CONTENTSAN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDY

THE ASSIGNMENT

ORIGINAL METHOD

PROPOSED METHOD

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDYTime Study is a work measurement technique for

recording the times and rates of working for the element of a specialized job carried out under specified conditions, and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance.

A distinction is made in time study practice between what are termed representative workers and qualified workers. A representative worker is one whose skill and performance is the average of the group under consideration. He is not necessarily a qualified worker. The concept of the qualified worker is an important one in time study. He is defined as follows:

STEPS IN A TIME STUDY

When the work to be measured has been selected, the time study usually consists of the following eight steps:

Obtaining and recording all the information available about the job, the operative and the surrounding conditions, which is likely to affect the carrying out of the work.

Recording a complete description of the method, breaking down the operation into “elements”.

Examining the detailed breakdown to ensure that the most effective method and motions are being used, and determining the sample size.

Contd..Measuring with a time device (usually a stop watch)

and recording the time taken by the operative to perform each “element” of the operation.

At the same time, assessing the effective speed of working of the operative relative to the observer’s concept of the rate corresponding to standard rating.

Extending the observed times to “basic times”.Determining the allowances to be made over and

above the basic time for the operation.Determining the “standard time” for the operation. 

OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENTTo understand the concept behind work study and

their implementation in:Improvement of processes and proceduresImprovement in the design of the plant and equipmentImprovement in the use of men, materials and

machinesEfficient materials handlingImprovement in the flow of production and processesEconomy in human effort and the reduction of

unnecessary fatigueMethod standardizationDevelopment of better physical working environment 

ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE STUDYWe assume that our operator is a skilled qualified worker

required for time study and hence we shall give the rating 100

As we are working on an experimental scale and not a very large scale we shall take 5 observations for the existing method and two each for the proposed methods

We shall assume the following standard allowances for our calculations:

Personal allowance: 11 %Machine Allowance: 5 %Contingency Allowance: 3 %We are assuming a 8 hr shift wherein the total number of

working hours in a day are 8 and the month is assumed to be of 30 days

 

THE ORIGINAL METHODThe existing method adopted is the

traditional method in practice for making shirt front plackets. An operation breakdown of the same has been shown below which depicts the flow process and the process breakdown.

OPERATIONAL BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET OPERATIONAL BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET

Shirt front picked from right by right hand Shirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front line to

inner side Fabric kept in stitching area Pressure foot and needle moved down edge stitch at 5mm Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out Thread been cut Turn inside and nail press at 1.5 inch from the early folded

area Fabric kept in stitching area Pressure foot and Needle moved down Edge stitch at 5mm from edge Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out Thread been cut Nail pressed open from the second stitch Stitched fabric is kept left side

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENTBREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER

ATTACHMENTShirt back picked from right by right handShirt front picked from left by left handBack aligned with frontassembly kept in stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downEdge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulderPressure foot and needle moved up pulling

assembly outThread been cutStitched fabric kept left side 

OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAM Assembly to stitch is picked from the right by right

hand sideshared assembly of left hand to right hand Panels are aligned from the side seamKept assembly at the stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downEdge stitch at 5mm from edge of side seamPressure foot and needle moved up pulling assembly

outThread been cutFabric kept to the left side

 

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)

PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)

MAN MACHINE CHART

SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET 

SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT

TIME STUDY SHEET

CALCULATIONS

Total Basic Time: 73.79 sec Calculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 73.79= 8.11Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 73.79= 3.68Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 73.79= 2.21Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal

allowance + Contingency Allowance = 3.68 sec + 8.11 sec + 2.21 sec

= 14 secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time +

Total AllowancesTherefore SAM = 73.79+ 14 = 87.79 sec

CALCULATIONSTotal Basic Time: 32.86 sec Calculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 32.86 = 3.61Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 32.86 = 1.64Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 32.86 = 0.98Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance

+ Contingency Allowance = 1.64 sec + 3.61 sec + 0.98 sec = 6.23

secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total

AllowancesTherefore SAM = 32.86 + 6.23 = 39.09 sec

 

CALCULATIONSTotal Basic Time: 27.73 sec Calculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 27.73= 3.05Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 27.73= 1.38Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 27.73= 0.83Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal

allowance + Contingency Allowance = 1.38 sec + 3.05 sec + 0.83 sec = 5.26

secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total

AllowancesTherefore SAM = 27.73 + 5.26 = 32.99 sec

 

THE PROPOSED METHODSThe initial changes:

The layout was organized

Proper lighting was ensured

The tools which are convenient to use were placed in proper position keeping ergonomic principals in mind

Proper seating arrangement was ensured

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET

Shirt front picked from right by right handShirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front

line to inner sideAgain front nail pressed at 1.5 inch to inner sideFabric kept in stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downEdge stitch at 5mm from inner side of folded placketPressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric

outThread been cutNail pressed open on stitchFabric kept in stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downPressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric

outThread been cutStitched fabric is kept left side

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENTShirt front picked from left by left hand and

kept on tableShirt back picked from right by right hand

and kept aligning shoulderAssembly kept in stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downEdge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulderPressure foot and needle moved up pulling

assembly outThread been cutStitched fabric kept left side

 

OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAMAssembly to stitch is picked from the left

by left hand Panels are aligned from the side seamKept assembly at the stitching areaPressure foot and Needle moved downEdge stitch at 5mm from edge of side

seamPressure foot and needle moved up

pulling assembly outThread been cutFabric kept to the left side

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)

PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)

MAN MACHINE CHARTSHIRT REGULAR PLACKET

SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT

TIME STUDY SHEET

CALCULATIONSTotal Basic Time: 51.16 sec Calculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 51.16 = 5.62Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 51.16 = 2.55Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 51.16 = 1.53Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal

allowance + Contingency Allowance = 2.55 sec + 5.62 sec + 1.53 sec

= 9.7 secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time +

Total AllowancesTherefore SAM = 51.16+ 9.70 = 60.86 sec

CALCULATIONSTotal Basic Time: 24.78 sec Calculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 24.78 = 2.72Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 24.78 = 1.23Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 24.78 = 0.74Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal

allowance + Contingency Allowance = 1.23 sec + 2.72 sec + 0.74 sec

= 4.69 secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time +

Total AllowancesTherefore SAM = 24.78 + 4.96 = 29.47 sec

CALCULATIONSTotal Basic Time: 21.74 secCalculation of SAM:Personal Allowance: 11%Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 21.74= 2.39Machine Allowance: 5 %5/100 * 21.74= 1.08Contingency Allowance: 3 %3/100 * 21.74= 0.65Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal

allowance + Contingency Allowance = 2.39 sec + 1.08 sec + 0.65 sec

= 4.12 secSAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time +

Total AllowancesTherefore SAM = 21.74+ 4.12 = 25.86 sec

CONCLUSION

We can conclude from the above listed observations and charts that: Conformance to ergonomic standards affects

productivity to a great extentComfort of operator is directly reflected in

outputWork study is the biggest tool which enables us

to assess the present techniques and propose new more efficient methods

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Work Study by O.P.KhannaIntroduction to Work Study (An ILO

publication)Motion and Time Study by Ralph M. Barnes