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PWMI 1
Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo and
environmental evaluation of scenarios in this model using LCA
Junichi Nakahashi
Plastic Waste Management Institute, Japan
PWMI 2
Current status of plastic waste discharge and treatment in Tokyo
Industrial Plastic Waste (Tokyo 2004)
Discharge 510,000 t/
y
Recycling 11% Incineration 12%
Landfill 77%
ref. Household Plastic Waste (Tokyo 2004)
Discharge 500,000 t/y
Recycling 3% Incineration
34% Landfill 63%
Discharged industrial plastic waste in Tokyo is 50,0000t/y and 77% of it is currently properly disposed to landfill site.
PWMI 3
Tokyo has changed its policy on plastic waste treatment in 2006
Previous one
“Plastic is non-combustible waste and is permitted to dispose to landfill site.”
New one
“Plastic is not good to dispose to landfill site and should be treated other than disposal to landfill site.”
in 2006
PWMI 4
project members
3R promoting forum (Well-informed persons)
Tokyo industrial waste association
Tokyo (Promoter)
Japan cement association (Energy recovering business)
Tokyo building maintenance association
Japan RPF (Refuse Plastic and Paper Fuel) industrial association
Plastic Waste Management Institute (Secretariat)
Industrial plastic waste treating system project
Tokyo chamber of commerce (Discharger)
Tokyo environment maintenance public corporation
Building owners managers association, Tokyo
Project “Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo”
Entrustment To Plastic Waste Management Institute (PWMI) By Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Year (Carried out during) 2006/04-2007/03
Project “Sorting, collecting, treating model study of discharged plastics from office buildings in Tokyo”
PWMI 5
リサイクル
収集運搬車
〈分別ビル〉
R
R
R
1
中間処理施設(都内) R
R
〈分別ビル〉
対象廃プラ 分別排出
分別排出されていないビル
ご み
ご み
ご み
ご み
ご み
ご み
ご み R
R
〈分別ビル〉
荷分作業等
R R
R 網 袋 網袋に入れて回収
ご み
R
: 対 象 プ ラ ス チ ック : 不 燃 ご み (金 属 、ガ ラ ス 、廃 プ ラ 等 )
Plastic waste collecting system
Plastic waste for utilizingWaste not utilized
Bag of plastic net
Recycler
Collecting truck
Sorting & Packing facility
Not sorting BLDG.
Sorting BLDG.
Transparent yellow
plastic bag
Sorting & Packing
Collecting and treating system adopted in this project
PWMI 6
Scenarios of sorting, collecting, treating
Model 1
Sorting the clean plastic waste (not including contaminations like as metal, garbage) good for solid fuel (RPF (Refuse plastic & paper fuel))
Scenario A : RPF / Landfill (26/74)
Scenario B : RPF / Incineration with energy recovery (26/74)
Model 2
Sorting the clean PE and PP (not including metal, garbage, paper) good for mechanical recycling
Scenario A : Mechanical Recycling / Energy Recovery / Landfill (8/42/50)
Scenario B : Mechanical Recycling / Energy Recovery (8/92)
PWMI 7
Model 1 Sorting, collecting, treating
Office building discharges clean plastic waste using yellow bag
Yellow bags are put into blue plastic net bag and put into collecting truck with other waste and transported
Blue net bags are picked up and yellow bags in it are took out and packed to be a bale and transported to a recycler
Collected plastic is melt and blended with paper to turn into RPF
Discharge(5 office
buildings)
Collect
2t truck(4m3)
Sort, Pack
RPFmanufacture
PWMI 8
Office building location and collecting order
Waste collecting business (stating point)
Office building 1
Office building 2
Office building 3
Office building 4
Office building 5
Office building (*)
Sorting and packing business (goal point)
* Discharged plastic waste was collected but not sorted
PWMI 9
Environmental evaluation of model 1 using LCA
Present treating way : RPF / Landfill (2/98)
Scenario A : RPF / Landfill (26/74)
Compact & wrap
RPF TransportCollect & transport
Sort
Crush Landfill
Transport
Heat Energy 845MJ
Plastic for RPF0.020t
Plastic for landfill 0.980t
Plastic waste1.000t
Office buildingRPF0.020t
Incinerate
Compact & wrap
RPFTransportCollect & transport
Sort
Crush LandfillTransport
Plastic for RPF0.260t
Plastic for landfill 0.740t
Plastic waste1.000t
Office building Energy recovery 10,986MJ
Incinerate
RPF0.257t
PWMI 10
Scenario B : RPF / Energy recovery (26/74)
(ref.) Incineration without energy recovery
(ref.) Landfill
Compact & transport
RPFTransport
Collect & transport Sort
CrushTransport
Incineration with energy
recovery
Plastic waste1.000t
Office building Plastic for RPF
0.260t
Plastic for energy recovery 0.740t
Energy recovery 10,986MJElectricity1,504kWh
RPF 0.257t
Incinerate
CrushPlastic waste
1.000tIncineration
without energy recovery
Transport
Collect & transport
Office buildingPlastic 1.000t
Sort
Plastic waste1.000t Transport
Collect & sort
Office building Plastics 1.000t
Crush & compact
Sort Landfill
PWMI 11
Designed unit Output
Present unitRPF 2%
Landfill 98%RPF combustion energy (845MJ)
Coal combustion energy
(10,141MJ)
Public electric (1,504kwh)
Scenario A unitRPF 26%
Landfill 74%RPF combustion energy (10,986MJ)
Public electric (1,504kwh)
Scenario B unit
RPF 26%
Incineration with electric generation
74%
RPF combustion energy (10,986MJ)Electric
(1,504kwh)
(ref.) Incineration unit
Incineration 100% Coal (10,986MJ)Public electric
(1,504kwh)
(ref.) Landfill unit Landfill 100% Coal (10,986MJ)Public electric
(1,504kwh)
Model 1 : Units designed by “product basket method” and outputs of them
(plastic waste : 1,000kg)
: actual output : assumed and added output
PWMI 12
Present treating unit designed by “product basket method”
Present treating unit : RPF / Landfill ( 2 / 98 )
Compact & wrap
RPF TransportCollect & transport
Sort
Crush Landfill
Transport
Heat Energy 845MJ
Plastic for RPF0.020t
Plastic for landfill 0.980t
Plastic waste1.000t
Office buildingRPF0.020t
Incinerate
Coal center
Mine Transport
RefinePublic power
generate
Heat Energy 10,141MJ
IncinerateFossil resource
MineFossil resource TransportElectricity1,504kwh
(Actual process)
(assumed & added processes)
System boundary
PWMI 13
0
20
40
60
80
100資源(原料)+エネルギー
GWP(CO2)
AP(SOX,NOX)
固形廃棄物
現状ユニットシナリオAユニットシナリオBユニット単純焼却ユニット埋立ユニット
実証モデル 1 (RPFの評価:燃焼分含む)
Solid waste
Fossil resource consumption + energy consumption
Present unit
Scenario A unitScenario B unitIncineration unit
Landfill unit
Environmental impacts of scenarios on Model 1
PWMI 14
Integration of environmental impactsnormalization & weighting
Normalization
1) Energy and resource consumption were divided by total consumption in Japan.
2) Emission into air and soil were divided by total emission in Japan.
ConsumptionResource 25% - -
Energy 25% - -
Emission into Environment
Emission into Air 35%CO2 83%
SOx + NOx 17%
Emission into Soil 15% - -
Environmental impact analyzing WG in PWMI has designed this weighting index referring to Fraunhofer Institute documents, APME eco-efficiency analysis and BASF documents.
Weighting Index
Energy consumption 24x1018 MJ/Y
Resource consumption 15x1018 MJ/Y
CO2 emission 1.3x109 T/Y
SOx emission 857,000 T/Y
NOx emission 2x106 T/Y
Solid waste 48x106 T/Y
Consumption & emission in Japan
PWMI 15
Calculation of Integrated Environmental Impact
(a) Resource consumption parameter = (resource consumption / total annual Japanese use) 0.25(b) Required energy parameter = (required energy / total annual Japanese use) 0.25(c) Emission parameter into atmosphere
= (CO2 / total annual Japanese emissions 1 0.83 + ((NO x / total annual Japanese emissions 0.7) + (SO x / total annual Japanese emissions 1.0)) 0.17) 0.35
(d) Emission parameter into soil = (landfill disposal / total annual Japanese landfill disposal) 0.15
Integrated Environmental Impact = SUM (a, b, c, d)
Normalization, weighting and integration were effected by the following approach
PWMI 16
98
73
25
44
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
現状ユニット シナリオAユニット シナリオBユニット 単純焼却ユニット 埋立ユニット
(RPFの評価:燃焼分含む)
Present unit
Scenario A unit
Scenario B unit
(ref.) Incineration
unit
(ref.) Landfill
unit
Inte
grat
ed E
nvir
onm
enta
l Im
pact
Model1 : Integrated Environmental Impact
PWMI 17
Component Plastic waste for solid fuel Plastic waste others
PE 3.3 11.7
PP 15.0 17.9
PS 6.5 21.2
PVC 0.5 0.1
Plastics (Others) 0.7 6.6
Plastics stuck by Metal - 16.4
(Total) 26.0 74.0
Plastic waste for solid fuel * : 26%Plastic waste others : 74%
* without contamination like as garbage, metal and so on
Model 1 Composition of the Plastic Waste
(%)<breakdown>
PWMI 18
Model 2 Sorting, collecting, treating
Discharge(1 office building)
Collect
2t truck(4m3)
Sort,Pack
Mechanicalrecycling
Clean plastics were picked up from the office building plastic waste by members and packed in yellow plastic bag
Yellow bags were packed into blue net bags and put into collecting truck
Blue net bags are picked up and yellow bags in it are took out and packed to be a bale and transported to a recycler
Collected plastics were mechanically recycled to be an article
PWMI 19
Plastics Others(Packaging of Bentou etc.)
93%
Clean Plastics7%
Clean plastic waste for mechanical recycling was packed in yellow transparent plastic bags
Plastic waste for mechanical recycling
PWMI 20
Model 2 : Units designed by “product basket method” and outputs of them
Designed unit Output
Present unit
Fuel for Cement 25%
Incineration with power generation 25%
Landfill 50%
Article (plastic 70kg)
Combustion energy of fuel
for cement
(10,160MJ)
Combustion energy of coal
(8,532MJ)
Generated power by
Incineration
(770kWh)
Public electricity
(448kWh)
Scenario A unit
Mechanical recycling 7%Fuel for cement 21%
Incineration with power generation 21%
Landfill 50%
Article (reclaimed
plastic 70kg)
Combustion energy of fuel
for cement
(8,610MJ)
Combustion energy of coal
(10,082MJ)
Generated power by
Incineration
(652kWh)
Public electricity
(566kWh)
Scenario B unit
Mechanical recycling 7%
Fuel for cement 46.4%
Incineration with power generation 46.4%
Article (reclaimed
plastic 70kg)
Combustion energy of fuel for cement
(18,692MJ)
Generated power by incineration
(1,218kWh)
(ref.) Incineratio
n unitIncineration 100%
Article (plastic 70kg)
Combustion energy of coal
(18,692MJ)
Public electricity
(1,218kWh)
(ref.) Landfill
unitLandfill 100%
Article (plastic 70kg)
Combustion energy of coal
(18,692MJ)
Public electricity
(1,218kWh)
: actual output : assumed and added output
PWMI 21
0
20
40
60
80
100資源(原料)+エネルギー
GWP(CO2)
AP(SOX,NOX)
固形廃棄物
現状ユニットシナリオAユニットシナリオBユニット単純焼却ユニット埋立ユニット
実証モデル2 (セメント原・燃料化の評価:燃焼分含む)
Solid waste
Resource consumption + energy consumption
Present unitScenario A unit
Scenario B unitIncineration unitLandfill unit
Environmental impacts of scenarios on model 2
PWMI 22
60 58
19
47
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
現状ユニット シナリオAユニット シナリオBユニット 単純焼却ユニット 埋立ユニット
(セメント原・燃料化の評価:燃焼分含む)
Present unit
Scenario Aunit
Scenario Bunit
(ref.) Incineration
unit
(ref.)Landfill
unit
Inte
grat
ed E
nvir
onm
enta
l Im
pact
Model 2 : Integrated Environmental Impact
PWMI 23
Component Plastic waste for solid fuel Plastic waste others
PE 4.5 16.4
PP 2.4 22.6
PS 0.3 46.6
PVC 0.02 0.6
Plastics (Others) 0 3.9
Plastics stuck by Metal - 2.5
(Total) 7.3 92.7
Plastic waste for mechanical recycling * : 7.3%Plastic waste others : 92.7%
* PE and PP without contamination like as garbage, metal, paper and so on sorted by project members
Model 2 Composition of the Plastic Waste
(%)<breakdown>
PWMI 24
1. To sort clean plastic waste and turn into solid fuel (RPF) and recover the combustion energy is effective to reduce the environmental impact compared with the present treatment in which landfill is the main treatment.
2. To sort clean plastic waste and recycle mechanically is not so effective to reduce the environmental impact because the amount of the clean plastic good for mechanical recycling is very small.
3. To make the other plastic waste other than clean one be incinerated with
energy recovery is very effective to reduce the environmental impact compared with present treatment in which landfill is the main treatment.
Conclusion