PY20409l06 Inter Group Relationships L6

8/8/2019 PY20409l06 Inter Group Relationships L6

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OverviewOverview

Review of previous lectures:Review of previous lectures:

Social cognition & Social identity theorySocial cognition & Social identity theory

Processing biasesProcessing biases

The role of emotionsThe role of emotions

Relative deprivationRelative deprivation

Other considerationsOther considerations

Approval forms and consent formsApproval forms and consent forms Envelope on Jonathans doorEnvelope on Jonathans door


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Collective actionCollective actionCivil rightsCivil rights 1/12/55Rosa Parks1/12/55Rosa Parks

Refuses to give up her seat and arrestedRefuses to give up her seat and arrested

Montgomery Freedom Movement announcesMontgomery Freedom Movement announces

1 day boycott of buses1 day boycott of buses-- hoped for 60% participationhoped for 60% participation

100% participation100% participation

Martin Luther King elected leader of movementMartin Luther King elected leader of movement

Boycott lasted 382 daysBoycott lasted 382 days

Martin Luther King arrested 21/2/56Martin Luther King arrested 21/2/56

Segregation declared illegal 14/11/56Segregation declared illegal 14/11/56

Martin Luther King travelled 780,000 miles (208 speeches)Martin Luther King travelled 780,000 miles (208 speeches)

Despite violence against himself and family advocatedDespite violence against himself and family advocated

NonNon--violenceviolence

Martin Luther King assassinated 4/4/68Martin Luther King assassinated 4/4/68


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Question we need to addressQuestion we need to address

Given all the problems in the world, why dontGiven all the problems in the world, why dont

people engage in collective action to tackle thesepeople engage in collective action to tackle theseproblems and/or change their conditions?problems and/or change their conditions?


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Social identity theorySocial identity theory


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Social cognition as processSocial cognition as processPerception of ourPerception of our socialsocialworldworld

PerceptionPerception ofofsocialsocial stimulistimuli e.g., peoplee.g., people

Categorise, organise informationCategorise, organise information

influenced by contextual cues e.g., salience of differencesinfluenced by contextual cues e.g., salience of differences

EvaluationEvaluation

* Impose* Impose socialsocial meaning using existing knowledge, groupmeaning using existing knowledge, groupnorms/values, schemas, social roles.norms/values, schemas, social roles.

*Assign valence (good, bad, ambivalent)

*Assign valence (good, bad, ambivalent)

SocialSocial BehaviourBehaviour

e.g., prejudice, discrimination, support, approach, avoid, obey,e.g., prejudice, discrimination, support, approach, avoid, obey,

comply, conformcomply, conform


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Biased processingBiased processing

As weve discussed previously, these processesAs weve discussed previously, these processes

simplify and enrich our social cognitive functioningsimplify and enrich our social cognitive functioning

(Doise)(Doise)

But, they do so at a costBut, they do so at a cost

incorporate inaccuraciesincorporate inaccuracies

Encourages processing biasesEncourages processing biases


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InterpersonalInterpersonal intergroupintergroup continuumcontinuumAny interaction can be classified at some point on this continuum.Any interaction can be classified at some point on this continuum.

Tajfel (1978)Tajfel (1978)

InterpersonalInterpersonal interaction:interaction:

Determined by individual characteristicsDetermined by individual characteristics

IntergroupIntergroup interaction:interaction:

Determined by membership of the groupDetermined by membership of the group

Group behaviour isGroup behaviour is not a lossnot a loss of identity, but aof identity, but a changechange in identityin identity

Multiple social selvesMultiple social selves


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Social identity theory:Social identity theory: Tajfel and Turner, (1979)Tajfel and Turner, (1979)AlsoAlso SelfSelf--Categorization Theory (Turner et al. 1987)Categorization Theory (Turner et al. 1987)

1)1) CategorizationCategorization -- self & othersself & others

2)2) Identification with ingroupsIdentification with ingroups us versus themus versus them

3)3) Search for positive distinctivenessSearch for positive distinctiveness -- differencesdifferences

(Intergroup distinctiveness)(Intergroup distinctiveness)

4)4) Social comparisonSocial comparison compare our groups to other groupscompare our groups to other groups

Why?Why?

Typically, individuals attempt to maintain positive selfTypically, individuals attempt to maintain positive self--esteemesteem

But, we can derive selfBut, we can derive self--esteem from group membershipsesteem from group memberships

So, not onlySo, not onlydifferentdifferent, but, but betterbetter

Typically, comparison occurs on dimensions that favour the ingroupTypically, comparison occurs on dimensions that favour the ingroup

(e.g., Skevington, 1981).(e.g., Skevington, 1981).


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Social identity theorySocial identity theory

Although SIT suggests a role for selfAlthough SIT suggests a role for self--esteemesteem

It does not incorporate other emotions.It does not incorporate other emotions.

Why could this be a problem?Why could this be a problem?

Because emotions motivate behavioursBecause emotions motivate behaviours

Because emotions motivateBecause emotions motivate specificspecific behavioursbehaviours


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Social Identity theorySocial Identity theory

Social Identity (as opposed to personal identity):Social Identity (as opposed to personal identity):

Aspects of the selfAspects of the self--concept which are associated with groupconcept which are associated with groupmembership.membership.

Social identity theory:Social identity theory:

We can define ourselves in terms of category memberships.We can define ourselves in terms of category memberships.

Individual selfIndividual self--esteem is linked to group membershipesteem is linked to group membership

CollectiveCollective selfself--esteemesteem

Especially, for groups with which we highly identifyEspecially, for groups with which we highly identify

People use intergroup comparisons to feel good about theirPeople use intergroup comparisons to feel good about theiringroup, and by extension, themselves.ingroup, and by extension, themselves.


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Social Identity and collective actionSocial Identity and collective action

Sometimes, our ingroup cannot make a favourableSometimes, our ingroup cannot make a favourable

comparison with outgroups.comparison with outgroups.

One method of affirming the self is to leave the ingroup.One method of affirming the self is to leave the ingroup.

Individualistic strategyIndividualistic strategy

One method of affirming the value of the ingroup, isOne method of affirming the value of the ingroup, iscollective action.collective action.

Collective strategyCollective strategy


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What can group members do to escape stigmatization?What can group members do to escape stigmatization?

Individualistic strategyIndividualistic strategy

Leave groupLeave group not always possiblenot always possible

e.g., social mobility,e.g., social mobility,permeability of group boundariespermeability of group boundaries

BUTBUT

May not wish to leave groupMay not wish to leave group

Level of identificationLevel of identification

Perception of fairnessPerception of fairness


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What can group members do to escape stigmatization?What can group members do to escape stigmatization?

Collective strategyCollective strategy

Change value of group e.g., black is beautifulChange value of group e.g., black is beautiful

Opt for alternative world viewOpt for alternative world view

(e.g., Hippies, Punks, Goths)(e.g., Hippies, Punks, Goths)

Challenge legitimacy of status relationsChallenge legitimacy of status relationse.g., through conflict, lobbyinge.g., through conflict, lobbying

collective ACTIONcollective ACTION


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Collective action tendenciesCollective action tendenciesWhy dont members of disadvantaged groups mobilize?Why dont members of disadvantaged groups mobilize?

What sources of potential group mobilization exist?What sources of potential group mobilization exist?

Examine predictions fromExamine predictions from::


Intergroup emotions theoryIntergroup emotions theory

Relative deprivation theoryRelative deprivation theory

Combine them to form distinct, but complimentaryCombine them to form distinct, but complimentarypaths to collective action.paths to collective action.

Final lecture: TerrorismFinal lecture: Terrorism


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Responses to inequalityResponses to inequality

Ellemers, Wilke, & van Knippenberg (1993)Ellemers, Wilke, & van Knippenberg (1993)

Where lab groups exist within aWhere lab groups exist within a justifiablejustifiable status hierarchy, subordinatestatus hierarchy, subordinategroups display little concern with inferiority.groups display little concern with inferiority.

Where status differentials are inflexible orWhere status differentials are inflexible or unfairunfair, subordinate groups, subordinate groupsdisplaydisplay

increased identificationincreased identification

ingroup favouritismingroup favouritism

hostility towards dominant grouphostility towards dominant group

Remember minority identity in PY105?Remember minority identity in PY105?

Moral component to judgementsMoral component to judgements


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Social Identity theorySocial Identity theoryResponses to inequalityResponses to inequality

Wright,Taylor, Moghadam (1990)Wright,Taylor, Moghadam (1990)

Impermeable group boundaries evokeImpermeable group boundaries evoke nonnon--normativenormative,,

collective strategy.collective strategy.

That is, reject prevailing hegemonyThat is, reject prevailing hegemony

BUT..BUT..

If even slightest chance of advancementIf even slightest chance of advancement

(e.g., token members are allowed to advance), then(e.g., token members are allowed to advance), then

individualisticindividualistic strategies more likely to be utilised.strategies more likely to be utilised.


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Responses to inequalityResponses to inequalitySummarySummary

When people perceiveWhen people perceive illegitimateillegitimate, impermeable group, impermeable groupboundaries, they react with greater ingroup identification.boundaries, they react with greater ingroup identification.

Strength of identificationStrength of identification predicts willingness to participatepredicts willingness to participatein future collective action (Simon et al., 1998).in future collective action (Simon et al., 1998).

Moral component of status differentialsMoral component of status differentials procedural justiceprocedural justice

Emotional componentEmotional component

People likely to react emotionally to illegitimate statusPeople likely to react emotionally to illegitimate statusdifferentials e.g., experience anger, resentmentdifferentials e.g., experience anger, resentment


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Other processing biasesOther processing biases


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AttributionsAttributions

Who did what and why?Who did what and why?

Ultimate attribution error (Pettigrew, 1979)Ultimate attribution error (Pettigrew, 1979)

PositivePositive event:event:

ingroup;ingroup; charactercharacter outgroup;outgroup; situationsituation

NegativeNegative eventevent

ingroup;ingroup; situationsituation -- outgroup;outgroup; charactercharacter



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AttributionsAttributions

Who did what and why?Who did what and why?EthnocentrismEthnocentrism

WeWe are positive,are positive, theyretheyre negativenegative

SameSame behaviour,behaviour, differentdifferent interpretationinterpretation

Biased in favour of ingroupBiased in favour of ingroup

For example, attributions of same behaviourFor example, attributions of same behaviour

theyre aggressive, were assertivetheyre aggressive, were assertive

theyre hostile, were defending our rightstheyre hostile, were defending our rights

Outgroup more often viewed asOutgroup more often viewed as unfairunfair

Moral component to judgementsMoral component to judgements justicejustice


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ConflictConflict

MirrorMirror--image perceptionsimage perceptions

Same actions, different attributions of hostilitySame actions, different attributions of hostility

Tobin & Eagles (1992); White (1984), see Myers (2002)Tobin & Eagles (1992); White (1984), see Myers (2002)

Perceptions ofRussians and AmericansPerceptions ofRussians and Americans

Preferred mutual disarmamentPreferred mutual disarmament

Did not want to disarm while other side armedDid not want to disarm while other side armed

Perceived other side as wanting military superiorityPerceived other side as wanting military superiority

Thus, both nations wanted to disarm, but both compelled to armThus, both nations wanted to disarm, but both compelled to arm

Implications for current global relationship??Implications for current global relationship??


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ConflictConflict

MirrorMirror--image perceptionsimage perceptions

MisconceptionsMisconceptions

True incompatibilityTrue incompatibility

Bronfenbrenner (1961)

Most people in rival nationshave similar perceptions of rivals


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ConflictConflictProcessing biasesProcessing biases

Janis (1989); Tetlock (1988)Janis (1989); Tetlock (1988)

Conflict reduces rationale thinkingConflict reduces rationale thinking

Conflict induces simplistic thinkingConflict induces simplistic thinking

e.g., rely on stereotypese.g., rely on stereotypes

Vicious circleVicious circle (Bronfenbrenner, 1961; Deutsch, 1986)(Bronfenbrenner, 1961; Deutsch, 1986)

ExpectExpect hostilityhostility behavebehave aggressivelyaggressively receivereceive hostilityhostility


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EmotionsEmotions


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What is an emotion?What is an emotion?

Emotion is adaptiveEmotion is adaptive anan immediateimmediate reaction to specific event;reaction to specific event;

acts as a signal e.g., event requires action, or safe not to act.acts as a signal e.g., event requires action, or safe not to act.

Action tendenciesAction tendenciesmotivates and prioritises specific motivemotivates and prioritises specific motive

e.g., fight or flight.e.g., fight or flight.

Emotion can effect judgement, perception, memory, problem solving,Emotion can effect judgement, perception, memory, problem solving,and task performance.and task performance.

EmotionEmotion a verbal conceptualisation of physiological experience.a verbal conceptualisation of physiological experience.Therefore,Therefore, culturally derived meaningculturally derived meaning..


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Emotion Response TriadEmotion Response Triad

Physiological ChangesPhysiological Changes

e.g., FEARe.g., FEAR-- heart rate increases, digestion stops, bloodheart rate increases, digestion stops, bloodrushes to muscles; sympathetic nervous system.rushes to muscles; sympathetic nervous system.

Motoric ExpressionMotoric Expression face, body, voiceface, body, voice

Feeling StatesFeeling States Subjective FeelingSubjective Feeling::

Areflection of all components of functioning; the end result

Areflection of all components of functioning; the end resultof the perceptual and physiological changes due to eventof the perceptual and physiological changes due to event--

related emotional processes.related emotional processes.


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Theories of emotionTheories of emotion

SchachterSchachter -- Singer theorySinger theory EventEvent Physiological changePhysiological change AppraisalAppraisal experienced emotionexperienced emotion

This implies that there are limited amount of physiologicalThis implies that there are limited amount of physiological

responses; aresponses; a cognitivecognitive appraisalappraisal is required to interpret theis required to interpret the

emotion.emotion.

We can also check the suitability of the primary appraisalWe can also check the suitability of the primary appraisal

i.e., secondary appraisal; event and selfi.e., secondary appraisal; event and self

We can assess if we haveWe can assess if we have resourcesresources to reactto react appropriatelyappropriately


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Appraisal theory of emotionAppraisal theory of emotion

Event PrimaryPrimary

appraisalappraisal

SecondarySecondary

appraisalappraisal

Action tendencies

Physiologicalresponse

Hormones

Expression

EMOTION


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Appraisal theory of emotionAppraisal theory of emotion

Different emotions are associated with similar, if not identical,Different emotions are associated with similar, if not identical,physiological responsesphysiological responses

Identical events can generate different emotional responsesIdentical events can generate different emotional responses

Primary appraisal: assessment of eventPrimary appraisal: assessment of event

Secondary appraisal: suitability of primary appraisal and search forSecondary appraisal: suitability of primary appraisal and search forresources to cope with the eventresources to cope with the event

But, appraisal can happen holisticallyBut, appraisal can happen holistically


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Emotions are fundamentally socialEmotions are fundamentally social Its tempting to think of emotions as processes that happenIts tempting to think of emotions as processes that happen

within an individual.within an individual.

BUT.BUT. Emotions can be a consequence of other peopleEmotions can be a consequence of other people

Emotions can be a form of communication between peopleEmotions can be a form of communication between people Emotions can change relations between peopleEmotions can change relations between people

Some emotions are explicitly social:Some emotions are explicitly social:

EmbarrassmentEmbarrassment Shame and guiltShame and guilt

Jealousy and envyJealousy and envy

LoveLove

GriefGrief


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People can experience emotion in groupsPeople can experience emotion in groups

Groups are associated with a range ofGroups are associated with a range ofstrongstrong emotionsemotions

(hate, pride, despair, joy)(hate, pride, despair, joy)

AnxietyAnxiety (Stephan & Stephan, 1985)(Stephan & Stephan, 1985)

GuiltGuilt (Doosje, Branscombe, Spears, & Manstead, 1998)(Doosje, Branscombe, Spears, & Manstead, 1998)

AngerAnger andand fearfear (Mackie, Devos, & Smith, 2000)(Mackie, Devos, & Smith, 2000)

SchadenfreudeSchadenfreude (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, & Doosje,(Leach, Spears, Branscombe, & Doosje,

2003)2003)


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Intergroup Emotions TheoryIntergroup Emotions Theory

People can experience emotion in groupsPeople can experience emotion in groups


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(Mackie et al., 2000; Smith, 1999)(Mackie et al., 2000; Smith, 1999)

When social identity is salient, appraisals relevant toWhen social identity is salient, appraisals relevant to

the ingroup will trigger intergroup emotions.the ingroup will trigger intergroup emotions.

AppraisalAppraisal

ExpressionExpression

CopingCoping

Groups socialise members in regulating/ expressing emotionsGroups socialise members in regulating/ expressing emotions


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Categorisations not only cognitive, they activateCategorisations not only cognitive, they activate

associated emotionsassociated emotions

For example, thinking of ingroup activatesFor example, thinking of ingroup activates

beliefs/knowledge and emotions such as pridebeliefs/knowledge and emotions such as pride

Thinking of outgroup activates beliefs/knowledge andThinking of outgroup activates beliefs/knowledge and

emotions such as prideemotions such as pride


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People can experience emotionsPeople can experience emotions on behalf of the groupon behalf of the group


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Intergroup emotionsIntergroup emotions

Prioritises specific actionsPrioritises specific actions

Anger and disgust towards outgroup predicts unwillingness toAnger and disgust towards outgroup predicts unwillingness to

engage in contact (Esses, & Dovidio,200

2) and desire toengage in contact (Esses, & Dovidio,

200

2) and desire toattack (Mackie et al., 2007)attack (Mackie et al., 2007)

Following aggressionFollowing aggression

Ingroup directed guilt evokes desire to provide reparationsIngroup directed guilt evokes desire to provide reparations(McGarty et al., 2005)(McGarty et al., 2005)

Satisfaction evokes more aggression (Maitner et al., 2007)Satisfaction evokes more aggression (Maitner et al., 2007)


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Relative deprivationRelative deprivation


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Potential cause of conflictPotential cause of conflict

Perceptions that discrepancies exist betweenPerceptions that discrepancies exist between

us and them.us and them.

UnjustifiedUnjustified andand illegitimateillegitimateperpetuationperpetuation ofof

discrepanciesdiscrepancies

The role of emotionThe role of emotion


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EquityEquity

Equity:Equity:

Ratio of input is equal to outcomes relative to anotherRatio of input is equal to outcomes relative to anotherrelevantrelevant person (Baron, Kerr, & Miller, 1999 p. 145).person (Baron, Kerr, & Miller, 1999 p. 145).

Deviation in either direction is aversive:Deviation in either direction is aversive:

* If others work harder, but I get more, I may feel guilty.* If others work harder, but I get more, I may feel guilty.

* If situation reversed, I may feel anger.* If situation reversed, I may feel anger.

(Note the parallels with illegitimacy in SIT)(Note the parallels with illegitimacy in SIT)


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EquityEquity

Higher status groups/individuals often assign themselvesHigher status groups/individuals often assign themselvesgreater rewardsgreater rewards

May justify by claiming superiorityMay justify by claiming superiority Or, downgrading subordinates e.g., just world (Lerner, 1980).Or, downgrading subordinates e.g., just world (Lerner, 1980).

Outcomes perceived asOutcomes perceived as unfairunfair elicit moreelicit more aggressionaggressionthanthan unpleasantunpleasant outcomesoutcomes



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Relative DeprivationRelative Deprivation

Discrepancy between what I/we have and what I/weDiscrepancy between what I/we have and what I/we shouldshould

have/have/deservedeserve..

EgoisticalEgoisticalversusversus fraternalfraternal deprivationdeprivation

(Runciman, 1966).(Runciman, 1966).

Guimond & DubeGuimond & Dube--Simard (1983):Simard (1983): IntergroupIntergroup,, but notbut not interpersonalinterpersonal deprivation correlateddeprivation correlated

with support for political change (Canada).with support for political change (Canada).


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Relative Deprivation TheoryRelative Deprivation Theory

(Gurr, 1970; Runciman, 1966)(Gurr, 1970; Runciman, 1966)

Group members must perceive aGroup members must perceive a collectivecollective disadvantage todisadvantage tomobilize (fraternal deprivation).mobilize (fraternal deprivation).

ALSO.ALSO. SIT; members must perceive their collective identitySIT; members must perceive their collective identity..

Collective disadvantage may itself, promote a sense ofCollective disadvantage may itself, promote a sense of

group identity e.g., class consciousnessgroup identity e.g., class consciousness

Hence, group identity may be a precursorHence, group identity may be a precursor ORORa consequencea consequenceof collective disadvantage.of collective disadvantage.


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Relative Deprivation TheoryRelative Deprivation Theory

(Gurr, 1970; Runciman, 1966)(Gurr, 1970; Runciman, 1966)

Vanneman & Pettigrew (1972)Vanneman & Pettigrew (1972)

DominantDominant andand subordinate groups can experience relativesubordinate groups can experience relativedeprivation.deprivation.

NBNB

RELATIVERELATIVE deprivation: often it is high achieving membersdeprivation: often it is high achieving membersof minority groups that mobilise to redress perceivedof minority groups that mobilise to redress perceived

inequalities (e.g., Abeles, 1976).inequalities (e.g., Abeles, 1976).

Organisers tend to have higher income and more years inOrganisers tend to have higher income and more years ineducation than most group members.education than most group members.


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The story so farThe story so far

IllegitimateIllegitimate group boundaries increases ingroupgroup boundaries increases ingroup

identification and collective dissatisfaction.identification and collective dissatisfaction.

Identification related to collective action.Identification related to collective action.

Relative deprivation produces collective dissatisfaction.Relative deprivation produces collective dissatisfaction.

Moral componentMoral component of this dissatisfaction.of this dissatisfaction.

Emotional reaction to dissatisfaction.Emotional reaction to dissatisfaction.


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ButBut

Often, people who are disadvantaged do notOften, people who are disadvantaged do notattempt to change their position in society, orattempt to change their position in society, orchange the status quo (Klandersman, 1997).change the status quo (Klandersman, 1997).

For example, disadvantaged groups may believeFor example, disadvantaged groups may believeit is impossible to change their position init is impossible to change their position in

society (low efficacy, Bandura,1999

).society (low efficacy, Bandura,1999

).


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Coping with problemsCoping with problems

Lazarus (1991)Lazarus (1991)

EmotionEmotion--focused copingfocused coping

regulate emotions related to the situation.regulate emotions related to the situation.

Instrumental copingInstrumental coping

obtain information, mobilize, act.obtain information, mobilize, act.

Two routes to collective actionTwo routes to collective action


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Spears et al., 2004Spears et al., 2004

When groups perceive unjustified, collective disadvantage,When groups perceive unjustified, collective disadvantage,they may react in two ways:they may react in two ways:

Emotional social support (ESS)Emotional social support (ESS)

anger: promotes collective action.anger: promotes collective action.

Instrumental social support (ISS)Instrumental social support (ISS)

efficacy: perception that other ingroup membersefficacy: perception that other ingroup members recognizerecognizecollective disadvantage and arecollective disadvantage and arewillingwilling to actto act..

Thus, groupThus, group--based appraisals (ISS) evoke emotionalbased appraisals (ISS) evoke emotional

social support, whichsocial support, whichvalidatesvalidates felt anger (ESS).felt anger (ESS).


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Spears et al., 2004Spears et al., 2004

Integrative model that suggests:Integrative model that suggests:

COMPLIMENTARYCOMPLIMENTARY, but distinct processes related to, but distinct processes related to

perceived intergroup inequalities.perceived intergroup inequalities.

Collective disadvantage increases group identityCollective disadvantage increases group identity

evoking group based appraisals and emotions.evoking group based appraisals and emotions.

Two motors of collective action.Two motors of collective action.


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Collective action framesCollective action frames

((Gamson, 1992; Klandermans, 1997)Gamson, 1992; Klandermans, 1997)

Collective action framesCollective action frames

sets of collective beliefs that serve to create asets of collective beliefs that serve to create astate of mindstate of mind in which participation inin which participation in

collective action seems meaningfulcollective action seems meaningful

Klandermans (1997, p.17)Klandermans (1997, p.17)


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SummarySummaryIntergroup bias can contribute to intergroup conflict,Intergroup bias can contribute to intergroup conflict,

but does fully explain itbut does fully explain it..

Group members mustGroup members mustperceive that they have a collectiveperceive that they have a collectiveidentityidentity, and, and feel collectively disadvantagedfeel collectively disadvantaged..

Moral component to judgements about others and theirMoral component to judgements about others and theirtreatment of ingrouptreatment of ingroup procedural justice.procedural justice.

Unjustified perpetuation of inequalities, increases anger, searchUnjustified perpetuation of inequalities, increases anger, searchfor cognitive alternatives, which may involve collectivelyfor cognitive alternatives, which may involve collectivelyattempting to redress inequalities leading to increases inattempting to redress inequalities leading to increases inmaterial circumstances and/or status relationships.material circumstances and/or status relationships.

But why dont more groups engage in this process?But why dont more groups engage in this process?


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Other considerationsOther considerations


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Other considerationsOther considerationsTriggering eventsTriggering events

Specific instances of inequality not enoughSpecific instances of inequality not enough

Expectancy of change:Expectancy of change:

The social climate must be viewed as in a state of flux.The social climate must be viewed as in a state of flux.

Charismatic leaderCharismatic leader

Its very difficult to predict social movement formationIts very difficult to predict social movement formation

Id lId l


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IdeologyIdeologySocial RepresentationsSocial Representations

System justification approachSystem justification approach Ideology is a means to maintain power relations, or controlIdeology is a means to maintain power relations, or control

and dominance e.g., Marx, Gramsci.and dominance e.g., Marx, Gramsci.

HegemonyHegemony

Argues against elements of social identity theoryArgues against elements of social identity theory

(allows for(allows for outgtoup favouritismoutgtoup favouritism))

Jost & Banaji (1994)Jost & Banaji (1994)

the psychological process by which existing socialthe psychological process by which existing socialarrangements are legitimized, even at the expense of personalarrangements are legitimized, even at the expense of personal

and group interests.and group interests.


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IdeologyIdeologySocial RepresentationsSocial Representations

Intergroup relations use stereotypesIntergroup relations use stereotypes

Can be used to justify status relations.Can be used to justify status relations.

Example: division of labour; patriarchal dominance.Example: division of labour; patriarchal dominance.

Essence as reason for status relationshipEssence as reason for status relationship

Intergroup relations not simply an individual cognitiveIntergroup relations not simply an individual cognitiveprocess, but linked to the needs of an ideologicalprocess, but linked to the needs of an ideological

environment. (Jost & Banaji, 1994)environment. (Jost & Banaji, 1994)


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Ideology:Ideology: SummarySummarySocial RepresentationsSocial Representations

This approach is appealing because it explains theThis approach is appealing because it explains theproblems associated with a cognitive approach.problems associated with a cognitive approach.

That is, explains the pervasiveness of stereotypesThat is, explains the pervasiveness of stereotypes(they are not created anew each time they are used)(they are not created anew each time they are used)

Their internalisation by minority groups despite the fact thatTheir internalisation by minority groups despite the fact thatthey threaten selfthey threaten self--serving interests.serving interests.

In many cases, disadvantaged groups defer to privilegedIn many cases, disadvantaged groups defer to privileged

higher status groups.higher status groups.


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QuestionQuestion

Do some ideologies lend themselves to collective action?Do some ideologies lend themselves to collective action?

Political partiesPolitical parties

Lobbying groups; business, political agendasLobbying groups; business, political agendas

UnionsUnions

Religious groupsReligious groups


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Next time...Next time...

Based on the topics discussed so far, next week,Based on the topics discussed so far, next week,

well discus one particular type of collective action:well discus one particular type of collective action:

TerrorismTerrorism


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Thank you for listeningThank you for listening

Any questions?Any questions?


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Recommended readingRecommended reading

Deaux, K., Reid, A., Martin, D., & Bikmen, N. (2006).Deaux, K., Reid, A., Martin, D., & Bikmen, N. (2006).

Ideologies of diversity and inequality: Predicting collective actionIdeologies of diversity and inequality: Predicting collective action

in groups varying ethnicity and immigrant status.in groups varying ethnicity and immigrant status. PoliticalPolitical

PsychologyPsychology,, 2727, 123, 123--146.146.

Van Zoomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. G., & Leach, C. W.Van Zoomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. G., & Leach, C. W.

(2004). Putting your money where your mouth is! Explaining(2004). Putting your money where your mouth is! Explaining

action tendencies through group based anger and group efficacy.action tendencies through group based anger and group efficacy.

Journal ofPersonalityand SocialPsychologyJournal ofPersonalityand SocialPsychology,, 8787, 649, 649--644.644.

Documents

PY20409l06 Inter Group Relationships L6