effects ofthe well defined and very fine particle size of the studiedresins are the freedom from sedimentation in the plastisolsand the possibility to make very thin films. Satisfactorymechanical and physical properties for fused films andcoated steel plates are maintained even at the lowestplasticiser level. Film tensile strengths are found to bereduced on increasing the relative amount of the largerparticle resin. However, this could be compensated forby the reduction of plasticiser level made possible by themore optimised packing. Fire, migration and film hardnessproperties are all found to be improved when reducingthe level of plasticiser in the formulations. 5 refs.NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747897

Item 328PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.219-31USE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TO



INVESTIGATE PROCESSING CONDITIONSAND K-VALUE EFFECTS IN PVC WINDOWPROFILE EXTRUSIONThomas N L; Harvey R JEuropean Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Statistical experimental design is used on a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder (Krauss-Maffei KMD 2-25KKL) to investigate how processing conditions andpolymer K-value affect both the extrusion process andimportant extrudate properties: viz Charpy impactstrength, colour, gloss and degree of gelation. It isdemonstrated how this approach can be used to definethe optimum processing window. Although in productionsituations it may be impractical or too expensive to varylarge numbers of variables over a wide processing range,it is possible to use the experimental design approachwithout initiating unwieldy experimental programmes byusing Evolutionary Operation. This is illustrated withreference to trials carried out on a Krauss-Maffei 50KKextrusion line. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747894

Item 329PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.200-9IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF WOOD-GRAINFOIL COATED PVC-U WINDOW PROFILES,AND THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIALWEATHERING AND ABRASIONNewman C J; Gardiner DUK,Building Research Establishment(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Foil coatings are now widely used on PVC-U windowsto give wood-grain finishes. PVC-U is notch-sensitive,and thus scratches or a brittle surface layer can affect itsimpact resistance. The impact resistance of foil coatedprofile material is compared with that of uncoatedmaterial, including the effect of weathering andscratching. Specimens are taken from a broad range offoil coated window profiles, some of which have matchingfaces without foil coatings. Impact resistance is evaluatedusing a multi-axial failing weight test. Some of thespecimens are artificially weathered prior to impact testingusing a Xenon arc weathering machine. Other specimensare abraded in a controlled manner. The effects of thesetreatments on impact resistance are then analysed.Specimens with laminated foil coatings show asatisfactory performance when new, but scratching orartificially weathering causes a substantial drop in impactresistance. In these tests, no equivalent reduction in impactresistance is produced in uncoated specimens, or thosewith transfer foils. This indicates that PVC-U windowswith laminated foil coatings may be more susceptible toimpact damage in service than uncoated windows. It is

concluded that the relevant British Standard, BS 7722,should be enhanced to incorporate a test for impactstrength retention for surface coated profiles followingweathering. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747892

Item 330PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.160-4SEPARATION OF CABLE-PVC USING TRIBO-ELECTRIC CHARGINGBosma T J; van den Ende C A MKEMA Nederland BV(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Approximately 40,000 tons of polymer-insulated wiresare recycled every year in the Netherlands alone. Thesecables originate from (economic) end of life, productionwaste, surplus during installation and repair. Currentlythe cables are shredded, the metals liberated, separatedand finally reused. About 50% of the cables consist ofpolymers, which are put to landfill, including the highquality PVC fraction. Material recycling of mixedpolymers is usually impossible when these polymers arenot separated. Often both the density and the shape of themixed polymers are identical and no methods are availableto separate the polymers in large quantities. Thehydrocyclonage, melt filtration and the tribo-electricseparation method to separate the PVC from otherpolymers are described. Tribocharging is the process inwhich two bodies are contacted and separated again withthe result that each body becomes opposite electricallycharged. Charging is essential for good separation. Thequantities and distribution of the charging depend ontemperature, humidity and pretreatment used. Bothlaboratory experiments and pilot scale tests show that thedifferent polymers can be separated and the PVC usedagain. An evaluation shows that the process iseconomically feasible and steps are taken to implementthe process.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747887

Item 331PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.150-9REGULATORY AND MARKETING UPDATE ONSTABILISERS USED IN PVCDonnelly P JAkcros Chemicals Ltd.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

Developments in the current legislation, and politicalviews on stabilisers and their effects on customer choice,are outlined. It is updated to 16th March 1999 and is useful



in conjunction with a detailed lifecycle paper presentedat the OSPARCOM workshop in May 1997.EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEANUNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747886

Item 332PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.92-7BIAXIAL ORIENTED PVC PIPE MADE BY ACONTINUOUS PROCESSHolloway L RWavin Industrial Products Ltd.(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

A continuous extrusion process that introduces molecularorientation to an unplasticised PVC pipe is described. Pipedesign is discussed and it is shown how the relevantproperty improvements are utilised. Materials costs arereduced while short and long term performance isenhanced offering an outstanding opportunity for PVCpressure piping.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747879

Item 333PVC ’99. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 20th-22nd April 1999, p.84-91PVC FOAM CORE EXTRUSION. MACHINERY,TOOLS AND PROCESSES FOR THEPRODUCTION OF FOAM CORE PIPE, SHEETAND PROFILEPolz KCincinnati Milacron Austria GmbH(IOM Communications Ltd.; BPF)

In the early 1980s, a multitude of patents and patentapplications were registered in the field of coextrusion ofmulti-layer pipes. Meanwhile, a number of pipe productsrepresenting a composite of several layers are establishedproducts on the market. The technology of the coextrudedfoam core pipe builds on these developments. The foamcore type of PVC plastic pipe today takes the largestvolume share of all coextruded foam core products. Thisproduct has developed into an important and verycompetitive alternative for non-pressure applications suchas drain pipes, sewer pipes and cable ducts. France hasplayed the role of a pacesetter in this development. Today,over 80% of all pipes for non-pressure applications areproduced in the form of foam core pipes in that country.Since the common market realised within the EU isconnected with a strong market equalisation tendency,other European countries are following.AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747878

Item 334Kunststoffe Plast Europe89, No.7, July 1999, p.17-20ACTIVITY OF FUNGISTATIC AGENTS IN PVC-PBorgmann-Strahsen R; Mellor M T JAkzo Nobel Chemicals; Akcros Chemicals

Four fungicide products commonly used in plasticised PVCwere investigated with regard to their activity against fivedifferent test fungi. Clear fungistatic activity was observedfor 10,10'-oxybisphenoxyarsine(OBPA), 2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one and 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate. 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octylisothiazolin-3-one did not, however, show anymeasurable fungistatic activity. Further tests showed OBPAto be highly resistant to water leaching, while the otherproducts showed a clear loss of activity. 12 refs. (Germanversion of this paper, which includes tables, is on p.68/74)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747375

Item 335Kunststoffe Plast Europe89, No.7, July 1999, p.15-7CO-STABILIZING PROCESSING AIDS FORPOLYVINYL CHLORIDEBraun D; Richter E; Belik PDeutsches Kunststoff-Institut; Clariant GmbH;Degussa-Huls

New additives for PVC are described which combine theproperties of co-stabilisers and high molec.wt. processingaids in one product and which, unlike normal co-stabilisers, do not contribute to fogging. The additivesare prepared by copolymerising two different methylacrylates (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate) with methyl methacrylate. Thefunctional copolymers are particularly suitable forapplications necessitating good dimensional stability. 10refs. (German version of this paper, which includes graphsand tables, is on p.62/6)EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747374

Item 336Macplas InternationalNo.10, Aug.1999, p.44-5FROM WIRES TO PIPES

Fitt recycles the plastic which covers electrical and phonewires, both industrial waste and post-use. The separationand purification process operates without the use ofchemicals, but uses the differential gravitational, electricaland magnetic behaviour of the materials to be separated.PVC and PE thus obtained can be reused in a range ofproducts, including garden hoses and reinforced pipes forwashing machines.



FITT SPAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.745355

Item 337Polymer Degradation and Stability65, No.1, July 1999, p.65-73THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OFCROSSLINKED PLASTICIZED PVCBeltran M I; Garcia J C; Marcilla A; Hidalgo M;Mijangos CAlicante,Universidad; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologiade Polimeros

The thermal stability and the thermal decompositionbehaviour of plasticised PVC and crosslinked plasticisedPVC films were studied. Two effective crosslinking agentswere used, the sodium salt of gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane(MSi) and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(ASi). Clear differences wereobserved in the TGA behaviour of the different samples.MSi crosslinked films showed a certain delay in thedecomposition process as compared with plasticised PVC,as well as three clear decomposition processes, probablyinvolving the plasticiser and different fractions producedin the crosslinking reactions. In the case of the filmsprepared with ASi, a single decomposition stage wasobserved at temps. much lower than those obtained inthe other PVC films studied, showing the strong influenceof this compound on the thermal behaviour of plasticisedPVC. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.744063

Item 338Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.2, June 1999, p.71-5EFFECTS OF FORMULATION VARIABLES ONRHEOLOGY OF RIGID PVCHayes V ODuPont Dow Elastomers LLC

The effects of lubricants (paraffin wax, oxidised PE andco-stabilising ester lubricant), impact modifier(chlorinated PE) and processing aid on the processing andphysical properties of a rigid PVC compound weremodelled using a central composite designed experiment.Capillary rheology was used to evaluate the flowproperties of the various formulations studied. Bymodelling the rheological properties, it was possible tooptimise simultaneously the flow, extruder conditions andfinal part properties. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.743280

Item 339Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology5, No.2, June 1999, p.63-70STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TOOPTIMIZE FORMULATIONS FOR FOAMVINYL APPLICATIONSThomas N L; Harvey REuropean Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.

Statistical experimental design was used to study the effectsof blowing agents, processing aids and fillers in rigid PVCfoam formulations. This technique provided an alternativeapproach to the classical experimental method of changingone variable at a time. It provided information aboutinteractions between variables and could be used to helpto predict an optimum formulation. 24 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.743279

Item 340Journal of Coated FabricsVol.28, Oct.1998, p.145-68RECOVERY AND REUSE OF WASTE PVCCOATED FABRICS. II. ANALYSIS OF THECOMPONENTS SEPARATED FROM PVCCOATED PETP FABRICSAdanur S; Hou Z; Broughton R MAuburn,University

The analysis of the swelling process, i.e. phase separationof swelling bath, solubility properties of coated fabrics inswelling bath, and swelling extent of each component incoated fabrics, is described. A variety of analytical methodsis used to characterise the separation solvent, the amountand removability of the glue, the changes in the chemicaland physical properties of the PVC and PETP polymersduring the processes, and the extent of recovery of theplasticiser. Initial recovery PETP fabrics (scraps) are furthertreated with removal of glue from the fabric surface in adimethyl formamide (DMF) solution. The final product isthe recycled PETP fibre (staple). The structure andperformance of recovered PETP fibre are examined byseveral testing techniques, such as DSC, WAXD,birefringence, acoustics emission, and tensile testing.Experimental results are evaluated and analysed to drawoptimal parameters that will make mass production feasible.The results may lay the groundwork for a commercialrecovery process of this very important group of individualfabrics. As an example, the recovered PETP scraps aredirectly used to reinforce the epoxy resin composites todemonstrate an application of the recovered product. Inanother application, the recovered PETP staple is openedand combed on a special machine, then needle punched toform a non-woven fabric as another application example.(Part I, ibid, Vol. 28, July 1998). 14 refs.USA

Accession no.741972



Item 341ENDS ReportNo.292, May 1999, p.13-4INCINERATOR EMISSIONS BREACHES FOCUSATTENTION ON PVC

This article discusses the incineration of PVC wastes,which it reports is facing renewed scrutiny in the UK inthe light of numerous breaches of emission limits forhydrogen chloride. The issue is likely to attract furtherattention as operators grapple with tighter hydrogenchloride controls proposed in the draft EC Directive onincineration.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION; UK,ENVIRONMENTAGENCYEU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.740784

Item 342Materiale Plastice35, No.4, 1998, p.239-46RumanianPLASTICIZERS FOR PVC OF THEPYROMELLITIC CLASS. II. HIGHER MIXEDESTERSMirci L.E.; Terescu-Boran S; Istratuca G

The synthesis, physicochemical properties, andcharacteristics are presented of PVC plasticisers basedon pyromellitic tetraesters with a symmetrical and mixedstructure respectively. The two alcohols studied were aspecial aromatic alcohol with a complex structure, suchas 2-phenoxy-ethanol and a long branched aliphaticalcohol such as isotridecanol. All showed good thermalresistance, versatile viscosity, and the esters with a mixedstructure are shown to have adequate plasticisingproperties for PVC technology. 21 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.740727

Item 343Pigment and Resin Technology28, No.3, 1999, p.167-8CARBON INFRA-RED EMITTERS PROVIDECURE FOR LAND ROVER ANTI-CHIPPROTECTION

Due to the use of carbon, medium wave infrared emittersfrom Heraeus Noblelight, Land Rover has been able toachieve the required cure of a PVC sealant and anti-chipcoating applied to Freelander vehicles at its Solihull plant,within the time constraints dictated by the assembly linespeed. The new system has also proved more energyefficient than competitive techniques and provides a betterworking environment. The infrared system is installed inLand Rover’s state-of-the-art Paintshop 21, which reflectsthe latest drying and curing technology and handles all

Land Rover vehicles, from the new Freelander to the well-established Defender. Unlike other models in LandRover’s range, the Freelander’s anti-chip protection inthe sill area is in the form of a sprayed-on PVC sealantcompound. When the line tracking system identifies anapproaching Freelander, the spray system applying thePVC compound is activated and, at the same time, thetracking system connects with a plc for the infrared curingequipment, to ensure that the required precuring will takeplace. This precuring is essential, as any softness in theanti-chip coating could lead to it being damaged duringfurther production operations carried out before thevehicle is painted with primer. Details are given.

HERAEUS NOBLELIGHT; LAND ROVEREUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734767

Item 344Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.2885-9. 012UPDATE ON THE EFFECT OF BLACKPIGMENT SELECTION ON WEATHERABLER-PVCBurkhart GCerdec Corp.(SPE)

An update is presented of a paper written for the 1996CAD RETEC. The original paper considered the effectsthree different IR reflecting black pigments have onweatherable R-PVC. They were evaluated both asindividual pigments and when formulated in typical vinylsiding shades. The effects measured included: % IRreflection, heat build-up properties and weatheringcharacteristics - one year in South Florida. Emphasis isplaced on the three year South Florida weathering resultsand the possible effect free iron has on the weatheringperformance is examined. A new weathering study isinitiated to examine variations in both the pigments andthe R-PVC compounds to more fully understand theinteraction of all factors. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.734261

Item 345Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3621-4. 012STABILISERS FOR PEROXYDICARBONATEINITIATOR SOLUTIONSFrenkel P; Pettijohn EWitco Corp.(SPE)

Liquid dialkylperoxydicarbonates are used as initiatorsin the PVC industry. Due to the thermal reactivity of theseinitiators, they require very low temperature storage,shipment and handling. At temperatures above 10 deg.C,



most undergo auto-accelerated self-induceddecomposition. In other words, their self-acceleratingdecomposition temperature (SADT) is exceeded. Newadditives have been discovered which increase the SADTof the initiators. These additives effectively stabilise theproduct, making them safer to handle, store and ship. Theproprietary additives and a mechanism of stabilisationare discussed. Also included is a section concerning theimplications these products have for future initiatorformulation. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.733970

Item 346Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3592-6. 012STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OFCELLULAR PVC AND A SUITABLEPROCESSING AIDMiki Y; Nakanishi Y; Takaki A; Yamazaki KKaneka Corp.(SPE)

The morphology of cellular PVC and the results of modelexperiments compared with PS suggested that cellularPVC products contain a high ratio of open cells, but PVCcan retain foamability even after the cells are partlybroken. This characteristic is enhanced by its high meltelasticity, which is strongly related to the molecular chainentanglement between PVC and processing aid dispersion.From this aspect, a suitable processing aid is designedand its remarkable foamability is confirmed. 6 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.733965

Item 347Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3569-73. 012MECHANISM OF ORGANOTINSTABILISATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.IV. PVC STABILISATION BY ALKYLTIN ALKYLMERCAPTOPROPIONATESFisch M H; Bacaloglu R; Dooley TWitco Technical Center(SPE)

The stabilisation effect of alkyltin 2-ethylhexylmercaptopropionates is studied by the measurement ofcolour change on heating a PVC formulation. 11 refs.USA

Accession no.733961

Item 348Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3564-8. 012MECHANISM OF ORGANOTINSTABILISATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.

III. STRUCTURE AND EQUILIBRIA OFALKYLTIN ALKYL MERCAPTOPROPIONATESAND THEIR COMPATIBILITY WITH PVCBacaloglu R; Dooley T; Hegranes B; Jakubowski J;Fisch M HWitco Technical Center(SPE)

A series of alkyltin 2-ethylhexyl mercaptopropionates issynthesised and their structure and equilibria with alkyltin2-ethylhexyl thioglycolates and alkyltin chlorides studiedby IR and 119Sn NMR. Compatibility with PVC isdetermined using DMA analysis of glass transitiontemperatures. The implications of these results on PVCstabilisation are discussed. 19 refs.USA

Accession no.733960

Item 349Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3526-36. 012PLASTICISER FACTORS INFLUENCING TAKE-UP BY PVC RESINSKrauskopf L G; Godwin A DVinyl Consulting Co.Inc.; Exxon Chemical Co.(SPE)

The ease with which plasticiser is combined with PVCresin is a measure of processing characteristics critical inthe dry blending of suspension PVC, and the gelation ofplastisols. Using commercial grade plasticisers, predictiveequations are developed for the following processingparameters of dialkyl phthalates in PVC: relative dryblendrates in suspension PVC as a function of plasticiserviscosity; relative initial gelation temperatures inplastisols as a function of plasticiser molecular weightand solvating strength; and relative final gelationtemperatures in plastisols as a function of plasticisersolvating strength. This information allows the predictionof the relative processing characteristics of any dialkylphthalate plasticiser for PVC on the basis of its chemicaland physical properties. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.733758

Item 350Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3512-25. 012PREDICTION OF PLASTICISER SOLVENCYUSING HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERSKrauskopf L GVinyl Consulting Co.Inc.(SPE)

The solvating strength of a plasticiser for PVC is ameasure of the interactive forces between these twomaterials. Hansen’s three-dimensional solubilityparameters provide a quantitative measure of these



interactive forces. Using CO-ACT service, a computerprogram designed for solvent systems with various resins,plasticisers are found to lie near the edge of the solvency‘sphere’ of PVC. The relative positions of variousplasticiser structures are in the expected order, whileknown solvents show strong association and lubricatingadditives fall outside the solvency sphere of PVC. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.733757

Item 351Journal of Applied Polymer Science72, No.1, 4th April 1999, p.49-58MODELLING OF MASS TRANSFERS BETWEENFOOD SIMULANTS AND TREATEDPLASTICISED PVCBichara A; Fugit J L; Taverdet J LLaboratoire de Chimie et Environnement

PVC is often used in food packaging and blood bags. Thisstudy concerns mass transfers between plasticised PVC,having been subjected to a treatment, and liquid food orfood simulants. The treatment reduces the diffusion ofthe plasticiser and the influence of some factors of thisprocessing were investigated. A mathematical model, ableto simulate these mass transfers and to quantify treatmentparameters, is proposed to quantify the diffusion rate interms of an average diffusion coefficient. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.733517

Item 352Coloring Technology for Plastics.New York, N.Y., Plastics Design Library, 1999, p.59-67. 52PREDICTING MAXIMUM FIELD SERVICETEMPERATURES FROM SOLARREFLECTANCE. MEASUREMENTS OF VINYLHardcastle H KDayton TechnologiesEdited by: Harris R M

Vinyl products continue penetrating Western US markets.Vinyl products may show unacceptable heat distortionwhen installed in Western environments even afterdemonstrating a long tradition of acceptable heat buildperformance in Eastern US environments. A methodologyfor predicting maximum field service temperatures fromsolar reflectance measurements is presented. Solarreflectance data (ASTM E-903 and E-892), fieldmeasurement data and a predictive model for a variety ofvinyl systems are shown. This methodology may be usedin addition to ASTM D-4803 and is not limited to vinylmaterials. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.732200

Item 353Injection Molding7, No.4, April 1999, p.58/64DESIGN - MATERIALS ANALYST: PART 19Sepe MDickten & Masch Mfg.

This is part 19 of a series of articles designed to helpinjection moulders understand how a few analytical toolscan help diagnose a part failure problem. It deals withthe particular case of exterior parts moulded from flexiblePVC that developed black stains after a relatively shortperiod of time exposed to the elements. Full details ofthe problem and the solution are presented.USA

Accession no.729317

Item 354Polymer Engineering and Science39, No.3, March 1999, p.399-405CONTROLLED RELEASE PVC MEMBRANES:INFLUENCE OF PHTHALATE PLASTICISERSON THEIR TENSILE PROPERTIES ANDPERFORMANCEDonempudi S; Yaseen MIndian Institute of Chemical Technology

Details are given of the preparation of PVC membranescontaining dialkylphthalate. The tensile strength andpercent elongation of these membranes as a function ofconcentration of the phthalate plasticisers, their size andageing period were performed. Applications in thecontrolled release of agrochemicals are mentioned. 19refs.INDIA

Accession no.729119

Item 355Journal of Coated FabricsVol.28, July 1998, p.37-55RECOVERY AND REUSE OF WASTE PVCCOATED FABRICS. I. EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURES AND SEPARATION OF FABRICCOMPONENTSAdanur S; Hou Z; Broughton R MAuburn,University

The polyester(PETP) in the base fabrics and the PVCcoating, together with plasticisers and adhesive/glue, wereseparated from a commercial coated fabric by a schemeof chopping, grinding and extracting with a selectedpreferred aqueous MEK solution. A swelling method wasintroduced to separate and reuse waste PVC-coated PETPfabrics. Compared with other recycling techniques, theswelling method was a simple procedure with minimalenvironmental impact. The selection of the swelling agentof MEK was made after an analysis of the physical andchemical properties of several chemicals. Phase separation



was found in the MEK/water system that served asswelling bath. The two phases existed over a wideconcentration range. The behaviour of the swelling systemand the swelling properties of recovered components wereinvestigated in terms of parameters such as refractiveindex, degree of swelling and the average particle size ofrecovered PVC. 20 refs.USA

Accession no.727086

Item 356Popular Plastics and Packaging44, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.80-2HIGH PERFORMANCE RPVC PROFILE LINESKhan G AKabra Extrusiontechnik Ltd.

The production of rigid PVC profiles is described withreference to state-of-the-art twin screw profile extrudersand downstream equipment from Battenfeld. Features ofthe machinery are described, and particular details aregiven of the profile dies, calibration block, calibrationtable, haul off and profile saw.

KOLSITE BATTENFELDINDIA

Accession no.726350

Item 357International Symposium on Orientation of Polymers:Application to Films and Fibres. Retec proceedings.Boucherville, Qc., 23rd-25th Sept.1998, p.565-72.8(11)32DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF ORIENTEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Gilbert M; Hitt D J; Tabtiang ALoughborough,University(SPE; NRC/IMI)

Rigid and flexible PVC samples with Tg range -41C to+80C were studied. Biaxial stretching equipment was usedto produce biaxial orientation. Irradiation crosslinkingmodified the recovery behaviour of plasticised samples.Shrinkage data for up to 800 days are shown for plasticisedsamples. Rigid PVC reverted almost to its original sizein the vicinity of Tg. Increased annealing time andtemperature delayed recovery. At 60C shrinkage was quitesmall in rigid PVC. For flexible PVC, the crystallinity isthe major factor controlling reversion. Annealing isessential. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.724350

Item 358Plastics Pipes X. Conference proceedings.Goteborg, Sweden, 14th-17th Sept.1998, p.165-74.6H21

A NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR IN-LINEMANUFACTURING OF BIAXIALLY-ORIENTEDPVC PIPESChapman P G; Agren LVinidex Tubemakers Pty.Ltd.; Uponor Innovation AB(Institute of Materials)

Oriented PVC pipes have been produced since 1974, andhave demonstrated performance characteristics superiorto standard PVC. Molecular orientation enhances tensilestrength in the orientation direction, allows higher designstress ratings and material savings, and confers improvedresistance to crack initiation and propagation. To achievecircumferential orientation for pressure pipes, an extrudedfeedstock is stretched under carefully controlledtemperature conditions. Previously this has beenperformed as a secondary ‘off-line’ process in an externalmould. The disadvantage of this process is its high cost.In a joint development programme between Uponor andVinidex Tubemakers, a process has been developed toexecute the orientation process ‘in-line’ with the extrusion.The process operates at normal extrusion speeds, requireslittle energy input and much lower capital cost. Thedevelopment work and extensive evaluation testing of theproduct are described. 15 refs.AUSTRALIA; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.718897

Item 359Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.526-34. 5PROCESSING AIDS FOR VINYL FOAMPatterson JRohm & Haas Co.(Institute of Materials)

Foamed PVC has been commercially available for at least20 years, but is now becoming increasingly importantbecause of recent improvements in technology and abroadening of applications. It has becomes one of thefastest growing markets in the vinyl industry, sparkingenthusiasm among processors over new opportunities forvinyl foam, particularly in many wood replacementapplications. There are currently three major existingmarkets for PVC foam: sheet, where the major applicationis signage; profile, which is mainly used for trim andmoulding; and foam core pipe for drain, waste and ventapplications. These markets have grown worldwide at anannual rate of greater than 12% over the last three years.The benefits that vinyl foam offers include: low cost perunit volume, high rigidity, improved thermal insulation,high water resistance, and most importantly, the ease andversatility of being able to work with it. Rigid vinyl foamis, in many ways, just like wood. Impressive growth ratesare forecast for vinyl foam, particularly in woodreplacement applications in the building and constructionindustries, where its water resistance and high stiffnessper unit weight are important attributes. Aspects covered



include vinyl foam processes and formulations, function/benefits of processing aids in rigid vinyl foam andguidelines for the use of processing aids. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.718868

Item 360Plastics Additives. An A-Z reference.London, Kluwer, 1998, p.450-8. 5LUBRICATING SYSTEMS FOR RIGID PVCWilliams J B; Falter J A; Geick K SLonza Inc.(Institute of Materials)

PVC polymer has an unusual property in that its thermaldecomposition temperature is lower than its melting point.Therefore, during processing additives must be incorporatedto retard the thermal decomposition mechanism and to lowerits melting point. Those retarding thermal decomposition,are heat stabilisers, while those that lower the melting pointand Tg are plasticisers. An introduction to rigid PVC, thefunction and classification of lubricants, chemical classesof lubricants and testing of lubricants are presented. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.718858

Item 361Macromolecules32, No.1, 12th Jan.1999, p.167-80CRYSTALLINITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OFPLASTICISED PVC. A CARBON 13 ANDPROTON SOLID STATE NMR STUDYBarendswaard W; Litvinov V M; Souren F;Scherrenberg R L; Gondard C; Colemonts CDSM; Limburgse Vinyl Mij

A combination of carbon 13 solution and solid state NMRwas used to reveal the relative amount of crystalline PVCin two PVC/diethylhexyl phthalate samples. The relativeamount of different triad sequences in the crystallites ofPVC were obtained. 38 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.714353

Item 362Polimeri18, Nos.1-2, 1997, p.59-70CroatianOPTIMISATION OF THE COMPOSITION OFFERROMAGNETIC BLENDS USING A FLOWCHART FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ANDDATA MANAGEMENTOrlic RPolimeri; Zagrebplast

Techniques are described for the preparation offerromagnetic mixtures to be used in the manufacture of

thermoplastic magnets. The thermoplastic matrix ispoly(vinyl chloride), and the ferromagnetic filler is bariumferrite. The effect of the composition on the impactstrength, hardness, Vicat softening point and melt flowindex were studied, with the aid of specially developedcomputer programs. 30 refs. Articles from this journalcan be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapraproduced International Polymer Science and Technology.CROATIA

Accession no.714178

Item 363ARC ’98. Retec proceedings.Chicago, Il., 11th-13th Nov.1998, p.165-74. 8(13)PROCESS FOR RECYCLING VINYL BACKEDCARPETPreston LCollins & Aikman Floorcoverings Inc.(SPE,Plastics Recycling Div.)

Collins & Aikman Floorcoverings is one of the largestsuppliers of specialty floor coverings designed for thecommercial floor covering market. Powerbond productsare engineered for maximum performance and designedto be environmentally friendly. These products areconstructed with a dense, low pile nylon 6,6 face and avinyl composite backing system. They are available inmodular carpet tile and six-foot width roll goods. Anestimated 4 billion lbs of carpet are landfilled annually.Trends clearly indicate that the number of landfillsnationally is declining while the cost of disposal is rising.The company decided several years ago to recycle ratherthan landfill vinyl carpet waste. Its vision in the early1990s was to ‘close the loop’ by recycling carpet intocarpet. The vinyl-backed carpet recycling programme wasthe first of its kind. Prior to the development of ER3,most recycling research in the carpet industry involvedseparation of components - a costly step that often leavesno recycling options for the components separated. TheInfinity Initiative programme is a production-scale,closed-loop recycling programme where customers returntheir vinyl-backed carpet at the end of its useful life forrecycling. They are recycled into new, recycled contentER3 floor coverings and other products. Customers areprovided a written warranty certifying that carpet returnedto the facility will be 100 % recycled and not landfilledor incinerated. Details are givenUSA

Accession no.713534

Item 364Vinyltec ’98. Retec proceedings.East Brunswick, N.J., 13th-14th Oct.1998, p.96-100.42C382ACHIEVING LOW GLOSS IN VINYL SIDINGWITH ACRYLIC IMPACT MODIFICATIONSzamborski G



Rohm & Haas Co.(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

PVC siding has grown rapidly during the last decade toreach a prominent position in the North American housingmarket both in remodeling and in new construction. PVChas captured the majority share of the cladding marketand has virtually eliminated aluminum siding and issignificantly challenging other construction materials usedfor house siding, including wood, composites, etc.Features such as low maintenance, weatherability, relativeease of installation, and impact resistance, have elevatedPVC siding to an annual volume of nearly 1.7 billion lb.An additional feature for siding is to have house sidingappear ‘natural’ and not ‘plastic’. The homeowner desiresthe look of wood in a PVC siding. Such a feature is notgiven for PVC because it typically tends to be glossy as aresult of the relatively high melt temperatures developedduring extrusion. The surface gloss of the extrusion canbe reduced in several ways, including mechanical meansand by the formulation additive approach. Mechanically,embossing is commonly used for obtaining a wide varietyof wood grain textures designed to disrupt the panelsurface to effect light scattering. Among additives usedin the formulation, mineral fillers, immiscible polymericadditives, certain types of lubricants, and even highmolecular grades of PVC resin have been used to attainsome level of gloss reduction. These approaches generallyshow a downside in cost and/or performance, as in reducedimpact strength, tooling wear and plateout. However, thereis one type of additive that can impart gloss reductionwithout the acrylic impact modifier specifically designedto produce a low gloss extruded surface finish. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.713518

Item 365Vinyltec ’98. Retec proceedings.East Brunswick, N.J., 13th-14th Oct.1998, p.83-8.42C382LOW EXTRACTABLE LEAD STABILISERSGrossman R FHammond Group(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

Lead stabilisers have been used in a variety of PVC aswell as other polymers for many years. In somehalogenated polymers, such as chlorinated PE (CPE),chlorosulphonated polyethylene (CSM), polychloroprene(CR) and epichlorohydrin (ECO), dibasic lead phthalateand dibasic lead phosphite are used to scavenge HClarising from crosslinking as well as from degradation. Insome of these cases, the metal may participate in crosslinkformation. With lead-based stabilisers, the result istypically a product with greater water and chemicalresistance than if a light metal, with more soluble halidesalts, were used instead. In other cases, lead stabilisersmay be used solely for function in metal oxide

crosslinking, or instead, entirely as an HX scavenger, asin PVC and certain fluoropolymer compositions. Inhydrocarbon polymers, such as EPM or EPDM, leadstabilisers are used to scavenge chloride, derived fromresidual catalyst, in cases where high water resistance isrequired, such as in medium voltage electrical insulation.The production of lead-containing additives involvessophisticated engineering and design to prevent workerexposure, or contamination of the environment. Due totheir low solubility, extraction or migration of lead-basedadditives, once mixed into a polymer, is very low,particularly in comparison to salts of light metals.Nevertheless, concern over the toxicity of lead stabilisersis real and has given rise to development of modifiedstabilisers having even lower extractability. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.713516

Item 366Polymers and Polymer Composites6, No.6, 1998, p.407-14EFFECT OF PARTICLE SHAPE ON THEMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLE-FILLED PVCNakamura Y; Okabe S; Yoshimoto N; Iida TOsaka,Institute of Technology

The effects of particle volume fraction, size and shape onthe yield stress of a particle-filled ductile polymer wereinvestigated. Ten to 15 parts of glass beads ranging insize from about 50 to 200 micrometres were mixed with100 parts of PVC as a ductile matrix using a mixing roll,and tensile tests were carried out. The yield stressdecreased significantly with an increase in filler content,but only decreased slightly with an increase in particlesize. To clarify the effect of particle shape, agglomeratesof the glass beads were prepared by treating them withPVAl, which had poor compatibility with the PVC matrix.It was confirmed by SEM that the agglomerates,consisting of a few beads on average, were dispersed inthe matrix. The decrease in the yield stress was smallerin the agglomerate-filled resin than in the original bead-filled resin. The shape of the particles appeared to beimportant in moderating the decrease in the yield stressof particle-filled ductile polymers. 12 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.711020

Item 367Popular Plastics and Packaging43, No.11, Nov.1998, p.75/82COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE AND TRI-N-BUTYLCITRATE AS PLASTICISER IN PVCCOMPOSITIONSJain K K; Fatma K; Saroop MShiram Institute for Industrial Research



For many years, di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate has been theprimary plasticiser for medical devices made of PVC, butthere are concerns regarding its toxicity. The potential ofa lesser used plasticiser, tributyl citrate, is examined. Theproperties of plasticised vinyl compositions werecompared, including extraction, volatility, thermalstability, low temperature flexibility and mechanicalproperties. 12 refs.INDIA

Accession no.709419

Item 368Journal of Applied Polymer Science71, No.1, 3rd Jan.1999, p.1-6MICROWAVE PLASMA REACTIONS OFIMIDAZOLE ON POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)SURFACES: A SPECTROSCOPIC STUDYSchmitt B R; Heung Kim; Urban M WNorth Dakota State University

A closed-system microwave plasma reactor was used toreact imidazole molecules to PVC surfaces. Newly createdsurfaces were analysed using ATR FTIR spectroscopy.Surface reactions on PVC were heavily dependent on aprior thermal history of the PVC substrate. A mechanismfor the PVC-imidazole reactions was also presented. ThePVC was useful as an implant for biomedical applications.10 refs.USA

Accession no.709309

Item 369Plastics and Rubber WeeklyNo.1766, 11th Dec.1998, p.6PVC PROCESSORS LEADING BY EXAMPLE

Fitt, Italy’s largest producer of PVC extruded and injectionmoulded products, recently presented a process fortreating and using recycled post-use plastics from cablesin the manufacture of pipe and moulded products. TarkettSommer, one of the world’s largest PVC flooringmanufacturers, processes almost 100,000 t/y of PVC atseven plants in Europe and is recycling about 8.4 tonnesof waste material a month.

FITT SPA; TARKETT ABEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.708810

Item 370Polymer Degradation and Stability63, No.1, 1999, p.111-2INFLUENCE OF BIODEGRADATION ON THELOSS OF A PLASTICISER FROM POLYVINYLCHLORIDEGumargalieva K Z; Zaikov G E; Semenov S A;Zhdanova O A

Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics; EmanuelInstitute of Biochemical Physics

The effect of biodegradation by the microscopic fungusAspergillus niger on the diffusion desorption of a dialkylphthalate(DAP) plasticiser from PVC was studied. It wasshown that the loss of DAP accelerated with bio-overgrowth on the PVC. Loss of plasticiser was limitedby its diffusion in the material volume in the case of bio-overgrowth, whereas loss from the same polymer in theabsence of bio-overgrowth was evaporation-limited. Thefungus thus acted as a leaching solvent, presumablybecause it effectively removed plasticiser from the surfaceof the material by biodegradation. 8 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.708138

Item 371Polymer Degradation and Stability63, No.1, 1999, p.11-4INFLUENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OFPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE ON THE RECYCLINGOF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPaci M; La Mantia F PPisa,University; Palermo,University

The presence of PVC in recycled PETP is generally aproblem because of the chain scission induced by thehydrogen chloride evolved from the macromoleculesduring degradation of PVC. In this study, PVC-contaminated PETP was processed under nitrogen flow.The results obtained indicated that competition betweendegradation and regradation occurred under theseprocessing conditions and, if the PVC content was lowerthan 2000 ppm, not only no macroscopic change of themolec.wt. was observed but some increase was measuredthat increased on decreasing the PVC content.Furthermore, measurement of the torque duringprocessing and the good reproducibility of these testspermitted detection of the amount of PVC in recycledPETP samples. 12 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.708123

Item 372Vinyl Retec ’97: Plastic Systems for the BuildingIndustry. Retec proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 14th-15th Oct.1997, p.107-26. 42C382BLOWING AGENTS IN PVC FOAMAPPLICATIONS: NOVELTY IN ACTIVATIONCHEMISTRYGirois S; Bertelo C AElf Atochem(SPE,Vinyl Div.)

This paper describes experimentation carried out on anexothermic blowing agent to understand the chemistry



of decomposition and gas formation. From thismechanism, a blowing agent activation approach wasdeveloped, based on organometallic chemistry. Interestingresults were obtained to demonstrate the efficiency ofexothermic blowing agent activation by a new family ofchemicals. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.706761

Item 373Polymer Degradation and Stability62, No.3, 1998, p.413-9VOLATILES RELEASE FROMPHOTODEGRADING, PIGMENTED PVC:KINETIC CHANGESCarlsson D J; Krzymien M; Pleizier G; Worsfold D J;Day MCanada,National Research Council

Volatile species produced during the UV irradiation of arigid PVC construction panel were established as afunction of irradiation time. Residual organic andchloroorganic compounds were detected in the polymersurface after irradiation. Similar species were also directlyreleased during irradiation. In both cases, these wereidentified and quantified by gas chromatography, withmass spectrometry detection. Rates of volatilisation oforganic and chloroorganic compounds were measureddirectly during accelerated exposure conditions anddropped sharply with irradiation time. This drop couldbe attributable to the crosslinking of the irradiated surfacewhich became chlorine-deficient and rich in titaniumdioxide pigment (rutile). In contrast, samples exposed tosunlight did not undergo surface crosslinking but didthermally desorb volatiles in a similar way to laboratory-exposed samples. 18 refs.CANADA

Accession no.706571

Item 374British Plastics and RubberNov.1998, p.33NEW BATTENFELD DUO FOR PVC

Battenfeld has developed the ZSE 355/320 two stageextruder to feed large calenders. It has an output of4,000kg/hr for uPVC and approximately 4,500kg/hr forplasticised. This type of machine has a planetary rollerextruder connected to a melt extruder via a vacuumchannel. The new Battenfeld 2-90-22V 90mm PVCpelletising extruder, the smallest model in the EMS series,is designed for throughputs from 300 to 700kg/hr.

BATTENFELD AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.705216

Item 375Plastics Extrusion Technology. 2nd edition.Munich, Hanser Publications, 1997, p.435-54. 82EXTRUSION OF FOAMED SEMI-FINISHEDPRODUCTS WITH TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDERSSchneider H PKrauss-Maffei AGEdited by: Hensen F

Foam extrusion of PVC has been well known since thebeginning of the early 1960s. Foam products are wellestablished in their specific areas of application andindispensable on the market. There are numerous reasonsfor using PVC as a foamed semi-finished product, themost significant of these being low thermal conductivity,good acoustic damping properties, ease of fabrication bymechanical means, high flame resistance, good chemicalresistance, excellent weatherability and low material costsdue to low density. Aspects covered include structure offormulations, theory, extrusion foaming methods, plantfor foamed intermediate products and selection criteria.26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.704011

Item 376Brecksville, Oh., c. 1998, pp.8. 11 ins. 1/12/98.TEMPRITE CPVC INDUSTRIAL MOLDINGPROCESSING GUIDEGoodrich B.F.,Co.,Specialty Polymers & Chemicals

Detailed guidelines are presented for the correct mouldingof TempRite chlorinated PVC industrial mouldingcompounds. Information is included for the correctselection of equipment and operating conditions, andincludes details of melt preparation, mould design,processing, pressures, startup, process upsets, andtroubleshooting.USA

Accession no.703064

Item 377Food Additives and Contaminants15, No.7, 1st Oct.1998, p.812-7MIGRATION OF DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE(DEHP) FROMPVC CHILD ARTICLES INTO SALIVA ANDSALIVA SIMULANTSteiner I; Scharf L; Fiala F; Washuettl JVienna,University of Technology

A simple migration test and a more complex simulationof children’s sucking and biting were used to establishmigration of DEHP from PVC child-use articles intosaliva and the results were compared with a mimic test.The static migration test of a film containing about 30%DEHP with saliva simulant gave the lowest values of



DEHP. Simple shaking increased the amounts of DEHPfrom 25 + or -8 to 499 + or -153 micro g/g film. Themore complex arrangements to simulate sucking andbiting were not so suitable for standard applications. Whencomparing the in-vitro migration tests with the mimic test,the factors were 25 and 29 for the static tests (3 and 6hours) and 1.4 for the shaking test. 19 refs.AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700962

Item 378European Plastics News25, No.10, Nov.1998, p.33-4MIXED NEWS FOR PVC IN TOYS

The Dutch Consensus Group has published its reportregarding a reproducible testing method for the migrationof phthalate plasticisers from soft PVC toys and otherchildcare articles. The report concludes that exposurelevels to phthalates would never exceed the tolerable dailyintake for children over 12 months. Migration canapproximate or exceed this for children of 3-12 months,but too rarely to be statistically measurable. However,Greenpeace claims that no acceptable limits for intakefrom toys can be set and Mattel has announced it isphasing out phthalates from its teething toys.

DUTCH CONSENSUS GROUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700556

Item 379Polymer39, No.26, 1998, p.6755-65INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERCONFIGURATIONAL CHANGES ON THEMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHLYPLASTICIZED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Gibbons W S; Kusy R PNorth Carolina,University

Ion-selective polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes wereplasticised using three citrate-related and six sebacate-related compounds. The mechanical properties of themembranes were evaluated as a function of the PHR ratio,defined as the actual concentration of plasticiser to PVCdivided by the minimum concentration of plasticiserrequired to isolate all the PVC polar groups. Strength,stiffness, and toughness increased at low PHR ratios, andthen monotonically decreased with further increases ofplasticiser. Ductilities increased up to ratios of about 2.0and decreased above ratios of about 4.0. The citrate-related compounds all gave similar mechanical properties.Dimethyl sebacate (DMS), diethyl sebacate (DES) anddioctyl adipate (DOA) plasticised membranes were ingeneral stronger and stiffer than the dioctyl sebacate,dibutyl sebacate and dioctyl azelate plasticisedmembranes, but the use of DMS, DES and DOA resulted

in reduced ductility. A nomogram is given to predict thestrength, based on the plasticiser selection and the PHRratio. 19 refs.USA

Accession no.697784

Item 380Polymer Composites19, No.4, Aug.1998, p.431-9EXTRUSION AND MECHANICALCHARACTERIZATION OF PVC-LEATHERFIBER COMPOSITESMadera-Santana T J; Campos Torres A;Marquez Lucero AYucatan,Centro de Investigacion Cientifica;Mexico,Escuela Militar de Ingenieros

A method is proposed for using chrome tanned leatherwastes produced by the footwear and clothing industryas fillers in polymer matrices. A technique for processingthe composite obtained by continuous extrusion is alsodemonstrated. In order to evaluate the technique, a seriesof PVC-leather fibre composites was prepared andextruded through a flat die to produce sheets. The processproduced a leather-like sheet that could be used in severalapplications. The influence of the filler content on theprocessability and final properties of the composite sheetswas evaluated. The tests revealed that the sheets wereflexible and exhibited suitable water absorption levels forseveral applications in the footwear and clothing industry.Finally, the tests showed that this composite could beformulated and processed at high productivity levels andat a low cost. 28 refs.MEXICO

Accession no.697137

Item 381Journal of Applied Polymer Science70, No.2, 10th Oct.1998, p.311-6TENSILE TEST OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDEFILLED WITH GROUND CALCIUMCARBONATE PARTICLESNakamura Y; Fukuoka Y; Iida TOsaka,Institute of Technology

The fracture behaviour of PVC filled with ground calciumcarbonate particles, prepared by crushing natural rawcrystalline limestone, during a tensile test wasinvestigated. Ten to 15 parts of the particles having twodifferent mean sizes (2 and 8 micrometres) without furthersurface treatment were mixed with 100 parts of PVC and3 parts of lead stearate as a stabiliser using a mixing roll.A tensile test was carried out using a dumbbell specimen.The yield stress was found to decrease with increase inparticle content, but there was no significant influence ofparticle size. SEM observations of the specimen’s surfacesduring the tensile test showed that the particle/matrixinterfaces were delaminated and formed voids around the



particles when the applied stress approached the yieldstress, i.e. the particles acted as voids and the matrixaround the voids was plastically deformed effectively.These observations appeared to be the reason for thedecrease of yield stress by the incorporation of particles.19 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.696863

Item 382Journal of Applied Polymer Science70, No.1, 3rd Oct.1998, p.129-35CHEMICAL RECYCLING OF FLEXIBLE PVCBY OXYGEN OXIDATION IN NAOHSOLUTIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURESYoshioka T; Furukawa K; Sato T; Okuwaki ATohoku,University

The oxidative degradation of a flexible PVC pellet withoxygen was carried out in 1-25 mol/kg(m)-water sodiumhydroxide solutions, at 150-260C and an oxygen partialpressure of 1-10 MPa. Dehydrochlorination of flexiblePVC occurred first, followed by oxidation. The mainproducts were oxalic acid, a mixture of benzenecarboxylicacids and carbon dioxide. One kg of flexible PVC yielded320g of oxalic acid and 130g of benzenecarboxylic acids(as phthalic acid) under conditions of a 15m sodiumhydroxide solution at 250C and an oxygen partial pressureof 5 MPa for 5 h. 19 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.696848

Item 383Polymer39, No.20, 1998, p.4773-83MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PF PLASTICIZEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE): EFFECT OFDRAWING AND FILLER ORIENTATIONFras I; Boudeulle M; Cassagnau P; Michel ACNRS; Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard

X-ray diffraction measurements were used to determinethe orientation of talc and lead carboxylate fillers inplasticised PVC extrudates. Correlations between theextrusion conditions (draw ratio and temperature), thedevelopment of filler particle orientation and the tensileproperties of the plasticised PVC were studied. Thepresence of fillers enhanced Young’s modulus and thiswas predicted well by the model developed by Halpinand Tsai. The extrudates were stretched above and belowthe “gel-liquid” transition temperature of PVC (about205C). Above this temperature, the PVC could bestretched more and the tensile results indicated that thecrystallites which were surrounded by more flexiblechains were more oriented. 24 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.696562

Item 384Polymer Degradation and Stability61, No.2, 1998, p.211-6PHOTOAGEING OF RIGID PVC. IV. EFFECTSOF TITANIUM DIOXIDEAnton-Prinet C; Mur G; Gay M; Audouin L; Verdu JRhone-Poulenc; ENSAM

The photoageing of unpigmented and 5% titanium dioxidepigmented rigid PVC samples was studied in reactorsequipped with different types of fluorescent lamps. Thechanges in thickness distribution of carbonyl andconjugated polyene concentrations were followed by IRand UV spectrophotometry on microtomed slices anddiscussed on the basis of kinetic results obtained on thinfilms under the same conditions. In the presence oftitanium dioxide, the thickness of the degraded layer wasdivided by about two, whereas the screen effect wasmultiplied by five. From a comparison of photooxidationrates with sources of distinct spectra, it was suggestedthat the observed penetration of photoageing could be dueto a radiation wavelength of about 390 nm, close to theabsorption cut-off of titanium dioxide. 15 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.695466

Item 385Advances in Plastics Technology. Conferenceproceedings.Katowice, Poland, 9th-11th December 1997, Paper 4. 8COLOURING OF VINYL SIDING AND OTHERWEATHERABLE RIGID PVC PROFILES WITHHOLCOBATH ENCAPSULATED PIGMENTSGroot RHolland Colors Americas Inc.(Institute of Plastics & Paint Industry)

The North American vinyl siding industry has developedinto the second largest rigid PVC segment after PVC pipe.Colouring methods have changed slowly, with the changefrom full siding to coextrusion. Achieved originally withpigments in the hot/cool mixer it changed to colouringon-line with free flowing concentrates like Holcobath.The colour hold guidelines, the weathering parameters inwhich vinyl siding colours should maintain their shade,were explained. These parameters are the basis on whichcolour concentrate producers determine suitable pigmentchoices in relation to items like weathering and heat buildup. These colour hold guidelines have lead to the creationof new special pigments such as IR-Blacks. As colourconcentrate suppliers are now the direct suppliers to theindustry, they have taken the lead with regard todeveloping the industry with colour pigment formulations- in close co-operation with manufacturers of basicpigments. Holland Colours (HCA) services the industrynot only from a colourmatch stand point; it also generatesand publishes studies on the weathering performance ofall basic inorganic and organic pigments for vinyl



weatherable profiles. Information is given on an industrynot too well known outside North America; a few newtrends are highlighted, including new stabiliser systemsthat can be used for darker colours.USA

Accession no.694482

Item 386Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3310-2. 012NOVEL ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE-COATEDFILLERS AS FIRE RETARDANT AND SMOKESUPPRESSANT ADDITIVES FORHALOGENATED POLYMERSHornsby P R; Cusack P ABrunel University; International Tin Research Institute(SPE)

Consideration is given to the influence of combinationsof zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) with hydrated fillers, onthe fire properties of plasticised PVC andpolychloroprene. It is shown that magnesium andaluminium hydroxides specially coated with ZHS, confersignificantly increased combustion resistance and lowerlevels of smoke evolution to these polymers. This permitslarge reductions to additive loading relative to unmodifiedfiller, without sacrificing flame retardant or smokesuppressant performance. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.693676

Item 387Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3296-300. 012MECHANISMS OF ORGANOTINSTABILISATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.II. SIGNIFICANCE FOR PVC STABILISATIONOF STRUCTURE AND EQUILIBRIA OFALKYLTIN THIOGLYCOLATES/CHLORIDESFisch M H; Bacaloglu R; Biesiada K; Brecker L RWitco Corp.(SPE)

The stabilisation effect of alkyltin thioglycolates isdetermined by the measurement of discoloration in a PVCformulation. The results are interpreted considering thestructure of these compounds, their equilibration withalkyltin chlorides and the postulated association withchlorine atoms at the PVC primary particle surfaces.10 refs.USA

Accession no.692781

Item 388Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3291-5. 012

MECHANISM OF ORGANOTINSTABILISATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. I.STRUCTURE AND EQUILIBRIA OF ALKYLTINTHIOGLYCOLATES AND THEIRCOMPATIBILITY WITH PVCFisch M H; Bacaloglu R; Biesiada K; Brecker L RWitco Corp.(SPE)

A series of alkyltin thioglycolates is synthesised and theirstructure and equilibria with alkyltin chlorides is studiedby IR analysis. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used todetermine their compatibility with PVC. The implicationsof these results on PVC stabilisation is discussed. 19 refs.USA

Accession no.692780

Item 389Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3272-7. 012STAIN RESISTANCE IN RESILIENT SHEETFLOORING APPLICATIONS: ROLE OF THEPLASTICISERColletti T A; Renshaw J T; Schaefer R ESolutia Inc.(SPE)

Stain resistance, or more accurately appearance retention,is a complex phenomenon in resilient sheet flooringapplications. The process can be complex involving theplasticiser, the overall toughness (or abrasion resistance)of the wear layer and the thermoplastic nature ofplasticised PVC. The plasticiser-related portions of thestain resistance phenomenon are explored. Data arepresented to illustrate relationships between stainresistance and plasticiser structure, concentration,extraction resistance, volatility and solubility parameter.9 refs.USA

Accession no.692777

Item 390Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3234-9. 012SMOKE GETS IN YOUR EYESSchmidt R; Herbiet R; Amberg M UMartinswerk GmbH(SPE)

An attempt is made to contribute to the objective analysisof the role of PVC cabling in major fires such as that atDusseldorf airport. Questions regarding smoke and toxiccombustion gas evolved by PVC cable materials haverepeatedly been posed. Today, functional fillers such asaluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide(MDH) are available to optimise PVC formulations,creating extremely low smoke and much less toxic gases.The latest research developments are illustrated using



smoke density results. NBS smoke chamber datademonstrate that the amount of generated smoke isconsiderably reduced when PVC is filled with ATH and/or MDH. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692770

Item 391Plastics News(USA)10, No.18, 29th July 1998, p.5FILM PLASTICISER FOR CHEESE GETS BADRAPToloken S

A new study by Consumer Reports magazine contendsthat some plastic cheese wraps leach a plasticiser at levelsthat could pose health problems. But an industryorganisation says that an adult would have to eat 1,000 lbof the cheese a day to approach danger levels seen inanimal testing, and said that the Food & DrugAdministration permits unlimited use of the plasticiser,di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. The material is used in PVC foodpackaging to make it flexible. The Consumers Union, thepublisher of Consumer Reports magazine, said in a letterto FDA that it tested mainly cheddar cheese wrapped inPVC films and found levels of DEHA that it said weretoo high. The magazine published a story on packagingand endocrine disrupters in its June issue. Details aregiven.

US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATIONUSA

Accession no.690438

Item 392European Polymer Journal34, Nos.5/6, May/June 1998, p.815-8FrenchMATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSFEROF DIOCTYL PHTHALATE(DOP) BETWEENSAMPLES OF PLASTICISED PVC SUBMERGEDIN OLIVE OIL: COMPARISON OFCALCULATED AND EXPERIMENTALPROFILESMessadi D; Djilani S EAnnaba,Universite Mokhtar Badji

A peeling method, in conjunction with a radioactive tracertechnique, was used to obtain actual profiles of DOPconcentration developed through the matrix of a PVC discdipped into a limited volume of olive oil. The plasticiserconcentration distributions were reproduced to a goodapproximation using a known model, adjusted byneglecting the (small) amounts of oil which diffused intothe polymer. 17 refs.ALGERIA

Accession no.687797

Item 393Polymer39, No.14, 1998, p.3167-78INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERCONFIGURATIONAL CHANGES ON THEDIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHLYPLASTICISED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Gibbons W S; Kusy R PNorth Carolina,University

Six sebacate-related and three citrate-related plasticiserswere used to study the effects of configurational changesin plasticiser on the dielectric properties of ion-selectivePVC membranes. Using parallel plate sensors, the ionicconductivity and tan delta of the plasticised PVCmembranes were measured between -100C and +100Cand at seven log frequencies. Increasing the amount ofplasticiser in the membrane generally improved the ionicconductivity and lowered the temperature of the tan deltapeak. Above the melting point of a given plasticiser, theionic conductivity of the PVC membrane increased withincreasing amount of plasticiser. Configurational changesof the plasticisers had no effect above the melting pointof each plasticiser. Using the appropriate nomogram fora given plasticiser, the ionic conductivity could bepredicted at a given phr ratio, temperature and frequency.15 refs.USA

Accession no.686631

Item 394Polymer39, No.15, 1998, p.3507-14RHEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCEOF THE PLASTICIZER CONCENTRATION INTHE GELATION AND FUSION PROCESSES OFPVC PLASTISOLSGarcia J C; Marcilla AAlicante,Universidad

SEM and viscoelastic measurements were used to studythe gelation and fusion of different plastisols fromdifferent commercial PVC resins and with differentconcentrations of several plasticisers with differentsolvent powers. Increases in elastic and viscous modulicorresponded to the dissolution of the PVC particleswhose size and number decreased progressively withtemperature. Gelation occurred in several steps, dependingon the speed of dissolution of the PVC particles.Progressively higher concentrations of plasticiser resultedin an increase in the temperature at which the gelationprocess was completed. Increasing the solvent power ofthe plasticiser, decreasing its concentration and a decreasein the size of the PVC particles or its molecular weightcaused noticeable changes in the behaviour of bothmoduli. These obervations were discussed. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.686435



Item 395Food Additives and Contaminants15, No.2, 1998, p.203-8MIGRATION OF EPOXIDISED SOYA BEAN OILFROM PLASTICISED PVC GASKETS INTOBABY FOODHammarling L; Gustavson H; Svensson K; Karlsson S;Oskarsson ASweden,National Food Administration; Sweden,RoyalInstitute of Technology; Uppsala,University ofAgricultural Sciences

Epoxidised soya bean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiserin PVC gaskets in lids for glass jars used for packagingof ready-cooked baby food. The migration of ESBO fromthe lids was determined in 81 samples of different dishesof baby food, including purees of beef, pork, fish, poultry,berries and vegetables. The level of ESBO in baby foodwas determined using gas chromatography/massspectrometry analysis with a detection limit of 1.5 mg/kg. It was determined that the presented levels of ESBOin the baby food were only due to migration from the lidsand not of natural origin. 7 refs.SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.686117

Item 396Polymer Engineering and Science38, No.5, May 1998, p.765-73EFFECT OF SURFACE PROPERTIES ON THEADHESION BETWEEN PVC AND WOODVENEER LAMINATESMatuana L M; Balatinecz J J; Park C BToronto,University

The interface between plastic and wood fibres stronglyinfluences the mechanical properties of a plastic/woodfibre composite. A means for evaluating the effectivenessof surface treatment on the wood fibres in the PVC/woodfibre composites is presented that investigated theadhesion between PVC and laminated wood veneers.Wood veneers were first treated with gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, dichlorodiethylsilane,phthalic anhydride, and maleated PP for surfacemodification. The chemical modification made on thewood surfaces was then characterised by differentcomplementary surface analytical techniques: X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy and surface tensionmeasurements. 63 refs.CANADA

Accession no.685246

Item 397Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.2, June 1998, p.87-9RECYCLING DURABLE VINYL PRODUCTSWisner DGeon Co.

Brief details are given of a recycling project for vinylsiding conducted in Grand Rapids, Michigan by theNational Association of Home Builders.USA

Accession no.684907

Item 398Antec ’98. Volume I. Conference proceedings.Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.247-55. 012SIGNIFICANCE AND USE OF STATISTICS INTHE PROFILE EXTRUSION PROCESSCykana D; Schick SBemis Manufacturing Co.(SPE)

The advantages of statistics as a monitoring tool forproducts are beneficial, widely documented andfrequently used in many of the plastic processes. All theextrusion processes (film, sheet, coating, pipe and profile)require a process that is in control to produce products tothe proper defined specifications. Although all extrusionprocesses can benefit from the use of statistics, emphasisis placed on melt rheology principles and identifying howstatistics can play an important role for root cause analysisfor profile extrusion. The profile extrusion process defersto a higher degree of complexity to maintain multipledimensions and aesthetics. Replicating the same viscosityand output rate are necessary to ensure a balanced flowvelocity in a profile extrusion die. The identification andunderstanding of the mean and standard deviation of themelt pressure and motor load are critical to determine ifthe process is under control. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.683326

Item 399Journal of Applied Polymer Science68, No.9, 31st May 1998, p.1411-6NEW ETCHING METHOD OF PVC PLASTICFOR PLATING BY ULTRASOUNDYiyun Zhao; Ciguang Bao; Rue Feng; Mason T JYunnan,University; Nanjing,University;Coventry,University

An ultrasonic etching method was shown to be effectivefor pretreatment of PVC for electroless plating withcopper without chemical pollution. After being etched for60 min by 28 kHz ultrasound, the adhesion strength ofCu-PVC could increase by 13%, compared with that ofchromic-sulphuric acid etching. The mechanism ofadhesion improvement was studied by examination ofweight loss, surface roughness, SEM, image analysis andX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 18 refs.CHINA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.680858



Item 400TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and CoatingsConference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.417-22. 012ANTI-FOG ADDITIVES FOR EXTRUDED FILMFalter J A; Geick K S; Williams J BLonza Inc.(TAPPI)

Complex esters were evaluated as anti-fogging agents inlinear LDPE and flexible PVC films. The anti-foggingproperties were measured under refrigerated conditions,and a study was made of the effects of the additives onthe colour and consistency of mushrooms. In addition,the anti-fogging properties of PVC films containing theseadditives were tested at room temperature, and the opticaland static decay properties of the films were measured.Under these testing conditions the complex esters gavebetter anti-fogging properties than some commercialadditives with which they were compared. The antistaticproperties of PVC films were also improved. 3 refs.CANADA; USA

Accession no.679003

Item 401Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.1, March 1998, p.26-9VINYL FOAM: EFFECT OF DENSITY ONPHYSICAL PROPERTIESPatterson JRohm & Haas Co.

The technology of extruding rigid vinyl foam has grownsubstantially over the last ten years. Formulationadditives, tooling and processing expertise have madepossible a variety of applications such as profile, sheet,and foam core pipe. Many PVC foam manufacturers areinterested in reducing the density of their products toreduce costs and achieve lighter weights. The properties,however, are very dependent on the density of the foamproduct. An attempt is made to gain a fundamentalunderstanding of the relationship of physical propertiesto foam density, along with looking at ways to improvethem. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.676574

Item 402Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.1, March 1998, p.12-21MATERIALS AND TESTING FOR EXTRUSIONOF RPVC CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTSRapacki S RRohm & Haas Co.

Rigid PVC extruded construction products take manyforms. Typical are house siding, window profiles, stormdoors, pipe, fencing, and various accessory items

generally used for installation. In addition to these solidproducts, foam or cellular rigid PVC materials are enteringthe marketplace as substitutes for the traditional solidmaterials, or allowing PVC to capture other maintenancefree applications; typical forms now in use include interiormoulding profiles and foam core pipe. Emphasis is placedon the formulation ingredients constituting the articlesabove, how they are put together and influence themanufacturing process and final product, and how theycan be tested to determine fit to the applicationrequirements.USA

Accession no.676572

Item 403Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology4, No.1, March 1998, p.4-11STUDY OF ADDITIVE COMPATIBILITY WITHPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE. II. DYNAMICMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF PVCLUBRICATION BY STEARIC ACID AND ITSDERIVATIVESFisch M; Bacaloglu RWitco Corp.

The glass transition temperatures of PVC containingstearic acid derivatives as lubricants have been used todefine two new parameters of lubrication: the saturationconcentration and the efficiency constant. The saturationconcentration represents the maximum amount oflubricant compatible with PVC in a specific formulation.The lubricant molecules are associated with the surfacemolecules of the PVC primary particles or are in theinterstitial space between them. The use of lubricants atsignificantly lower concentration than the saturationconcentration ensures their permanence in the polymer.They then act as internal lubricants reducing the viscosityof the melt. The use of lubricants at much higherconcentrations than saturation concentration leads toformation of lubricant pools between PVC primaryparticles. Increased temperature or longer time ensuresthe release of lubricants from these pools at the surfaceof the polymer giving the lubricants an external character.At a normal usage of 0.5 to 1.5 phr (approximately 1.6-5meq stearate) to 100 g PVC, methyl, barium and calciumstearates may be considered internal, aluminium andsodium internal/external, zinc, lithium, magnesiumstearates and stearic acid itself external lubricants. 28 refs.USA

Accession no.676571

Item 404Polymers and Polymer Composites6, No.1, 1998, p.7-13TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) FILLED WITH PRECIPITATEDCALCIUM CARBONATE



Nakamura Y; Azuma F; Iida TOsaka,Institute of Technology

Tensile properties of PVC filled with precipitated calciumcarbonate particles having two different mean sizes werestudied. The particles were porous agglomerates ofspherical primary particles. 10-50 parts of the particleswere mixed with 100 parts PVC and 3 parts lead stearateusing a mixing roll. Tensile tests were carried out usingdumbbell test specimens. 20 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.676447

Item 405Polymer Engineering and Science38, No.1, Jan.1998, p.194-203RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRAIN RATE,TEMPERATURE, AND IMPACT FAILUREMECHANISM FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)AND POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)Green J L; Petty C A; Gillis P P; Grulke E AMichigan,University; Kentucky,University

One approach to purification of recycled thermoplasticmixtures is selective grinding to induce differences insizes and shapes between polymers with differentcompositions. These mixtures can then be separated usingone of several technologies including conventionalsieving or hydrocyclones. Recycled PVC and PETP oftenare cross-contaminated with each other since they haveoverlapping density ranges and are very difficult toseparate using, e.g. flotation. The effects of processingconditions, temperature and impact rate on the modelcoefficients were determined, and then were used toengineer a selective grinding process. The developmentof failure mechanism diagrams and their comparison withimpact failure tests for PVC and PETP are reported. 28refs.USA

Accession no.675012

Item 406Journal of Applied Polymer Science68, No.1, 4th April 1998, p.11-27STABILISATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)WITH PREHEATED METAL STEARATES ANDCOSTABILISERS. II. USE OF A POLYOLBenavides R; Edge V; Allen N S; Tellez M MMexico,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplic.;Manchester,Metropolitan University;Coahuila,Universidad Autonoma

Pentaerythritol was chosen as long-term costabiliser.During normal stabilisation conditions, the polyolenhanced the induction time to degradation but producedlarge amounts of polyenes. The use of the preheatedmixture of metal soaps and preheated zinc stearateenhanced even more such times, while preheated calciumstearate reduced them. The same effect was seen with the

beta-diketone; in that case the results seem to be the sumof both separated effects. Evaluation of induction timesto degradation, carbonyl formation, visible reflectance,and UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy supportedthese findings. 18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MEXICO; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.674719

Item 407Journal of Applied Polymer Science68, No.1, 4th April 1998, p.1-10STABILISATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)WITH PRETREATED METAL STEARATES ANDCOSTABILISERS. I. USE OF A BETA-DIKETONEBenavides R; Edge V; Allen N S; Tellez M MMexico,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplic.;Manchester,Metropolitan University;Coahuila,Universidad Autonoma

The influence of a beta-diketone on the already observedanomalous behaviour of preheated metal stearates, e.g.zinc stearate, calcium soap, as heat stabilisers for PVCwas evaluated using dibenzoyl methane (Rhodastab-83),a ‘short-term’ costabiliser. 19 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MEXICO; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.674718

Item 408Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et PlastiquesNo.752, Sept.1996, p.41-5FrenchCALENDERING: AN OUT OF BREATHTECHNOLOGY?Forest J P

Calendering processes and machinery are described, andtypes of rubber and PVC products manufactured by thistechnology are examined. Details are also given of theroller head process, a cross between calendering andextrusion coating.

MCNEIL AKRON REPIQUET; BERSTORFFH.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH; COMERIO ERCOLESPA; COMERIO R.,SASEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;GERMANY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670797

Item 409Advances in Polymer Technology17, No.1, Spring 1998, p.37-51SILANE CROSSLINKING OF PLASTICISED PVCFiaz M; Gilbert MLoughborough,University

Details are given of the use of three different types ofaminosilanes for crosslinking plasticised PVC. Data aregiven for milling, followed by press moulding and



extrusion. Tensile properties and thermal stabilities arediscussed. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.669483

Item 410Polymer39, No.1, 1998, p.151-7PHOTO-CROSSLINKING OFDITHIOCARBAMATE-SUBSTITUTED PVCREDUCES PLASTICISER MIGRATIONLakshmi S; Jayakrishnan ASree Chitra Tirunal Inst.for Med.Sci.& Technology

Medical grade PVC sheets and tubes were surfacemodified by nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atomsby photoactive diethyl dithiocarbamate in the presenceof a suitable phase transfer catalyst. The modified surfacewas crosslinked by UV light to create a barrier for thediffusion of plasticiser. The effect of concentration ofphase transfer catalyst and diethyl dithiocarbamate, timeof reaction and irradiation dose on the extent of plasticisermigration was examined. 26 refs.INDIA

Accession no.663337

Item 411Packaging Technology and Science10, No.3, May-June 1997, p.169-75PVC THERMOFORMED CONTAINERS FORFOOD PACKAGING: ESTABLISHMENT OFRAPID EXTRACTION TEST FOR OVERALLMIGRATION LIMIT COMPLIANCE TESTINGCooper I; Goodson A; Tice P APIRA International

In order to demonstrate compliance with the overallmigration limit given in amended EC Directive 901128/EEC, overall migration tests are usually performed onfinished food packaging with food stimulants. Forpackaging converters, in particular, who thermoform awide range of containers from an extruded sheet, the costof testing for compliance can be prohibitive. However,the Directive also allows compliance to be demonstratedby use of a ‘more severe test’. A ‘more severe test’ isdeveloped for PVC and VC/VA copolymer materialsinvolving extraction with methanol or a methanol/watermixture and evaporation to dryness. This procedure isoptimised so that it is simple and rapid to perform andgives slightly higher results for the extruded sheetcompared to overall migration tests conducted with fattyand aqueous food simulants. Results are presenteddemonstrating the rapid extraction test to be a ‘moresevere test’ and that it can be used by converters inconjunction with good manufacturing practice (GMP) todemonstrate compliance with the overall migration limitin a cost-effective way. 9 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.662337

Item 412Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.249-55PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATIONOF MONOMERIC PLASTICIZERS INFLEXIBLE PVC COMPOUNDSKozlowski R R; Gallagher T KAristech Chemical

The performance of a flexible PVC compound is oftendefined by its plasticiser content and composition and asimple, accurate and fast method of plasticiseridentification could, therefore, be an effective qualitycontrol and benchmark performance test in new productdevelopment studies. Gas chromatography was shown toprovide the most effective identification method and itwas demonstrated that it could be complemented by IRspectroscopy, liquid chromatography and physicalobservations to confirm identity. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.661993

Item 413Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.210-5EFFECT OF EXTRUSION CONDITIONS ONRIGID PVC FOAMRabinovitch E B; Isner J D; Sidor J A; Wiedl D JGeon Co.

Results are presented of an investigation of the effect ofextrusion conditions, such as melt temp., screw speed anddraw-down, on process morphology of rigid PVC foamsand the properties of the extruded profile, includingdensity, cell structure and surface appearance. Theoptimum conditions for the best quality profile found inthis study were 190 to 196C melt temp. and no greaterthan 20 rpm screw speed on a 63.5 mm single screw. 15refs.USA

Accession no.661986

Item 414Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.3, Sept.1997, p.205-9NEW ORGANIC COSTABILIZERS FOR THESTABILIZATION OF PVCBurley J WAkcros Chemicals America

Recent developments in the use of organic costabilisersfor stabilisation of PVC are reviewed, with particularattention to a new class of polyketones (pyrrolidine-2,4-diones) recently patented by Akcros Chemicals. The



regulatory status, performance characteristics andmechanism of action of this type of material are described.The pyrrolidine-2,4-diones are shown to be effective asorganic costabilisers with a variety of different metal soapstabilisers and in a range of PVC formulations. In particular,the compounds exhibit superior colour control incomparison with established beta-diketones. Goodperformance can be obtained at low addition levels. 13 refs.USA

Accession no.661985

Item 415Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe50, No.10, Oct.1997, p.696-703GermanQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEATSTABILISERS IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDEBraun D; Richter E

PVC is usually processed with various different additives.Among these, heat-stabilisers for PVC contain metals, inthe past mainly heavy metals. For the recycling of PVCalong with the identification, quantitative analysis ofmetals currently used is of interest. Different methods(complexometric titration, capillary electrophoresis andatom absorption spectroscopy) can be used to analyse thecontent of heavy metals in PVC. For all investigatedmethods the metals must be separated from the polymerand transferred into an aqueous phase. The classic titrationgives rather good results of the metal content in thesamples without large apparative equipment, whereascapillary electrophoresis and atom absorptionspectroscopy have several advantages compared withchemical methods. 17 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.656330

Item 416Polymer International44, No.2, Oct.1997, p.117-24PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF FILLEDCONDUCTIVE POLYMER COMPOSITESYi X-S; Wu G; Pan YZhejiang,University

A review is presented of the electrical properties ofpolymers filled with different types of conductingparticles. Following a theoretical description of a generaleffective media equation, experimental conductivity-volume fraction data for thermoplastic filled withvanadium oxide particles as well as thermosetting polymercomposites, were fitted to the equation. The calculatedproperty-related parameters in the equation are discussed.Data are given for PVC, HDPE, LLDPE, LDPE, andepoxy resin. 12 refs.CHINA

Accession no.656159

Item 417Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe50, No.9, Sept.1997, p.645-7CALCULATIONS OF TOLERANCES WITHSTATISTICAL MODEL FOR CALENDER TOPRODUCE PVCOelschlaegel F

The application of interval mathematics for tolerancecalculations using a statistical model to describecalendering is described. It represents a logical expansionof known methods for the use of such models and mightbe relevant for quality control and for cost efficientrunning of equipment. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.653542

Item 418European Chemical News68, No.1782, 29th Sept.-5th Oct.1997, p.39-40IS THERE LIFE AFTER DEATH?Johnston S

The European Commission has stated that in view of theproblems caused by PVC recycling, it would furtheranalyse the scientific evidence in order to proposeappropriate measures for controlling future use of PVCin new cars. The Commission’s words are hardly a voteof confidence in the face of growing evidence that thequality of PVC recyclate is improving and recyclinginitiatives are approaching commercial viability in someEuropean countries. PVC is the second most widely usedplastic in the world, yet only between 1 and 4% isrecycled. This article examines the reasons why.WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.650397

Item 419Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.2, June 1997, p.118-25VINYL MOULDING COMPOUNDS:FORMULATION AND PERFORMANCEEVALUATIONStevenson J C; Fazey A CRohm & Haas Co.

Today’s vinyl moulding compounds are successfullymeeting the combined challenges of physical properties,appearance, processability, and cost requirements in avariety of specialty injection moulding applications suchas appliance parts, business equipment, and electricalenclosures. One of the major reasons why vinyl materialsare so versatile is that the PVC resins on which they arebased can be easily modified with a variety of additivesto tailor the particular performance features of thecompounds to their intended applications. Determinationof an appropriate combination of PVC resin and additivesto produce an effective and cost-competitive compound,



however, is not a simple process. Important considerationsin formulating a vinyl moulding compound and evaluatingits performance are discussed. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.650269

Item 420Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.2, June 1997, p.112-7STUDY OF ADDITIVE COMPATIBILITY WITHPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE). I. DYNAMICMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA) OF IMPACTMODIFIED RIGID PVC CONTAINING ESTERLUBRICANTSBacaloglu R; Hegranes B; Fisch MWitco Technical Center

Glass transition temperatures of impact modified PVCwith different amounts of lubricants were used to definetwo new parameters of lubrication: the saturationconcentration and the efficiency constant. The use oflubricants at significantly lower concentration than thesaturation concentration ensures their permanence in thepolymer. They then act as internal lubricants reducing theviscosity of the melt. The use of lubricants at much higherconcentrations ensures their release at the surface of thepolymer, giving them an external character. The describedprocedure can be applied to any polymer and all theadditives that can migrate in the polymeric phase as longas their glass transition temperatures can be measured.13 refs.USA

Accession no.650268

Item 421Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.2, June 1997, p.107-11REVERSIBLE DISCOLORATION EFFECTS INTHE PHOTOAGEING OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE)Gardette J L; Lemaire JBlaise Pascal,Universite

Photochemical degradation of titanium dioxide pigmentedPVC leads to a latent discolouration that is revealed onlyduring a further period of storage of the aged material inthe dark. This effect is reversible, and photobleaching canbe provoked by a new irradiation of the polymer. Thisbehaviour can be attributed to the formation of polyenicsequences with a short conjugation length, which presentan absorption below 400 nm. The screen effect of thepigment protects these polyenes against photooxidation,which permits these polyenes to accumulate in thedegraded polymer. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.650267

Item 422Reuse/Recycle27, No. 5, May 1997, p.34-5PVC BOTTLES ARE BEING LANDFILLED

The Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers, (APR),is asking the Vinyl Institute and its members for their supportin re-establishing domestic markets for post-consumer PVCbottles, it is reported. Currently, there is a lack of viablemarkets for these products and members of APR aredisposing of them in landfills. OxyChem is said to be theonly virgin resin producer to financially support a PVC bottlerecovery program in the last five years, but has since sold itsprogram to Bayshore Vinyl. OxyChem is now exploring theuse of PVC bottles in construction, but believes higher qualitypost-consumer PVC will be needed for this market.

US,ASSOCIATION OF POSTCONSUMER PLASTICRECYCLERS; US,VINYL INSTITUTE; P & RENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRIES; OXYCHEM;BAYSHORE VINYLUSA

Accession no.649292

Item 423International Polymer Science and Technology24, No.3, 1997, p.T/68-72ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITION OF COATINGSFORMED ON CALENDERS DURINGPRODUCTION OF PVC FILMLirova B I; Nokhrina N N; Lyutikova E A; Potapov V A

Under physical, chemical and mechanical effects, therelease of various substances is possible during theproduction and service of PVC compositions. Undesirablemigration processes can have a harmful effect on the humanbody, cause deterioration of the properties both of thecompositions themselves and of the materials in contactwith them, and lead to the formation of a coating (plating)on the processing surfaces of equipment. However, despitethe urgent need to solve the problem of the release of low-molecular weight substances from PVC compositions, mostavailable studies are concerned with identification of gasliberation products. Due attention has not been paid to thestudy of processes of migration of low molecular weightcomponents of PVC compositions and the mechanism ofmigration under the action of liquid media. There are nodata on the qualitative composition of coatings formed oncalendars during the production of PVC materials, whichhave a considerable adverse effect on the quality of thefinished product. An attempt is made to determine thechemical structure of coatings formed on calenders duringthe production of PVC film at the Urals StroiplastpolimerProduction Association, and to establish the causes andmechanism of coating formation. Analysis is made ofspecimens of coatings removed at different times fromcalenders during the manufacture of PVC film based ondifferent feedstock batches. 9 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.647875



Item 424International Polymer Science and Technology24, No.2, 1997, p.T/92-8ORGANOSILOXANES AS CROSSLINKINGAGENTS FOR PLASTICISED PVCCOMPOSITIONSPelka J; Szablowska B

Plasticised compositions of PVC fulfil many different kindsof requirements, depending on the formulation used, but arestricting factor for many applications is their relativelylow permissible long-term operating temperature. For thisreason, studies are continually being carried out on thedevelopment of effective methods of crosslinking PVC,since crosslinking polymers makes it possible to obtainmaterials with improved service properties. The mostimportant benefits accruing from crosslinking are theincrease in the long-term operating temperature, reductionof deformation and improvement of the mechanicalproperties at elevated temperatures, increase in theresistance to solvent action and increase in abrasionresistance. Studies have been carried out on the chemicalcrosslinking of PVC with the use of peroxides, derivativesof dimercaptotriazines, polyfunctional amines and, of somecommercial importance, crosslinking processes usingpolymerisable plasticisers. Among more recent methodsfor crosslinking PVC, the most interesting seems to be themethod of hydrolytic crosslinking of PVC compositionswith grafted mercaptosilanes and aminosilanes by themethod of nucleophilic substitution during processing. Thismethod makes it possible to obtain a satisfactory degree ofcrosslinking of the composition with simultaneous retentionof satisfactory thermal stability. Investigative studies of thehydrolytic crosslinking of plasticised PVC compositionsgrafted with the use of mercapto- or aminoalkoxysilanesare presented. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.647859

Item 425International Polymer Science and Technology24, No.2, 1997, p.T/88-91EFFECT OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS OFUNPLASTICISED PVC COMPOSITIONS ONPOLYMER STRUCTUREBortel K; Szewczyk P

PVC has a complex particle morphology and a low degreeof crystallinity. The crystallinity of PVC increases withincrease in syndiotacticity. The level of syndiotacticity riseswith fall in the temperature of polymerisation, and in thecase of commercial types of PVC-S reaches 54-56%,whereas their crystallinity is only about 10%. The presenceof crystalline forms in PVC has been established by studiesusing e.g. small-angle x-ray scattering, wide-angle X-raydiffraction (WAXS), IR spectroscopy and differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC). In PVC, crystallites areformed under conversion conditions of less than 2%. These

are present in structures of microdomains and betweenthem, as was also confirmed in polymer specimens afterprocessing. The presence of crystallites between themicrodomains forming the domains may explain therelatively high durability of the domains during processing.Despite the relatively low level of ordering of structure(crystallinity) of PVC, this ordering has a significant effectboth on the processing and on the properties of the products.During processing under appropriately selected conditions,the subtle structure of PVC is altered to a more uniform,domain structure, which is regarded as optimal from thepoint of view of the physical and mechanical properties ofthe products. An attempt is made to determine the structuralchanges in PVC caused by processing. In addition theeffects of temperature and the rate of extrusion on the degreeof gelling of the selected PVC composition are examined.14 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.647858

Item 426Materiale Plastice34, No.1, 1997, p.22-9RumanianVINYL CHLORIDE ANTISTATIC PROPERTIESOPTIMISATION WITH ZEOLITES AND IRONOXIDEDiaconu I; Daranga M; Dumitrescu SJassy,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry;Jassy,Technical University

The simultaneous influences of aluminium silicate andyellow iron oxide on the antistatic properties of PVC-based composites were analysed. Antistatic propertieswere estimated in terms of electrostatic potential values,its halving time and surface electrical resistivity. Twooptimal antistatic composites were established using thesecond order programme method. 14 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.642968

Item 427British Plastics and RubberJuly/Aug.1997, p.4-6CINCINNATI’S DEVELOPMENTS IN PVC PIPE

Counter-rotating twin screw extruders are used almostexclusively for the production of uPVC pipes, profilesand sheet because they treat material more gently thansingle screws. Parallel screw and conical twin screwextruders are compared. Cincinnati Milacron Austriaintroduced its Argos parallel twin screw extruders lastyear. These machines are intended to complement thecompany’s Titan conical screw range. Coextrusion offoamed core pipes is also described.

CINCINNATI MILACRON AUSTRIA GMBHAUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.642797



Item 428Polymer Engineering and Science37, No.5, May 1997, p.888-95IMPACT GRINDING OF THERMOPLASTICS: ASIZE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION MODELGreen J L; Petty C A; Grulke E AMichigan,State University; Kentucky,University

Product particle size distributions of impact groundthermoplastics (specifically PETP and PVC) areinterpreted and models describing these distributionsdeveloped. Results from multiple and single particlebreakage in a hammer mi1l are used. The values of themodel coefficients are related to the brittle-ductiletransition grinding conditions and breakage mechanisms.Results are relevant to the separation of thermoplastics,as for example, is required when recycling consumerproducts such as bottles. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.641415

Item 429Journal of Applied Polymer Science65, No.1, 5th July 1997, p.127-34EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF VINYLCHLORIDE DROP BEHAVIOUR DURINGSUSPENSION POLYMERISATIONZerfa M; Brooks B WLoughborough,University

The effects of some polymerisation conditions on PVCparticles produced by suspension polymerisation werestudied. The different stages of vinyl chloride suspensionpolymerisation were investigated by using an on-linesample withdrawal technique during reaction. The effectof change of stabiliser on particle size, porosity, andmorphology is discussed. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.639984

Item 430Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3580-5. 012INFLUENCE OF PLASTICISER ON MELTFLOW AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFPVC/NEWSPRINT-FIBRE COMPOSITESMatuana L M; Balatinecz J J; Park C BToronto,University(SPE)

A plasticiser plays an important role in the formulationof PVC and in determining its processability. The effectsof the added small quantities of plasticiser on therheological and mechanical properties of PVC/newsprint-fibre composites. The formulation of PVC/newsprint-fibrecomposites are modified by incorporating variousconcentrations as a plasticiser. Newsprint fibres aredispersed into the PVC matrix in a high shear turbine

mixer. Blends are compression moulded and tested forthe following properties: melt flow index, tensile strengthat yield, modulus, elongation at break, toughness andnotched izod impact strength. Analysis of data using SASprocedures of ANOVA are also conducted to discern theeffects of concentration of plasticiser on these properties.The results indicate that the plasticiser has a significanteffect on melt flow properties, and thereby influences theprocessability of PVC/newsprint fibre composites. Thepresence of the antiplasticisation region is observed inPVC/newsprint fibre composites. In this region, tensilestrength and modulus increase significantly, whereas theopposite trend is observed beyond this region. However,elongation at break and the toughness of PVC/newsprint-fibre composites are not affected by the presence ofplasticiser whereas the impact strengths of the compositesare strongly affected by the plasticiser. 41 refs.CANADA

Accession no.639926

Item 431Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3496-502. 012RECENTLY-DEVELOPED NON-LEAD PVCSTABILISERS FOR WIRE AND CABLETsuboi T; Mitsudera TAsahi Denka Kogyo KK(SPE)

Risk reduction is a world wide problem and of course aconcern to the field of PVC stabilisers. The replacementof lead stabilisers in wire and cable applications isdemonstrated. Newly developed non-lead stabilisers(RUP-series) are shown to offer excellent heat stability,electrical and mechanical properties compared withtraditional wire and cable formulations. The overallprocessability is shown with experimental and actualresults. The gradual increase in use of ADKs and othernon-lead stabilisers in the USA and Japan demonstratesindustry’s concern for the public demand in saving theenvironment without direct laws banning the use of lead.JAPAN

Accession no.639912

Item 432Polymer38, No.11, May 1997, p.2633-42EFFECTS OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYLCHLORIDE) MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODESAND BIOSENSORSGibbons W S; Patel H M; Kusy R PNorth Carolina,University

In order to find the amount of plasticiser which ensuredproper ion-selective electrode function and optimisedmechanical properties, puncture tests were used toevaluate the effects of changes in plasticiser levels and



species on the mechanical properties of PVC membranes.Seven different plasticisers were each tested at a minimumof eight levels of plasticisation. The molecular structuresof the plasticisers influenced the mechanical properties.Strength, stiffness and toughness increased as ionicresistivity increased. Ductility decreased as ionicresistivity increased. The authors concluded that inelectrodes and biosensors, phr (per hundred resin) ratiosshould be reduced to a minimum of one. 19 refs.USA

Accession no.638534

Item 433Antec 97. Volume II. Conference proceedings.Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.1902-6. 012ENHANCED PROPERTIES OF IMPACTMODIFIED PVC WITH POLYBUTENEEnlow W P; Ludwig PGE Specialty Chemicals Inc.(SPE)

The addition of polybutene to impact modified PVCformulations reveals improved impact resistance andincreased dynamic thermal stability in the PVCformulation. Polybutene added at levels up to 10% of thetotal impact modifier gives a significant increase in theIzod impact and increase in dynamic thermal stability byas much as 25%. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.638310

Item 434European Polymer Journal33, No.4, April 1997, p.453-62IR SPECTRAL CHANGES IN PVC ANDPLASTICISED PVC DURING GELATION ANDFUSIONBeltran M; Garcia J C; Marcilla AAlicante,Universidad

The behaviour of PVC and PVC plastisols were studiedduring their thermal treatment using an in situ FTIRtechnique. Differences in the behaviour of certain bandscorresponding to the plasticiser and the resin as aconsequence of the interactions among them arediscussed. 28 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.637924

Item 435Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.1, March 1997, p.33-40EFFECT OF ZINC BORATE IN COMBINATIONWITH AMMONIUM OCTAMOLYBDATE ORZINC STANNATE ON SMOKE SUPPRESSION INFLEXIBLE PVC

Ferm D J; Shen K KUS Borax Inc.

The effect of combinations of zinc borate with ammoniumoctamolybdate or zinc stannate on smoke suppressionupon combustion of flexible PVC was studied. The effectson oxygen index and on residual char after ten minutes at560C were also evaluated. These studies were carried outusing both a conventional dioctyl phthalate(DOP)plasticiser and a mixed plasticiser consisting of a 1:1combination of DOP and an alkyl aryl phosphate ester.For both plasticiser systems, results showed thatcombinations of the zinc borate with either ammoniumoctamolybdate or zinc stannate showed improvementswith regard to smoke reduction upon combustion. Noindications of interactions to explain this effect wereobtained by TGA of PVC containing these additives. TGAanalyses indicated that PVC samples made with the mixedplasticiser had final decomposition temps. which wereslightly higher than those made with DOP as theplasticiser. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.634633

Item 436Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.1, March 1997, p.28-32SUCCESSFUL EXTRUSION OF SMALLDIAMETER CPVC PIPEGrohman M; Holloway SCincinnati Milacron

Some of the basic factors involved in screw and pipe headdesign for chlorinated PVC extrusion are discussed. It isshown that extrusion of small-diameter CPVC piperequires specially-designed equipment and that use of aY-block should be considered. Some examples ofsuccessful applications are described. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.634632

Item 437Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.1, March 1997, p.21-7INFLUENCE OF ACRYLIC IMPACTMODIFIERS ON THE WELD STRENGTH OFEXTRUDED RIGID PVCWeier J ERohm & Haas Co.

The weld strength of a PVC window profile is a functionof complex interactions among many contributingvariables. Major determinants of weld strength were foundto include the PVC formulation, profile processingconditions and welding parameters. Impact modifiersenhanced weld strength due to their well-known effectson PVC mechanical properties. For modifiers havingsimilar impact efficiency, the contribution to improved



weld strength was maximised by optimisation of the PVCviscosity and blend morphology at the weld line. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.634631

Item 438Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology3, No.1, March 1997, p.7-11STRUCTURE OF LEAD STABILIZERS. I. BASICLEAD CARBOXYLATESGrossman R F; Krausnick DHammond Group

IR and NMR spectra of basic lead carboxylates used asheat stabilisers for halogenated polymers, e.g. PVC,indicated that these salts were not complexes, or doublecompounds of lead oxide, as suggested in most textbooks,but unique compounds of interesting structure. Stabilisersstudied included monobasic lead phthalate, tribasic leadmaleate, tetrabasic lead fumarate, dibasic lead phthalateand dibasic lead stearate. Lead stabilisers probablyfunctioned in these polymers by converting hydrogenchloride to water, interfering with acid catalysis of theelimination reaction. 6 refs.

HALSTABUSA

Accession no.634628

Item 439Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology13, No.1, 1997, p.56-76RECYCLING OF PVC SUPERMARKET TRAYSINTO RIGID FOAM EXTRUSIONSThomas N L; Quirk J P; Cretney HEuropean Vinyls Corp.(UK) Ltd.

Recycled PVC supermarket trays have been usedsuccessfully in production-scale trials to make the foamedlayer in coextruded cladding. The extruded product hadsatisfactory foam density, foam structure and colour. Impactproperties were better than those of the control made fromvirgin PVC: this is attributed to the high levels of impactmodifier used in tray formulations. These trials demonstratedthat PVC straight-on trays can be recycled into foamedextrusions for wood replacement products. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.634092

Item 440Composite Interfaces4, No.4, 1997, p.223-37INTERFACIAL ENHANCEMENT OF FLEXIBLEPVC-SILICA COMPOSITES BY SILANECOUPLING AGENTSUlutan S; Balkose DEge,University

Enhancement of a flexible PVC-silica composite interfacewas studied by the application of gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on silane. Compositescontaining silica and silanised silica up to 25.6 phr andprepared by sol-gel technology were subjected to waterand water vapour attacks similar to that in their daily use.Silane application resulted in diminishing liquid waterand water vapour sorption by about 24.0% and 11.9%,respectively. Inhibition of dioctyl phthalate migrationfrom composites by silane application was alsodetermined as 24% using UV measurements. 20 refs.TURKEY

Accession no.632126

Item 441Polymer38, No.7, 1997, 1647-57STUDY OF PLASTICISATION EFFECTS INPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)Elicegui A; Del Val J J; Bellenger V; Verdu JSan Sebastian,Universidad del Pais Vasco; ENSAM

The volumetric, elastic and dynamic properties ofinternally and externally plasticised PVC were studiedand compared with those of unplasticised PVC. The glasstransition temperature for the plasticised samples wasmarkedly lowered and this decrease was more importantfor the externally plasticised ones. The positions of theloss peaks from dielectric alpha-relaxation measurementsconfirmed the higher efficiency of the externalplasticisation. However, the shape of the dielectric alpha-relaxation function was altered only for the internallyplasticised samples. The plasticisation effect was linkedwith a decrease in the intensity of the beta-relaxationprocess but no important changes in the activation energyof this process were observed. The results were discussed.47 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.630833

Item 442Materiale Plastice33, No.4, 1996, p.253-9RumanianESTER-TYPE PLASTICISERS FOR PVC, BASEDON SOME AROMATIC CONTENT ALCOHOLS.IX. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS INDEFINING THE ESSENTIAL PLASTICISERPROPERTIESMirci L ETimisoara,Polytechnical University

Results are presented of the calculations of thefundamental parameters used in defining essentialplasticiser properties. The predictor of compatibility, i.e.the Hildebrand solubility parameter, predicted the major



level of compatibility for both series involved, namelydiesters and mixed esters. 25 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA

Accession no.629134

Item 443Journal of Fire Sciences14, No.6, Nov/Dec.1996, p.426-42MECHANSIMS FOR FLAME RETARDANCYAND SMOKE SUPPRESSION - REVIEWGreen JFMC Corp.

The prevailing mechanisms for halogen and phosphorusflame retardancy are reviewed. Halogens act in the vapourphase and phosphorus can act in either the vapour orcondensed phase depending on the specific phosphoruscompound and the chemical composition of the polymer.Halogen-antimony synergy is discussed. Convincingevidence is presented for bromine-phosphorus synergy inspecific polymers. The mode of decomposition ofpolycarbonate is shown and the effect of salts of organicacids in changing the mode of decomposition henceproducing a more flame resistant polymer is shown.Intumescence in polyolefins is discussed. Inorganic metalhydrates used in large concentration cool by endothermicallyreleasing a large concentration of water. The effects of boroncompounds are discussed. Methods of smoke suppressionare presented as is the role of zinc borate, molybdenum andtin compounds acting as Lewis acids in PVC. 31 refs.USA

Accession no.617495

Item 444R’95 - Recovery, Recycling, Re-Integration. VolumeIV: Chemical Processes, Biological Processes, HospitalWaste. Conference proceedings.Geneva, 1st-3rd Sept. 1995, p.IV.51-8. 8(13)RECOVERY OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID FROMTHERMAL PROCESSING OF WASTE PVCSchaub MSulzer Chemtech AGEdited by: Barrage A; Edelmann X(EMPA; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Mat.Testing &Res.)

The recycling of plastic materials becomes more and moreimportant, but unfortunately it is not possible to makematerials from the same quality as that of the virginmaterial. For PVC, this problem is even more pronouncedthan for other plastics. A process is studied which is ableto destroy the waste PVC, but which can recover the mostimportant component of it - chlorine - as a raw productfor VCM manufacture, with a very high yield. Most ofthe energy contained in the PVC can be recovered aselectrical power and steam. 4 refs.SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.615223

Item 445Polymer Degradation and Stability54, No.1, 1996, p.49-55PREDICTION OF PHOTOAGEING STABILITYOF PLASTICISED PVC FILMS CONTAINING UVSTABILISERSGuillermo Martinez J; Oliverio S R F; Santiago S L;Eduardo R V; Allen N SMexico,Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Aplic.;Manchester,Metropolitan University

A number of stabilised formulations of plasticised PVCwere photoaged both naturally (in Northern Mexico) andartificially using a fluorescent lighting unit. The ageingof the samples was characterised using tensilemeasurements and their mean times to failure correlatedusing a Weibull Probability plot via a JUSE-QCASsoftware package. Exposure times were related to totalglobal solar radiation from which a linear plot of naturalversus artificial ageing was obtained. Notwithstanding thelarge variations in stabiliser formulations and theirdifferences in performance the results indicate thataccurate outdoor lifetime predictions can be establishedfrom accelerated ageing data. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MEXICO; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.615214

Item 446Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.193-7PVC IN MEDICAL DEVICE AND PACKAGINGAPPLICATIONSHong K ZBaxter Healthcare Corp.

A review is given of the fundamental chemistry andphysical structure of PVC to provide an insight intoproperty and performance versatility. Mention is madeof how specific mechanical and thermal properties canbe tailored via compounding and fabrication processesto serve specific purposes in medical applications. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.614201

Item 447Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.190-2IMPROVING GAMMA RADIATIONRESISTANCE: MEDICAL GRADE, FLEXIBLECLEAR PVC COMPOUNDSLuther D W; Linsky L ATeknor Apex Co.

Details are given of ways of improving the gammairradiation stability of flexible PVC. The variables ofinterest were resin molecular weight, plasticiser loading,stabiliser type, and choice of antioxidant. The criterion forimprovement was colour change after irradiation. 2 refs.



USA

Accession no.614200

Item 448Polymer37, No.23, 1996, p.5213-8PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSED SURFACEMODIFICATION OF PLASTICISEDPOLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) IN AQUEOUS MEDIATO RETARD PLASTICISER MIGRATIONJayakrishnan A; Sunny M CSree Chitra Tirunal Inst.for Med.Sci.& Technology

Plasticised PVC sheets were surface modified bynucleophilic substitution of chlorine by azide in aqueousmedia under phase transfer conditions. The azidated PVCsurface was then irradiated by UV light to crosslink thesurface. It was found that considerable reduction in themigration of the plasticiser di-(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) couldbe achieved by this technique, depending on the extent ofazidation of the PVC surface and the irradiation dose. Aftersurface modification, there was around 30% reduction inthe stress-strain properties of the PVC sheets but these valueswere still well above the minimum prescribed for PVC usedin biomedical applications. 19 refs.INDIA

Accession no.611191

Item 449PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.417-24. 42C382RECYCLING OF PVC PIPESSander MEuropean Vinyls Corp.(Deutschland)GmbH(Institute of Materials)

The capability of recycling PVC pipes and the highstandards which have already been achieved are discussedusing examples of recycling initiatives in differentcountries. Emphasis is placed on the description of aneffective collection system and the recycling process interms of cleaning, separation of foreign materials andgrinding. An example is given of how the materialprepared can be reused in new pipes. In addition, theresultant costs, actual take-back quantities and theperspectives of the pipe recycling are discussed. 10 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611177

Item 450PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.391-405. 42C382TEMPERATURE AND IMPACT RATEDEPENDENCE OF THE DUCTILE/BRITTLETRANSITION OF IMPACT MODIFIED PVCGervat L; Disson J P; Bianchi C; Marvalin C; Morel PElf Atochem SA

(Institute of Materials)

The impact behaviour of pure and impact modified PVCis studied in terms of the ductile-brittle transition. Thesetransitions show an Arrhenius dependence on temperaturerelated to the beta motions of the PVC matrix. A modelbased on Eyring theory is proposed. Beyond its theoreticalinterest, the model predicts the impact performance ofPVC at various temperature and impact modifier contents.6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611175

Item 451PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.379-90. 42C382HEAT REVERSION EFFECTS IN EXTRUDEDPVC-U PROFILESHaworth B; Stephenson R CLoughborough,University; European VinylsCorp.(UK)Ltd.(Institute of Materials)

Heat reversion effects are observed when extrudedunplasticised PVC profiles are subjected to elevatedtemperatures. It is a multi-axial parameter, occurring inall three principal axes of the profile, and the magnitudeof the effect is shown to be a complex function of a numberof inter-related variables. Results are presented fromstudies which have attempted to quantify reversion effects,and analyse their dependence on process conditions incommercial twin-screw extrusion systems. Elongationalstress created by draw down effects is a primarydeterminant of the measured heat reversion, yet shrinkageis also influenced by output, cooling/sizing conditions andrelaxation kinetics of the unplasticised PVC compound.Many of these variables are interdependent, and attemptshave been made to separate the respective contributionsof these parameters. Allowing for die swell whendimensioning dies and calibrators offers a practical routeto achieving higher line speeds without increasingreversion levels. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611174

Item 452PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.361-8. 42C382FE ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN WELDEDCORNERS OF PVC-U PROFILESHolownia B PLoughborough,University(Institute of Materials)

British Standard BS7413:1991 specifies the test methodfor PVC-U profiles based on the 900 welded section. Thestress calculations use a simple plane bending theory



which is rather simplistic for deep sections such as PVC-U window and door profiles. A close correlation was foundbetween the actual failure load and those predicted usingFE analysis. In particular, different sizes of ‘T’, ‘Z’ and‘L’ shape profiles were investigated and the maximumstresses in the welded corner obtained by simple formulaas used in BS7413 and by FE method were compared.The results show that for deep profiles the BS7413formula underestimates the true corner stress in someprofiles by nearly 30%. 5 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611172

Item 453PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.345-53. 42C382ORGANOTIN PVC HEAT STABILISERS:RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMISTRY ANDPERFORMANCEMesch K A; Conroy G MMorton International Inc.,Morton Plastics Additives Div.(Institute of Materials)

In their early days, the performance of organotinmercaptide PVC heat stabilisers was predicated based onthe amount of tin metal contained in the chosen stabiliser.Many important innovations in organotin stabilisertechnology are highlighted. Modern organotin mercaptidestabilisers are fine tuned for the particular process andend-use. Through the correct choices of organotin species,mercaptide ligand chemistry and organic co-stabilisers,the efficiency of these products can no longer be equatedto the tin metal content alone. Several examples are shownto demonstrate the many performance benefits affordedby modem stabiliser products. The stabiliser chemistry isaffected by the PVC process, the desired end productperformance requirements and all of the other ingredientsin the formulation. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.611170

Item 454PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.259-68. 42C382DEVELOPMENTS IN CALCIUM/ZINCSTABILISER SYSTEMS FOR PLASTICISED PVCAPPLICATIONSMinnis NBarlocher Italia SpA(Institute of Materials)

Recent developments in calcium/zinc stabiliser systemsused in plasticised PVC are discussed. Here, the termplasticised PVC (PVC-P) represents calendered film,calendered flooring, spread-coated flooring and thevarious plastisol product areas. Emphasis is placed onthe European Market as it is here that the need for new

calcium/zinc stabilisers has been necessary due toenvironmental demands and stricter legislation. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611161

Item 455PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.209-18. 42C382PUMPING AND MELTING MECHANISMS OFVARIOUS PVC COMPOUNDS IN SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDERSKim H T; Lee S HGeon Co.(Institute of Materials)

The effects of pumping mechanisms of various PVCcompounds on their melting behaviours in single-screwextruders are described. Most flexible and high shear, hightemperature rigid compounds follow the conventionalpumping mechanism, that is, drag flow is the dominantdriving force in conveying the melt with some pressureforce acting to retard the forward flow. The meltingmechanism with these products is the one reported byMaddock and Tadmor. For rigid PVC and CPVCcompounds, the pressure flow contributes significantlyto the forward flow due to melt slippage at the barrelsurface. These products follow the melting mechanismdescribed by Menges. 16 refs.USA

Accession no.611156

Item 456PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.175-83. 42C382IMPROVEMENT OF WETTING OFENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLECOATINGS ON PVCHajas JBYK-Chemie GmbH(Institute of Materials)

Various ways for a good substrate wetting withenvironmentally acceptable coatings on PVC areinvestigated. A modification of the PVC formulation givesonly a limited improvement of wettability, but somesurface active compounds have been found highly activein the improvement of the substrate wetting. Theirproperties and side effects (foam stabilisation, surfaceflow) are compared. The best performance in waterbornecoatings can be achieved by silicone surfactants. Insolvent-free UV-curable systems, polymeric polyester orpolyether modified silicones will provide best results.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611153



Item 457PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.153-61. 42C382TITANIUM DIOXIDE USE IN PVC PLASTISOLSBirmingham J NDuPont White Pigments & Mineral Products(Institute of Materials)

Titanium dioxide pigments are used extensively in PVCapplications to provide both brightness and high levelsof opacity. Grades used in plastics processing typicallyare produced at smaller particle size to optimise perceivedblueness. Additionally, PVC plastisols require attributessuch as wettability, liquid dispersibility and liquid storagestability which are more commonly associated with TiO2grades used in paint applications. The effects of inorganicand organic surface treatments on TiO2 performance inplastisol wettability, dispersion, storage and opticsretention are studied. Performance is found to beparticularly sensitive to the amount and type of aluminatreatment. Differences in surface alumina content ofamorphous versus pseudo-bohemite structuresignificantly affect properties such as wettability.USA

Accession no.611151

Item 458PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.145-51. 42C382UNIQUE RHEOLOGY CONTROL ADDITIVEFOR PVC PLASTISOLSWinzinger ALanger & Co.GmbH(Institute of Materials)

PVC plastisols should have shear thinning rheologybehaviour for optimum performance. Existing methodsof rheology control, while exhibiting this behaviour, havecertain drawbacks. Additives based on calcium sulphonategels have been developed which are shear thinning, nearlypseudoplastic, and temperature stable. Their sag controland thermal stability are demonstrated in a car underbodysealer and a textile coating. In addition their excellentanti-settling performance and viscosity stability areshown. The additives also offer advantages in ease ofhandling over other raw materials. The effects of calciumsulphonate gels in typical plastisol formulations aredemonstrated, comparing them with standardformulations and those containing inexpensive fillers orfumed silica as rheology modifiers. It is also indicatedhow calcium sulphonate gels are used in different plastisolformulations.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611150

Item 459PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.115-31. 42C382OPTIMISATION OF GELIFICATION ANDPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PVC COMPOUNDSBY BALANCING EXTERNAL LUBRICANTSVan Soom KAlliedSignal Europe NV(Institute of Materials)

LDPE and HDPE waxes have served as external lubricantsfor a number of plastics, and are known to provide anoverall external lubrication and an excellent metal release.The use of external lubricants can significantly influencethe fusion characteristics of a PVC compound. Earlierexperiments on single screw equipment and experienceof PVC processors show that the specific chemicalcomposition of the PE wax determines their performancewith respect to lubrication and gelation. Homopolymersor non-oxidised PEs act as real external lubricantslowering the friction between PVC and the metal surfaceof the processing equipment. This can result in an earlyexternal lubrication effect and therefore in a decrease offusion speed and torque. Low density oxidised PEs seemto be more neutral external lubricants with a rather smallinfluence on gelation. High density oxidised PEs tend toprovide a medium to strong fusion promotion dependingupon the specific product properties, the type of PVCformulation and the specific processing equipment. Thepossible complementary behaviour and synergistic effectsbetween low density homopolymer PE, high densityoxidised PE and an acrylic processing aid in a leadstabilised PVC compound are examined. 3 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611148

Item 460PVC ’96. Conference proceedings.Brighton, 23rd-25th April 1996, p.109-14. 42C382CORRELATION BETWEEN THE GELATIONAND EXTRUSION PERFORMANCES AND THEMORPHOLOGY OF PVC VIRGIN POWDERKaesmacher BShell Research SA(Institute of Materials)

The characterisation of PVC resin particles in terms ofmorphology is becoming more and more important forthe optimisation of processing performance. These days,machines become bigger and faster, and the extrusionconditions rather critical for PVC resins. Extrusion outputand gelation speed are of primary importance for rigidextrusions like pipe and window profile production. Thecontribution of the PVC grain morphology to the extrusionperformances is studied. In addition to the standard PVCpowder properties, the porosity and shape distributionsare investigated respectively by mercury intrusion andimage analysis. New software is developed which can



measure automatically the size and the contour of particlespresent on a digitalised picture. A statistical approachshows that morphology parameters contribute to theextrusion performance. 4 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.611147

Item 461European Chemical News66, No.1740, 11th-17th Nov.1996, p.23ETHANE-TO-VCM PLANT DUE ONSTREAMLATE NEXT YEAR

It is briefly reported that EVC is expected to bring itsdemonstration plant for its single-stage ethane to VCMprocess onstream in Q4 1997. The company is building a1,000 t/y pilot plant at Wilhelmshaven, the Netherlands,and has decided to develop the technology without seekingany partnerships. The new process operates at atemperature of around 450-470C and uses low purity,technical grade ethane and chlorine or hydrogen chloride.EVC claims that the process can achieve over 90%conversion to VCM.

EVCEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610640

Item 462British Plastics and RubberNov.1996, p.47-8WHY HOME GROWN CALCIUM CARBONATEBEATS THE NATURAL STUFFCornwell DZeneca Resins Ltd.

The primary particle size of Winnofil stearate coatedprecipitated calcium carbonate from Zeneca Resins is inthe region of 0.075 micron. When compounded intonatural and synthetic elastomers, the hydrophobic surfacecoating assists wetting and aids dispersion. Whencompounded into plasticised PVC for cable sheathing,the PCC allows for formulations with minimal potentialfor acid gas release in combustion conditions. In rigidPVC, stearate coated PCC has been used in compoundingas an alternative to conventional acrylic processing aidsand as a means to reduce impact modifier levels.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610625

Item 463Chemical Engineering Progress90, No.12, Dec.1994, p.36-41CONSIDER CPVC FOR PROCESSAPPLICATIONS

Brann S; Knight MGoodrich B.F.,Specialty Chemicals

Post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (cPVC) is a materialwhich offers a combination of mechanical strength,temperature and corrosion resistance and low installationcosts, that meets a variety of process uses. Thiscomprehensive article describes cPVC’s key propertiesin detail and highlights the various industries andapplications for the polymer, particularly pipes andfittings.USA

Accession no.542367

Item 464Shawbury, Rapra Technolgy Ltd., 1994, pp.154. 12ins.23/11/94. Rapra Review Report vol.7, no.6, 1994.42C382PVC COMPOUNDS, PROCESSING ANDAPPLICATIONSLeadbitter J; Day J A; Ryan J LHydro Polymers Ltd.Edited by: Dolbey R(Rapra Technology Ltd.)Rapra Review Report No.78

This comprehensive review of PVC starts with the earlyhistory of its discovery and an outline of the present dayPVC industry. Manufacturing methods and types of resinare discussed, and the use of additives and compoundingtechnology are reviewed. Process technology is examinedwith reference to extrusion, injection moulding, blowmoulding, calendering and liquid PVC compositions,fabrication and surface treatments. Blending and alloyingis described, using PVC/polyester, PVC/polycaprolactone, PVC/PU, PVC/nitrile rubber, PVC/polyolefin, PVC/chloroprene rubber and PVC/epoxidisedNR blends as examples.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.537711

Item 465Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications3,No.4,1983,p.343-51ASSESSMENT OF FUSION IN PVCCOMPOUNDSGilbert M;Hemsley D A;Miadonye ALOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY

A number of techniques for assessing PVC fusion arereviewed. Additional methods were developed forinvestigating different levels of structure. Optical methodsare used for grains and primary particle fusion. Thermalanalysis investigates molecular behaviour and is used tomonitor compound processing temp. 14 refs.UK

Accession no.245286

Subject Index


Subject Index

AABRASION RESISTANCE, 50 59

179 218 343ABS, 57 104 113 293 307 309ABSORPTION, 15 35 111 421 423

462 464ACCELERATED TEST, 13 102

153 179 345 445ACETYL TRIBUTYL CITRATE,

11 117 263ACID SCAVENGER, 236ACQUISITION, 7 161 171ACRYLIC POLYMER, 3 77 79

179 226 290 335 364 437ACTIVATION ENERGY, 4 6 186

188 211 214 249 277 405 441450

ADHESION, 8 116 179 207 218229 396 399

ADHESION PROMOTION, 244399 456

ADHESIVE, 226 229 244 259 355396

ADIPATE, 103ADIPATE ESTER, 98ADSORPTION, 1 28 58 106 199

306 316AESTHETIC, 196AGEING, 17 19 22 43 64 211 215

227 277 278 283 285 345 353354 445

AGGLOMERATE, 19 366 404AGREEMENT, 123 171 184 282AGRICULTURAL

APPLICATION, 64 354ALKYLTIN ALKYL

MERCAPTOPROPIONATE,347 348

ALKYLTIN THIOGLYCOLATE, 4387 388

ALLIANCE, 113 122 201ALLOY, 464ALUMINIUM

ACETYLACETONATE, 226ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 10

118 245 283 386 390ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 155ALUMINIUM SILICATE, 131 426ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE, 16

265AMINOPROPYLTRIETHOXYSILANE,

337 396 440AMINOSILANE, 53 319 409

AMINOTHIOPHENOL, 284AMINOURACIL, 135AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE, 129

435AMORPHOUS, 218 376ANALYSIS, 10 51 65 107 111 121

128 133 142 151 152 154 155157 165 170 180 207 222 230233 266 273 299 301 306 316324 326 345 347 352 368 395396 400 412 415 423 426 439445 452 465

ANIMAL TESTING, 98 257ANNEALING, 121 180 255 303

357ANTIFOAMING AGENT, 150ANTIFOGGING, 8 81 400ANTIFOULING AGENT, 149ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, 81ANTIMONY OXIDE, 118 167ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 129 283ANTIOXIDANT, 14 76 81 148 160

181 216 227 276 447 464ANTISTATIC AGENT, 81 400 426

464ARM REST, 215ATOMIC ABSORPTION

SPECTROSCOPY, 127ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY,

116ATTENUATED TOTAL

REFLECTIONSPECTROSCOPY, 38 182 273368

AUTOCLAVE, 178AUTOMATION, 175 218 243 408AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,

91 122 171 243 271 289 343418 454 462

AZIDE, 448AZOBISFORMAMIDE, 192 372AZODICARBONAMIDE, 192 372

BBAG, 257BALL, 70BAN, 310BARIUM, 75 84 174 303 320BARIUM COMPOUND, 140 207

223BARIUM FERRITE, 362BARIUM STEARATE, 207BATCH MIXING, 191

BENZENECARBOXYLIC ACID,302 382

BENZOATE, 71BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 64 255

315 332 357 358BIOACCUMULATION, 100 247BIOCIDE, 42 81 242 334BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 1 37 58

205 273BIODETERIORATION, 86 100

244 247 252 370BIOMATERIAL, 1 37 41 58 178

316 368BIOSTABILITY, 242 464BISETHYLHEXYL

PHTHALATE, 1 11 19 22 58 9798 117 119 127 188 200 219222 228 316 351 361 377 394

BISPHENOL A, 14BLAST FURNACE, 115BLEACHING, 421BLEND, 246 464BLISTER PACKAGING, 122 408BLISTERING, 135BLOCKING, 48BLOOD, 1 58 199 273 316BLOOD BAG, 98 351BLOW MOULDING, 464BLOWING AGENT, 23 55 72 192

195 280 281 339 346 359 372375 464

BLUSH RESISTANCE, 239BONDING, 162 244 269 452BOTTLE, 122 243 311 419 422BRITTLE, 12 103 238 283 405 428BUILDING APPLICATION, 2 51

64 108 110 119 122 123 151153 154 158 175 184 196 197210 271 282 287 325 328 329364 372 373 385 389 397 402408 418 437 439 452 454

BULK POLYMERISATION, 111BUSINESS EQUIPMENT, 419BUTT WELD, 309BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE,

11 120 442BUTYLLITHIUM, 27BUTYLTRIHEXYL CITRATE, 1

58

CCABLE, 10 91 110 118 122 141

171 174 184 227 243 277 282

Subject Index


283 326 330 336 341 369 390418 431 462

CADMIUM, 159 174 223 282 291320 331 454

CAESIUM, 172CALCIUM, 84 394CALCIUM CARBONATE, 2 15 28

35 52 57 66 113 120 165 177283 306 381 404 462

CALCIUM CARBOXYLATE, 227CALCIUM CHLORIDE, 306CALCIUM COMPOUND, 47 130

139 140 141 145 153 227 407CALCIUM SILICATE, 83CALCIUM STEARATE, 46 62 227

239 285 406 409CALCIUM SULFATE, 283CALCIUM SULFONATE, 458CALENDERING, 8 132 408 417

423 454CALORIMETER, 3 5 60 78 121

129 167 386CAPACITY, 21 113 122 184 369

461CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY, 6

154 170 299 338CAPILLARY VISCOMETRY, 105

213CARBON BLACK, 169CARBON DIOXIDE, 184 187 208

217 302 382CARBON MONOXIDE, 167 184

187CARCINOGEN, 98 100 228 257CARPET, 243 363CASE HISTORY, 352 353CAST FILM, 400CASTING, 209 217 263 368CATALYST, 24 28 29 37 66 410

448 461CAUSTIC SODA, 302 382CELLULAR MATERIAL, 18 23

72 101 109 120 124 131 141158 175 192 196 197 208 235258 280 281 290 324 333 339346 359 372 375 401 402 413439 462

CEMENT KILN, 115 297CHAIN SCISSION, 67 218 248

371CHALK, 120 165CHAR, 60 65 435CHARACTERISATION, 6 53 70

94 103 104 127 180 194 198203 211 213 232 233 234 235238 245 248 316 319 352 379380 396 445 460

CHEMICAL BLOWING AGENT,

55 192CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 21

27 38 67 218 241 243 260 265273 277 299 306 323 382 386396 407 440 448

CHEMICAL PLANT, 122 123 275282 461

CHEMICAL REACTION, 368 372462

CHEMICAL RECYCLING, 31 115122 184 302 382 418

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 59 64179 283 320 462

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, 1 4 6264 98 108 128 163 180 205 211213 274 276 277 307 311 361387 388 393 409 410 421 424425 432 439 441 464

CHINA CLAY, 283CHLORINATED, 376 464CHLORINATED PE, 3 54 113 133

232 287 338CHLORINATED PVC, 436 463CHLORINE, 13 65 78 297 306 373

387CHROMATOGRAPHY, 11 16 17

24 28 29 33 67 127 152 160183 212 231 265 277 373 395407 409 412 434

CITRATE, 89 98 267 393CITRIC ACID, 263 281CLADDING, 64 439CLARITY, 8 45 131 239CLAY, 50 65 94 121 180CLEANING, 34 152 171 215 243

301CLEANING AGENT, 160 244CLOSED LOOP, 184 363CLOTHING, 11 122 380CLOUD POINT, 63 318COATED FABRIC, 8 49 215 266

340 355 408COATING, 2 8 59 108 179 185 215

253 257 329 343 408 423 456462

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION,218 427

COEXTRUSION, 64 72 99 109122 124 158 175 176 298 333385 418 427 439

COINJECTION MOULDING, 104COLOUR, 102 129 143 153 230

237 239 400 414 439COLOUR CHANGE, 230 308 347COLOUR COMPOUND, 39 298COLOUR CONCENTRATE, 73COLOUR FASTNESS, 99COLOUR STABILITY, 8 80 211

236 298 387 431COLOURANT, 73 320 321 352

385COLOURIMETRY, 220 344 400COMBUSTION, 15 21 106 167

187 265 283 435 462COMMERCIAL INFORMATION,

64 110 113 122 166 171 184201 205

COMPATIBILISER, 53 54 93 246COMPATIBILITY, 4 73 85 88 263

348 366 367 388 394 403 420442

COMPOSITE, 31 35 49 50 51 5354 55 65 69 80 96 102 112 113116 125 126 156 166 180 192196 197 201 203 208 232 243261 309 362 380 383 416 426430 440 442 464

COMPOSITION, 32 51 52 53 5455 70 104 105 168 192 193 194203 232 234 235 245 362 379

COMPOUND, 34 72 166 283COMPOUNDING, 9 15 23 41 72

110 161 173 180 184 312 325339 372 374 400 402 419 446460 464

COMPRESSION MOULDING, 4976 367

COMPRESSION SET, 12 462COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN,

128 170 254CONDENSATION POLYMER,

237CONDENSATION REACTION,

149CONE CALORIMETER, 3 5 60 78

121 129 167 386CONICAL SCREW, 218 427CONSUMPTION, 40 89 91 99 110

123 184 282 367 369 418 427464

CONTACT ANGLE, 37 102 182199 244 273 396

CONTAINER, 98 411CONTAMINATION, 66 160 253

371 405CONTINUOUS MIXING, 408CONVERSION, 35 36 461COOLING, 170 218 250 251 315

325 374 408COPPER, 112 241 399COPPER OXIDE, 3 60CORNICE, 197CORRUGATED SHEET, 64COSMETICS, 122 253COST, 21 34 45 46 52 84 89 92

113 145 146 157 173 176 195

Subject Index


196 227 263 271 282 288 298332 333 380 419 427 444 449463

COSTABILISER, 46 47 130 137220 308 406 407 414

COUNTER-ROTATING, 64 427COUPLING AGENT, 53 116 274

440CRACKING, 24 215 230 358CRADLE TO GRAVE, 184CREDIT CARD, 408CREEP, 181 202CROSSLINKING, 67 95 118 202

208 224 226 231 235 241 268277 285 319 337 353 373 409410 424 448

CRYSTALLINE, 133 137 189CRYSTALLINITY, 88 133 163 164

340 346 361 405 446CUSTOM COMPOUNDING, 419CUTTING, 184 243 408CYLINDER, 230CYTOTOXICITY, 37

DDAMAGE, 51 257 353DAMPING, 171 216 299DECHLORINATION, 21 27DECKING, 51DECOMPOSITION, 27 60 214 237

270 281 372 435DECOMPOSITION PRODUCT,

43 106 302DECORATIVE, 64 244DEFECT, 132 170 230DEFORMATION, 61 113 226 250

251 315 381 451DEFORMATION

TEMPERATURE, 104 419DEGRADABLE, 86 244 247DEGRADATION, 13 17 19 22 27

28 29 41 43 45 47 48 61 62 6465 67 94 101 102 134 175 182187 190 211 212 213 220 227237 240 249 252 265 270 277278 279 283 285 286 302 308345 352 353 354 370 373 382384 406 421 445

DEGRADATION PRODUCT, 17167 212 237 265 270 382

DEGRADATION RATE, 248 249DEGRADATION RESISTANCE,

237 270DEHYDROCHLORINATION, 67

218 241 260 265 277 306 323382 407

DEMAND, 7 8 92 110 123 171 195

DENSITY, 2 23 55 120 192 196243 281 367 401 404 405 413425 439

DESIGN, 33 128 170 175 176 218254 313 318 324 326 328 332338 362 375 376 436 459

DESORPTION, 277 370 373DETERGENT, 160 253 262 462DIALKYL PHTHALATE, 349 354

370DIBENZODIOXIN, 66DIBENZOFURAN, 66 106DIBUTYL ADIPATE, 108DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, 11 165DIBUTYL SEBACATE, 379 393

432DIBUTYLTIN COMPOUND, 183DIBUTYLTIN THIOGLYCOLATE

ESTER, 409DICARBOXYLIC ACID ESTER,

86 260DICHLORODIETHYLSILANE,

396DICHLOROOCTYLISOTHIAZOLINONE,

42 242 334DIE, 64 109 124 142 155 170 175

176 201 206 233 356 380 408DIE SWELL, 170 206 299 451DIE TEMPERATURE, 55 170 400DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, 4 85

393 441DIETHYL SEBACATE, 379 393DIETHYLENE GLYCOL

DIBENZOATE, 71DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE, 11

231 391DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE,

1 11 19 22 58 97 98 117 119127 188 200 219 222 228 316351 361 377 394 410

DI-2-ETHYLHEXYLPHTHALATE, 38 41 65 118120 121 180 266 367 392 409430 435 440 442 448

DIFFERENTIAL THERMALANALYSIS, 4 85 107 127 133155 164 172 188 214 235 324354 409 465

DIFFUSION, 98 219 349 351 370392 410

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT, 165219 351

DIFFUSIVITY, 217 219 351 440DIISODECYL PHTHALATE, 118

394DIISOHEPTYL PHTHALATE,

120DIISONONYL ADIPATE, 11 117

DIISONONYL PHTHALATE, 11114 117 152 394

DIISOOCTYL PHTHALATE, 303DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 2

315 335DIMETHYL SEBACATE, 379 393DIOCTYL ADIPATE, 120 188 266

379 393DIOCTYL AZELATE, 379 393DIOCTYL PHTHALATE, 38 41 65

118 120 121 180 203 266 367392 409 430 435 440 442 448

DIOCTYL SEBACATE, 379 393432

DIOXIN, 66 106 125 184 282DIP MOULDING, 464DIRECTIVE, 115 272 282 297 341DISCOLOURATION, 102 221 236

400 421DISPERSION, 34 53 61 73 113

203 220 321 346 457 462DISSOLUTION, 19 26 63 186 394DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 56 419DOMESTIC REFUSE, 306DOOR, 68 197 452DRAIN PIPE, 333DRAWING, 315 383DRINKING WATER, 138 183 195

264 449DRUG PACKAGING, 122DRY BLENDING, 349 356 464DRYING, 33 95DUCTILE-BRITTLE

TRANSITION, 238 450DUCTILE FAILURE, 428DUCTILITY, 98 379 432 462DURABILITY, 99 463DWELL TIME, 170 176 189 218

374 427DYNAMIC MECHANICAL

ANALYSIS, 85 121 348 388420

DYNAMIC MECHANICALTHERMAL ANALYSIS, 2 234

DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 51 53121 292 383 403 441 462

EE-MODULUS, 50 96 383 441ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 7 8

40 68 89 91 92 99 110 122 123125 126 159 161 166 171 184195 205 267 282 288 296 367369 372 418 422 427 464

ELASTIC MODULUS, 50 96 283383 394 441

ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 70 120

Subject Index


154 189 283 290 299 314 383394 441

ELASTOMER, 19 31 95 110 166171 225 248 309 357 386 408433 462 464

ELECTRIC CABLE, 91 110 174243 277 283 326 330 336 369390 431

ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 1091 118 130 185 271 283 419

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 8283 112 130 172 174 184 185277 283 322 393 400 416 426431 432

ELECTRON MICROGRAPH, 248265 394 448

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 19111 182 233 244

ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION,30 336

ELONGATION, 116 194 238 354367 459 462

ELONGATION AT BREAK, 16 5456 57 172 232 245 283 303 430

EMBRITTLEMENT, 283EMISSION, 43 108 151 184 212

214 252 282 306 341EMISSION CONTROL, 271 297EMULSION POLYMERISATION,

266 464ENDOCRINE, 100 160 253ENERGY RECOVERY, 43 115

184 306 444ENVIRONMENT, 66 90 119 122

174 214 289 291 296 320 322431 449 454

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD,98 146 253 282 341

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 6290 100 115 147 174 205 247252 271 282

ENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION, 100 110 115122 282 297 341

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION, 20 122 136 138141 146 184 244 464

EPOXIDE RESIN, 89 93 112 181416

EPOXIDISED LINSEED OIL, 432EPOXIDISED SOYBEAN OIL,

231 395 432ESTER PLASTICISER, 130 180

266 267ETHOXYLATED ESTER, 400ETHOXYLATED PHENOL, 400ETHYL HEXYL ACRYLATE, 226ETHYLENE COPOLYMER, 231

238 248ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE

COPOLYMER, 10 257 464ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE, 33ETHYLHEXYL

THIOGLYCOLATE, 441EXFOLIATION, 36 50 180 203EXPANSION, 394 416EXPANSION COEFFICIENT, 2

441EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, 33

313 318 324 328 338 362 459EXPOSURE LEVEL, 40 98 114

160 253 262 272EXPOSURE TIME, 32 283 445EXTERNAL PLASTICISER, 441EXTRACTION, 17 117 198 355

365 367 389EXTRUDATE, 233 439EXTRUDER, 9 34 39 64 79 109

113 124 139 142 144 156 157170 177 189 195 254 258 328333 356 374 375 398 408 413427 436 455 459

EXTRUSION, 8 12 23 34 64 69 7277 79 107 109 139 144 145 154155 156 157 164 170 174 175176 177 190 192 195 201 205206 211 233 250 251 254 261279 280 281 283 287 290 292294 299 312 313 321 322 324326 328 332 333 338 346 356358 369 374 375 380 383 385398 400 401 402 408 409 413425 436 437 439 451 453 455459 460 464 465

EXTRUSION BLOWMOULDING, 464

EXTRUSION COATING, 213 408EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING,

34 400EXTRUSION MIXING, 34 400

FFABRIC, 8 49 215 266 340 355

408FABRICATION, 98 375FAILURE, 229 256 295 301 353

404 405 428 445FASTENING, 197FEEDING, 34 98 170 254 408FEEDSTOCK, 184 444 461FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING, 21

31 115 271 275 282FENCE, 99 158FIBRE, 115 201 307FIBRE GLASS, 2

FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,51 53 54 55 69 192 232 380396

FILLER, 2 9 10 16 23 35 36 50 5253 54 55 57 65 66 70 83 93 9496 102 112 116 118 120 125130 134 156 165 177 180 184196 197 208 215 232 234 245261 283 294 295 339 362 366375 381 383 384 386 390 404416 430 462 464

FILLER CONTENT, 2 113 283366 404

FILM, 14 33 38 42 56 59 67 108113 122 131 132 163 172 176194 222 223 229 231 244 274284 307 326 337 368 374 384391 400 408 410 421 423 434445 454

FLAME RETARDANT, 5 10 16 2960 78 118 129 130 167 265 283327 386 390 435 443 464

FLAME TREATMENT, 244FLAMMABILITY, 3 5 10 15 16 64

78 118 121 129 130 167 238263 265 283 327 386 390 435

FLAT DIE, 175 380 408FLEXIBLE, 12 42 78 80 83 86 90

98 100 103 130 135 137 157166 171 184 215 231 242 253255 263 267 295 353 367 380382 412 424 435 440

FLEXURAL MODULUS, 2 52 57104 113 238

FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 2 4952 57 92 102 104 113 197 201238 283 379 408 432

FLOATATION, 336 405FLOOR, 43 59 119 151 272 282

322 341 369 389 418 454FLOOR COVERING, 122 408FLOW, 34 132 142 157 170 176

189 190 206 218 230 249 283327 338 420 430 439 455

FLOW PROPERTIES, 39 206 313FLUID BED, 461FLUORESCENCE

SPECTROSCOPY, 169 243 406FOAM, 18 23 72 101 109 120 124

131 141 158 175 192 196 197208 235 258 280 281 290 324333 339 346 359 372 375 401402 413 439 462

FOAM-CORE, 195 427FOAMABILITY, 55 192FOAMING, 55 101 120 192 208FOAMING AGENT, 23 55 72 192

195 280 281 339 346 359 372

Subject Index


375FOGGING, 400FOGGING RESISTANCE, 335FOIL, 222 329FOOD-CONTACT

APPLICATION, 14 138 159263 300 320

FOOD PACKAGING, 14 33 127138 160 272 300 351 367 391395 400 411 418

FOOD SIMULANT, 127 351FOOTWEAR, 122 380 408FORMULATION, 10 23 39 59 62

71 72 74 75 78 84 91 98 118129 130 135 136 139 142 145150 153 154 173 182 209 242266 281 285 292 293 295 299312 319 338 339 347 375 386390 402 414 419 433 437 458459

FOURIER TRANSFORMINFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,1 14 17 22 38 58 67 102 108127 155 164 167 182 202 203207 240 243 273 368 406 407410 434

FRACTURE, 269 329 381 404 405428

FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 1261 111 121 211 215 246 261269 284 286 299 404 405 413429 437

FRAME, 68 99 110 113 122 261275 287 325 329

FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 218427

FRICTION WELD, 269FROTH FLOTATION, 243 311FUEL CELL, 171FUNGICIDE, 42 334FUNGUS, 42 370FURAN, 125FURNITURE, 122FUSION, 111 132 134 290 294 309

321 324 394 465

GGAMMA-IRRADIATION, 172

301 447GAS ABSORPTION, 15 462GAS BARRIER, 113GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 11

16 17 24 28 29 33 127 152 160212 265 373 395 412

GAS EMISSION, 66GAS EVOLUTION, 15 49 281GAS PIPE, 309

GASIFICATION, 21 115 187GASKET, 91 395GEL, 67 88 409GEL CONTENT, 202 235 268 285

319 424GEL FRACTION, 216GEL PERMEATION

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 67 407409 434

GEL TEMPERATURE, 70GELATION, 6 70 71 79 107 134

170 186 198 211 241 261 280283 328 349 394 434 460

GLASS BEAD, 96 116 366GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 31 49 104 201 309GLASS TRANSITION

TEMPERATURE, 2 4 85 103164 255 268 348 354 357 360367 403 405 420 434 441 446

GLOSS, 12 131 153 154 179 230233 286 328 364 459

GLOVE, 11GRANULATION, 122 311GRANULATOR, 243 369GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 75

76 172 188 214 222 241 265GRINDING, 122 243 336 355 405

428GROWTH RATE, 7 8 110 195 385

HHARDNESS, 113 216 327 362 367HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 98

253 257 282HAZARDOUS WASTE, 252 271

297HAZE, 400HEAD REST, 215HEALTH HAZARD, 7 40 66 86 90

97 98 100 106 114 119 126 138160 174 184 200 210 247 252253 257 262 263 267 272 291304 310 317 367 377 378 390

HEALTHCARE APPLICATION,205

HEAT AGEING, 283HEAT DEGRADATION, 3 17 22

45 46 47 48 50 62 65 75 76 8494 105 118 167 170 175 214218 220 221 230 237 249 260265 270 277 283 291 323 337345 347 348 371 407 438 444

HEAT DISTORTIONTEMPERATURE, 104 352 419464

HEAT RESISTANCE, 50 81 82

103 105 168 174 175 176 188202 203 209 214 218 223 227229 235 237 239 249 255 260263 265 283 285 292 308 319337 348 367 388 409 424 439458

HEAT STABILISER, 44 45 46 4748 75 82 84 105 127 128 130135 136 138 139 140 141 143148 151 153 168 174 181 207209 218 223 227 236 270 285291 308 322 323 335 345 347348 383 387 388 414 415 438439 453

HEAT STABILITY, 8 70 105 129130 135 140 153 168 181 203221 235 249 268 322 431

HEAT TREATMENT, 24 28 29 406434

HEAVY METAL, 110 282HIGH DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 162 195212 214 239 301 416 459

HIGH TEMPERATURE, 61 185382

HINDERED AMINE, 80 179HINDERED PHENOL, 148 276HOLLOW ARTICLE, 99HORMONE, 253 257HORTICULTURE, 64HOSE, 122 336 369HOT MELT ADHESIVE, 244HOT TOOL WELD, 256HOUSEHOLD WASTE, 306HOUSEWARES, 56HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 15 48

49 76 146 184 187 214 236 277282 293 306 341 371 406 407438 444

HYDROCYCLONE, 405HYDROLYSIS, 17 21 56 172 283

318HYDROPHILIC, 32 203HYDROPHOBIC, 32 42 273 283

311 462HYDROTALCITE, 49 295HYDROTHERMAL

DEGRADATION, 27 187

IIMMERSION, 32 283IMPACT MODIFIER, 52 57 72 77

81 113 133 134 148 154 184208 224 232 287 338 364 401419 433 437 439 450 462 464

IMPACT PROPERTIES, 2 16 2351 52 53 57 74 77 82 96 104

Subject Index


113 129 133 137 195 209 224232 261 294 303 315 328 329362 364 405 419 428 430 433439 450 462

INCINERATION, 66 106 115 146184 214 271 275 282 297 306341 418 444

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION, 98166

INDUSTRIAL HAZARD, 90 119INDUSTRIAL WASTE, 122 184

306INHIBITOR, 149 172INJECTION MOULD, 225 230INJECTION MOULDING, 8 49 79

113 143 178 209 218 230 249263 314 322 353 369 376 419453 464

INSULATION, 118 201 283INTEGRATED WASTE

MANAGEMENT, 122INTERACTION, 10 16 63 106 127

165 339 407INTERCALATION, 50 94 180 203INTERNAL LUBRICANT, 132

420INTERNAL MIXING, 283INTERNAL PLASTICISER, 441IR SPECTROSCOPY, 1 14 17 22

58 67 102 108 127 164 165 167172 182 199 202 203 207 220240 243 248 319 368 384 403406 407 410 412 421 423 434438 439 440

IRON CHLORIDE, 67IRON OXIDE, 3 60 426IRRADIATION, 248 286 421 447

448IZOD, 224 405

JJOINT, 309JOINT VENTURE, 113 122 201

KK VALUE, 136 186 266 439KAOLIN, 283KILN, 115 297

LLABELLING, 98 100 253LANDFILL, 115 125 138 252 271

275 282 296 331LANGIVIN EQUATION, 6 18 73

74 96 107 142 172 186 188

LATEX, 224LEACHING, 98 242 252 253 257

263 264 271 282 334 370LEAD, 236 282 331 365LEAD CARBOXYLATE, 383 438LEAD CHROMATE, 320LEAD COMPOUND, 13 141 143

159 270 438LEAD-FREE, 130 264 283 431LEAD FUMARATE, 365 438LEAD MALEATE, 438LEAD PHTHALATE, 295 365 438LEAD STEARATE, 381 404 438LEAD SUBSTITUTE, 40 46LEATHER, 70 171 380LEGISLATION, 81 86 90 100 110

115 119 122 159 205 271 282297 331 341 454

LID, 395LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 115 125

138 210 331LIGHT DEGRADATION, 22 45 64

179 181 286 421 445LIGHT STABILISER, 64 67 80

181 445LIGHT STABILITY, 45 179 181LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 64 186LIME, 282LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 10

15 16 78 118 129 265 283LINSEED OIL, 432LITHIUM CARBONATE, 15LONG-TERM, 102 179 181 252

406LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 30 31 212214 300 400 416 459

LOW FRICTION, 218LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 3

181LOW TEMPERATURE

PROPERTIES, 52 87 103 238263 283 367 462

LOW VISCOSITY, 8 201LOW VOLATILITY, 8LUBRICANT, 39 72 74 127 132

134 139 171 193 207 239 244292 303 313 338 350 360 375403 420 447 459 464

MMACHINERY, 34 39 64 73 79 109

124 144 156 157 158 170 173177 189 218 225 230 254 258303 328 333 374 375 398 408423 436 455 464

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 10

118 245 386 390MAGNETIC FILLER, 234 362MARKET SHARE, 40 68 110 171

195 296 367 418 427MARKET SIZE, 110 205 267 464MARKET TREND, 110 205MASS POLYMERISATION, 111

464MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 16 17

160 167 207 373MASTERBATCH, 39 113MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 7

40 44 45 46 56 89 97 98 99 114119 131 140 159 167 174 196197 200 209 210 227 231 263264 271 272 283 291 317 320322 331 378 418 431 439 456458

MATERIALS SELECTION, 72 92130 228 419

MATTRESS, 56MECHANICAL DEGRADATION,

190 248MECHANICAL FASTENING, 197MECHANICAL RECYCLING,

115 122 184 271 275 282 418MEDICAL APPLICATION, 1 17

37 41 58 64 91 97 98 110 171178 200 205 218 228 239 257262 272 301 317 351 367 368446 447

MELT, 121 134 180 420 464MELT ELASTICITY, 132 346 359MELT FLOW, 54 154 213 218 230

233 283 313 359 362 430MELT FLOW INDEX, 209 227

362MELT FRACTURE, 6 54 189MELT PROCESSING, 177 239

364MELT PROPERTIES, 54 234 362MELT RHEOLOGY, 54 77 213

234 362MELT STRENGTH, 54 359MELT TEMPERATURE, 12 170

213 230 233 249 254 413 451MELT VISCOSITY, 230 234 290

376MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 209

227 362MELTING POINT, 63 70MELTING TEMPERATURE, 70

393MEMBRANE, 172 217 274 305

354 379 393 432METERING, 254 427 464MICRORAMAN

SPECTROSCOPY, 62

Subject Index


MICROSCOPY, 6 199 439 465MICROSTRUCTURE, 18 94 277

305 453MIGRATION, 11 17 98 117 127

160 165 182 200 207 215 222228 231 242 272 277 304 310317 327 365 367 377 378 391392 395 411 420 423 440 448

MIGRATION RESISTANCE, 5687 88

MINERAL FILLER, 2 50 52 70120 215 245 283

MIXED WASTE, 115 122 243 306MIXER, 173 191 325 408MIXING, 4 34 41 71 94 121 173

191 254 283 285 312 325 375400 402 404 408 464

MODIFICATION, 38 243 396 419448

MODIFIED, 36 145 150 303MODIFIER, 81 287 401 419 433

450 458MOISTURE, 42 55 155 197 400MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 1 4

62 64 98 108 128 163 180 205211 213 274 276 277 307 311361 387 388 393 409 410 421424 425 432 439 441 464 465

MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 3 74 7987 98 121 181 186 189 226 248263 276 290 335 349 359 371394 409 419 447

MOLYBDENUM OXIDE, 3 60MONOSANDWICH, 104MONTMORILLONITE, 36 50 93

203MORPHOLOGY, 12 50 61 111 121

186 211 215 233 246 248 261265 269 284 286 299 346 394404 405 413 429 437 460 464465

MOULDING, 49 69 71 76 205 285367 409

MOULDING COMPOUND, 34419

MOULDING FAULT, 230MULTILAYER, 219 427MUNICIPAL WASTE, 115 122

123 146 282

NNANOCOMPOSITE, 36 50 65 93

94 121 180 203NANOFILLER, 50 113 203NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 69 380NOZZLE, 218 230

NUCLEAR MAGNETICRESONANCE, 38 361 438

OOCTYL ISOTHIAZOLINONE,

242 334OIL RESISTANCE, 462OLIVE OIL, 392OPACITY, 174OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 12 14 64

93 163 179 186 198 233 243284 301 352 400 445 457 465

ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 4685 221 331 348 453

ORGANOTIN GROUP, 252ORIENTATION, 64 163 164 195

255 315 332 340 357 358 383OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 242

298OVEN AGEING, 308OXIDATION, 13 67 76 108 187

277 382 421OXYBISPHENOXYARSINE, 42

242 334

PPACKAGING, 89 110 115 122 127

219 231 262 271 300 301 391400 408 411 419 439

PACKAGING WASTE, 122 282PAINT, 253 343PARALLEL SCREW, 218 427PARTICLE, 116 134 383 404PARTICLE SHAPE, 2 366 405PARTICLE SIZE, 2 52 61 95 96

101 113 236 283 311 327 355366 381 394 404 405 428 429460 462

PARTICLE SIZEDISTRIBUTION, 19 83 101177 294 394 428

PASTE, 101 327PATENT, 311 369 461PELLET, 109 302 382PERFUME, 122PERMEABILITY, 14 98 152 183

217 274PEROXIDE, 202 235 268 319PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT, 148PHOSPHITE, 45 140 276PHOTOBLEACHING, 421PHOTODEGRADATION, 13 22

67 102 108 179 277 279 286352 373 384 421

PHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPY, 10 65 102

273 316 396 399PHOTOOXIDATION, 181 421PHTHALATE, 7 40 63 89 100 110

117 215 247 252 253 257 262263 267 272 282 304 310 317370 378

PHTHALATE ESTER, 90 98PHTHALIC ACID, 227 382PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE, 396PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 12 18

46 63 70 87 89 196 327 338412 419 446

PIGMENT, 13 39 108 131 278 279282 286 321 344 352 373 375385 421 457

PIN EXTRUDER, 408PIPE, 113 122 123 124 136 138

141 143 144 145 164 170 183184 195 209 259 264 275 282296 309 322 326 332 333 336341 358 369 372 375 401 402418 427 436 449 463

PIPE FITTING, 123 141 143 230309 322 449 453 463

PLANETARY EXTRUDER, 408PLANETARY ROLLER

EXTRUDER, 374PLASMA TREATMENT, 32 231

273 368PLASTICISATION, 108 170 218

441PLASTICISED, 8 15 18 33 34 38

42 98 122 167 218 219 255 283303 316 334 337 351 357 383392 393 395 424 445 448 454

PLASTICISER, 1 7 11 17 19 22 4043 44 50 56 58 63 65 71 81 8687 88 89 90 91 92 97 100 103108 110 111 114 117 119 120125 126 127 128 130 148 152165 180 182 184 186 188 189193 194 198 199 200 202 203205 209 215 222 223 228 231238 240 242 247 253 257 260262 263 266 267 271 272 273275 277 282 283 303 305 310316 317 318 327 342 349 350351 353 354 355 361 367 370377 378 379 383 389 391 392393 394 395 409 410 412 430432 434 435 441 442 447 448464

PLASTICS WASTE, 24 25 26 3161 115 212 243

PLASTISOL, 8 19 70 71 120 131152 188 198 202 235 327 349389 394 434 454 457 458 462

PLATE-OUT, 45 132 153 155

Subject Index


POLLUTION, 100 214POLLUTION CONTROL, 341 463POLYADIPIC ACID, 103POLYAMIDE, 113 115 257 307POLYCARBONATE, 17 104 237

307POLYCHLORINATED

DIBENZODIOXIN, 187POLYCHLORINATED

DIBENZOFURAN, 187POLYETHYLENE, 3 9 25 28 30

31 54 113 133 162 195 212 214232 239 257 287 300 301 309336 338 369 400 416 459 464

POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE, 25 30 31115 204 237 307 311 340 355371 405 428

POLYMERIC IMPACTMODIFIER, 57 133 148

POLYMERIC PLASTICISER, 1787 88 103 188 193 223 231 238267

POLYMERIC PROCESSING AID,79 335

POLYMERIC PROPERTYMODIFIER, 95 437

POLYMERIC STABILISER, 135181 335

POLYMERIC TOUGHENINGAGENT, 57

POLYMERISATION, 27 35 36 111142 149 166 260 266 273 299318 349 429

POLYMERISATION REACTOR,149

POLYPROPYLENE, 9 25 28 30104 113 162 163 195 212 214309 396 462

POLYSTYRENE, 25 28 29 109162 212 214 300

POLYURETHANE, 115 201 215244 464

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 318 366POROSITY, 280 318 429 460POST-CONSUMER, 20 43 122

184 204 282 311 418 422POT LIFE, 8POTABLE WATER, 138 183 195

264 449POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, 172POWDER, 95 111 122 170 186 289

439 460 464POWDER COATING, 59PREHEATING, 218 406 407 408PRESSURE PIPE, 136 195PRETREATMENT, 93 106 244

399

PRICE, 98 99 110 184 267 282 367PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 171PROBLEM PREVENTION, 353

376PROBLEM SOLVING, 144PROCESS CONTROL, 64 69 218PROCESSABILITY, 39 54 70 79

93 104 198 209 227 239 263283 380 419 430 431 463

PROCESSING, 12 16 33 46 110123 132 138 166 171 174 205207 216 233 239 256 268 284287 292 300 308 326 338 339347 351 355 371 372 376 380382 387 405 408 413 419 425436 437 464

PROCESSING AID, 39 72 79 127192 195 209 221 227 290 324335 338 339 346 359 459 462464

PROFILE, 12 13 69 122 141 153154 156 158 166 184 201 244250 251 279 280 287 298 322325 326 329 356 372 385 398427 437 451 452

PROFITABILITY, 123 147 171173 176

PROPYLENE GLYCOLADIPATE, 188 198

PYROLYSIS, 21 24 28 29 115 167187 212 214 241 293

PYRROLIDINE, 47 414

QQUALITY, 123 170 171 218 324

412 417 422

RRADIATION CROSSLINKING,

118 357RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, 38 62

163 243RAW MATERIAL, 110 147 205

302 372 427 461REACTIVE PLASTICISER, 202REACTOR, 149 306RECIPROCATING SCREW, 376RECLAIM, 122 204 293 296 330

340 344 363 415 444 449RECYCLABILITY, 110 153 184

298RECYCLED CONTENT, 99 184

427RECYCLING, 20 21 24 25 26 30

31 40 43 49 61 66 68 106 110115 122 123 125 126 136 146

147 153 166 179 184 187 204205 210 211 239 243 271 275276 282 288 289 293 296 298302 306 311 330 336 340 355363 365 369 371 382 397 405415 418 422 428 439 444 449

RECYCLING RATE, 68 271 275282 357 418

REGULATION, 11 81 86 90 98115 119 136 138 205 331 378414 418 454

REINFORCED HOSE, 369REINFORCED PLASTIC, 31 49

51 53 69 104 112 116 125 126166 169 192 201 232 261 309362 380 383 416 430 440 442464

REPROCESSING, 211 276RESIDENCE TIME, 170 176 189

218 427RESIDUAL STRESS, 169 178REVIEW, 30 84 100 115 205 243

416 439 464 465RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 6

19 34 51 53 54 69 70 71 73 87101 103 105 107 132 134 142153 154 170 186 191 198 213218 226 230 234 266 276 283285 287 290 292 321 322 327338 342 362 367 394 398 420437 441 455 458 462 464 465

RIGID, 3 34 39 46 72 122 129 133135 136 137 143 184 190 208218 255 258 265 268 281 302319 338 339 356 359 360 373384 402 413 420 437 439

RISK ASSESSMENT, 7 40 98 100114 160 247 257 378

ROLL, 408ROOF, 64 201 240ROTATIONAL CASTING, 263ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 71ROUGHNESS, 12 32 170 218 244

399RUBBER, 19 31 95 110 166 171

225 248 309 357 386 408 433462 464

SSAFETY, 49 98 110 138 141 210

257SALIVA, 117 377SATURATED POLYESTER, 88

223 355 371 464SCANNING ELECTRON

MICROSCOPY, 6 19 37 111113 155 178 180 182 199 233

Subject Index


244 248 265 306 381 394 399404 405 410 429 448

SCISSION, 67 218 248 371SCRAP, 122 306SCRAP CAR, 243SCRAP POLYMER, 99 147 204

276 336 344 369SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 59 179SCRATCHING, 329SCREW, 34 170 218 254 376 436SCREW DESIGN, 34 109 158 218

254 280 375 376 398SCREW DIAMETER, 34 218 374

427SCREW LENGTH, 218 374SCREW PLASTICISATION, 218SCREW SPEED, 9 170 218 413

427SEAL, 171 395 462SECONDARY ION MASS

SPECTROSCOPY, 207SEPARATION, 26 30 147 204 274

311 330 336 340 355 405 428SERVICE LIFE, 43 64 418SEWER PIPE, 136 170 195 333SHEAR, 132 218 283SHEAR PROPERTIES, 54 61 170

176 189 190 213 230 259 266SHEAR RATE, 73 101 105 142

154 170 189 213 218 230 283SHEAR STRESS, 54 170 176 189

190 230 266SHEET, 32 58 64 122 124 141 176

258 303 380 408 410 448SHEETING, 72 326 375 389 427SHRINKAGE, 2 154 209 226 250

314 340 357SIDING, 72 77 158 175 184 197

312 364 385 397SILICA, 155 177 440SILICATE, 2 82 184SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER, 64

195 413 455SLUSH MOULDING, 111 289SMOKE, 167 238 245 283SMOKE DENSITY, 265 283SMOKE EMISSION, 60 238 245

283SMOKE PROPAGATION, 121 238

245SMOKE SUPPRESSANT, 3 5 78

129 245 283 390 435SMOKE SUPPRESSION, 3 10 60

238 245 265 443SODIUM ALUMINIUM

SILICATE, 137SODIUM AZIDE, 284SODIUM BICARBONATE, 192

282 306SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 302 382SODIUM MONTMORILLONITE,

94 121SOFTENING, 103SOFTENING TEMPERATURE,

185 268SOFTNESS, 98SOLAR RADIATION, 352 445SOLE, 122 408SOLUBILITY, 101 107 186 194

239 247 277 283 340 349 350389 442

SOLUTION, 48 63 94 231 248 260302 382

SOLVENT, 94 147 152 184 226231 253 260 262 283 284 370394 465

SOLVENT CASTING, 217 368SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 179 283SOYABEAN OIL, 194SPECTROSCOPY, 10 16 17 38 65

67 102 127 155 160 163 167182 199 207 211 220 240 243273 353 368 373 396 406 415

SPIGOT, 309STABILISATION, 136 140 145

168 237 239 270 406 407 445STABILISER, 4 8 13 40 41 43 44

45 46 47 48 64 66 68 72 75 7680 81 82 84 85 99 105 110 125126 127 128 130 135 136 138139 140 141 143 148 151 153159 166 168 174 181 183 184207 209 211 218 220 221 223227 236 237 239 242 264 270271 275 276 282 285 291 292295 303 307 308 318 320 322323 331 334 335 345 347 348353 365 375 381 383 387 388394 406 407 409 414 415 423429 431 438 439 445 453 454459 464

STABILITY, 50 81 82 101 103 105168 174 175 176 188 203 209214 218 223 227 235 237 239249 255 260 263 265 283 285292 308 319 337 348 367 388409 424 439 445 457 458

STACK MOULD, 225STAIN RESISTANCE, 389STAINING, 135 353STANDARD, 33 126 264 313 341

352 363 452STATISTICS, 7 8 40 68 89 91 92

99 110 122 123 125 126 166171 184 195 205 267 282 316367 369 418 427 464

STEARIC ACID, 193 207 303 403STERILISATION, 37 41 98 178

205 301 446STIFFNESS, 92 102 201 283 379

432STRENGTH, 102 332 379 432 463STRESS, 116 169 170 178 218 230

366 381 404 452STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,

211 366 448STRETCH FILM, 14SURFACE ANALYSIS, 10 233

273 316 396SURFACE DEFECT, 170 230SURFACE FINISH, 32 99 170 230

233 244 364 459SURFACE PROPERTIES, 1 12 32

37 54 58 65 73 178 199 230233 248 273 396 413 420 426

SURFACE TREATMENT, 10 3237 38 41 106 113 116 149 176199 207 231 273 274 278 283284 301 329 340 368 396 399408 410 440 448 456 457

SURGICAL TUBING, 273SUSPENSION

POLYMERISATION, 35 36 111142 149 260 299 318 349 429464

SUSTAINABILITY, 125 166SWELLING, 107 172 185 186 202

248 340 355 465SYNERGISM, 15 57 167 220 265SYNERGISTIC, 45 46 113 221

227 265 462SYNTHESIS, 35 111 227 273 342SYNTHETIC LEATHER, 70 380SYNTHETIC RUBBER, 171 462SYNTHETIC WOOD, 196 197 329

TTALC, 2 82 383TEAR STRENGTH, 8 12 462TEETHING RING, 377TELEPHONE CABLE, 336TEMPERATURE, 2 17 63 64 127

170 198 218 230 250 251 254283 284 303 337 353 367 372383 393 394 400 405 408 448461

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE,55 85 215 219 233 249 250 251361

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT,230 250 251

TENSILE PROPERTIES, 12 49 5053 57 70 77 80 83 94 96 102

Subject Index


104 113 133 162 181 185 194211 216 232 238 245 255 268269 281 283 290 303 307 315319 327 354 366 367 381 383404 405 409 430 440 445 462465

TERATOGEN, 253TESTING, 42 62 98 177 184 186

209 227 242 257 265 272 303304 310 316 353 360 372 378386 391 445 465

THERMAL AGEING, 211 215THERMAL DECOMPOSITION,

27 60 270 281THERMAL DEFORMATION, 298THERMAL DEGRADATION, 3

17 22 45 46 47 48 50 62 65 7576 84 94 105 118 167 170 175214 218 220 221 230 237 249260 265 270 277 283 291 323337 345 347 348 371 407 438444

THERMAL EXPANSION, 394 416THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC

ANALYSIS, 27 75 76 172 188214 222 241 265

THERMAL HISTORY, 12 142 368THERMAL INSTABILITY, 237

270THERMAL PROPERTIES, 4 16 60

103 104 118 121 164 168 170172 180 218 230 237 241 268315 352 383 393 394 405 420435 446

THERMAL RESISTANCE, 105168 203 235 237 249 270 342

THERMAL SHRINKAGE, 250THERMAL STABILITY, 50 81 82

103 105 168 174 175 176 188202 203 209 214 218 223 227229 235 237 239 249 255 260263 265 283 285 292 308 319337 348 367 388 409 424 433439 458

THERMAL TREATMENT, 31 204THERMOFORMING, 300 411THERMOGRAVIMETRIC

ANALYSIS, 27 75 76 94 118121 167 172 188 214 222 241265 337 406 407 435

THERMOLYSIS, 306THERMOOXIDATIVE

DEGRADATION, 13 181 277302

THERMOSET, 18 59 81 93 112125 126 166 182 217 243 246259 289 309 358 416

THICKNESS, 64 230 298 374 384

408 432THIN FILM, 67 108 384 421THIN-WALLED, 280TIME, 67 102 284 303 373 407

426TIME DEPENDENCE, 180 219

396TIN COMPOUND, 46 85 127 138

141 159 221 252 270 331 348383 453

TIN THIOGLYCOLATE, 383TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 13 66 106

108 131 278 279 373 384 421457

TOOLING, 157 158TOUGHNESS, 280 332 379 432TOXICITY, 66 86 90 98 100 106

119 184 205 247 252 253 257262 263 304 367 377

TOYS, 7 40 114 117 138 228 247253 257 262 263 272 282 304310 377 378

TRANSMISSION ELECTRONMICROSCOPY, 19 94 111 113121 180 182 233 244 383

TRANSPARENCY, 93 179 284TREND, 77 157 174 291 296TRIBUTYL CITRATE, 117 367TRIETHYLHEXYL

TRIMELLITATE, 1 58 118 316TRIMELLITATE, 89 91TRIMELLITATE ESTER, 98TROUBLESHOOTING, 353 376TUBE, 98TUBING, 113 257 273 316 410TUMOUR, 90TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 9 64

113 139 142 144 170 195 328356 375 408 427 459

TWO-ROLL, 408TWO-STAGE EXTRUSION, 374

UUNPLASTICISED, 38 107 216

244 299 329 332 411 425 451452

UV DEGRADATION, 102 279 286307

UV IRRADIATION, 49 67 108 373448

UV RESISTANCE, 64 298UV SPECTROSCOPY, 16 67 406

407 440UV STABILISER, 64 80 81 128

179 227 307 445UV STABILITY, 22 286

VVEHICLE, 282VEHICLE TRIM, 289 454VENEER, 396VENTILATOR, 218VIBRATION WELDING, 256VIBRATIONAL

SPECTROSCOPY, 38 163 165172 182 243 319 384 403 412421 438 439

VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER,231

VINYL CHLORIDE, 27 35 125126 226 461 464

VINYL CHLORIDECOPOLYMER, 248

VIRGIN POLYMER, 184 282 460VISCOELASTIC, 70 154 189 299

314 383 394VISCOSITY, 6 19 51 53 69 70 71

87 101 103 105 132 142 170186 198 218 226 230 234 283342 367 398 420 437 458

VISCOSITY MODIFIER, 458 464VOID, 218 224 381 404VOLATILE ORGANIC

COMPOUND, 75 108 151VOLATILE ORGANIC

CONTENT, 8 84 151VOLATILITY, 8 87 88 151 194

367 389

WWALL COVERING, 122 131 151WALL THICKNESS, 18 51 170

300 427WASHING, 64 95 122 243 306WASTE, 20 24 25 26 28 29 30 31

61 115 122 123 146 152 172205 212 243 282 302 306 380

WASTE COLLECTION, 68 122123 271 369 418

WASTE DERIVED FUEL, 306WASTE DISPOSAL, 66 123 125

146 212 293 296 306 341 422444 449

WASTE MANAGEMENT, 61 115122 125 126 271 275 282 296330 341 363 397 463

WASTE SEPARATION, 184 243WASTE SORTING, 123 243 311

336 369WASTE TREATMENT, 123 306WATER ABSORPTION, 227 283

305 380 440WATER PIPE, 170 183 195 309

Subject Index


449WATER POLLUTION, 100WATERBED, 56WAX, 3 132 244 321 459WEAR, 144 177WEAR RESISTANCE, 50 59 179

218 343WEATHER RESISTANCE, 13 46

64 99 102 153 179 197 240 278286 298 329 344 353 364 445

WEATHERABILITY, 80 88 320344 385

WEIGHT LOSS, 17 76 118 167231 302 367 399 407

WEIGHT REDUCTION, 99 289427

WELDING, 162 256 269 309 416437 452

WETTABILITY, 32 37 456 457WETTING, 243 311 462WHITE PIGMENT, 131WINDOW, 153 154 158 184 210

244 282 328 341 372 452WINDOW FRAME, 68 99 110 113

122 261 275 287 325 329 364418 437

WIRE COATING, 185WIRE INSULATION, 118WOLLASTONITE, 83WOOD, 53 54 55 196 197 210 306

329 396WOOD FIBRE, 156 232 396WOOD FIBRE-REINFORCED

PLASTIC, 51 53 54 55 69 192232 396

WOOD FLOUR, 23 53 54 55 102196 197 208

WOOD POWDER, 53 54 55 69WOOD REPLACEMENT, 99 439

XX-RAY PHOTOELECTRON

SPECTROSCOPY, 10 65 102273 316 396 399

X-RAY SCATTERING, 94 121 133172 180 255 383 441

YYELLOWING, 307 400YIELD STRESS, 116 366 381 404YOUNG’S MODULUS, 50 96 283

383 394 441

ZZEOLITE, 137 295 426ZINC, 75 84 174 303 320 331 394

454ZINC BORATE, 16 118 129 130

265 435ZINC CHLORIDE, 47 62ZINC COMPOUND, 45 47 130

139 140 141 145 153 159 207ZINC HYDROXYSTANNATE, 10

129 386ZINC STANNATE, 435ZINC STEARATE, 47 49 62 207

239 285 406 407ZINC SULFIDE, 167ZIP DEPOLYMERISATION, 48

Subject Index


Company Index


Company Index

AADVAMED, 257AICHI,PREFECTURAL

INSTITUTE OF PUBLICHEALTH, 11

AISCONDEL SA, 122AKCROS CHEMICALS, 8 151

207 308 331 334 414AKRON,UNIVERSITY, 19 36AKVA WATERBEDS APS, 56AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS, 42

334AKZO NOBEL RESINS BV, 291ALABAMA,UNIVERSITY, 223ALGIERS,ECOLE NATIONALE

POLYTECHNIQUE, 127ALIACHEM JC, 203ALICANTE,UNIVERSITY, 188

198 268 319 337 394 434ALLIEDSIGNAL EUROPE NV,

459AMERICAN CHEMISTRY

COUNCIL, 257AMTICO CO., 119ANGLIAN WINDOWS LTD., 68ANNABA,UNIVERSITE

MOKHTAR BADJI, 392APPLIED MARKET

INFORMATION, 161ARISTECH CHEMICAL, 412ASAHI DENKA KOGYO KK, 267

431ASPEN RESEARCH CORP., 51 69ATHENS,NATIONAL

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,112

ATOFINA, 13 18ATOFINA CHEMICALS INC., 79ATOFINA ESPANA, 122AUBURN,UNIVERSITY, 340 355AVON TECHNICAL PRODUCTS,

303

BBAERLOCHER GMBH, 141BARLOCHER ITALIA SPA, 454BASF AG, 307 320BASF CORP., 86BASHKIR,STATE UNIVERSITY,

227 260BATTELLE MEMORIAL

INSTITUTE, 194

BATTELLE PACIFICNORTHWESTLABORATORIES, 194

BATTENFELD AG, 374BATTENFELD

EXTRUSIONSTECHNIKGMBH, 158

BAUSANO GROUP SPA, 258BAXTER HEALTHCARE, 178

239 301 446BAYER CHEMICALS CORP., 56BAYSHORE VINYL, 422BBS CORP., 109BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 65BELGRADE,UNIVERSITY, 120BEMIS MANUFACTURING CO.,

398BERSTORFF

H.,MASCHINENBAU GMBH,408

BIOSTER SPA, 41BLAISE PASCAL,UNIVERSITE,

421BORSODCHEM RT, 133BP AMOCO CHEMICALS, 228BP CHEMICALS, 91BPF, 166BRNO,POLYMER INSTITUTE,

203BROOKLYN,POLYTECHNIC

UNIVERSITY, 121 180BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, 10 386BUDAPEST,RESEARCH

INSTITUTE FOR SOLIDSTATE PHYSICS & OPTICS,305

BUDAPEST,TECHNICALUNIVERSITY, 305

BUDAPEST,UNIVERSITY OFTECHNOLOGY &ECONOMICS, 10

BYDGOSZCZ,TECHNICAL &AGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY, 107

BYK-CHEMIE GMBH, 456

CCAIRO,NATIONAL CENTER

FOR RADIATION RES.&TECHNOL., 172

CANADA,NATIONALRESEARCH COUNCIL, 240

293 373CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION

EN QUIMICA APLICADA,285

CERDEC CORP., 344CHEMBUR, 191CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

INSTITUTE OFTOXICOLOGY, 253

CHEMSON, 143 153 155 322CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS,

80 81 148 216CIBA-GEIGY CO., 223CICLOPLAST SA, 122CINCINNATI EXTRUSION, 156CINCINNATI MILACRON, 436CINCINNATI MILACRON

AUSTRIA GMBH, 124 333427

CLARIANT GMBH, 132 139 335CLAUSTHALER

UMWELTTECHNIK-INSTITUT GMBH, 306

CLOEREN INC., 176CNEP, 13 279CNRS, 383COAHUILA,CENTRO DE

INVESTIGACION ENQUIMICA APLICADA, 53 234235

COAHUILA,UNIVERSIDADAUTONOMA, 53 406 407

COAKER A.W.,& ASSOCIATESINC., 5 78

COLLINS & AIKMANFLOORCOVERINGS INC.,363

COLOURTONE MASTERBATCHLTD., 39

COMERIO ERCOLE SPA, 408COMERIO R.,SAS, 408COMPUPLAST

INTERNATIONAL INC., 190251

COPERION BUSS AG, 34COPERION CORP., 9CORONADO ENGINEERING

INC., 173COVENTRY,UNIVERSITY, 399CROMPTON CORP., 4 85 105 221CROMPTON TECHNICAL

CENTER, 140CROMPTON VINYL ADDITIVES

GMBH, 136

Company Index


CSIC, 38CSMA LTD., 316

DDAYTON TECHNOLOGIES, 352DECEUNINCK, 184DEGUSSA, 150DEGUSSA-HULS, 335DENMARK,NATIONAL

MUSEUM, 22 182DEUTSCHES KUNSTSTOFF-

INSTITUT, 335DICKTEN & MASCH MFG., 353DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY,

24DOVER CHEMICAL CORP., 45

46 75DRESDEN,TECHNISCHE

UNIVERSITAT, 244DSM, 361DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,&

CO.INC., 119DUMAPLAST EXTRUSION, 280DUPONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,&

CO.INC., 238DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS

LLC, 54 134 312 338DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS

SA, 287DUPONT WHITE PIGMENTS &

MINERAL PRODUCTS, 457DURAPIPE LTD., 309DUTCH CONSENSUS GROUP,

378

EEAST CHINA,UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,111

EASTMAN CHEMICAL, 257ECC INTERNATIONAL INC., 294ECOEMBALAJES ESPANA SA,

122ECOLE NATIONALE

SUPERIEURE DE CHIMIE DEMULHOUSE, 179

EGE,UNIVERSITY, 24 440EGYPT,NATIONAL CENTRE

FOR RADIATION RES.&TECHNOL., 185

EGYPTIAN PETROLEUMRESEARCH INSTITUTE, 223

EINDHOVEN,UNIVERSITY, 187ELF ATOCHEM, 372ELF ATOCHEM SA, 279 450EMANUEL INSTITUTE OF

BIOCHEMICAL PHYSICS,370

ENSAM, 384 441ESPA, 159ESRF, 18EU,SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

ON MEDICINAL PRODUCTS& MEDICAL DEVICES, 97

EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 98159 271 272 275 282 297 310341

EUROPEAN COUNCIL FORPLASTICISERS &INTERMEDIATES, 100 184

EUROPEAN COUNCIL OFVINYL MANUFACTURERS,20 122 166 184

EUROPEAN PLASTICSCONVERTERS ASSN., 184

EUROPEAN STABILISERSPRODUCERS ASSN., 184

EUROPEAN VINYLS CORP., 41131 152

EUROPEAN VINYLSCORP.(DEUTSCHLAND)GMBH,449

EUROPEAN VINYLS CORP.(UK)LTD., 328 339 439 451

EVC, 21 129 149 184 461EXETER,UNIVERSITY, 243EXTRUSION DIES INC., 175EXTRUSION ENGINEERS, 213

313EXXON BIOMEDICAL

SCIENCES, 257EXXON CHEMICAL CO., 349EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL CO.,

90

FFERRO, 270FERRO CORP., 72FITT SPA, 336 369FMC CORP., 443FORMTECH ENTERPRISES

INC., 250FRANCHE-

COMTE,UNIVERSITE, 215FREUDENBERG GROUP, 171FREUDENBERG

MECHATRONIC KG, 171FUEL CELL COMPONENTS CO.,

171

GGE CORPORATE R & D, 256

GE SPECIALTY CHEMICALSINC., 57 237 433

GEON CO., 233 249 296 314 397413 455

GERMANY,FEDERALINSTITUTE FORMATERIALS RESEARCH &TESTING, 167

GLASGOW,ROYAL INFIRMARY,316

GOODRICH B.F.,CO., 376 463GRAN

CANARIA,UNIVERSIDADDE LAS PALMAS, 170

GRAZ,TECHNISCHEUNIVERSITAT, 62

GREAT LAKES CHEMICALCORP., 76

HHALL C.P.,CO., 88HALSTAB, 236 438HAMBURG,TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, 252HAMMOND GROUP, 295 365 438HARBIN,NORTHEAST

FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 360

HARLOW CHEMICAL CO.LTD.,318

HASBRO, 304HEALTH CANADA, 97 98HEALTH CARE WITHOUT

HARM, 257 317HELLAS, 163HENKEL CORP., 292HENKEL DORUS, 244HERAEUS NOBLELIGHT, 343HISPAVIC INDUSTRIAL SA, 122HOLLAND COLORS AMERICAS

INC., 385HONEYWELL, 155HUBER J.M.,CORP., 82HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES, 10 48HUNTSMAN TIOXIDE, 13 279HUSKY INJECTION MOLDING

SYSTEMS LTD., 225HYDRO POLYMERS, 142 299

316 327 464

IIKA GMBH & CO.KG, 325IMERYS PIGMENTS &

ADDITIVES, 177INDIAN INSTITUTE OF

Company Index


CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY,354

INEOS SILICAS LTD., 131INSTITUT PYROVAC INC., 214INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE

TECHNOLOGIE, 30INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y

TECNOLOGIA DEPOLIMEROS, 217 284 337

INSTITUTO DO PVC, 288INTERNATIONAL

ASSOCIATION FORRESEARCH IN CANCER, 98

INTERNATIONALBIODETERIORATIONRESEARCH GROUP, 42

INTERNATIONAL TINRESEARCH INSTITUTE, 386

ISFAHAN,UNIVERSITY OFTECHNOLOGY, 266

ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHALTD., 66 106

JJAPAN,NATIONAL INST.FOR

ADVANCEDINTERDISCIPLINARYRESEARCH, 273

JAPAN,NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF HEALTH SCIENCES, 11

JASSY,CUZA A.I. UNIVERSITY,199

JASSY,INSTITUTE OFMACROMOLECULARCHEMISTRY, 426

JASSY,TECHNICALUNIVERSITY, 426

JOHNSON MATTHEYPIGMENTS & DISPERSIONS,321

JULICH,INSTITUTE OFAPPLIED PHYSICALCHEMISTRY, 160

KKABRA EXTRUSIONTECHNIK

LTD., 356KANAGAWA,ACADEMY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,66 106

KANEKA CORP., 224 290 346KANEKA TEXAS CORP., 290KAUCHUK CLOSED STOCK

CO., 227KAUSTIK AOOT, 209KEMA NEDERLAND BV, 330

KENTUCKY,UNIVERSITY, 405428

KOBE STEEL, 184KOLSITE BATTENFELD, 356KRAUSS-MAFFEI AG, 375KRAUSS-MAFFEI

KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIKGMBH, 144

KUBRA PUBLIC JOINT-STOCKCO., 209

KYOTO,INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, 49

LL & L CONSULTING LLC, 74LA SAPIENZA,UNIVERSITA,

181LABORATOIRE DE CHIMIE ET

ENVIRONNEMENT, 351LABORATOIRE DE VITRY, 215LAGOR SPA, 135LAMBERTI SPA, 135LAND ROVER, 343LANGER & CO.GMBH, 458LAVAL,UNIVERSITE, 214LEDERER GMBH, 171LIMBURGSE VINYL

MAATSCHAPPIJ NV/SA, 289LIMBURGSE VINYL MIJ, 361LINDE AG, 184LINKOPING,UNIVERSITY, 252LIVERPOOL,UNIVERSITY, 98LONZA INC., 360 400LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY,

155 235 255 268 303 319 357409 429 451 452 465

LYON,INSTITUT NATIONALDES SCIENCESAPPLIQUEES, 246

LYON,UNIVERSITE CLAUDEBERNARD, 383

LYTE INDUSTRIES CO.LTD.,263

MMAINE,UNIVERSITE, 231MALAYSIA,SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY, 216MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE FOR

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGYRESEARCH, 216

MANCHESTER,METROPOLITANUNIVERSITY, 47 285 311 406407 445

MARLEY FLOORS LTD., 184MARQUETTE,UNIVERSITY, 65

94 121 180MARTINSWERK GMBH, 390MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, 257MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY,

245MATTEL, 304MCNEIL AKRON REPIQUET,

408MEXICO,CENTRO DE

INVESTIGACION ENMATERIALES AVANZADOS,234

MEXICO,CENTRO DEINVESTIGACION ENQUIMICA APLIC., 406 407445

MEXICO,ESCUELA MILITARDE INGENIEROS, 380

MICHIGAN,STATEUNIVERSITY, 23 102 405 428

MICHIGAN,TECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY, 23 55 102 192208 232

MIKRON INDUSTRIES, 184MILLIPORE CORP., 245MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORP.,

315MONTREAL,ECOLE

POLYTECHNIQUE, 206 254MORFLEX, 267MORTON INTERNATIONAL

INC.,MORTON PLASTICSADDITIVES DIV., 453

NNANJING,UNIVERSITY, 399NANOMATERIALS

TECHNOLOGY PTE LTD.,113

NATIONAL STARCH &CHEMICAL BV, 229

NATIONAL STARCH &CHEMICAL CO., 229

NETHERLANDS,INSPECTORATEFOR HEALTH PROTECTION& VETERINARY PUBLI, 117

NIIGATA PREFECTURALRESEARCH LABORATORYFOR HEALTH &ENVIRONMENT, 11

NISSIN OIL MILLS LTD., 220NORSK HYDRO, 146NORTH

CAROLINA,UNIVERSITY,379 393 432

NORTH DAKOTA STATE

Company Index


UNIVERSITY, 368NORTHWESTERN

UNIVERSITY, 25NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,299

NOVI SAD,UNIVERSITY, 120NSF INTERNATIONAL, 259

OODEBRECHT, 70OHIO,STATE UNIVERSITY, 249

300OKAYAMA PREFECTURE

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYCENTER, 116

OKAYAMA,UNIVERSITY, 28 29OMG INC., 84ONDEX, 64OSAKA,CITY UNIVERSITY, 27OSAKA,INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, 116 220 248366 381 404

OXYCHEM, 422

PP & R ENVIRONMENTAL

INDUSTRIES, 422PALERMO,UNIVERSITY, 276

371PALL CORP., 152PARANA,UNIVERSIDADE

FEDERAL, 32PEGUFORM GMBH, 289PERUGIA,UNIVERSITY, 188 198PETRU PONI,INSTITUTE OF

MACROMOLECULARCHEMISTRY, 212 214

PIFA, 166PIRA INTERNATIONAL, 411PISA,UNIVERSITY, 371PLASTICAN SA, 170POLIMERI, 362POLYFENCE, 99POLYMER DIAGNOSTICS INC.,

19 314POLYONE CORP., 12 73 104 174PQ CORP., 137PRINCIPIA PARTNERS, 184PROGNOS, 184PYROVAC INSTITUTE INC., 212

QQILU PETROCHEMICAL CORP.,

95

QINGDAO,INSTITUTE OFCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY,281

QUEBEC,UNIVERSITE LAVAL,212

QUEENSLAND,UNIVERSITY,162 164

RRAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.,

110 205RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.,

191REVINIL, 122RHONE-POULENC, 384RIO TINTO BORAX, 130ROHM & HAAS CO., 77 196 242

359 364 401 402 419 437ROHM & HAAS EUROPEAN

LABORATORIES, 154ROHM & HAAS FRANCE SA,

261ROHM & HAAS SA, 324RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES, 277

SSACHTLEBEN CHEMIE GMBH,

278 286SAINT ETIENNE,UNIVERSITY,

33 219SAN

SEBASTIAN,UNIVERSIDADDEL PAIS VASCO, 441

SANDRETTO INDUSTRIE SPA,218

SANTIAGO DECOMPOSTELA,UNIVERSIDAD,14

SAO PAULO,ESCOLAPOLITECNICO, 288

SAO PAULO,UNIVERSITY, 70SAUDI ARABIA,INSTITUTE OF

ATOMIC ENERGYRESEARCH, 118

SEMENOV N.N.,INSTITUTE OFCHEMICAL PHYSICS, 370

SHANGHAI CHLORALKALICHEMICAL CO.LTD., 15

SHANGHAI,JIAO TONGUNIVERSITY, 15 57 93

SHELL RESEARCH SA, 460SHIMANE,UNIVERSITY, 49SHIRAM INSTITUTE FOR

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH,367

SICHUAN,UNIVERSITY, 16 265SINTEF MATERIALS

TECHNOLOGY, 299SINTELON AD, 120SOLUTIA INC., 389SOLVAY, 184SOLVAY BENVIC, 2SOLVAY SA, 26 64 147 298SOLVIN, 184SOPHIA,UNIVERSITY, 273SOUTH CHINA,UNIVERSITY

OF TECHNOLOGY, 96SPECIALTY MINERALS INC., 52SPLIT,UNIVERSITY, 222SREE CHITRA TIRUNAL

INST.FOR MED.SCI.&TECHNOLOGY, 37 410 448

STRATHCLYDE,UNIVERSITY, 158 316

SULZER CHEMTECH AG, 444SUNOCO CHEMICALS, 92SWANSEA,UNIVERSITY OF

WALES, 108SWEDEN,NATIONAL FOOD

ADMINISTRATION, 395SWEDEN,NATIONAL TESTING

& RESEARCH INSTITUTE,43 211

SWEDEN,ROYAL INSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY, 17 395

SWINBURNE,UNIVERSITY OFTECHNOLOGY, 162 204

SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS LTD., 326

TTAIWAN,I-SHOU UNIVERSITY,

202TALLER DE INYECCION DE LA

INDUSTRIA DEL PLASTICO,170 230

TAMKANG,UNIVERSITY, 269TARKETT AB, 369TARKETT SOMMER, 119TECHNION-ISRAEL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, 274TECHNOPLAST

KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIKGMBH, 157

TECNOMETAL, 184TEKNOR APEX CO., 447THAI PLASTIC & CHEMICALS,

197TIMISOARA,POLYTECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, 442TIN TECHNOLOGY LTD., 10TNO, 115TOHOKU,UNIVERSITY, 302 382

Company Index


TOKUYAMA CORP., 6TOKYO,UNIVERSITY, 66 106TORONTO,UNIVERSITY, 396

430TORUN,NICHOLAUS

COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY,67

TOSOH CORP., 189TOY INDUSTRIES OF EUROPE,

304TOYOTA CENTRAL R & D

LABORATORIES INC., 169TREXEL INC., 280TURIN,UNIVERSITY, 41

UUCB SA, 59UK,BUILDING RESEARCH

ESTABLISHMENT, 329UK,DEPT.OF HEALTH, 97UK,DEPT.OF THE

ENVIRONMENT, 210UK,DRINKING WATER

INSPECTORATE, 264UK,ENVIRONMENT AGENCY,

341UK,NATIONAL HEALTH

SERVICE, 97UK,WASTE & RESOURCES

ACTION PROGRAMME, 68UKRANIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES, 112UNESP, 32UNIONPLAST, 123UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE

BRUXELLES, 306UPONOR INNOVATION AB, 358UPPSALA,UNIVERSITY OF

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,395

URAL,STATE UNIVERSITY, 63URALITA, 283URALS,STATE UNIVERSITY, 4

85 165US BORAX INC., 435US,ASSOCIATION OF

POSTCONSUMER PLASTICRECYCLERS, 422

US,CENTER FOR DISEASECONTROL, 262

US,CONSUMER PRODUCTSAFETY COMMISSION, 114

US,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY, 183257

US,FOOD & DRUGADMINISTRATION, 97 98

200 257 391US,NATIONAL CENTER FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH,253

US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHSCIENCES, 257

US,SCIENCE &ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHNETWORK, 257

US,VINYL INSTITUTE, 422

VVALENCIA,POLYTECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, 198VANDERBILT R.T.,CO., 83VEKA AG, 184VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORP.,

71 87 103VIENNA,UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, 377VILLEURBANNE,UNIVERSITY,

33VINIDEX PTY.LTD., 145VINIDEX TUBEMAKERS

PTY.LTD., 358VINNOLIT KUNSTSTOFF, 184VINYL CONSULTING CO.INC.,

89 349 350VINYL INSTITUTE, 184 257VISY PLASTICS, 204VOLGOGRAD,STATE

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,209

VULCAFLEX, 184VUT, 251

WWARSAW,INDUSTRIAL

CHEMISTRY RESEARCHINSTITUTE, 31

WASHINGTON,UNIVERSITY,109

WAVIN INDUSTRIALPRODUCTS LTD., 332

WILLIAMSBURG,COLLEGE OFWILLIAM & MARY, 44 241

WITCO CORP., 323 345 387 388403

WITCO TECHNICAL CENTER,347 348 420

YYAMAGATA,UNIVERSITY, 224YESOS IBERICOS, 283

YUCATAN,CENTRO DEINVESTIGACIONCIENTIFICA, 380

YUNNAN,UNIVERSITY, 399

ZZAGREBPLAST, 362ZARAGOZA,UNIVERSITY, 170

230ZENECA RESINS LTD., 462ZHEJIANG,UNIVERSITY, 35 416ZLIN,TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY, 101ZLIN,TOMAS BATA

UNIVERSITY, 50 190

Company Index


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