Pyelos Perineo 2

338 KAINIKH ANATOMIA

Tetreuro(o dexoerio e[ourog rnq ou€nonq rtov oelouotrtrdperoOrdopdvcov trotgdrletrlv. Etpooov dev dtoyvtlorei 6yrot-po (2 dorg 3 epDopodeg Uerd rn oulln$n) n e[otpnrptoootrnryytxrl xrjrlon, unopxet r(vduvog pnqlq rnq ootrnLyy0g

ue enorotrou0n oruoppoy(o orrlv roilto xot rrlv nuetro, rororq dLopreLo rotv 8 nptirov eBdopodov rqg xuqorlq (Moore,

19BB). H pnqn Tou trroytoyou xot 11 enordtrou0rl oqpovrLrrlorpoppoy[o 06touv oe x[v6uvo rn @n r4g pr1repag xaL

6youv oav anoftAeopa rc 1ovoro rou epBp1ou.Ie geprr6q neptnrtloetg, ro geooool,n(yyto peto[0

rou ooyoyori Kot rrlq olo0tlxqq neptrtre[eL epBpuiro uno-treipporo. To enuo14xLo Kot To nopouoOfrto onoretrouvunol,etpplolrd ototXe[o rou rpovtoxou rol oupolou Utoove-tpprxou n6pou rou epppuiro0 veqpou, Dqtr. tou peo6veqpou(Moore, 19BB). Mnope( en(oqg vo noporrlpl0e[ rot nopogrou entoo0lrlou, o ono[og onore],e[ undtreLppo Tou Ueoove-rpprrori ndpou, ono rov ono(o oXrlpori(etot orov ovdpo o

oneppottrog nopoq. Mio xuorxq on6rpuory onowotot oepeprx6g neprnrdoetg npoorotrtrnUSvrl orov r66ov0 Tou 0J-

oyolyorl. lloptoto unotrelppoto tou xpovtorou orpou rou pe-

ooveqpxori nopou, o onolog oq 06011 ourtl orov ovdpo,

oxnUor((er rcv n6po rng enLdLdultidoq. Av xot our6g ot uno-trerppolxriq dop6g 6Xouv evbLorp6pov p6vo oe oX6oq pe rrlvepppuotroyio Kor rrlv ovorop[0, peptxtlg t]op6q ntrlpouvrotond uypri xor perorp6novrot oe ruoretg, ouXvd eupey60etg.

0L oo0rixeg (Etr.3-25,3-26,3-34A,3-40 rot3-44). Irtg o-roreg yuvokeg or ooOtlreg efvot duo odSveg otoeLde[9, oX1poroqopuydotrou XptirUoroq treuropddtvou, ptlroug 3 er., ntroroug 1,5

er. ror noXoug 1er. llprv rrlv etplpeio 1 enrqoveto roug e(vot opto-

Ir1. Ano rrlv eqlpero ror prero y(veroL otro rot nto ovtitl-totrr1, pe ou-tr69 nou oqeltrovror olg enovotroppovopeveq oloppl€ieq, pe e[ot-peon rrg rrlo0flreq yuvorrtilv nou noipvouv ovuouAA1mrco nono(o ovooreLtrouv qv ooppq[io. 0t too0lreq pp[oxovrot, pto oeroOe ntreupo, oro ntroyro rorXtirporo qq el,oooovog nu6trou, oe e-ooXrl nou ovopo(eror uo11xLxog Bo1poq.0 Bo0poq ouroq oqop[-(eror epnpog ono ro geoo ogrpotroruorlro ouvdeogo rot n(oor onorov ouprlr1po ror rqv eoo troyovro oprrlpio. To npooOto XeLtrog qgoo0rlrqg npooqueror oqv on(oOro enlqovero rou nloreoq ouv6e -

opou Ue pio nruXl rou neprrovolou nou ovopo(e:rcl peouo9qxto. H

trr1ru0og rou ooytoyou oXlporr(er ro{o novur ono ro npoo0to 6[trtdrpo rqq ooOqrqg ror o rtidovog qv neprpotrtret 6rot tiore vo no-yrde0er ro trropro, nou onopotrtrovror xoro rnv oopptllto.

To ovrrr (ootrnryyrro) orpo qq oo0lrlq ouvonterot ge ro ntro-yro nuetrrro ro(Xtrrlro Ue Tov Kpsloor1pa oAvdeopo rqq uo04x4q(ELr. 3-27 roL 3-44). 0 o0vdeopog ourog noptoro nruXrl rou on[-o0rou neroLou rou nl,or6og ouvdtlopou. 0 xpegoorlpog ouvbeopoqnope0eror po(i pe n uo11xLxo oyyefu xu veupo, ro onolo tpdpo-

vror roronrv oro peotoo0rlrro Kor oTtq nA.eqtqg ao04x4g (Etr. 3-28ror 3-44). Ko0e uro0lrq ouvdnrerot pe qv plrpo pte plo rotv(o ouv-6erLro0 roro0, rov 6Lo ojvdeouo rnq uo1ixnq, o onolog nope0erot

ueoo oro ueotrroonrLo rou ntroreog ouvd6opou. Iuvd6et ro rorot

(Ulrproio) orpo qq olo0qrlq pe rrlv ntroyto ytov[o rrlg glrpoq. 0ouvdeogog ourog onoretre( unotretppo rou ooXeirou ouvdeogou rouegBpuLrou opXeoq (Moore, 19BB). H eruupaven rng uo1nxng devxaAlmeru an6 nepLr1vato xot 6rot xoro qv otoppq[io ro oopto e-

rrrvoooeror pdoo oqv neptrovoirq roddqro. '0Uoq n evdoneplro-voirrl nopolrovq rou elvor ppoXetog dtopretoq, ro0tlg noytdeuerotono roug xpoooo0g rou rdlbtrlvo rou otoytrlyou Kot UsroqtpeTot 0Trl

trr1ru0o (Ett<. 3-44). H entrpoveto rqg oo0rlrqq rotv veoptitv yuvotr6vroL[nreror ono ruBrro enr0r1trro, ro onolo ouveXerol pe ro n],0r6-deq Ueoo0rltrro rou nepuovo[ou nou oXqptor((et ro geotrloOtlrLo.

Apr4pfeq rorv roo0qxtitv (Etr. 3-24t xot 3-26 eoq 3-28). 0t a-o11rcrcEg oprqpieq npo6pXovrot ono rrlv rottrtorq ooprq, erquo-vTor 0ro urlloq rou 02 onovd0trou rot ror6pXovrot novtrt oro on(-o0ro r<ortrroro ro[1opo. Iro ovtr.t orogto qq nu6],ou yta(ovrat pe roetu Aoy1vto oyyeio xor bteroduouv oTouq KpeUoortlpeq ouvde-olroug. Iro 0Qoq qq oto0t.1rqg, 1 too0lxLr1 opqpio 6(vet rtrodougpeoo rou peooo0rlr(ou oqv ooOflrq xot ouveX[(et r4v nopelo rrlglpoq r0 Soor p6oo orov nLoru ouvdeopto yto vo rpoqoborrloet rovrooyoyo. Avooroptlverot Us Tn UnTpto(o oprrlpio.

Otreprxrj nopolireuo4 rov oo0qxov (Etr. 3-25 roL 3-28). 0tuo1rlxweq rpAeBeq el6pXovrot ono rtg nutreg rqq trloOrlxlg rotoxlUori(ouv 6vo qtreBrro d[xruo nou ovopo(erot etrtxoeLd6g di-xruo, troyrr.r rou oXrlporog rou, peoo orov ntroru ofvbeopo rovrooqv oro0r1rr1 Kor rov ooy[Dyo. Auro ro qtreptxo dlrruo entxotvove(pe ro pqrprolo qtrepLro ntrdyUo. KoOe oto0rlrLxl qleB0 npo6pXerotono ro etrrxoerd6q dixruo ror e[6pXetot qq etroooovog nu6trou,po(r pe qv oo01rrrrl opqp(0. H belto oo0qxtrrl tptr5po erpotrtreLorrlv xoro roitrq rptrepo, evtir 11 oprorepn rorotrnyer oqv optorepqveqprrl qtr6po.

Aepqlxti nopo;1ereuo4 rov oo0qxtirv (Err. 3-42). To trepqoy-yeio orotrouOouv ro aloOqr<rr<o orlrorpdpo oyyefo roL go(i pe ro trep-

Qoyyeio rou nuOgevo r1g prlrpog rorotrqyouv oroug ooprtrougtreUqod6veq qg oorpuirrlq poipoq.

NeUpooq rov oo0qxtirv (Err. 3-47). To veupo rov oro0rlxtitvrorepXovrot po(i pe ro o.ro0rlrrro oyyelo nou npoepXovror ono rorrro0lrrro ntr6ypo. Auro oXrlgori(eror ono ro ooprrro, veqptro rorro ovto ror rorto unoyoorpro ntreypo. Neupo ono ro oloOqrtrontr6y;ro rorovepovror orLg oroOflreg, rov ntroru o0v6eopo Kot r0uqooyrrryoug. 0r nopoouprnoolrrrSq fveg rou oro0rlrtrou ntr6Yuoroqnpo6pXovror ono ro nveupovoyoorprro veupo.

Koro rrlv ooppn{io, opLop6veq yuvo(xeg noponovou-vror yro novo or4v optpotrLrrl Xdrpo. Ko0tirg revrpop6tro e-pe0(oporo ono rqv olo0qxrl tpOovouv oro revrprrd veuptroouorrlgo pe qv onioOro p((o rou 010 ve0pou, o n6vogovrovortrd oro Deppordpro ourod rou vefpou orqv optpotrt-rr1 Xtirpo (pI. Erx. 1-24 xu 2-13) . H 06on ruv uo9r1xdv norriier eup6trrg olg notr0roreg yuvo(xeg. Koro rq dtdpxeLorrlg x6r;oqg, ot ntroreig ouv0eopot xot ot tooOrlreq UeroTo-ni(ovroL npoq T0 ndvo on6 rr1 ou{ovdpevq oe Udye0oq Un-rpo. Mero rov roxerd, or oo0qreg xotdpXovroL ro0olg 11

unrpo oupprxvrilveror, otrtro Unopei vo 94 entotpe(;ouv

NYEAOZ KAI NEPINEO 339

orr1v opxrKn r0uq e{i01. Itq de{ro ntreupo, 11 oxtrrtrrlxoerdrlgondquoq ouXvo ppLoxeror notrrj rowo orqv oo0rlrn K0r Tovrrloyroyo (Err. 3-25). Auro e[qyeiyror(l pri{4 e{oprirprogootrnryyrx{q xtiqo4q pnope( trov0oogevo vo dLoyvolo0ei ogo{efu oxuAqxoedftLda. Merd rrlv epprlvonouoq 0 oxnuoTt-opdq oo0utror<it.lv, oXpdrv roL Leuxdrv otrlpor(ov oroporoxor or rrlo0rlreg npoodeulxo orpoqofv. ltvovror gLrp6q ror(opopdveq, dno:g orptpdrq eprpovr(ovror or ntogolriig.

To sneu1uolrivo (op06)

l-evrxri neprypogri (Err. 3-21. 3-33 etoq 3-35, 3-45 roL 3-48). To oneu0uoprlvo, eu00 11 op0o ovTrpo. onoretreI ro ro0r1trot-pevo rpqpo rou noXdog evrepou. IuveXopevo ttpog T0 r0v0] Ue T0

otypoeLdeg rotrov, ro aneu1uolLEvo opyi(eL ono r0 Atloq rou 3ouLepoA onovdAAou.Io op0o (pqrouq 12-15 ex.) oro),ou0er Trlv K0-gnutr4 rou Lepof oorou Kor TOU roxruyo ror xorotrlyer 3 pe 4 er.roror ror epnpog ono qv ropuql rou rorxuyo. Iro oqpeio ouroropnteror npoq T0 nioto ror rorot ror peron[nrer orov npotxrrrooolrlvo. 0 rlBoeu?uixdq luq oxnUoTr(er pro Oqtrro yupo ono rr1

ougpotrq oneu0uoprlvou ror npotxrrro0 ootrflvo. 6lproupytirvrog 6-Tot Trlv 90 poLptirv op1onpurtLx7 yav[o. H ayr<AA4 eno1evuq Tlu1Boeu1ulxo1 pudg dLoqpe L ourlv qv yovro H retrLr1 porpo rouopOou epqovi(er npoq ro epnpog oveupuopo, rilv xonpo6rilo trrj-xu0o, 11 ono[o eXer geyotro nepr0tirpro droroorlq, Irqv ronpodoXotrqruOo o0po((ovroL ro xonpovo nprv ono :r1v ogodeuoq. llpog rororo.l ro op06 ppioreror orprpotq niou ano rov npoorarrl orcuc,ovdpeg (Err. 3-334) ror ono rov x6Ano orLg yuvolreg (Err. 3-34rot 3-45). To roro opro rou oneu0uopevou pp(oreroL nloot ono roxevtpo rou nepueou Kor oT0 duo rputro, ev6 oroug ovdpeq ppiore-ror ror n(oo.l ono tqv ropurprl rou npooroq.

Il6oerg neprrovoiou-oneuOuopSvou (ELr. 3-14 3-28, 3-33A 3-344, 3-45 ror 3-48). To nepuovoro rolunrer rrlvnpoo0ro ror lg ntroyreg enrrpovere g rou ovro rpurlpopiou T0u op-0ou. To geoo rprrrlpopro rotrunreror ono neprrovoro govo ovr[oror-X0 npoq rrlv npoo0ro enupovero rou, evor ro roro rpLqpopto devro),0nreror ono nepuovolo.lroug ovdpeq, ro nepuovoro ovorop-nrer ono rrlv npoo0ro enrqovelo rou op0ou npoq rlv on(o0ro enr-qovero rqg oupodoXou r0oqg, oXlporL(ovroq ro ddorpog Tou ru-0uxuorrxori xotrnopurog. Iro pLrpo oyopro, orrl droprero nou 11

xuorq ppfoxeror peoo oqv roLtr[0, ro nepuovoro errefveror npogro roro peXpr qv pooq rou npoororq. Ko0drg 1 oupoboXog ruorrlperorrve[ror npoq Trlv n0etro, roro rqv etprlpero, dropoprprirvovrorKot 0r oproTrKeq Oeoerq ror oXeoerg rou nepuovolou oro orlpe(oouro. Ing yuvo[xeq, ro neprrovoro ovoropnrer ono ro op0o orovon[oOro 0olo rou rotreou, onou oXqpol(er ro edoqog rou euOup4-rprxorl xotrntiporog (rou Douglas) (onLo0roq Xtrrpog rou Douglas,Aouytrooroq X6poq). Kot oro dAo rplAo, ro nepuovoro ovoropnrerono rrg ntroyreg enrqovereg rou oneu0uog6vou oX4porr(ovToq e-ror6po0ev rou ovrrr rpLqpop[ou T0u, T0uq nopoop1txoiq polpouq(Ett<. 3-48). 0r Xtirpor ouroI enupenouv q drorool rou op0ou roror;v ntr1poor1 rou pe ronpovo. 0t oveAxrr1peq pleq rcu npuxroA

unoorrlpi(ouv r4 A4xu0o rou op1oA orrlv ono(o o0por(ovror ro ro-npovo. 0r duo ouroI orlpovrrroI pue g rou nue],rr<ou edorpoug ouve-Xovror npoq ro nioo, oXqpori(ovrog Tov npoKToKorruyrro ouvde-o1ro, rvopurirdl Dop[ roro q peorl ypoUpn 4 ono[o exrelveror ororo[tr0 rqg op0onpotxlx1q rognrlg (ELr. 3-34A).

Onio0reg ol6oerg rou opgori (ELr. 3-14 3-33, 3-34, 3-47,3-48 ror 3-50) ilpog ro nloot ro oneu0uopevo oroupno novo.r0r0uq rprrq retreuroloug repoug onovdu),oug, rov rorruyo, rovnpoKToK0KKUyLro ouvdeopo, ro peoo repo oyys(0, roug rtrodougrrlg ovo orlroppoidrrqg oprrlproq ror rrlv re),ix1 po[po rou ouUno-OqrLrou oretreXoug r<or rou repou ntreyporog. To oneuOuopevo ne-pLpotrtrerot ono rvrrtdl roQo ror ouvdeerol Xotropo pe rrlv npoo0Loenrqovero rou repou oorou.

IIp6o0reg ol6oerg rou op0orl (Err. 3-12 3-334 3-34A,3-39,3-40 ror 3-48). Zrov avdpo, ro opOo 6pXeror oe 0xe0l Usrov nuOprlvo qg oupodoXou ruoqg, rrlv retrrrrl polpo rotv oupqrrl-pov K0r rov onepUoTrKtiv nopotv, rrg onepporodoXouq xuorerq rorrov npooroq. To duo n6rotro tqc, eu1unpoororKnq neptov[agronoOetouvror oto prloo enfnebo, pero[u oupodoXou ruoqg rorop0ou ror epXovror oe orevrl oX6o4 ;re rrg oneppotodoXoug r<0-

orerq Kor rov npoororl. H euOunpoorolrrl neprrovfo ovlrrpooo-neuer evo buvqrrro en(nedo droXtrlpLopou perolu rou op0ou rorrou npooror4. 2r4 yuvako, ro opOo 6pXeroL oe oX6or1 npoq T0 s-pnpoq pe rov xotreo ror Xrop[(eror ono rov on[o0ro 0otro rou rotre-o0 ror rov rpoXltro perc eu7uprppLxo x6Anupa. Koror ono ro rotr-nopo ouro, q ooOevqg eu1up4rptrr1 nru14 nopepBotrtreror peroluxotreou ror oneu0uopevou.

IXitro xor xoprn6q rou op0o0 (Err. 3-20, 3-33, 3-34 ror3-48 eoq 3-50). To oneuOuopevo, opOo 11 eu0u evrepo, nopo roovopo rou bev efvol e u0u4 Iuvrl0rrrq eptpovi(er rpeLq xapneq, xo-069 orotrou0e( qv rognutrq rou repo0 oorou rot rou xorruyo. H

retrrrrl rou poipo ropnrerol onoropo npoq T0 nloo.r r<or geronlnrerorov npotrrrro ootr1vo. H KoUqrn ourq ovopo(erot oplonpurix4xopntl . Au r<or 1 droperpog rou e[voL opXtro pLrporeprl ereivrlg rouoLypoerdoug, ou(over npoodeurrro. H retrrrq rou porpo, rl Konp0-6oXoq trqruOoq, ornv onoio o0por(ovroL ro ronpovo, eXer Ueyotrrtrrovorqro dtorooqg. To op1o tprpovi(eL ro oyrlpo rou reAuo1ypoltparoq oiylto (q) orc peruruo[o m[ne6o.Ilg rperg our6g ro-gnutreg rou opOou oXq;rorL(ovror, orrlv eoorsprrrl enupovero rou e-vrepou, nruXdg rou plevvoyovou, r0u unoptrevvoyovrou Xrrdrvo rorU6pouq qg xur),orepouq puirrlg ororpodoq, nou ovopo(ovror ey-xoporeg nruleg rou op0orj. 0L nruXeg our6g onoqpoooouv Uepr-rog rov outro rou oneu0uopevou. H peyotrrjreprl ono rrg Tperq 0u-r6q nru16g oneXer nep[nou B er. ono rov nptorro (Err. 3-4gA). TooXrlpo roug droqpe(ror pe rrlv unoorqpr[r1 rotv xoAtxtiv rouLtbv (e-nrgrlrerg puireg roLvfe g) oro npoo0ro r<or onfoOro rorXtrtlLo rou op-0ou.

4 To aneulultEvo, ovolLooqre iroL apyLro orouq nL)4xouq r-(ouq oftoLoug e[vaL npayparuo eu1A (McMinn, 1990)


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Apr4pieg rou qneu0uop6vou (Err. 3-24 ror 3-50). 0roprr;preg rou opOou Xoporqpi(ovror ono e rrcropeveg ovooroput-oeLq. H xoru peoevrepn apr4pfu ouveX((eror og rivo otltoppoi6t-x4 apr4pio, q ono(o xorovd;leror orrlv retrLrq po(po rou oryUoer-boug roL rrlv ovdrreprl go(po rou op0ou. lliotrt ono ro ovrrt orpo rouopoou, oro uqroq Tou l3 onovdutrou, q ovo orlLopporbrrrl oprrlp(odlorpe[ror oe duo rtrodoug, or ono[or rorepXovrol xoio gqrog rtrrvntroyurlv enupoveuirv rou opOou. 0 de[roq xor o oprorepdg rtrodog

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Xro(ovror Ue r0 oproTspo rorvo troyovro oyyero ror rorepXovroroqv e),oooovo nue),0 peoo oro orypoedeg peooxoAo (Err. 3-48,ptr. enroqg ELr<. 2-81). 0r 600 pdoeq orpoppoi6rxeq oprrlpfeg, rtro-6or rorv eoa Aay1vtuv oprr1puitv, rpoqodorouv ro prloo Kor K0-r6repo rprlpo rou opOou. 0r Ouo xoro orpoppoidrxeg oprqpieg, ei-vor rl,odor Tov ro&i adoLixtiv oprqpttiv xor opX((ouv ono roug eu-0uioXroroug Bo0pouq. Arpordrvouv ro rortilrepo rprlpo rou op0o0.To opOo deXeror ouvrl0olq orqv on(o0ro porpo rou ror prrpouq rtro-doug ono lr11tEor1 LeprT opr4p[o (pI. Err. 2-95).

0leprxrj nopolereuo4 rou oneu0uopevou (Err. 3-24, 3-28,3-29 ror 3-51). To ofgo ono ro opOo nopoXereueror dro rov o-vtrr, peoov rot roro orgoppoidrrdrv qtreptirv. llopor4pouvror notr-tr69 ovooroptrtoerg pero[u rolv oyye[ov ourdrv. To orpoppo16rxriqtreprxri 6ixruo ppioxeror orov unoptrevvoyovro Xu6vo TOU rvTr-pLrou roLXrirporog, neprBotrler ro op0d Kor rrrrKorvovei pe ro ru-ouxo gAeBmo nleypa orov ovdpo Kor U€ T0 lt4tpoxoAeiro gAe-Bxo nAEylto orlv yuvoiro. To oLlroppoidrro qtreprro ntr6ypo ono-retre(ror ono duo pepl: (1) ro Eou atpoppol'dLr<o rpAepLxo nAty-90, n0u ppioreror po0ro roro ono ro enrOr1trto rou op0ou xor (2)ro e{al otltoppoidtxl EAeBrco nAeypa, ro ono[o evron[(erol orrlpuirrl ororBodo rou rvToprKou rorXtirporog. To eoo orgoppoi6rrontr6ypo erpotrtrer orrlv ovro orpoppoidtrrl qtrepo, otrtro errrKorvoJ-ve[ eup6rog Kor Ue TO roro orlroppoiDrr<o rptreprro ntr6ypo. Toovtirepo rgrlpo rou rl{ot orpoppoidLrou ntrdygorog erpotrtrer eni-orlq oTnv ovrrr orlioppolbrrl qtrepo, 0pxl Tlq roro peoevrep[ouqlepog. To ror6repo rp1po rou 6ltrl orpoppoidrxori ntreyporogerBotrtrer orrlv 6orr.r ordorirrl qtrripo, evdr ro;leoo rprlpo rou rllo0rlroppoidrxou ntrdyporog erpotrtrer orrl p6or1 orpoppoidLrrl tptrdpoKor 0Trl ouvdXero orrlv dorr-r troyovro rptrepo. 0r ovo otgoppoidrrdgqtr6peq erBotrtrouv oro nutrofo qtrepmo orjoqgo (pL Em. 2-40),

L-J

ffiilffiLJH

nnoVtot ooprtKoi

Kotto l.tsosvtsptotKotvor noVovtot

Eau nayovtor'E€o noVovtot

Erxrivo 3-49. A. Meronrolo droropqrou oneu0uop6vou Kor Tou npotKTr,r<00 ootrrqvo. lloporqpelore rqv o-noropq ropQl rou evrdpou rordrrlv opOoolygoerdtrrl ou;.rBotrq. 0 or-lroppoidrrog dorrutrLog onors),elrLrvu<o oqpovrrro opto ono rqv o-roqUrl orportrloqq, qq treprprxlg no-poldreuoqg ror qg veupotoqq B.

Aepcprrq nopoXereuol op0ou rornporrrrou otrltrrlvo.

EntnorluC BouBovrKot

\

Op0onp0KLrKtiout r6onh

Kora Ltoiponp0KuKo0

oonnvo,

$ ru.,, Boett poupevrKoi

ffi rspor

& nopooporxoi

npaKtAc

KAINIKH ANATOMIA342

evd or KoTo 0tUOppoidtKdq AIeBsq orrlv ou0Trlu0rtKl QtrePtKl KU-

K\oQOpto,Aepqrxri nupoyereuoq rou oneu0uopevou (Err' 3-498) To

treprpoyyeLo on6 ro avu n11.toprc rou op0ou nope0ovrot npoq r0

novo po(i pte ro ovtrt otltoppotdtro oyyeto oroug napaop1Lxo}q

AettqadEveg, nepvotjv xorontv orouq treprpobeveg rou rortlr6pourprlporoq TOU UeoootYpoetdoug rot ono ere( oroug roro peoevt6'-

ptouq MltEadsvsq Kot oTOUq 00pTlKorjg treprpobeveg' To trep-

poyyero ono ro roro lptpopto rou op0ou tp6povrot npog ro novtrt

Uo(i Ue rLg p6oeq otgoppoiOtr6g oprnpieq xot erpotrtrouv oroug e-

oo troyovtouq treUQo66veq.Nerjpoorl rou oneu0uopevou (Etr. 3-16, 3-24A, 3-35, 3-47 rot

3-48). To ve0po yto ro op0o npoepXovrot ono ro oupno0rlrLxo rot

nopoouptno0lrtro ouoqgo. Io peoo aLpoppoidtxo nieypo eivot

noportrobr rou xorto unoyuorpiou ntreyporog. Tdooepo Stog orrdt

ve0po nepvo0v oneuOeioq ono ro ntr6ypo ouro oro op1o To napa-

oupna}4rLxa vedpo npo6pXovrot ono ro 11, l3 roL 14 ve0po roL tpe-

povTot Ue ra nue),Lxa onLoyvtxo velpo yto vo evo-t0otjv pe ro rortlunoyoorpto ntreypo. 0t otoOrlttreg veuptx6q [veq orotrou0o[v ro

nopooupno0rlrtro ver-rpo roL 6teyelpovrot Ue Trl dtoroorl rou opOo0'

H eu\unpoorotLxrT neprcovfu (neptrovio T0u

Denonvilliers) s(vot notru orlpovlrrl oTq XetpoupYtrq (Etr'

3-19, 3-30 r<or 3-33). Kord rr1 XeLpoupYtrn oqoipeorl rou

opOot1 (oe xoron0l veontrooio) evronl(erot ro enlnebo ou-

Tnq Tnq neptrov(og, nporetp6vou o npoordrrlg Kot rl ouprl-

Opo vo dtoltrtptorouv ono ro op0o. Me rov tpono ourd

onotpeuyetot n rprirol rolv opydvtr-tv ourtitv roro rqv e rropq

rou opOou. 0t ovooropdtottq rov opqpLdrv rou rotXtrtporoq

rou op0o[ s(vot r0oo €KTtToptveq, drore 11 p6oq rot 11 ro-rtrl otltoppoLdtrrl opqpio pnopouv vo rporpodorrloouv otrd-

xtrr1po ro oneu0uoptevo, oe nepinrtooq onotrfvtloqg tr1q xo-

ro geoevr6pLoq oprqpiog (rot ouventiq rot rqq ovtr.r otgop-

poidrrrlg), n.X. roro rq btdpreto XetpoupYtrnq 0eponeurt-

rrlg eneppooeolg yto xopxivo rou nu;1eog evrdpou' Enetdrl

q ovto oLpoppoibLrn qtr690 expotrtret orqv nuAa[a xuxAotpo-

pro (pi Etr. 2-83) ror 1 p6o1 xoL rortl otpoppoidtxrl qtr680

oTrl ou0TrlUuTtrrl ruxtrorpopio, I nepLoXn 6Xet peydtrq oqp0-

oio yLo rtq ovooroptiroetg pero(rj rrlq nutroioq rot rqq rorol

r<oitrr1g rptrePoq (Keq. 2).

Mero on6 xerpoupytrrl endpBoorl orrlv op0onptrixrtrtlneproxrl, ot ovdpeg e[voL nL0ovov vo roroorouv qv[rovot

npoq eKonepporLorl, eov tpu1o1v ra nuefuxa onAayvmo

velpa (Ev.3-24A, 3-35, 3-36 xot 3-478) To veripo ouro

Oivouv xtroDouq, or ono[ot nepvouv pnpoord on6 ro op0o

yLo vo 6Love;rr10o0v oroug potrpooqpoyydrderq pueq (ELr' 3-

33A). H exoneppfrloq onotetreirot ono 6fo tpdoeLq: erpo-

r1 xot exoneppdrtoq. H erporl rou onepporoq pdoo oqv ou-

prlOpo orotrou0e( rov ovrovoxtroortxd neptorotrrtop6 rou

onepptortrof ndpou xot rov onepUorod6Xov trqxuOotv, r0-06q xor rq ofonooq rolv ],e(ov pludrv rou npooroq 0t

6tepYooieq ourdq Fpioxovrot rortr'l ono rov 6treYxo T0u 0u-

pno0rlrtxou. H exoneppottorl orotrou0e( rq 6L6yepoq rou

nopooupno0rlrrxo0 rot ouvodeuerot ono rtrovtxrl ouonoorl

rolv BotrBoorlPoYYodtitv Uutitvl'lotrtro ono ro ovoropLro poptpdrporo nou oXerl(ovrot

pre ro on[oOro ror roro rgflpo rou op0ou Unopo0v v0 qrntro-

qq0orlv g6otrl rotv totXtrll-lottlv rou (n.X o npoorotrlg roL ot

onepporodoloL rrloretg otouq ovbpeg (Etr. 3-39) rot o

rpdXltroq qg pflrpoq ortq yuvo(req (Etx. 3-45)' Kat ota6Ao qiAo, q nuetrtxq entqoveto rou tepo0 0oT00 Kot {0u

xdrxuyo eivoL rpr1troqqr6g. 0t toXLor6g orovOeg rot r0toXroro ruprdptoro pnoporiv en[oqq vo r!1troqr10otjv (Etr'

3-1 rot 3-6). Eivor en[or1g Ouvorov vo Dtontotttl0otiv dto-

yroprlvot 6oto troydvLoL treUqoddveq, noOotroyLrfl ndluvorl

rtrlv oupqrrlpov, oi6luo rolv eu0uioxtordrv po0ptlv (n'1'

eu0uioXtoxo onooqpo, ELr' 3-52) t<oL pr1 rpuoLotroytr6 ne-

preXdpevo rcu eu1uxuorrco1 xoAntiparoq 0T0uq ovbpeq

(Err. 3-33A) i rcu eu1u1nrpLxol xoAntitl-roroq orLq yuvo(-

req (Etx. 3-45). Me doxtutrtrtl e[6roon ono ro op0o e(vot

or6gq duvorov vo onorotruq0e( q euotoOrlo(o qq oxoltrrl-

xoetdoug ondtpuonq nou tptreypo(vet, erp6oov rp6perot ptl-

00 or1v n0etro (8tr. Etr. 2-79). To op0o pnope( vo etreYx0ei

pre nporrooroilto, Ue to ono[o e[vot duvordv vo trr1qOo[v

Pror|;ieq ond otrtrottiroetq rou. Kord rq d(o6o otypoet6ooro-nlou, ot roprn6q rou oneu0uoptdvou ro0dlg rot 11 ondtopqyrrrvio rrlg op0ootypoetdtxrlq ouppolqq (Etx. 3-49A rot 3-

50) nprinet vo troppovovroL undrln, etot tilore o eqer0(OUe-

vog v0 Un rotrornope[tot Xtlpiq trdyo. 0 torpdq Bo np6net

en(or1g vo yvtlpi(et ort ot eyropoteg nruX6g rou opOou e[-

vor duvorov vo nopepnod(oouv rpoooptvd rr1 6(o6o rovnpoovoqep0dvrov evdoorontrdrv opydvov'

Aepgrxr1 fiopoxfreuon rq9 nuf\ouH treUQtrll nopoXdreuorl rrlg nu6trou 6Xet neptypotpe( oro ent-

prlpoug xeqotroto rcov opyovtov qq (Etr. 3-338, 3-348' 3-43B r0t

3-48B, BI eniolg Etr. 2-60 xor 2-92)'lze yev116g ypoUUeq, I treU-

Qoq Tov nuetrtrdtv opyovtov nopolere0erot 0T0uq 6lal roL dotl tro-

yovLoug treptpod6veq Kot 0TOUq repouq trepqobeveg. Erroq ono ou-

ro0q, prrpoL treptpob6veq ppiorovroL perol0 rov nerotrov rou ntro-

16oq ouv66op0u oTtq yuvo[req ro0dlq xot ortq neptrov[eq Tlq 0u-

poboXou ruorlq xot rou op0oti Kot 010 6uo rputro. H trdpqoq ono

otroug ouro0g roug trepqod6veq rorotrrlyet 0TOUq xolvotlg troyti-

vl0uq Kot oroug oorpuixorjg ooprrxorig trepqodeveq'

0t t(u AoyovLoL ).eprpadeveq (8 etlg 1 0 orov optOpo) nopeuo-

vror novio oro ovr[orotXo 6ltl \oyovLo oyye(o rot 66Xovrot trepqo

ono ro roro orpo, ro rotLLoro ro(Xtogo, rrlv oupoboXo r0orr1 xot

rov npooroq (r1 rr1 prlrpo xot rov rotrno).

0t eou AaydvtoL AeltEodeveq neptpotrtrouv ro eool troyovto oy-

ye[o rot rouq rtrobouq rouq. AeXovrot rrlv tr6ptpo ono otro T0 nut-trrro ontroXvo, Ttq ev To poOeL neptoX6g rou neptvtlou Kot Tlv ne-

proxl Tov Ytrourolv Kot Tov Ulpov.


A€€toC Kno60(AptotEpoc xno6oC

M€on otLtoppoi6tKtiopTrltJto M€ot1

otPoPPoi6rKtioputpio'Eao o!6oriKti

optnpio

Av€nKrnpoC rouNDOKTOU

Koto otLtoppoi6tKtio pLtlpto

E€o oftvKuiooc tou no(t)Ktoi

0 rcpoi Aeprpadeveg pp(oxovror xord prlrog rrlg 96o119 ror rovnloyuov reptirv opr4puirv. AeXovror trrigrpo ond ro on[o0ro nuelrroro(Xro1ro, ro op0d, rov ouXrlvo rrlg oupoboXou xrjoqg Kor rov np0-ordr4 (q rov rpoXqtro qq prlpog). Anoytrryo trepqoyyeio ono rouglegrpodeveg ouroug rorotrrlyouv orrl pdol o;.rodo rtov rorvtirv troyo-vrtov trepqodevtrrv.

0t xowo[ Aay1vtoL Aeppodlveg 64luoupyo1v duo opodeq: (1)rqv nldyto ogodo roro prlrog rov rorvr0v ioyovrorv oyyeiov xor (2)rrlv p6or1 opodo, 4 onolo evron[(eror 0Trl ytr_rv[o nou oX4gori(ouv

Erxrivo 3-50. l'lpoo0Lo 0rlrl rov opqpL6v rou op0ou K0r T0u rrpo-rrlrou ool,r1vo. Iro nopoore0oopo ouro unopXouv Drjo de€Leqorpoppordu<rlg oprrlpieg. I4peLtiore orL oL roro oLlroppoidrregoprqpreg, rtrodot rorv eoot ordoltrulv opqprorv. rpogo0orouv ru-prog rqv rortlreprl polpo rou nporrLxou oo.r],qvo. l-lopoqpetorerrq rperq o[ereg ntroyreg ropn6g rou op0orl, oL onoreg nopoyouvrrg eyrdporeg nruXeg rou op0ou oqv toorsptKrl enrqoveLo rou,nou qolvovror oqv errovo 3-49. 0L r<opndg roL 0r rrTUXoq ouU-Botrtrouv oqv ouyr<porqol rou Bopoug rtrlv ronpovrrtv,

ro 0yye(o ouro (ELx. 3-42 ror 3-49).H nAayn opado ruv xotvtiv AaylvLuv AeppodEvuv deXeror

trepqo ono ro roro orpo ror qv nuetro peotrl rov dlo roL eoor tro-yovrov trepqod6vov, evdr q peoq opoda ruv xowtlv AoyovLuv Aep-rpadEvuv d6Xeror tr6;rqo roreuOe(ov ono ro nue),rxo ontroXvo rot6pgeoo ono roug 6oo troyovroug Kor T0uq Lepoug tregrpodrlveg.

0t oorpulxoi oopru<o( Aepgadeveg pptorovror roro prlroq rqgroilrorrlg ooprrlg Kor Tnq rorol r<oitr1g qlepog roL DdXovroL tr6prpoono roug rorvoug troyrlvtoug trepqodeveg. To onoytrtyo leUtpoyyeio

Ea(')ctt6oriKtioptnpio

Eatu nov1wo 0n€po

M €on o tLropp oi6 tKi On€ Bo

'EaT o tliopp ai6 Ko n n evLto

An€uAuoLt€vo

Al.troxoc nonAn06oC

Eoo o60tiKn 0n€Bo

'Eoe) otLtoppoi6tKonn€VLto

Koto otLtoppoi6tKtiQn€po

MtoxotoC nonAn060g.

Yns pt )oEr xti n pe Kt tK ti On n n

At Ltoppol6r K aC 6oKt i n r ac

Eoot€prKti otpoppoi60

'E€a aQrVKuipoC tounpoKto0

E€ot€pr Kti o t Lropp oi6oE €0 ot Ltoppoi 6t Ko nn€VLt o

Etxtivo 3'51. Merolntoio dtoropq rou op0ou Kot r0u npulKru<ou oro),qvo, onou onetrovi(ovror 1 rptreBrrrl nopoXereuorl rogurg roL norxrtro npoBtr1-U0r0 Tlq nepLo11g. 0t no)'unodeg elvot npopo],],ovreg xotrol0eLg oyt<ot nou eloppouv ond rov Btrevvoy6vo. 0r eoolreprreg orpoppoibeg rotrunro-vrot ono Btrevvoyovo, ev6 ot e[olreptreg oL;roppoiDeg rotrunrovrot ond rpononorlgevo d6ppo rou nporrou (AvodlpooLeuerqr Ue qv o6ero rouHealey JE, Jr, Hodger J: A synopsis of clinicat Anatomy, ed 2. philadelphia BC Decker, 1990).


, uo,rr, r rofX7',1;'!!,'lou At t topt)ot o tKoc yn o6 opn ou uivv toKorlnou 5ctKtunrca

Etxtivo 3-52 MerornLo[o Droropq Tou 0p00u Kor T0u npoKTIKou 0ollv0, onou rpolveroL onoorrlpo oro Oe(ro eu0uioXror<d BoOpo (AvodqpoorrurT0rpe rqv oOeto rou Healey JE, Jr, Hodger J:,4 Synopsis of Clinical Anatomy, ed 2. Philadelphia, BC Decker, 1990).

Av€nKruplc UUCtOU NPQKTOU

Ea0 eupo€t'tic ltuC

At6otiKoc oonhvoc

Anaofrlltct fou€u0uioxnKai Bo0pau

ond roug oorpuiro0g treprpod6veg oXlporl(ouv 6vo De{ro ror evooprorepo oorpuiro trepprro or6treXoq, ro ono(o rorotrqyouv oTrl XU-Aorpopo de€o4evn (Bi. Err. 1-70) 6vov treptptro 0utroro, plrougneplnou 5 er. ror ntroroug 6 Xrtr., o ono[og evron((eror novo orougduo nptiroug oorpuiroug onovbril,oug. Ano erei q trepqoq qSperorpe rov pe((ovo ?upoxtxo nopo lttoo oro 0trrporo ;.r6Xpr qv poo4

rou rpoXrltrou, dnou rorotrqyer oro qtreprro ouoqpo (pI. Err. 1 -39).

Ta ourdvopo vetpq rqg nuL\ouH repl poipo rou oupnoOqlro0 oreieXoug e[vor ouv6Xero r4q

ooquir1g po(pog rou, n(oo ono ro rorvd troyovro oyyero (Ex. 3-16,Btr. enrolg Etx. 2-82 roL 2-99). H repq po(po rou oupno0qlro0otetr6Xoug e(voL prrporeprl ond qv oorpuirl polpo ror onoprl(eroLono drntro olXo reoodptrlv yoyytr(ov. 0r drjo or(Xor yoyytriorv ro-r6pXovrot novo: oqv nuetrLxrl entqovero rou repou ooroU enl ro e-vrog rov reptiv rpqgorov xor retrrro ouyrL(vouv yLo vo oXrlpor[-oouv T0 ;ttxpo ltov1peq yoyyLLo orov rdrruyo xoro rr1 p6oq ypop-g4 (ELx. 2-99). To oupnoOllro ordtreXog tp6peroL onro0onepuovo-iro, oqv npoie pr1 nepuov[o (Erx" 3-47 ror 3-48).

KA66or rou oupno|4nxoi ore[txoug

Ano ro oupno0lrrro or6treXoq [errvo0v rporo( ovooroporlroit<tro6oL yLo otroug roug npoo0roug npore0ovreg rlddoug Tov rr-ptirv r<or rorruyrrrov veuptrlv (Err.3-16,3-36 roL 3-47). Axopo, rooupno0rprro or6treXog d(veL prrpoug xtrodoug yro q 96o11 repl op-qpio, roOtirg Kor yro T0 rdro unoyoorpto ntr6yporo.

K1T(D sVKopoto nLUXntou op0oi

npoKttKoc atunocnpoKttKn ennh

npaKuKoc KonnoC

Povo5o tou npaKtoj

Ev6ooQtVKrnptctKooupiyytoE€o oQtVKtnpoC toutou npIKto.A

To unoy6orpn nAfypara

To fvo unoyoorpro ntrdypo rorepXeror p6oo orrlv nuelo rolBploxeror orprp6q rdro ono ro drXoolro qg ooprrlg (Err. 3-36 roL3-47). Io dvrrl unoyoorpro ntr6ypo onoretre( Tnv npoq ro xorrrt ou-veXero rou dnpeoevreprcu nAtyparoq (pI. Erx. 2-64), ror ev6ve-T0r Us T0 03 roL 04 onl,olvrro veupo. Ktrodor rou ovrrr unoyoorp[ountrdyporog ero6pXovror orrlv nuel,o xol xorepXovror pnpooro onoro repo ooro, urg de[ro ror oprorepo unoyoorpLo vedpo. To verlpoouro ror6pXovror roro prlxog rorv ntroyurrv rorXtogortov r4q nu6-trou, onou ouvovrouv n nueAma onAoyvLxo velpo yto v0 oxrlU0-r[oouv po([ ro 6e[ro Kor r0 0pr0Trp6 xfro unoyforpro ntriypo(Err. 3-24A, 3-35 rot 3-47).

Ta nueAx1 onAoywra ve1pa e(uot nopoougno0qnrd rol npo-5pXovrot ono ro 12, l3 ror l4 veupo (Err. 3-24A, 3-36 ror 3-47) xorerot ro xoro unoyoorpro ntreygoro nspLtroppovouv rooo oupno04-trrdg ooo Kor n0p0ouUno0q';r,<eg iveg. Ko0e rorot unoyoorprontrdypo neprpt ",\et

qv ovr[ororXrl 6oro troyovro opqp(0. Iro ntrriy-[0T0 0u Ll ',- ,re'.dvTor prrpo ydyytrro, ev6 xoOe ntr6ypo d6Xeror

lrLxpoug rtroiouq on6 ro ovrrt epo yayyAn rou ou;lno0rSrrou ore-tr6Xouq. 0r ougno0llr6g ror nopooupnoOrlnxrlg iveg nou rpdpo-vror Ue roug rtrodoug ouroug rotv uttoyooTp(ov ntreyporov, K0T0-vepovror oro nuetrrro ontroXvo go(i pe roug rtroDoug rrlg eoar io-y1vtog lprqpiog (Err. 3-24). To ontrolvrrd ntr6yporo onoretrouvnpoerrooetg rorv roro unoyoorplrrrv ntreyporov oro ro[Xulpo rtovnuetrrrdlv ontroyvuiv.

To lteoo otyoppotdtxo nAeypa npodpXeroL on6 ro ovtireporprlpo rou rorto unoyoorp(ou ntr6ygorog xol errelveror rpoq T0

xoro pdXpL rov eoo orpLyrqpo rou nporxrou. Ktrodor rou prloou or-


Uoppor0rKou rtreyUoToq Qepovror oneuee(oq oT0 0pe0 11 nopeuo-vroL roro plroq rrlq p6oqq orpoppoiDrr4q oprqpiog. Ano ro (dto

ntr6ypo npoepXovrot Kor ttopoouUtto0qlr6g lveg nou dLoveprovrot

oro orypoeLd6q Kor oe rp1poro rou xolovrog xotrou.To xuorLxo nAeypo npo6pXeror ono ro npooOro rprlpo rou ro-

ro unoyoorp(ou ntr6yporoq xot rtrd6or rou rorovepovror oTIV 0u-podoxo xuorrl po(( pe lg xuolr6g oprrlp(eg (Err. 3-24). Ktrodotrou rorovdpovror en(o1g o\\ oftepUoroddyouq i4rlOouq, rouqoneppaut<olq ftlpouq Kor r0v npoororq (Err. 3-36).

To npoorarLxo nAeypo npo6pXeror ono ro rortirepo rprlpo rouunoyoorp[ou ntr6yporoq ror onoretreiror ond gdtrtrov peyotro ve6-po, ro ono(o eLodrjouv orn Boon Kor oTrq ntrdyLeq enLqoveteg rounpoororrl. To veupo ouro drovrlprovror en(o1g orrg onepporodo-Xoug ruorerg, T0uq sKonepUolorrroug nopouq, r4v ouptl0po, tougpotrpouprlOpo(oug o66veg ror ro n6og (Err. 3-36). To veupo, roono[o rorov6p0vT0r 0T0 orlpoyyrird4 orir;loro rou n6oug, ovopo(o-war o4payy(td4 velpa, npo6pXovror ond ro npoo0ro rprlpo rounpoorolro0 ntreyporog xor nepr6Xouv rtrodoug ono ro orDoLixdve0po (Err. 3-36 ror 3-61 ). To veupo ouro nopeuovror rord Unroqqq upev66oug oup1Opoq npog ro neog.

To p4rporoAeilxo nAeypo npo6pXeror ruploq ond ro rprlpo rouxortrl unoyoorp(ou ntreyporog, ro ono[o pp(oreror oq pool rountror6og ouvdeopou (ELx. 3-47). Meprro veupo ono ro prlrporotre-ixo ntrdypo q6povror rpoq r0 roror orov rotreo rot tov rpoXqtro,po(( ge lg rotreixeg opqp(eq, otrtro veupo rpdpovror oneu0e[oqorov rpoXrltro r1 nopeuovror rp0q r0 novor po(( Ue lq Unrproieq op-qpreg yLo vo roroveprlOouv oro otlgo rqq grlrpoq (Err. 3-241-). 0-propevo on6 ro veupo ouro rorove;lovror enloqg orq p6oq poipororv trroytr.tytirv. To p4rpoxoAelt<o nAEypa e[vot ro ovaAoyo tounpootauxo1 nAeyparog. Kotreiro veupo on6 ro g1rpoxotreixdntreypo xorov6povror enloqg oqv ouprtOpo, roug BotrBotlg rounpobdpou, roug pe((oveq od6veg rou npodd;rou Kor rrlv rtreLropi-do (Err. 3-40 roL 3-60).

i,clver rov "Xrirpo perolu nptorro0 ror ooX6ou". To nep(veo elvor no-tru orllLovrrro yro opropdveg rorprxeg erdrrorrlreg: yro T0uq porcurrl-peq Kor yuvauoAoyoug, or ono(or nopor<ol,ou0ouv lg yuvo(reg rororr1 Dropxero qq rfqoqg ror rotrouvror vo 0epone0oouv noOloerqqg yuvorrelog yevvrlrLxrlg odoti, yLo Touq yoorpsyrepoAoyouq, ot

oro(or ooXo),orlwoL pe rrlv op0onporrrrxrl neproXrl ror rrg noOloergnou epqovr(ovroL o'ouq Kor yro Touq oupoAoyoug, or ono(ot ooXo-Lo0vrol pe noOrloerg T0u oupoyevvrprrou ouor1l.rorog.

Opto rou fieprvfouTo opro rou neprveou. ro onolo onerrovi(ovror orrq erroveg 3-

53 etog 3-55 efvot: (1) n n|Ktl ollttpuoq, (2) ot xoru 4Btxo(xLa-dor, (3) ot tlXtoKO[ xAaloL. (4) ro rcytoro rupttipora, (5) ot pei-(oveq rcKlitpol o0v6eopot roL (6) o x1xxuyog. l-ro nepLypoqrroIgtrdyouq, ro ne pfve o 6rorpeiror oe 6uo ovrool-rey60n rp[yrovo, Ue UiotpovroorLrrl eyroporo ypoUUn nou evdrver ro np6o0Lo drpo rorvroXLororv ruproplorov rErr. 3-53 rot 3-54). To peoo rnq ypoUUlqourrlg onoretreI xor ro rewprro oqpe [o rou neprvSou, to ono(o pp(-

oreror novor ono ro odlpo rou neprveou (revrprrog revowog rouneprv6ou). To npuxnxo rp[yuvo nou nepreXet rov nporro ppiore-ror n(oo ono ouqv rq yp0UUrl rvo r0 oupoyevvqtLxd rp[yuvo,nou nepLtrogpoveL q pL(o rou ooXeou ror rou n6ouq (1 ro elo yev-vrllro opyovo qg yuvoixoq). pproreror pnpooro ono ourrlv.

To x6ro o-ttipto rrlg nuetrou 11 e[odoq qg nu6lou (Etr. 3-53 e-trrg 3-56) e(vot r),etmo. Ue e€orpeol ro orlpre[o onou ovoiyeL r; ou-pf10po xor o npolrrrrog otrrtrrlvoq, ev6 olg yuvo(reg e[6pXerot e-n[oqg ror o xotreoq. H npoo0ro polpo rou rdro oro;.r[ou rqq nu6-trou onoqpoooeror ono rc ouplyevvnux6 \toppaypo (nou oXqgo-rf(eror ond roug ovetrrqpeg pueq rou nptorroU Kor rouq KoKKUyr-

roUg pUeg [Err.3-14 eog 3-18]). 0r 6rio ouroI pueg oX4gori(ouvxot ro geyoi0repo U5poq rcu nuefuxo1 edagoug.

To nepiveoTo neplveo e[voL 4 nepLoy4 rou xopltoi xoru an6 ro dLorppoy-

po r49 nueAou (Erx. 3-1 7, ptr. enronq ELr. 2-29), nou onl,drveror no-vo on6 ro roro or6pto r1 e[odo r4q nu6trou (Erx. 3-53A). H on(oOropo[po rou, nou ovopd(eror npoxlxd rpiytovo r1 npotrlrq neproXr;,nepiloppover rov nporrnro ootrrlvo xor erotepoOev ourou touq Duo

eu0uioXroroug Bd0pouq. H npdoOro po[po rou, ro oupoyew4rrxdrpiytovo 11 neproXrl, neprtroppover ro 6[o yevvrlnxo dpyovo ro06qror ro retrrrd rprlporo qq oupoyevvqlrrlg odou (n.X. rqv ouprlOpo).Irrlv ovoropLrrt 060n, ro nep(veo elvor p[o orevrl neproXrl pero[frotv gtlptirv, oe onoyolyrl opog rov gqptlv, ro neplveo onoretre[ p[o

nepLoXrl, oXrlporog ptjUpou, nou erre[verol ond qv 1prrfl ouprpuorlp6XpL rrlv xopuqrl rou x6rruyo5 (Err. 3-53 ror 3-54). 0 opoq zepr-reo npo6pXeror on6 qv opxoio etrtrnvrrf )rt\nnepfueog nou unodq-

To nueArx6 6r6gpoytrd0r duo ovetrxqpeq Ufeq rou npotrrou roL or 6rjo rorruyxo( gueg,

or onolor oXrlpor((ouv ro nuetrxo drdrppoylro (ELx. 3-58A), rtrelvouv rororo orogro r1 e[o6o rrlg nu6trou pe rov rp6no nou 0o qv 6rtrerve e-vo peyotro Xtr:v(, eov e[Xe rono0erqOel orrlv nuetrrrrl rofioqro (Err. 3-7 ror 3-17). To nuetrrro drotppoy;to Xtopi(er qv nuetrrr4 roiloqro oeduo rprlporo: (1) 6vo ovtlrepo rprlpo nou neprfXer :u-nueMxo onAo-

Xvo Kor (2) 6vo xor6repo rprl;.r0, nou nepr6Xer xup(oq tr(nog ror ouv[-ororor ond roug euOuiblroxolq B60pouq. To nuetrtxo drorppoy;rooXqpori(er ro 66otpog qq nuetrrrqg roLtrorqrog nou 6XeL oXrlgo V, rorrq oX4porog A oporpfl rou roOe eu0uioXroxou Bo0pou (ELr. 3-17). To

5 U patewr1peq pe rlv 6po neptueo xolop[(ouv pia apxerc ptxp6rep4nepLlxn. exefun Uerctu xdAnou xu npaxrol.


tvopud)bsq edoqog qg nudtrou ror or pueg rou drorppoypoToq T1qnu6trou neprypoq4rov nporlyorlpevo.

fiotrordrepo, o nporlrdg ootrrlvog Oeope(ro orronorel,ouoe rprlpo tou oneu0uopdvou. lro ro trtlyo ouro, ororpqvoer0efg Xrirpor sxordpoOev rou opOori ovopooqrov

eu0uioXroxoI B60por. Ir;pepo o npoxtrxdg ototr4vogovoyvopi(eror og (eXorprord rprlpo rou noXrlog evr6pou,enogdvtr;g e(vor nro ooor6 or Xdrpor ouro( vo ovorpepovroLu9 npaxro[oytaxoi B60poL orpof rlXouv olrioq pe rov npo-xrLrd otrltrrlvo. Aurd e(voL onpepo ro enLoqgo dvopo onogqo(veror orqv Nomina Anatomica (Warwick, 1989).

Erxdvu 3-53. To rorot ordproqg nueLou (elodoq) oTrlv ov-0prrrq xor or1 yuvorre[o nue-tr0, l-lopoqperore rrg drorpo-ptlg ovopeoo oro Dtio rputro

nou otpopouv oro pr6ye0ogrou roro oroplou qg nue],ou(K:n) H oUl qq yuvorrelognudtrou oro B elvor erelv1 nouevog goreurqpog "Btr6ner" pe

rr1 qovroo[o rou orov 11 ooOe-v1q Bpioreror oro e{eroolrorpone(r. Irtq yorv(eg rou KIllPplorovror I lprKn o0prpuol(HI), o rorruyog (K) r<or ro r-

oXrord ruproporo (lK) h-uerdore cirr 1 0LoreroppevqypoUUl Uero(u Oelrou ror opr-orepo0 LoXloxou r<uprdlporoq(lK) bropeiro popBoerd6q ne-plveo oe dfo rp(ytrlvo, ro ou-poyevvlrrrd rplyrrlvo (0T) r<or

ro npolrrrro rplyrrlvo (nT). ToBeLl delXvouv lq roxroKsq o-r.ov0eg. Ilperilore oTr To Lrpoooro (10) elvor "oqrlvopevo"pero[u rotv troyovrrrlv oor6v.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPINEO t 1-

Erxtlvo 3-54. To poppoetOeq nepiveo, ro onoio tKrtlvtrot ono qv qBt-

rq ouptpuoq pteXpt rov rdrruyo. Irlpetdrore ol pt(o eyropoto ypopprl nou

evulvet ro npoo0to orpo rcov toXtortlv ruprolpdrtrlv XtopL(et ro neplveo

oe D0o ovtoopey60etq rptyovtreg neptoXtlg, TO 0upoYswrlrlro rp(yttvoeunpoq ror ro nptorrtro rpiyttvo n(oot. To pdoo rqg eyropotog YpopulqovloroLXel orrl 0eor1 rou otirporog rou neptveou (revrptrog Ttvov Tou

neprveou).

AupnApo

H0tKtiJ0ll('t)iJt)Ko t-to p0T oc o u v6sc I laarnC t)DnC

n s p t vs t K n l-t s l-t B p0 v r,

t0t-lon€ptv€au

loxroKoKUpfoLta

E u0uioxtoKoCBoepoc

M€i(ov toxtoi€pocauv6€apaC

Eoo v€vw)ftKo opvovo

H0rKt1 oul-tQuotl

Errdvo 3-56. I\4eoq opetrLoro ro[l ov0pLxrlq nuetrou nou 0etXveL rlv ou

p110po vo OLonepvo r0 0up0YtvvnTlIo Tp Yo\0 ro rov npor<rLro ootrt.1

vo vo DtooXi(et ro np0JKrtK0 rptYovo

(ev ra Ba1eL tyxapoLog UUq Tlu nepueou) Qepovrot sYK0p0t0, s-

vrir oL puixeq deoU(6sq tlq Udolq Uotpoq (orptyrrnpae, UUq Tng 0u-pn1poS) neptpotrtrouv qv upevoDrl ouprl0po (Etr 3-58f , 3-60 xot

3-63)

Avexo0ev Beopeito orl ro nue,ltro tdaqog onorele[m \nppaypa q9 nutAou , ro onoio oXIUnr((erot ond tougduo ovetrxr.ltpeq pueq rou nptr;xrou, roug duo KoKKUYIKouq

pueg xor rtq neptrovieg rouq. 0pLopdvot ovordpot, poteurl-psq Kor YuvorKotroYot Be0po0v eniorlq 6rt r0 0up0Yevvrlrt-xo broqpaypo onorelei rprlpo rou nuel,trof e0oQouq, e-nerdrl, egooov rpoOei roto rov rorero, ro nuetrtro ddoqoqe{oo8evr(er rot e(voL duvordv vo 6rlgtoupyrlOouv 6totp6ptlvrunov rqtreg (n.X. ruoreoxr1trr1, Err. 3-15f). lto vo ouppt-

Boooups rLq dtorpoperLr6q our6q on6rlerq, irnoporipe voOeopnooupe ro nuetrtrd 0rotppoYpo rog ro xripto ddorpoq

qg nuetrou Kot r0 oupoYevvrlrtxd Dtotppoylio oq entKoupt- ,

ro ddogoq, rdro on6 ro npoqyofpevo.

O ogtyxr4pos r4q oupnepos

0 puq ouroq erq0erot ono rrlv eoto entqdveto rou roro xtrodou

rou lprrou oorou rot ot (veq rou q6povrot npoq T0 eoo pe roreu-0uvo1 npog qv oupr10po, onou ouvonrovrot Us rLg lveg rou ovr[-0erou uuoq (Err. 3-23, 3-33 xot 3-5Bt) MeptrSq deopldeg rovputirv ourdrv rp5povtot yupor ono rrlv upev66r1 ouprl0po orov ovdporoL oXrlport(ouv 6vov otrr10r1 exoioto otpLyxripa, o ono[09 oupnrc-(et rqv oupi1po. Entntr6ov, erre[vetot UdXpt tr1 pool qq oupo6o-

Xou xuoqg rot enevduet rov npoordq ono epnpdg rot npooOto-ntroyro (0elrich, 1980). 2rr7 yuvo[xa, ro xoro lpttou rou oqtYKT1p0

pu6q rqq ouprl0pog ouveXerot pe ro npoo0tontroyto ro(Xtlpo rou

rotreou, oxnUori(ovroq 6uov pqrpooup71pLxd otpryxtfpo, o ono(ogoupnrd(er rnv oupnOpo rot rov rotreo (0elrich, 1980).

Nerjporoq (Erx. 3-61 ror 3-74A). NeApo tou nepueou, ro onotoervor rloboq rou otdoLtrou ve0pou (12, l3 rot l4).

Apuoq. 0 erouotog otptyrrrlpoq rr'lq ouprl0poq ouotp[yyet qv

PoQtiOOX€OU

'E€e oQtyKilipocTOU NOQKTOU

HPtKn ouLtQuot)

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npeKuKotprvuvo

np(,)KroC

Kn06or

Oun0KoC

npoKToc

E€o aQIVKTI]poCM€V1C VrlouttotoC LtuC

KOPUQIl tOU KOKKUVO

Erxtivo 3-55. To opLo I0u rtptvtou. IoporqpeLore ort or yolvieq rrlqpouBoerdouq ourrlq nepioXrlg Bp[orovrot orov ropoporo ouvOeopo qgnBlq, Uv r<opuqrl rou rorruyo roL ro toXLot<o ruprdlporo.

To ou poyewnrtKS 6r6E poylto

To droqpoypo ouro eivot pio trenrr1 oroLpodo ono ypoppordqpurr6q tveg, nou ppforerot perolu rulv d0o ntreuptirv rqg qptrrlq

roUopoq (Etr. 3-17,3-57 ror 3-5Bl-). Kotr0nret qv npoo0Lo polpo

rou rdro orop[ou rt eEobou qg nuetrou.0L Uuir5q doopideq qqnpoo0roq rot on[oOtog go[poq rou 0upoYevvlTtKou dtotlpoYU0roq


uUevd)bl ouplep0 0TOV ovdp0 Kor ouUnr{i(er Trlv oupn0p0 Kor TOv

KOtrso orrl yuvo[Ko.

Ev ru B60u eyxdporog trtug rou nepuSou

H orevrl ourq puixrl trorp(do ou;.upferor pe qv 6orrl enrqoverorou xAadou rou toytoxol oorcA (Ew.3-5Bl-, 3-59A rot 3-60), qe-peror eyroporo ror eloduer oro x6,vrpo rcu nepuEou (revrprrogrevovrog rou neprveou). Irrl yuvoixo opLopSveg [veg rou erodrjouvoro ro(1rrt1ro rou rotreou.

NeUptrorl (ELr. 3-61 xor 3-744). Nelpo rou ruepueou, ro onoioefvor xtroOog rou o16orir<ori veupou (12, l3 ror 14).

Apoo4. 0 puq ourog oroOeponore[ ro r6vrpo rou neprveou,oupgereXovrog orov yevrro unoorrlprxrlrd potro rou oupoyevvrl-rtxou dLorppoypoTog yro ro nue),rr<o 6dorpog ror ro nueLrro ontrd-XVO.

To otitlto rou nepwfou

To rcvovuo revtpo rcu nepLveou 11 neprveiro odrgo eivor piogrrprl rvtidqq gd(o oXrlgorog oqrlvoq, 11 onolo evron((eror oro 16-vTpo rou nepLveou (Erx. 3-23, 3-35, 3-55 ror 3-5BZ). To r6vrpo rouneprvrlou elvor ro X0puKTqptoTtKri yvtilpropo rou neprveou, ro o1-peio onou ouyrtrivouv notrtroi prieq (eyroporog UUq Tou neprveou,potrpoo4poyytrtdqg, ovetrrr1poq UUq r0u nporrou xor peprxeg 6e-op(deg rou d[o orpryrrrlpo gu6g rou npoxrou).

H nepnovfo rou nepwfou

To oupoyevv4rLro dtorppoygo, onog ror dtrtroL pueg, neprgotr-Leror ono glo ev ro po0er nepuovio (Err. 3-58 dolq 3-60, 3-63 ror3-64). H nepuov[o rou neprvrlou onore],e[rol ono duo nero],0, r4rxoru xot qv avu nepLrov[o Tlu 0uplyevvnrLroA dngpoyporog.

EntnonnC n€ilv€iKoCXQPOC

H rortrl nepuov(o rou oupoyevvrlrrrou drorppoyUoToq, 11 onoioouv40org ovorp6peror og neprveix{ pepppov4, ouv6Xeror U€ Tnv ev

Ev ro Boe€toupo60

ulc €nrnonicKornnKiC

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n€oC

E n n or1 ti C n € p t v si K o C xci p o C EntnodhC neprvtixtin€ptLovio

B

Etxtivo 3-57. Mdol opetrtoio roprl ovDpLr<1g nu6iou nou 6e[Xvet ro oupoyevvr;rrrr1 drorppoypo Kor Touq neptveirouq Xrirpoug. Irlperdrore orr 11 ent-notr1g neptveixrl neptrovfo onore],ei ouvdXero rlq sv ro Bo0er olBodoq qg enrno],1g xortrrorflg nepuovloq.

Oup060xoc KioLn

HBrKti o0LtOuotl

0upoy€vvnuKa

n € p tv€i Kti Ltt Lr B Dov tl


T0r Boett 0rorp0b0 qg nsprTovl0q npoq T0 s$npoq KOr npoq T0 n[-0o, sv6 npoq r0 ntroyro 0uUQUsTor U€ rnv rlBrKn K0U0p0 (Err. 3-59A). H entnoLqq neprov[o rou neprut,ou (Erx 3-57, 3-58 ror3-63), bttl q upevor6lq ororgo6o rou uno6oprou ouvderlrou rorourou nepLvtlou (neprrovlo rou Colle), ouv6Xeror pe r1v upevtirdrlororpo6o rou unodoprou ouvDerrrou rorou rou rororepou rpr11-ro-

Toq Tou npoo0rou roilroxou rorXrrlgorog. H enmoAqq nepnov[orou neptveou oupqleru ge: (1) rr1v nLore[o nepnov[o, q ono[oneptpotrtreL roug pueg rou plpou (Err. 3-64 ror 3-71) (2) r4v qBt-xr1 xoltopo xot (3) q poorl r4g neptveir4q pepBpov4g. llpog ro e-

Unpoq I enLnotrlg neprrovto TOU neprveou errelveror npog ro n6-0q K0t TO ooXeo, (ELr. 3-63), oxlUol(ovrog eror evo upevdbeg ne-piBlqpo yro T0uq opXerg xor TOUq onepgoTrroug rclvoug. Zrrl yuvolro, 11 nepuov[o our1 erre(veTor np0g qv r],euop(do ror ro geyo-tro Xertrl rou orbo[ou (Err. 3-72).

To enrnoArTg neptveixd 6t6orr7trto

Aurog e[vor o Xtlpoq perolu qg enrnotrrlg nepuov[og Tou nr-prveou ror rqg neprveirrlg pepppovlq (Err. 3-57 roL 3-52). H enrno-),1q nepuovro rou nrprvrou npooQurTor ttpoq T0 rool 0T0 ovo opr0qq lBrxqg oulupuolq Kor 0T0 ntroyro oro otirpo rou qprro0 ooro0.

fleprel6pevo rou enrnoAriq neprveixori drocr{po-rog (Err. 3-57 roL 3-58). froiz ovdpa , ro Droorrlpo ouro nepreXer rqpL(o rou neoug ror roug pueg nou oXerl(ovrol pe ouro, ro nepreXo-

Uevo r0u ooXeou, ro eyyug rplpo qg olpoyydrdouq oupl0poq, rouqentnotr1g p0eg rou tteprveou, rtrodouq rov e oo; oldorixrrtv oyye(o-rv

ror ro orDoriro veupo. Iulv yuvo[xa, o enrnoAqg ne pLverxog XrilpognepteXer ro elqg: i1v p((o rrlq rtreLropldoq Kor Touq potrporiq rounpodopou, roug enrnotrqg pueg rou neplveou, ro o[orolXo oyyeloror veupo Kor Toug pe((oveq od6veg rou npodopou.

Ie nepinrooq piqrlq TnS uvdprxrig ouprj0pog orov r-nrnotrrlg neprveixo Xtirpo, ro oqpe(o npoorpuolq rlg repr-veirqg neprroviog xoOopi(ouv rrlv xoretrOuvorl rrlg porlgtov orlptov nou nepreXovror o'ourrlv. 'Eror e(vor buvorov vodL5trOouv peoot rou Xotropo0 ouvdertroti rorof npog roooxeo, yuptrr on6 ro n6og Kot rpoq ro novot oro npoo0roxodtord rolXtrrgo (Erx. 3-57). To oupo dev pnopouv vo tpro-oouv 0T0uq Unpofq, drorr 1 enrnoLqg nepLrovlo rou nrpt-v6ou oulupderor Ue rrlv nAorcfo neptov[a, nou neprpotrtre L

,ouq gfeg rou prlpou (ELx. 3-71A), opdorrlg pero ro FouBto-vtro o0vDeogo. En(oqq ro oripo 6ev eivor buvordv vo nepo-oouv ltpoq ro nloto oro nporrlxo rp(ynvo, xo0dl or duooroLBodeg r4g neprveirrlq nepuov[og ouvrlXovror 11 pro ge

rrlv otrtrq yfpo ond roug enrnotr1g pdeg rou neprveou.

To ev ru B60u neptveix6 6t6ort71to

Eivot o Xtrlpoq nou neprr),eleror perolLi rqg ovrrl ror qg roroneprrovfog rou 0upoysvvrlrLrou drorppoyporoq (Err. 3-1 B, 3-57, 3-

58l- ror 3-59A) To dIo nerotro rqg nepuovfog npoorpuovroL npogro nLoyio orlv qBrxq ropopo ror oul.upuovror perolu TOUq npoq T0

epnpog orrlv xopurpl K0r npoq ro nloo orq pool r0u 0upoyevvrlTr-ro0 dLorppoyl.roro-q. H ev ror Bo0er poXro[o qtrepo rou ndoug eroep-Xeror orlv nuetro pero(u rov npooOrrrtv Xertreov qg @yxopotogolvdeopoq rou nepLvEou) Kottlu Ka1opuroA ouvdeopou rnq rt\nq(ELx. 3-55 3-5- ro.3-59).

IlepreX6prevo rou ev ro B60er neprveixori 6roorri-poroq (Erx. 3-18 3-5Bl- ror 3-61). Zrov ovdpo, ro ev ro po0er

neprveiro 0Loorlgo nsprexer rrlv upev66q oupqOpo, ro oqryrrqpoUU Tlq ouptl0poq rouq $otrpoupl0porouq o66veg, Touq rv Topo0er pIeg rou ntorvrou xor ro ovrloroLXo oyye[o ror veupo (n.X.

ro poXro[o veupo rou ndoug). Ir1v yuvo[xo, ro rv T0] poOer nepr-veiro bLoorqp0 nrcr0I0L 11v ouprl0po, ro oqryrrflpo pu r1g oupq-0pog, rov ev ro: 3c3sL syK0p0ro pu rou neprveou K0r r0 ovriororXooyye[o ror veupc ir ,r ro p0Xr0[o ve0po rqg rtreuopiboq).

To npuxrtK6 rpfy@vo

H neproXl 0uTn .cJ .rirlr0u ppioreror np0q r0 n[oo-r xor orpe-Qeror rpoq ro roro K0i iri00J tELr 3-l 7 3-19, 3-53 6trlg 3-57A, 3-58, 3-63 roL 3-641 Ta aoLa rou npar<rtroA rpLytitvou e[vor ro e[r1g:npog To n[ou 4 xapuEr] rau KaKKUyo Klt nplq Td e1nplq n vlnTnypa11n, nou evdveL T0 rpol1rl at<po ruv rcyLoxtiv KUpTaUoTuv.Ipog ro epnpog spxsTor silr0lq os oxs0l Ue ro on[oOro opro rououpoysvvrlTrKou brorppoyporoq [0r npoq T0 nro[D K0r 0T0 ntroyro pe

rouq peL(oveq LoXLorepou-c ouvDeopoug. Kotrunreror npog ro novutono roug Ueyotrouq yLourro[oug pueq. To nporrrrro rplyurvo nepLe-

Xer rov npuxuxo ouA4vo. rov e{a otpryxr1po pu rou npuxrou xatroug eu)uioytoxo1g B60poug. 0 npotrrrrog orotrrlvog bLorpuno roeboqoq rqg nuetrou ror xorotrqyer oqv enrqovelo rou neprveou pre

ovorylLo, nou ovopo(eroL npcrrrog. To depUo Tnq fteptnpuKTrKnqlarpag nepreXer eupeye0erg o;ulyporoyovoug roL LdporronorouqoD6ve g ror elvor reXpoto;rrlvo (Err. 3-58H). To oroupoXpopo ouroddppo oX1porl(er oxrrvoerdeiq nruX6g, n0u TOU 6[vouv rrlv Xopo-rrqpLorrxrl (oprrlp6vl eprpovrol ror or ono(eg oXrlporl(ovror onorqv etr[q nou oorel oro 6eppo ro unorefpevo rvoetroorrro brotppoy-po (Erx. 3-21A).

O npuxrtx6g ouAr1vog

0 ootrrlvog ouroq, pqrouq nepinou 4 er. orov ev1trrxo, onore-tre[ qv re],rrq ror rororoq pofpo rou noXdog evrepou (ELr. 3-7,3-20,3-21, 3-33 3-34, 3-49 roL 3-63) ApXi(er ono ro olpeloonou q trqru0og rou op0o0 oreveuer onoropo, oTO urloq r1q el-trLog" nou oXlporl(eroL ono rov lpoeu0uiro pu ror rorotr1yor oTOV

npoxrd, ro e[orreptro ovoryl-ro r0u yooTpevreprrou ootrrlvo (Erx.

3-60 roL 3-64). 0 npotrrog pploreror oe ouonoorl. oy1;rori(ovroqpfo npoo0ron[o0ro o1Lopr1, nou e(opovL(eror orq bropret0 Tlq 0QO-

6euo1g. 0 nporrrrrog ootrrlvoq nou nepLBotrtreror ono TOV r0o Kor

6{rrl orpryrrqpo rou npotrrou, qeperor npoq T0 xoro xoL 0Unpoq,


Oupn0po

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mc ouptiopoc

Ev ta Poe€t€vKopaDc Lrucrcu n€ptv€our

Poxtoio v€jpo Korovv€io tou niouc Ponoio v€ipo

KOt OVV€.O U1CKnArcpi6oc

n€ptv€iKo oVy€ioKOnULT€VOon) Ttlv

n€av€iKi LteuBoovn

Etxtjvs 3-58. 0t orLBodeq T0u ntptvtou, ono rtg ev ro Bo0eL ttpoq Ttq enrno],r1q. Iro A, 11 yorvio pero{u rotv 0uo rlBoLoXroro-rv rtroOrov yepr(eL o1e-dov reLelog ono rouq pueg rou nuetrtrou dtorppoyporog. H ouptlOpo (ror o rotreclg) drepXovror epnpog, ro opOo n[oo. H ovrrl (B) xor 11 roror (A)neptrov(o rou oupoY€vvlrtrou dtotppoyltorog neplrLelouv 6v0v ev ro Booer neptveird Xdrpo (f) nou neprdXer roug 6uo pueg rou oupoyevvlrrroudLotppoyporog Kot oTov ovdpo roug potrBooupttOpoioug oddveg. 0 entnotr1g neprveirog Xtirpog nepreXer lg doprlg nou qolvovror oro oXlporo E

evtir oro Z xol H 6[verot Uto onoqrrl rou oupoyevv1rrrou drorppoyl-roToq Kor rov oXerr(opevov pe ouro Doprirv.


ANAPAz

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ttlpoyvu6€C ooltofou ntouc

TYNAIKA

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MUC utc €nnonncorr po60c

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IJUC tOUn€prv€ou

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npoKrca

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tt1pow66€C oeLtoulc ouoti1poc

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n€plvsiKti I,t€lJBpovtt (Kot(D n€pttovtotou oupov€vvtlttKOa 6nQpovLtoLoc)

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Antaelo oo\(]Ktl -*%.oDttlDl1 -* )-ctl tiOt'J nrPtfovn\! t

'tnthnovt toTocl fi

Uer0qtj Tou npuKToKoKKUytKoA ouv66ottou Kot Tou od\aT1q rjuneputlu (ELr. 3-23). A16;ro neptpoLLerot xot ono roug ovelrrrl-peq Uueq rou npolrrou, ot ono(ot oXrl;rot((ouv Kot r0 onpovTtKoTs-

po rUnUo rou neptveiro0 dtotppoyporog'

ffi nnavto, ooptxoi

$ ro,, r.tsa€vr€ptoi

ffi Kotvoi novovtor

ffi ror., novovtot

!- --j tAtu rlovovtot

Wl rntnonnq Bou\ovtKotWJ Lntnontlc PouPovtKUt

€l rur,, poeet poupt,:vtxoill

ffi tspoi

I V noooooe'roi i

e106pxsTot o'0uT6v (n.X. to otYUOet600K0Iit0), npdnet v0 6-

Xer K0Ts0euvon rp0q TOv 0UQ0tr0 (Erx. 3-21 Kot 3-39)'

To eooreptK6 rou TrpoKrlKoli otoA{vo (ELr' 3-21' 3-

33A, 3-34A, 3-49A rot 3-52)' 0 ptrevvoyovoq T0u ovo nUtUopiou

T0u rrpoKTIKOU o0ltrrlv0 xopoKTnp((eT0t 0n0 nopotrtrnLeg xororopu-

qeq nrux6q, n0u OvoU0(0vrotnpuKTt'Ko( oTAAu' 0t nruXdg ourdg

Erxdvo 3-59. A. AvoroPq rou ev

ror poOet nePlveiro0 XtitPou ov-

0pu<f1g nuetrou. To or6trr1 rou

neoug tlXouv otPorPeoet. Irrlv o-pro{epl n},euPo q nePLveirlpepPpovq oQoQeelKo fePtrulqylo vo onoKotruq0ouv ot boPeg

rou tv Tto PoOer nePtveirou Xtil-pou, l'loporrlPelore rtg beoPt[-

deq r1q nepLveirrlq UeUpPovlqor onofeq ouyr],ivouv oTo PotrBor0u ntouq Kot TOV OUYKpOTOUV

oqv 1Ptr1 roPoPo B. AePqtrrlnopoX6reuorl TOU n6ouq, Tou o-

oX6ou rot rrlq oqPoYYtildouq

ouprl0p0q.


HPtKn auLtOuatl

Entna)(lt1C poxtoto AnE Do

P0xt1t0 0pu)pto Kotv€upo f 11c Kri€ttapt60a

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neprsxouv T0uq TetrrK0[q Ktr06ouq rov 0v0] 0ruoppOidrKov OpTrl-pt6v Kor qtrep6v. Iro olpe(o ouro or ovtrt orpoppoibLreg qtrepegrou nutro(ou ouorflporog, ovooro;.tirvovror Ue Trq pdoeg ror xoro;oLlroppoibrreg qlepeq rou ouoqporoq rolv rortrov qtreBdrv (ptr.Erx. 2-83).

H op1onpuxrKn ypo1pn 4 oupBoAn, q onoLo ovlororXeI oroovdrrepo orpo rov nporrrrriv oru),rrrv (ELr. 3-218, 3-33A ror 3-49A), noptoro rqv neproXrl onou ro oneu0uopevo peroninrer orovnporrlro ootrr1vo. To roro orpo rorv orul,ov ourotv ouvdsovrorpeto[u roug pe r.\ npaKTtKeg BaABidtg, or onoleg eivor 11ptoetr4-voerde[g nruXeg rou enr0r1],(ou. llovo ono oureg rrg nruXeg ppr-oKovror prrpeg eooXrig, oL npuxuxoi xdAnot (Erx.3-52). '0rov orrolnot ouroi, or ono[or nepreXouv ptrevvo, oupnreo0ouv ono ro-np0vo, onodldouv Tlv ptrdvvo ourr1, Bol0drvroq drot orrlv Kevooqrou nptrlrrrrOu orotr4vo. TO roro orpO rulv nptorrlrtirv potrpidtrrv

,toLilo ouDnAData

tLol.ilo Kon€ou

fatx0llo Kan€ou

Avsr)KtupatC l-tuCtou nDQKtou

oXrlp0rr(ouv lrio ovtirpotrq rrevroerdrl ypoUUn, 11 onoio onoreLei rovotpoppoLdrro dorrutrro (rrevroerdrlg ypoUUn).

0 atpoppoldLx6g daxrlAnq (Etr. 3-49) (rrevroerdrlg ypoUpl)ovrrorolXe[ orq oupBotr1 rou ovorepou rgrlporoq rou npatrrrxouoortrrlvo (nou npo6pXeror ono ro epppuiro onLoOro evrepo) pe rorororepo rpqpo rou (nou npoepXerol ono ro epppuiro npotrrrro e-vrunopo). 0 orpoppoi6rrog dorrutrroq (rrevroerdrlg ypoppq, ptrev-voyovo-bepgorrrq ypolrpl) onoretre( enrorlg ro oqpero, onou rorul,rvDprro ent0r1trro T0u ovotTepou rprlprorog rou nporrLrou oo.rtr1-vo, geron[nreL oro notruorrBo ntroxritdeg enr0qtrro TOU KoToJTrpourplporog ourou. Irov nporro, o uypoq orprXog ptrevvoyovog rounporrrrou ootrrlvo peroninrer oe oreyvo rprXoro deppo (Err. 3-21B). 0r duo UoLpe q T0u npoKrrKou oo-rtrr.1vo novo rot rorot ono rovorlLoppordrro doxrul,ro 6rotpepouv oq np0q qv orportooq, rq ve u-poorl Kor q qtreBrrl ror trepcprrq nopoXereuol. 0r drorpopeg ourdg

1:

Etxtivo 3-60. Aroroprl yuvoLrelou neptv6ou. 0 BotrBoorlpoyytrtdrlg puq eXeL 0Loropei rot ovoonoo0er orrl 6elLo nleupo, evrrl eXer, oro peyo],urepop6pog rou, orporpe0eL orqv opLoreprl nLeupo.


sfvor 0n0pp0r0 rng 6roQopsTrKrlq eUppuotroytK1q rp06treuqq Tovd0o ourolv rpqpororv rou nporrtro0 ootrr1vo.

Aprqpieg rou npoKrrrori ootr{vo (Etr. 3-10, 3-24 rot3-50 9I. enlo1g Err. 2-81). H avu aLpoppoidxq aprrlpio otpor6-ver ro r;rrlpo rou nporrrrou otrrtrnvo novor ono rov otltoppoidLrddorrutrLo. H opqpio ourtl onoretre( rq ouveXeto 14g roro peoevr6-prog oprrlpiog orrlv nuetro. 0t retrrro( xtrobot qg ovtrt otltoppoidL-

rrlq opqpioq nopeuovrot rp0q T0 rdrol oroug nptrlrrtro0q oru-troug xor oXlpori(ouv ovooroptotrtr6q oyr0treg, ovTtoTotxo npoqTouq npoKTrKouq rotrnouq. U dlo xoru aryoppoidmtq aprnpbgorportitvouv ro rordlrepo rprlpo rou npuixrtrou otrttrtlvo (rortl onorov orlroppoi6rro dorrutrro), xo0tlg rot roug pueg nou rov ilept-potrtrouv r<ot ro ddppo Tlq neptnpoKrtrnq neptoxng. 0t geoeq ot-poppo[dxtq opqpbq ouprprer6Xouv oqv otporoloq rou npotxrtroIoortrrlvo oxrlpori(ovroq ovoorop6oetq pte rtg ovto rot xorot ot1-top-

poidrreg opqpieq.OIeBrx{ nopo;16reuon rou nptoKrrxorl ooAtjvo (Etr.

3-24,3-49 ror 3-51, ptr. enionq Ex. 2-81). Io tou otltoppoildLxorpAeBxo nAfypo nopoXereferot Kot rpoq rtg b0o roreuOuvoetg,oro en[nedo rou orpoppoidtrou dorrutrlou. floval ond Tov 0lU0pp0-i6rxd 6oxrrjtrro, ro 6orrr ot;roppoidrxo ntr6ypo erpotrtret roreu0e(ovoqv dva atpoppoldtx7 rpieFo, rtrodo qg ovtrl peoevr6ptog rptrd-

pog. Kurto und rov orpoppoidrxri 6oxrftrto, ro eoo-r oLgoppoidtrontr6ypo expotrtrer olg rcira oryoppoi\xeg EAeBeq, ovrlorotXoilpoq ro Xeitrog rou 5[o otpLyxrrlpo rou nporrrou. 0r UEoeq u1op-poilLxlq qAepeq, rLodot ttrlv 5otr.t troyovLtov qtreptitv, Q6pouv K0T0

r0pro troyo qtreprro oipo ono qv e (orreprrrl puirq ortpddo rou Tot-

Xdporog rqg ronpodoXou tr1ru0ou rou oneu0uoprlvou. IXrlport(ouvovooropdroerq pre rLg ovtrl ror xoro orUoppoiOrKdq qlepeq.

Aep<prr{ nopol6reuon rou npoxrlxoti ootrqvo(Err. 3-498). tlavu and rov aLpoppoi\Lx1 \axr1Ato, ro treUQoyye(oerpdtrtrouv oroug ioo Aay1vrcuq, Aepqadeveq rot gdoo our6voroug rorvoug troyovrouq ror oorpuirofg trepqod6veg. Koru on6rov otltoppo|dtx6 1axrlArc, ro trepqoyye(o erpotrtrouv 0rouq eru-notr1g pouptovrrouq trepqo66veq.

Nerjpoo4 rou nptrlKrrrori ootr{vo (Ex. 3-24A, 3-47,3-48 ror 3-61). To veupo, nou rorovegovror oro rprlpo Tou npo-rrrrou ootrrlvo novor ono rov atpoppo[.Itx6 doxfuAto, npodpXovrortn6 ro xoru unoyootpto nAeypo (oupno0qrrro) ror ono ro nuetrt-xo ontroXvrro veupo (nopoougnoOlrrro). To oupnoOlrrro veuponopeuovror po(i pe rrg rdro peoevrdpreg ror rrq ovol oLlroppoidr-rdq opqpreq, evtl ro nopoouprno0qlro ve0po (ono ro ll 6oq ro14) tprlpovror ple ro nuetrrro ontroXvrro veupo, yro vo evot0ouv ge roxatu unoyoorpto nLeypo. To ovtilrepo rp1po rou nporrrrrou orrr-

trrlvo onovro povo oe epe0roporo roo1q. To veupo rou npolrrtrouootrqvo xdrol on6 rov orlroppoi6rxrj 6urrUtrro npo6pXovror. onp roxaru aLpoppoidxa veApo, rtrodouq rou ot\otixoA veApou . Auto rorprlgo rou nporrrro0 ootrnvo onovro oe epe0loploro novou, oQrlq

roL 0epporpoo[oq.

onog ror ro oneuOuogrlvo (Moore, 1 9BB), evdr o nporrlr6goortrflvoq roror ono rov orlroppoidrro doxrutrro npoepXerorono ro nptrrrlro evrunorpo (e{6deppo).0 oLuoppoibrroqdorr0trLog, o ono[oq unoDqtrtlveror ono ro rorrirepo oprorov nporrlrdlv potrp(dorv, evron[(eror neplnou oro oqpe[orou npuxnxol upevo oto epppuo. E[ouiog qg epppuirtlqnpo6treuorlg qq ono ro onlo0ro evrepo, q ov6repl potpo

rou nporrrrro0 otrltrrlvo otpordtverot ono rqv ovu atpoppo-idxq apr4pia. orporetreurro rtrodo qg rorto peoevrdptogoprrlproq (opr1pia rcu on[o?Lou evrtpou), evtl q ror6re-pq poipo rou nporrlro0 ootrr1vo, nou npo6pXerot ono ronpolrrrxo evr0nopro, orpor6veror ono rrg xotu atpoppoidt'xEg oprnpieg, rtrddouq rrlg eoo otdoulx4q opr\ptuq. H

tptreprrrl ror treptprrrl nopoX6reuoq rov potptirv ourtirv ro-069 en(oqg ror q veupolol rouq 6rorp6pouv en[019, oovouv6nero rqg drorpopelr4q epppuotroytulg npodtreuoqqrrlq ovdrepqg roL xor6replg go[pog rou npotrrtrou ootrrl-vo. H preronrool rou rul,rvdprrou 1 rupLxou ent01triou qgovorreplg polpoq rou nporrrrou ootrrlvo oro notrfortpontrordlbeq enr01trro qg ror6repqg lroipog npoylroronote[-ror oro enfne6o TOU 0rU0ppoidrrou dorrutrrou r1 notrf rowoo'ourov. To roprLvdrptoro nou elopgouv ond roug buo ru-noug enrO1tr(rov 6rorp6pouv perolu roug. Kor ouro pepotoqoXerl(eror Us rnv K0T0y0Jyr1 roug ono duo drotpoperrxougrunoug ptroolro0 ddpporoq (evdoDeppo orrlv ovtireprlpolpo ror enrqoveLoro eltideppo orqv xortlrepl po[po).

0r eooreprxeg orlroppriibeg ("(oXodeS") e[vor rrpooIrov xtrodov rtrrv ovro orlroppoidLrtiv qtreptirv xot xaA1mo-vrot on6 pAevvoydvo (Err. 3-51 ). 0t e{urepmEg aryoppo-ideg (or onoieg orlroppoyouv notr0 ouXvo) elvor rrpool rorvrtrodtrlv rov r0ro orlroppoiDrrtiv qtre$dv xo, <oAlnrovtotano 6eppo. Ko0tiq unoplouv noluop-. -oq 0v00T0U6osrqpero[u rov QtreBLr6v ntreyportov rolv oLlroppoidrxtirv qtre-pdtv, e[vor duvorov vo oveup[oxovror droreropevor Kor 0u-roI ot ovooroporrro( qtreprro( rtrodor. 0L orlroppoldeg nounpoonlnrouv ono rov e[o orpryrrqpo rou nporrou ouXvoouprnLd(ovror, pe enorotrou0o rqv nopegnodrorl qg oLgorr-Knq ponq roug. Iov onoretreopo ourou eXouv qv rooq voe[etrr6vovror Kor v0 oTpoyyotrr(ovroL. 0 oxnpouott6g1polLBuv e(vor nro ouXvog olg e(orepLr6g nopo oTrq r0o-reprr6q orUoppoideq.

0r ovooroptrloerg pero[0 rtov ovto, prlotrlv ror roro ol-ltoppoibrrrilv qtrep6v, oXlpol(ouv oqpovrtr6g oqv rtrrvtrrlnpo\l enxotvuvieq pero{A q9 nuAo[ag Kot rnq luorn7lTr-x49 xuil,oEog0g (BI Err. 2-83). H ovo orlroppoi6Lrrl qtrepo

erpotrtrer orrlv roro peoevrepto rptr6po, ev6 or p6oeg ror ro-rol orlroppoidrreg qtrepeg erpotrtrouv pSoor rrlg ouorqpoTr-r1q rurtroqop(oq orrlv roror xo[tr1 tptrepo. Ko0e no0otroyrrrloulqol qg nteorlg p6oo oro nutroio ouoqpo, ro onofo 6evdLo06rer polprdeg, elvor duvorov vo npoxotreoer 6roroorlrov ovrrr oLl.roppoidLr<rirv Qtreptirv, pre onordtreopo rrlv epqovr-or1 eourepxdtv otltoppoi1uu. Ilg neprnrdroeLg nuioioq


JrrcpTao\l Koedlq Kor Kippoong rju nnoTog,0r ovooTouoTr-Ktq QtreFeq 0Trlv neproxn Tou npoKTtKoU ootrlv0, otrtrd rorot otrtrsq 06oerg, Koe[oTovror Krpo60srq Kor elvor buvorovvo unoorofv pr1[ri (Eu<. 3-51. BI. eniorlq ELr. 2-83).

Ie oropa nlu ftaoxouv ano ypowa duoxoLAtou1ro, otnporlxoi xotrnor ror o ptrevvoyclvoq elvor duvorrjv vo oxr-mouv on6 ortrrlpo xonpovo. H oXro;roerdqg Btrdpq, yvoorrtaq np u xr m4 oyto prl ffrx. 3-52). ouvrl 0o-rg evronl(eror roror0n0 Trq npoKTrKeq polprbeq xor eivor notru enurduvrl, orpou 11

neproXrl ourr; veup6veror ono oro0rlnx6g iveq rtov rorot ot-poppoidrrulv veupov (ELx. 2-61 ). IonepLnpuKTLKo onolTn-goro (nuorderg outrtroyeq) onore),ouv ro nrOovci enoroLou0olig ;-rotruvoqg rov nptoxlxdlv ourolv oXtoptilv, xor 1 qtreygo-vrl efvor duvorov vo enexroOei oroug eu0uioXroxorlq Bd0poug11 xor oqv nuetro, pe onor6treopo ro oXrlpolopd eu1u[cyta-xdv xu op1onueALxtitv anoorr1paruv, ovr(ororXo (ELx. 3-52).fo nput<ru<6 oupiyyto pnope[ vo 6qgLoupyq0e( oov onord-treopo rqg enerroorlg qg pdtruvorlg. To 6vo oxpo evog re-rorou no0otroyLrorj dLoutrou enrxorvovel ]ercu npaKTKo 0u-Aqvo rotro otrtro orpo Ue ro ondorqpo rcu eu1uiloyLoxo1 Bo-9pou t1 pe qv enrqovero rou nspurpoKTtxo[ bepporog.

Ko0rlg orov npotrrrrd oortrqvo novol ono rov orpop-poi6rr<o doxrftrLo drovripovror ve1pa rou ourlvol]ou ouoTq-garoq, 6ev nporotrelror oioOqpo novou drov yiveror xdnororoptl 11 eLoodoq Betrdvoq oqv neproX4 ourrl. Avr(0ero, 4poipo rou nptllrrrrou ootrqvo roro ono rov orlroppoidrrddorrul,Lo eivor nolu euoio0qrq (n. X. oro rpunqpo uno6o-ptog petrdvoq) ener64 veupdrveror on6 n xdru oqtopplidr-xa ve1po, ro ono[o neprexouv oro0nrtreq lveq.

0 6[to ogryxr{poq rou TrpoKro0 (Etr. 3-19, 3.21A 3-22,3-33A 6oq 3-35 3-582 ror 3-63). 0 peyotroq ourog erouoLogoqryrqpog gproxeror oro neplveo, onou ne prpotrtrrr T0 K0T0j rprTrl-popro rou npornrou ootrr1vo. IXlpori(eL pro n),orto rorvro (ntro-roug 2-3 er.) oe ro0e ntreupo rou nporrlrou ootrr1vo, 1 ono[o ono-rel,e(ror ono unod1pn, enmotr4q Kot. tv ru po1tL ltoipo.l-lotruopr0-por rtrodor rov roro orpoppoidrrdrv veupurv ror oyyerolv dr6pXovrorgerolu rov enrnotrrlg Kor ev ro po0er onpodov rou puog. MuirdgdeogLdeq rou e[o otptyrrlpo rou nporrou qepovroL ono ro revrporou neptveou npoq Tov rorruyo Kor Tov npoKToKoKKUyLro ouvde-opo. 0 npuxrtxog ouA4voq tyer duo orpryxrrlpe g rov rllo ror rov e -otr-r. Kor or duo npene r vo Xolopdroouv nprv ono qv oqodeuorl. Toduo ovtrl rptqpdpLo rou neprpotrtrovrol ono rcv oxoAon 6ou oEt-yru1pa rou npurroA ror evroXuovror ono roug ovetrr<rrlpeq puegrou nporrou (Err. 3-49 ror3-50). To duo roro rprqpopro ne prpotr-l,ovror ono rcu exojoto t{u Orpryxrrlpa rOu npuxrO1, o onolog ou-vexeror npog T0 novo pe rov 4poeuOuiro pu rplpo rou ovetrxrrlpoUU rou rpoKTOrj (Err. 3-20B,3-21A,3-23 ror3-33).0 6lo-r oqLyrrfl-poq UUq entxo),unrer peprrtirq ro rortttrepo rgrlpo rou dorrt orpLyrrrl-po tou npoxrou.

Av ror o e{to orpryrrrlpoq rou npolxro0 0etrrpe(rcr tirLonoreLe(roL ono rperg poipeg, our6g 6ev cqopi(ovroL oo-,qoq. l-ro rov troyo ouro oprogdvot ovordpor rov Oeopotivolq g(o puirq po(o (Ayoub, 1979), evtir otrtror neprypdrpouvgovo enLnotrrlq Kor 6v rto po0er poipo (Woodburn andBurkel, 1988). 'EXer onotpooroOe( oro Brpl[o ouro vo oro,trou0elror 1 ouvr104g neprypoqrj, p6Xprg orou unop{ei 1r(oyevrrrl oulrrprrrv[o (l)g npog ro oripe [o ouro.

0rpofpeg rou 6{to ogryxr{po rou npoKrorl (Err. 3-19etog 3-21A, 3-33, 3-35 ror 3-63). H uno66pLa poipo onoretrei ro ro-rorrepo rprlpo rou, efvor trenr1 ror neprpotrtrer rov nporrd. 0l dorlu-trroerde[g qg deopideq, or onoieg Xro(ovror epnpoq ror nfoo onorov nporro, dev epqovi(ouv npoorpuorl oe ooro. H enLnoAr1q potpodXer etrtrer{oerdeq 11 trroetdeg oXrlpo. 0r rveg rrlg qepovror npoq Toepnpoq, ono rrlv ropurpl rou rorruyo K0r TOV np0lKror<oxruyrro ouv-deogo yuprrt ono rov nporro npoq T0 revrpo rou neprveou, oqp[-(ovrog rov nporro roro ro peoo oBetrLoro en[nedo. H ev ra Bo1eLgorpo, eniolg OorrutrLoeLbrlg, neprpotrtrer rov nporrrro oottrqvo oovnepilofpro. lVleprreq iveg rrlq rpepovroL or4v ovl0eq ntreupo. onououveXovrol pe rov enlnotrlg eyropoLo pu rou neplveou. H ev roi po-Oer golpo opX((er ono ro revrpo rou neplveou Kot luvtxt"tor lE Tav1Boeu)uixo tru rplUo rou ovetrrqpo puog rou rprDKTou.

NeUporo4 (Erx. 3-10 ror 3-63). Ano ro roro orlroppoLDrro veu-po Kor TOV neprveiro rtrodo rou 14,

Apoo4. 0 e (o orpryrrrlp0q rou nptrlrrou evloXuer rr1 ouyxtreLoi.lrou nptorlrou ootrrlvo Kor T0u npotxrou. 'El,ret rov ttp0JKTLKO 00J-tr1vo npog ro epnpog, ou[ovovrog eror qv op0onporrlrl yotvLo.

H ev ro Fo0er Uorpo rou ocpryrqpo evloXferor o'ourrlv Tlq rlvbpooq ono rov rlBoeu0uiro gu, rpqpo rou ovetrrrqpo TOU np0jKTou(Err. 3-20B)

frAt6otiKov€upa

Poxtotavsupa

tau n€oucKot0 otl-toppoi6tKavsupo

N:upo tou nsptvEou

EtxtivO 3-61. i0 0rou,,n, ,. prr. t 1[pLlJltq Ttq nsptoxsq 0n0U K0T0-vdperoL, dr1tr., ro Oeppo ro opy0v0 Kor T0ug pueq rou neprveou. Iup-potrtre r ong ieuoupyLeg r1q oupr1o1g, rr19 orpoOeuorlg, Trlq oTUolq,rnqeroneppolorlg Kor oTrg yuvokeg ror rou rorero[. Av xrr ;dtrl 0rrrrKo-vr(eroL 11 rorovoprl rou otdorirou veupou orov ovbpo, 11 rorovoprl rouorlv yuvolr<o e[vot nopdporo, 0Q0u T0 TUlp0T0 rou yuvorrelou neprvrl-ou elvor 0v0l0y0 ere[volv rou ovDplxou.


EEo arcLtnf tlcoupiepoc

XonrvocprKpavxsnE0v

!-___ M€on

I n€prvtoroun

( +--'- npoKroc

Maon - nnovronrprv€orou li

I x,,iEtxtlvo 3-62. Tunor nepLveoropqg.A. Meo1, B. Meol - lltroyro.

ia- EntnonnC n€prrovio rou nsptv€ou

i-

On t aAn oox€iK ti o prnpio

BonBoanpoyV'6tlC LluC

laxoonpovV66nC Lruc

Entnonnc svKooaloc uuctau nEptv€ou

M€Vocvnouttoioc LtuC

Kota o r Ltoppal't K n optn p toAv€nKmpoc Lruc tou nooKtoi

nsgv€iKoC Kno'oc Lou 14

Etxtivo 3-63. Atoropl ovbptro0 nepLvdou. lloporrlpeLore r0v npoJKro,0 0n0rog nepLpotr),eroL orro9rj0pouq ero16po0ev.

'r,'::i{lt:,

Onio)n oa\s!Ao v€upo

n€ptv€iKoC Kno6oC touo n io? r ou Lt ti p oO € p Lt ot t KoiV€UPOU

KoTa n€pttovto tauaupoY€vvnu Kou6!oQpoVLrotoC

At6otiKoc oonnvo(KoTe o t l-rop poi 6 t Ko v a Lt Do

rov elo oQryKrlpo Tou pr rouq euOuroXLoxouq


0 6oo ogryxr{pog puq rou npoxrof (Err. 3-i9, 3-21 A, 3-24,3-33 ror 3-47). 0 oxo1otoq our6q otpryxr4pog, o oro(-oq neprpotrtrer ro duo ovtrt rpuqpopro rou nporlrof oortrrlvo, oXrl-gor[(eror ono glo noXuvorl qg rur],orepoug olBobog rou rorXcil-

U0T0q r0u evr6pou. Neupdrveror ono ro nue,irra onAoyvtxo veipa(nopooupnoOqlro). 0 orpryrrrlpog ourog ovrtdpo orqv n[eoq nouoorouv ro ronpovo orqv ronpodoXo lrlruOo rou op0ou.

Or eu9unpuxrrxof - eu1uioyroxof B60por

Irrlv ro0e ntreupo rou nporlrou orrrtrflvo ppioreror dvoq orpn-voerDqq Xtirpog, o onolog enevdueror ono nepLrovlo xor ovogo(eroreu0uioXLorog q euOunporrrlr6g poOpoq. Evron((eroL pero[u roudepgorog qg nporrrLxrlg Xrilpog r<oL rou drorppoyporoq Trlq nudiou(Ex. 3-17, 3-18, 3-55 3-63, 3-64 ror 3-71). H ropuqrl roOe eu0ui-oXroro0 poOpou ppioreroL npoq r0 novor, oro orlpeio erquorlg rouovetrrrfpo rou nptrlrro0 ono rq 0upoerbrl nepLrovio. EneLbrl or ovetr-rrrlpeq pueq rou nporrou dqproupyo0v dogll oXqgorog XulvLoti, oreu0uioXroroi poOpor eppovi(ouv n),orero poorl npog ro roro rororeveuouv ilpoq T0 novor. H ropuQrl xo0e eu0uioXror<ou poOpou, ppCoreror nepfnou 6 er. novo ono ro tolloro xriprorpo. H pool roOeBo0pou oXrlporl(erot ono rrlv ev rol Bo0er nepuov[o roL ro 66ppoTnq neprnpoKlrrlg neproX1g. Epnpog ol eu0uioXroroi poOpor ouve-Xovror fipoq ro novut Us T0 oupoyevvrlrrro drorppoypo onou Kor oxr]-por[(ovror or npooOreg roLtroqreg roug. 0L XrrrpoL ourot ntrrlpouvrorono Xotropo ouvdelr6 roro. YndpXouv eniolg xor drjo onro0reg ror-trorqreg, onou or geyotror y),oulo(or p0eq npoeleXouv novo onoroug eu0uioXroro0g poOpoug. 0L dtlo eu1uioyLaxoi polpot enxot-vuvo1v pero(A rouq novor ono rov npoKToKoKKUytro o0vdeogo (Err.3-23 xor 3-34A). llpog ro nfoo ro0e B60poq enrKorvoJvel eniorlg xorpe ro etroooov roXroro rprlpo, novtrr ono rov pet(ovo toyLoiepo oAv-deopo (Err. 3-8A ror 3-55).

Oplo ralv eu0uio;lroxdrv B60pr,lv (ELx. 3-19, 3-55 ror3-63). KoOe po0pog otpop((eror: ora nAoyn ono ro roXroro oo16Kor rnv rortireprl ;.ro(po rou doo Oupoetdouq pu6q, npog Ta eouono rov nporrrro oortrrlvo, onou npoorpuovror o ovetrxrrtpoq Uuqrou nprlrrrou ror o e[o orpryrr1pog rou nporrou, npoq ru nbuono rov pe((ovo roltoiepo ouvdeopo Kor Tov peyotro yl,ourrolo puKoI elnplg ono rq poorl Tou oupoysvvlrrrou drorppoyUoToq Kor Trqnepuov(eq rou.

Ileprel6pevo rov eu0uio;lroxtilv B<i0pr.lv (Erx. 3-17,3-21, 3-61 ror 3-63). 0roq4voerdeig ouroiXtrtpor, orono[oL eivoryeporor ono potrord tr(nog, ro Loytonpuxttxo irnog, drooXi(ovrorond notruopr0peq roXupeg rvtirderg rorv(e g ror drorppoyporo. 0r rvo-trrn6derg oureq po(eg unoorrlp((ouv rov nporlro ootrrlvo, euro-tro oprrlg noperron((ovror yro v0 enLrpeq.rouv rq breupuvol rounpulrlroI orrrtr4vo, orov unoplouv rdnpovo o'ourov. 0 eu0uioXro-rog ptlOpog nepreXer enloqg r4r eou oL6otlrr1 aprr1pio xot rptreBaxot ro adoilt<o veApo. To ororXe(o ouro nopeuovror oro ntroyroro[Xtrrlro rou po0pou pdoo oe Lvdrdq otrtlrlvo, nou ovopo(eror ordor-ilx6g ouArlvog. llpog ro n(oo ro oyyeto ouro ror ro ordoriro veupod[vouv ro roro orpoppoi6Lro oyyeio rot veupo, ro ono(o nepvouv

peoo ono rov eu0uioXroro po0po. To re),euro[o ro0forovror enrno-trqg, ro0drg roreu0uvovror npoq rrlv enrqovero yro v0 KorovrUl-0ouv orov d{ro otpryrr4po rou nporrou ror ro beppo rr1q repurpol-rrLrlg Xtirpog. A0o oro;r1 depporLro ve 0po, o dLolrpo(vrr.rv rtrodogrou l2 rot l3 veupou, xo0trrg xor o neprveirog rtrodoq rou 14 veu-pou, drooXr(ouv enioqg roug eu0uioXroroug Bo0poug.

0r eu0uioXroroi pri0por rpleypoivouv rdnoteq Qopdq,yeyovdq nou gnopei vo odrlyrloer orq 04proupyio eu0uioXLc-ruv (noponpuxnxdw) onooq;lorcrrv. Aureg or nuoderg outr-troy6g eivor evoXtrqnxrlg ror enrrtduveq (Err. 3-52). 0r qtrey-pov6g eivor duvorov vo enexroOo0v 0T0uq eu0uioXrorougBo0poug Ue rouq orotrou0oug rpdnoug (1 ) gero ano xpunrtado, dqtr. rptreygovfl rov nptrlrnxdrv xriLnolv, (2) ond end-rroor; evdg eulunueAuoi onloTn4orlq, (3) oov enordtrou-0o pnils rou ptrevvoyovou rou npoKTof r<or (4) gerd'ono6ropnepdq rpof po qq nporrLrrlg neproXqg. Io \nyvumLxdoqpefu evdq eu1uloyLaxol onoorqparog e[vor ro oioO4pontrrlpoqrog ror 11 euoro0qoio oqv neproXn Uero{u nparrrouror roXroxtirv xupropdrtov. To on6oqpo qg neproXrlg ourrlqe[vor duvorov vo unoorel ouroporl pn[n npoq rov nporrrxdoortr4vo, ro op06 rl r0 n€prrpoKlrd depgo. Fner6rl or d0oeu0uioXroxoI B60por enrrorvtrtvouv pero[U roug, ondorqpoorov rivo ono ourofg e(voL duvordv vo enexroOe( Kot orovtitrtrov, pe onordtreopo 14 6r;ptoupyio rlprxurtrrxoti onooull.ro-rog yriptrl ond rrlv onioOro poipo rou npcoxrou.

O ordorixSg ouA4vog

H Lvtirdqg ourq drodog olqporr(etor pre rov dloXrrlptopo qg 0u-poerdoug neprrovlog ror evron[(eror oro n],oyro rorXol,ro rou eu0u-ioXLorou poOpou. H oLdoLirrl opqpio roL qtr6po ro069 ror ro ol6ot-ixo veupo eLoepXovror orov ool,1vo ourov ono ro ei,oooov roXrororpqpo, roro ono rqv roXrorq orov0o (ELr. 3-17, 3-61 ror 3-63). 0ordotixog orrrtrrlvog opX((er roro ro on(o0ro opro rou eu0uioXrorou960pou xor nopeueror ono ro el,oooov roXroro rp1po rovro oqvroXrorrl orovOo, ttp0q r0 onfoOro orpo rou oupoyevvrlrlrou dro-rppoyporog. Tperg dogeg oveup[orowot oro on[o0Lo orpo rou or-doLirou ototrrlvo: 4 eou otdotixq aprqpia, n 6ou oLlotlxn QAEBIxoL ro odotixo veApo (Erx. 3-1 0 roL 3-61).

To adoilx1 ve1po e[vot oyedov onoxAttottxo une11uvo yLa 14velpuo4 rou nepueou. Kovro oro 6[o orpo rou o16oriro0 orrl],r1-v0, ro ordoriro veupo dtortrob[(eror ror dlvel ro poytoio veApo rouneouq (r1qg rtreLropfdog) ror ro veipo rou nepueou (Erx. 3-59 e-rog 3-61). To veupo ouro nopeuovror npog ro epnpog oe ro0entreupo qg 6oro ordorirrlg oprrlpiog. To vefpo rou neprveou dfve r

r<trobouq yro ro doXeo (1 ro Xertr4 rou ordorou) xor ouveXl(et yro voveupdroer roug pfeg rou oupoyevvrlrrrou 0rorppoyUoroq (ELr. 3-10). To poynio vilpo rou neoug g qg rtre rroprdog), ro onoro er-vor oroOrllrd, nopeueror 0T0v ev ro poOet neprveLro ldrpo (Err. 3-578 xor 3-61) yro vo rpOooer oqv nepLoXrl onou rorovege:rl. H xo-ru oLpoppoidtx7 EAeBa nepvo ono ro roro orpo rou nporrrxou


EQiEota (OpoC rtiC AQpoOiutc)

Fnl o*.s F rr h';.;iil

ttpoVVUnoC ouv6€aLnautc l.illtDac

AoKTUn o€btiCnooa€K6on€c rlinouc

BaNOvoC LI)CK11€tTopt60C

noaAti f tlcKd€tLop60 C

XctntvoC tnCKns ttoQi6oC

!-:.: :

Kp€ t-t o at n po C au vd € aU oCTna Kn€ttaDi6oc

trolila aupn0pctc

Eral.tta Karlsau

n€DtvstKu tt€tIDclvtl

oortrqvo yro vo e rpotrtrer oqv eoa atdotilxrl rpAeBl ptoo orov o16or-

rro ootr1vo. H qlepo ourl ovooropdlvrror Ue rrlv ovtrl orlroppoi6r-rq qlepo nou ov1xer oro nuAa[o EAeBrco oloqpo (pI. ELr. 2-83).

To ov6prx6 nepfveo

To ovdprrd nep[veo neprtroppovet rov nporrtro ootrrqvo, qvuUevtildn Kor Trlv oripoyyrir61 po(po Uq ouptt0poq rol qv p[(o rouooxeou ror rou neoug.

nno[€n nspttovt(l

EodAoonDovvoOnc I Iua

I oxt aait Dovv0a t I c Lt u c

EntnarlDC sVKopotoCt-tuc tou n€prv€ou

EUOUJoX]OKaC0aepaC

H upevdr6qg oup{0po (Err. 3-10, 3-17, 3-29, 3-30, 3-33,3-37 ror 3-38). H npoororlr1 Uoipo rrlq oupn0poq, 1 npdrrq po(po,

nepLypotperor oro roppol rrlg nu5trou. H pepppovtirbqq Uoipo rnqoupl0poq,4 deurepl po(po, elvor ro nro BpoXu (1-2 er. UrlKoq),Lenro ror (pe e{orpeol ro 6[o oropro qq oupll0poq) orevo rptllroqg ouprl0poq. Errefveror ono rrlv ropurprl rou npoororq p6Xpt rovBotrBo rou neoug, onou peronfnrer orr] onpoyytirdl oupi1Opo. H

upevtldqq ouprlOpo btooX((er Tov ev To poOer neprveiro Xdtpo,onou neprpotrLeror ono rov orpryrr1po Uu qq oupt1Opoq Kot Tlvneprveirl pepBpovq (dqtr. qv xoro nepuov[0 T0u 0upoYevvrlrtrou

n p(iKraC

Erxtivo 3-64. Arorogrl yuvorrelou neprvdou. llopoqpelore ro noXog rou enrQovaoKou trtntldoug lorou oro sQl9010 Kor rrq syKuoropeveg dorru-troerdeLg npooerpoLrlg tr(noug o'ouro. llopoqpelore enloqg roug eu0uroXroroug Bo0pouq, eror6po0ev rou nporlrou or.otrrlvo.

H orevoqro qg upevtirdoug ouplOpog eivor onorrl_treopro rou rovou rou orpryrrrlpo pu rqg oupqOpog. To r<u-xtrorepSg ouro puird nepiptrrlpo rrlg ro0roro rrlv upevtirdrlpo[po ro trryorepo drororo rprlgo rrlg ouprlOpoq. E{orrLogrou trenrou rrlg roLXrrtporoq, T0 eo&jTeprKo rpqpo qg ouprl_0pog efvor euo],o.rro ror dlorp6ler rov x[v6uvo 0rorpqorlgroro rq 0Lo6o ouprl0pu<ou r<oOerqpo n plinC or4 dLopxerootuXilporog.

To 6oyeo

To nepLeXopevo rou ooXeou, or opXeLg. xor ro neprBtrqpororoug (Err. 3-33) neprypoQovTor oTO reqotroro rrlg xortriog (gI. Kep.2) '0notg ovoqeperor ere[, ro ooXeo ovonruooeror ono pro erptro_orrlol rou depporoq rou npoo0rou roLtrrorou roLXrrtporog (ptr. ELr<.2-12 ru 2-15. llrv. 2-Z) Io ooXeo etvor evoq 1o,\oprig, dcpgorr_xrig, rvo;tuodqg ooxog nou Bproxeror nioo ror roror ono ro neogxol roro ono rrlv rlpLxq ou;upuorl (Erx. 3_33 3_54, 3_56 ror 3_65).0 oXlporropog rou ono duo roropotreg yLveror rpoveprl ono rrlvpo_p4 rou ooyeou roro rriv peorl ypopgr.l (ELr. 3_54). q ono[o ouveXi_(eror, orrlv rortrlorr; enrtpovero rou neoug, ac, po2n rou nEoug xarnloot roro prlrog rqg peorig ypopprlq TOU nsprveou rpoq TOV npo]_rro, og porpq rou nepruEou. To ooXeo ouviororor ono deppo rorrov dopro pu (ptr. ELr. 2-12).0 doprogpug, o onoLog npoorpuerororoOepo oro deppo, onoreLelror roro xupro troyo ono le(eg puiregtveg, oL onoleg ouonutvror rorut ono qv enidpooq r.].ruXoug, orrtlLo_rLr4g oor4o4g r<or oe(ouotrrrou epe0topou. Koror ono oureg rrgouv0rlreg ro rolXropo rou ooleou eLvot ortrrlpo ror pproreror oeouonoo4, evdr ro deppo rou elvor purrDo.rpevo.

H ouonoorl rou doprorj Kor rou Kpepnor4po puog eXeLoov 0noretreopo rlv ovu{rotoq rou rioXeou npog rov xoplro.'0rov o rotpog eivol notru (eorog, ro ooXeo loloprrrver ror e_nupener oroug opXerg vo xpripovror etreuOepo poxpro ono rootirlro. Eror e{oogotri(eror peyotrurepq enrrpovero OdpgorogYrO rriv onopotrrl r4g oeppdrrlrog. To ovrovoxtroonro ourorou ooXeou Borl0ouv orq OLorrlp4or1 oroOepqg 0epporpooL_og, treuoupy[o nou e(vor no],u or1;.rovtrrr1, ro0tirg n onepUo-Toyevsor1 (oXrlpolop6g onepporog) ovooretrLeror oe orpo!eg 0eppoxpooLeg. Iroug rlhxrotgrlvoug ovDpeg o doprog Xo_ver rov rovo rou Kor ro ooXeo dXer rrlv roorl vo elvor nto po_troxo ror vo KprU€Tor nro Xo;u1tro.

Arp6roo4 rou do;1eou (Err. 3_244, 3_594, 3_63 roL 3_66) 0r i{a otdotixeq opr1pbg rporpoborouv rrlv npooOro enrqo_vtr0 T0u ooXeou ror or eoo ordoLir<eg opr4preq rrlv onioOro entrpo_vero. To ooXeo d6Xeror enLorlg rtroboug roL ono qv opXrxq rot rrlvrpegooqpro oprnp[0.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPNEO

dtotppoyporog) l'1too K0t oT0 nloyLo rrlg upevtldoug ouprl0pog, oleBrxri nopol6reuon rou 6o;1eou (Err. 3-66). orxot oe rooe nleupo qg, oveup(ot<ovTot ot pLxpot potrpoupqOpo(ot ooxeireg qleBeq ouvobe0ouv rrg oprrlpieg ror rorotrrlyouv 'Trq

e-odeveg xor ol trenro[ errpoprlrLroi roug nopor. (Err. 3-r B). {trr ordorireg qtrepeq.NeUpoorl rou 6oyeou (Eu 3_18,3_61 r<or3_63). To npo_

o0ro rpqgo rou ooXeou veupotveror ono ro ,{ayoro BouBuvu<o ve|_p0 K0r TO on[o0ro ono rov peoo ror ntroyLo ooXeiro rtrodo rou ve|_plu rlu neptveou, ro0tog xot ond rov neprveiro rLodo rou oni_o0 to u pr1 podep UarrKOU ve u pou.

Aepglxli nopo;1dreuo4 rou 6o1eou (ELx. 3_598 roL 3_73. ptr. enLorlg Etr<,. 2-22). To treprpoyyero rou ooXeou rorotrqyouvmou g enmo Ar.,q B o u B av x o Aq,\e1rpodeyec.

To n6og

To neog eivol ro opyovo ouvouolog rou ovdpo ro0tig xor r1

rorvrl e(odog oupov ror onepporog (Err. 3_33, 3-38, 3_5g ror 3-65 eotg 3-70). Iuvrororol ono rpio xu),rvdpLro ootporo oqpoyyo.r_6oug orurrrou rorou, ro onoro neprpotr),ovror ono nuxvo rvrrtdrl Xr_rtlvo, roy Aeut<o yLrdva. Eloreptro rou treurou Xrrcirvo pp(orerorn ev Tu Ba1et nepnov[a rou neouq, 11 onoro oX4porL(er rlvo ror_vo neptptrqpo yupor ono ro duo orlpoyyrrtdrl otirporo rou neoug roLro oqpoyyrrrdeg oot;Lo 11g ouprlopog. To Drlpgo rou ne oug efvotnotru trenro, oroupoXptrtlLo xor Xotropo. To duo ono ro rp[o orurr_r<o orr.rporo, ro o4poyyti6rl o6paro rou neouq, ppforovror rono-Oerqpevo ro 6vo dintro oro oltro orrl poXroio enrqovero r0u ne-oug. Io or1poyy66eq oupo r4g oup4Ipag, ro ono[o pp(oreroLorr;v roltrror<1 enlqovero rou neoug, nepreXe L r4 oqpayy66rl lLoi_po Tng ouprl0pag. To buo oqpoyyrrtdri oo.rporo rou ne oug evdrvo_vr0L ovr[ororXo npog rrlv peori ypoUUl, errog ono rrlv on[o0ropotpo roug onou onoXatp[(ovror yro vo oXqporioouv ro d0o ox6_,{4. To orrlll npoorpuovror, de(Lo xot oprorepo, oroug ouorotXougrorto qBoioXroxoug xtroOoug, xor orqpr(ouv ro orlpoyytrtDeg odrpq14g ouprl0pog, ro onoio Bprorerot peroIu ror roro ono roug qpo_ioXtoroug r<troboug. To neog onoretrefrot ono r4v p(o xotro oti-pa. H poXro(o (on(o0ro) enLtpove ro rou neoug, oTpeQeTor np0q T0nfoor, orov T0 nroq pprorerot oe oruoq Kor npoq ro epnpog oexotroprl tpoorl. H poxq rou neoug ouvexeror !s ro npoo0Lo r<ortrro-ro rolXopo. H atrtrr1 rou enrqovero ovorp6peror og rottrrorrl (oupr1_0prrfi) enrqovero.

H pi(a rou neouq, 11 poLpo rou nou npooqueror orov roppo(Etr. 3-38 3-528, 3-63, 3-65 r<or 3_66), pptor<eror oTOV entnoArlgneprveiro Xtirpo, perolu rqg neprveirrlq pepppov4g npog ro novctKor Trlq enrnotrqg nepLrov[og rou neprv6ou rpoq r0 rorro H pr(o0noreLe[ror ono ro oretrri, rov Botrpo (rou orlpoyyrrtdoug odrporoqqg ouprl0pog), ror roug gueg nou oXel(ovror pe ouro (polpooq_poyyrrrdeLg). 0 poAB69 rou otlpoyyudouq o'porog rr19 oup4lpoqpp[oreror pero(u rotv oretrutv, orov entnotrrlg nepLveiro Xatpo Todreupuopevo on[o0Lo TUriU0 lou poipou. drorupotveror rTpoq T0novot ono rr1 orlpoyyo.rDrl po(po rrlg oupq0pog.

To oripo rou neoug (ELr. 3-33, 3_65 rot 3-66) ervoL 11 etreu0e_pq po(po rou, 1 ono[o olope[ror orov pp(oreroL oe Xotroo1.

.Errogono triyeg puireg deopideg rou Botrpooqpoyyo-rdoug puog xovro

360 MINIKH ANATOMIA

0Tl pi(0 ta lula r0u n€aug 6ev EyeL grieg. Anorelelrot ono roduo olpoyyrL-rd1 orLrporo rou n6ouq Kot r0 0rlpoYYtldeg odtpo qgoupq0poc roL rotrunreroL ono drippo. Iro nepLqeptro orpo rou n6-ou -t ppioreror q paAavoq rou ntouq (re qoll). Anore),e I rpqpo rouolpoyyrLrboug odrporoq rrtq ouplopog. H onpoyYtidnq UoQa qgaupnlpag pprorerot Ueoo or0 olpoYYtodeq odrpo rrlq rot roro rrlvnopeio rqg dtooxi(er rr1 pt(o rot ro otitl,to rou n6ouq. Enop6vtr-tg

onoreLeI ro Uorprjrepo rprlpo rrlq ouptl0poq. [leptqe ptxo, ro o1-poyyrrrbeq otirpo rrlq ouprl0poq dteup0verot Yt0 v0 OxrlU0T[oet 14u

xuvLxrl BoAavo rcu n6oug, ro roltr0 rrlg onotog rotr0nret ro etre u-

0epo ruqtro orpo rov or'lpoYYtr.ldtov otlportlv rou ne oug (Etr. 3-38ror 3-69). H Botrovog eUQovt(eL peyotr0reprl ouYKsvTpool oto0qrt-rdrv onotrr1[eov ono ro unotrotno odtplo rou n6ouq rot 0Jq tK TOU-

rou e[vor e[otpertro euo[001q oe rpuotro epeOloporo (Masters ei

al., 1 9BB). To oorp6q opro rlg Fotrovou rou neoug, nou ovopo(eroLoreEav4 rnq BoAovou, npo5Xet ono ro opto rov orlpoyytldtiv otr.t-

porov rou n5oug. llpo$otrtreL novot ono p(o tro[t1 o0troro n0u ovo-

po(eroL ouXevog TOU reouq. To oXtopoet66g ovotygo rnq onp0YY0-douq oupll0pog, nou ovopo(erot e{a; ouprl0pLx6 lTlpto, pp[orerotrovro orrlv ropuqq rrlg potrovou (Etr. 3-65, 3-67 rot 3-68). To

66ppo roL ot nepuovleq T0u ileouq rorotrrlyouv oe Uto etreu0epr]

dtn6rotr1 nruXq rou ddpporog, rqv axponoo1to, 11 onoio rotrunrelq po\ovo oe otrtrore otrtrr1 6xrooq (Etr. 3-33 3-35 3-67 rot 3-68).Mio nruxrl roro qv peorl ypopprl qg roro enttpove[og, o yaLtvog

r4g oxponoo7lag q6perot ono qv ev rol Bo0et ortpodo rrlg no-oOqq peXpr 6vo olpeio orptp6q rorot ono ro e[io oropto rt1q ouptt-opoq

H pr(o, ro otrlgo xot 11 potrovoq Tou neouq dlvouv pte qv oqq

onoyydrbrl evr0nooq, enetdq onore),ouvrot ono o4payy(td7 oruu-xo rcr6, o onofoq ouv(otorot ono btontreropevouq 16poug nou e-

nxorvovouv perol0 roug (Etr. 3-698 rot t) Kot oro rp[o onpoYYtit-

61 otirporo rou n6oug, ot Xtirpot ourof Xutp((ovrot ono Lvtirdl Dto-

rppoygoro ror yepi(ouv pe oipo roro rq orriol. To popoq rou otit-

uoToq TOU n6oug ouyrpore[rot ono buo ouv65opoug, ot ono[ot ou-

tt€Qovn TtlC PonovouTOti ntaLJc

O€an rou an€pLtctuKourovou oto ooxto(0n EtK. 3 664)

Bonovoc Lou n€auC

O€oti oprotEpoj opx€oCoto oax€o

Erxdvo 3-65. Ton6og r<ot ro 6oXeoovdpo 27 er6v. H

gotrovog elvor yu-pvf1, 6rorr Il oKpo-nooO(o eXer oqor-peOei pe nepuoprl.To B6trog de(Xvetro 6[to oropLo qgouprl0poq.

NYEAOZ. KAI NEPINEO 361

EntnonnC (€€etEprKoC)liouBovtKoC 60Kt0ntoC

apxrKti ootnaio

Kp€ltoorup0C LtuC

MripoV€vvnttKo vsupo

,n€ppouKoC nopoC

E n tKost6€c Qns BtKo n n€vLto

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B

'E€(d ansppouKtinspttovio

A0Vavo0ouB0wKav€upo

K ps l-t o ot t1 po C a u v 6 € o l-t oCtou n€auc

Poxtoio On€potou n€ouc

Poxtoto oprnpto Kotv€ilJo tou n€ouC

EE(D on€pLtouKtintpttovio

Ent66Lttlt6o

np6oets oUrtl

fnpow(D'sc aopo rou nseuc

Ev to 6o0slplxnio Qn€po

Poxtoio vsupo

Eonovoc rou n€ouc

tau n€ouc

Poxtoto opulpto

&riBonPoC EK€noC tou n€oua

,ttpov/ddsC adlto rtlC oupn1po\

Etxtlvo 3-66. A. Avorop4 T0u nsouq, T0u ontppoTrKOU T0v0u Kor T0u 0oxr0u n ortor0 0n0K0I0ttTrr T0 oyysr0 Kor ro veup0 T0uq, B. Eyropoto dto-rop| oro uqroq Tlq pt(oq rou n60uq. T0 dtlppo roL o tvtirdlq Lorog nou ouyrporouv ro olpoyytirdrl odr;loro pero[u roug rlXouv orpolpe0ei. l-lopoq-pelore orL 1 olpoyytitdlq porpo qg ouprtopoq eivor Drorerop6vrl ovrlororXo npog r0 potrBo roL oXlpor((er rov evdoBotrpLxo Boopo.


vdxovror Us Tnv neprTovlo TOU neouq. 0 o(pevdlvltdng l1vde-ogog exqferor ono qv rorol po[po qq treur1g ypoUUlq (pI. Erx.

2-9) rot XopL(eror oe 6uo Udpl, evo yro ro0e ntreupo TOU neouq.0 xpepaor1pog oAvdeopoq (Err. 3-66) noproro noXuvorl Tlq enr-notrqg neprrovioq pe rq popqq pLoq noXroq, rpryovrrrlg rvoe),oorr-rrlq troprdog. ErqueroL ono qv npooOro enrrpovero qg qBrrlqorjUQuolq K0r QrpsTor np0q r0 roro. ALXo(eror yr0 v0 oXlporloer0qtrto, q ono[o oulLtpIeTor Ue qv ev ror po0er nepuov[o rou neouqoro orlgelo onou evtrlveror ro orlvlro pe ro etrefOepo rpflpo rouopyovou (6qtr. erei onou rpegerot oq Xotroprl rou roroorooq, Err,

3-65 r<or 3-66).Arp6rtoorl rou n6oug (Err. 3-10, 3-18, 3-63, 3-66 xot 3-

67). 0L opqpreq rou neoug e[vor: (1) ot poynieq apr4pbg, ot

ono[eg nopeuovroL gero(f rov orlpoyyodrirv orrrporov rou n6oug,erorepoOev rrlg ev To po0eL poXroloq qtrepog, (2) ot ev ru Bo0eLlpr4pbg, or ono(eg 6rorupo[vouv ro or5trr1 roL nope0ovror prloooro olpoyyrirdrl odrgoro ror (3) 4 BoABLxtt apr1pio, nou eroepxeToroe ro0e ntreupo. 0r poXroleg Kor or rv ro Bo0e r opqpieg elvor r],0-dot rotv mu adotixuv oprnpruv. or onoreq srorpXOVror 0Trlv nut-tro og xtrodor rov 6oo troyovru.rv opqpuirv. 0r ev ro Bo0eL opqpreqonoreLouv ro rupro rpotpodorrro oyye (o yro roug orlpoyyrirdeLg Xro-poug (orurrrog rorog) ror rov rpr6v olpoyyodrlv ooUoTov K0r K0-ro ouvenero eplntrerovror orrl oruol rou neouq. Ano ro oyyelo ou-ro npoepXovror notruopr0por r),odor, or onoiol erBotr),ouv roreu-Oefov oroug orlpoyy6derq Xopoug. 'Orov ro neog pproreroL 0s Xo-trooq, or opqptoxoI ouroI r<],oDor etvoL nepre],Lyl.lrvor K0r yro ro tro-yo ouro ovogo(ovror etrrroerde[g oprrlpieq

Otreprxrj nopo;1ereuo4 rou neoug (Err. 3-29, 3-55 3-66 ror 3-67). To ofpo ono roug orlpoyyrirde Lq Xulpouq nopoXereueror peoo.r

rcu rpAeBxo1 nleyporog nou xoro),1yer oTrlv ey ru po?u paytofupieBa, nou Bpioreror oTlv ev rot Bo0er neprrov[0. H tptr6po ourlnopeueror ev ro poOer npoq TOV ropoporo ofvdeogo rqg flp1q rorovooropurveror Us r0 npoorouxo EA;Brco nAEypa. To olgo ono roneptBlqporo rou neoug nopoXereueror ono rqv entnoA4q poytoiorpiipo r<or xorotrrlyer orqv enrno,l4g 6€u oLdoLlxi rpAela.

Aep<prrri nopo;16reuon rou n6oug (ELr. 3-598). Totrepqoyyero ono otrortrqpo oXedov ro neog rorotrlyouv oTOUq €rt-noLr1q Boupuvxo1q MpEodereg. To treprpoyyeio ond rq Botrovorou neoug rorotrlyouv oTOUq ey ru Ba1eL poupuwxo1g Aegpade-veq

Nerlpooq rou n6oug (Eu<. 3-10, 3-36 3-61, 3-63, 3-66xot 3-67). To poytob ve1po rou nioug onoretrel rov 6vov er rotv6uo relrrdlv rtrobtov rcu aLdotixoi velpou, ro qtrtro elvor ro veupoT0u ntprveou. To poXtoio ve0po opXL(eL orov oldoliro otrrtrrlvo xornopeueror rpog r0 egnpoq p6oo orov ev ro po0eL neprveiro Xdl-po. llopeueror orrl ouveXero orqv poXrl rou neoug, onou qeperororo ntroyro rov oprrlpriirv. Koroveperor rooo oro 6dppo, ooo r<or

orrlv potrovo rou n6oug. To ndog elvor n),o0oro oe veuprreg ono-lq[etg ro0e eldoug, tdro(repo 1 potrovog, ror eror elvol no],u euo[-oOqro. Io orlpayydd4 velpo ano ro rorol unoyoorpLo nleypo tpd-povror ptlorr.r rou oupoyevvlrrrou dtotppoyporog p6Xpr ro neog. To6eppo nou ro),unrer rqv p((o rou neoug veupdrverol ono ro,\oyo-

voBouBuvtxo veApo, tov neprveixo r),060 rou on[o1tou lt4podep-ltotrcoA veApou K0r T0uq onioOroug ooXeiroug rtrodouq rou ve[-pou r0u neprveou.

H exoneppdnoq e pqovr(er 6uo rpooerq. ApXrro enrre-tre(ror 4 exporl rou onepporog KoL Tov errpioeov rolvoneppolrdv nopov oqv npoororrrl rot upevtirdq poiporqg ouprl0poq. Touro orpe[],eror orov neproro],rropo roveKonspu0Tr0rr<rrrv nopov KOr 0nspuoTrKtirv tr1r00ov, ro-Otitg xor orq o0onool rov Botrpoupq0po(ov odevorv Kor Tovtre[ov liurirv rou npooror4 . H erpo4 rou onepparcg eAey-yuot ano ro oupna14ttxo. H exonepporLo4, yttoa Tlq oq-poyyrirdouq ouprl0poq, etrdyXeroL ono ro nopoouprnoOqn-xo. H exonepporrorl ouvodeferor ono xtrtrrvLr<i1 ouonooqrou Botrpoolpoyyrirdouq Kor rou roXroorlpoyyrirdouq puoq(Woodburne and Burkel, 19BB).

H ovoroprrti Fdoq rqg orrioqg (Eu<. 3-63, 3-66 ror 3-69). '0rov evog ovdpog epe0rore( oe[ouotrLxo, ortreie g puir6q iveg rov Lvrrldtilv doridov Kor rov etrrroerdtrlvoprrlprrov Xotroptirvouv, Aoyu rye?Lo1to0 rou nopaoupno-1qnxoA.Iov onor6Le ogo, or opqp(eg eu0ero(ovror, 0 0u-trog rouq 6reupuveror ror dreurotruveror q poq rou olprorogp6oo oroug oqpoyytldeLg lrirpouq. To oilro ntrr;ppupi(ertoug Xtitpoug ouroug Kor r0uq 6rore[ver. 0 potrpooripoyyrir-6qg roL 0 roxroorlpoyytirbqg gug ougnLe(ouv ro tptrepLro

ntreyporo orqv nepLqepero Tov onpoyytodtirv otoporolv r<or

nopegno6((ouv qv nopoX5Tsuorl Tou tptrepLrou oLporog,pe ouvenero ro rp(o onpoyyrirdrt odrporo vo peye00vovroLxor vo ro0lorowor ovetroorrrd, ev6 ro neog epqovi(eroruoq. Mero ono rr;v eronepprorrorl Kor Tov opyoopo (xo-p0rptrrorl qg epolrrlg npoqlq r1 eptrtlxdrv oregeov), roneog enovdpXeror orobrord oe roroorooq Xotroor1g. Aurooqefteror oe epe8rogo rou ougno0qrrroU, nou npoxotrefouonoorl rolv trefov puir6v rvrirv rov e],Lroerddrv opqpLov.0 potrpoorlpoyyrir6qg ror o r0xr00npoyydrdqq pug Xotropdr-vouv, enrrp6n0vT0q rrlv porl nepLooordpou olporoq npogrLq Qtrepeq. To o(po nopoXereueroL opyo ono T0uq onp0y-ytldeLg Xtirpouq orrlv rv rtrl Bo0er poXrolo rptrdpo roundoug.

H o4poyyrir6qg ouprl0po (Err. 3-33 3-35 ror 3-66 eorq3-69). Anoretrei rr1 porp0repq porpo qg oup[0pog (pe plrog 15doq 16 er.). llope0eror Ueoo orov potrpo rol ro odrpo r0u 0lp0y-ytir6oug oroporog qg oupl0poq xor roro),qye I oro e{a 0T0lJto Tqgoupq1paq, q orevorepl poLpo rqg. 0 outroq rrlq oqpoyydrdouqliorpog qq ouprl0pog eXer 6Loperpo nep[nou 5 Xr],., ou[overoroprrrg ovr[ororxo npoq rov potrpo yrO v0 oxlUOTloe r rov u6oBoA-Btxo Bo1po Kot rnv BoAavo yro v0 oXqUoTbttto oxoEoeLd4 po-gpo. Erordpo0ev qq Ueolq ypoUUnq, oTO KrvTprKo rplgo Tlq ol-poyytrrdoug oupn0poq oe onoorool neplnou 3 er. ono Tnv nspr-veixq pepBpovl, erBotrtrouv or Lenroi nopor rov BoABoup71patuvodEvav, ro oropro rov onofotv e[vor notru urrpo. Irlv oupnOpo


AvooratLoon OrltCivPoxroto v€upa Kot opillpnEnrnonic ooxtoio An€0o

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Erxtlvo 3-67. Avoropq

tup1vvodtc o()lto ..,

(s ltn€ pt€ xa t tn anp0'/ y'04,'l.toipo utc oup[]aooc

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r0u 0ou0r0q r0u [ri0uq. To rp(o ruri.orspl K0lupu0T0 r0u n60uq 6xouv ovoonooOe[.

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Erxdvo 3-68. Tp1po rou 06UoToq rou neouq oT0 0roi0 6XeL y(ver snrUrlKlq dtoroprl oTlv K0ttrroKrl (ouptt0ptrn) entqov€t0. Enopdvtrtg Btr6noupe roeooreprK6 qg poXroloq enupovelog Tlq 0r]p0yy6d0ug porpog rnq oupnOpoq llopoqpetore ro eupu evTunopo (Ueyotro Bo0pio), To ono[0 6XeL rtrt-vrrrl olpooio, Dr6n elvoL duvordv vo nopepnodloet rr1 6ro6o Tou K00erlpo,

E{0 atotlto utc ouDnAD0c


AtlQpoVl_to tou n€ouc

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ttsQ0vn TnC 0onovoutou n€ouc

tDpoVy66nC Ltoipoil)c ouptl0poc

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oveupr0K0vT0r sltronq T0 urKpoT0T0 oTour0 TOV noporv rotv ptrev-va66v lupnepLK(i)v odevuv. 0r odeveg ouTol e(vor notruopreporoTn poxr0(0 KUptoq snrqovsr0 rrlq olp0yy60ouq U0ipoq Trlq oupn-opoq.

Aprqpfeg xor rptrepeg r4g ovdprxrig oup{0pog (ELr. 3-18, 3-24A,3-59A ror 3-66).0r oprrlpieq 14g elvor rtrodor oprrlpr6v noudtovtlpovror oro opyovo, ond ro ono[o brepXeror 1 oupr10po. Eror,xtrodor rtov npoorolrtirv opqpuirv orporrrlvouv ro rpqpo qq ouprl-0pog nou dt6pXeror ono rov npoordrrl, evtir q Botrprrrl opqpro rorq oupq0prr4 opqpio rorov6govror oT0 neprqeprKo rprlpo Trlq 0u-pfep0q. 0l duo reLeuro[eg onoretrouv rtrodoug rr;g eoo otdotix4gaprr1pfug.0r qtrepeq ouvoDeuouv lq oprrlp(eg ror 6Xouv ovotroyoovoporo.

Nedpoo4 rrlg ovdprxrjg ouprjOpog (ELx. 3-24A, 3-36 ror 3-61).To ve0po qg ovdprr4g ouprlOpoq onoreLorjv rtroDoug rou ordori-

xoi veApou.0r neprooorepeq npoooyoyriq rveg ono qv ouprlgponopeuovror gt rc nueAxo onAayvxa rzeupa. Neupo ono ro npo-orolro ntr6y;r0, ro ono(o npoepXeror ono ro roro unoyoorptontrdypo, drovrlpovrot oe otreg rLg poipeg rqq ouprl0pog.

Av ror ro peyeOog rou ndoug, drov our6 eLvoL Xotro-pd, norxfttrer xord nolu oe drorpopelro[g ovdpeq (Ue U6-o4 lpq 9,5 ex.), 4 drorUpovorl ourrl eivoL notrri gxprirep46rov ro n6og pp(oreror oe oruorl. EroL, or ovdpeq Ue oxel-rd grrpd n6og oe Xotrooq, nopouord(ouv peyotruteprl oulq-or1 rou dyxou rou roro 14 oliorl, on'dl or ovdpeq Ue Ueyo-trUrepo Xotropd nriog (Masters et al., i 988). Inovro yevvrou-vror oyripto penoAu gxpo neog (pxporepo on6 2 er.), evcirgeprx6q Q0peq n xordoroorl ourl oqefteror oe roorgrl ove-ndprero reoroorepov4 g,

t^. r-1, ,n,, f,ror, I

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Etxtlvo 3-69. A. To enine6o rov eyropottrtv T0Fov Tlq Botrovou r0u ntouq rou oxrlporog B r<or l-. To rpqporo rou neouq urrq 0,.0 0v0r0ur.l Q0(v0-vr0t oT0 A. lloporqpeLore Otl ro oqpoyydrdeg odrpo rqg ouprt0poq eprneprdxet rr1 oqpoyytirdrl poipo rr1g. H Botrovog rou n6ouq eqoppo(er oov ro-luppro oro rurpLo orpo rorv oqpoyyoOdlv orrrporulv rou n6oug, onog deixveL ror q errovo 3-3g.

NYEAOZ KAI NEPNEO 365

H oqpoyyridqq oupr10po, 6rop6rpou nep(nou 5 Xrtr.,pnope( vo drore(veror opxero dlore vo enrrptinel 14 Dio6o e-vog epyotre(ou dLoperpou nepinou 8 Xrtr. To 6lto oropro rrlqouprl0pog onoretrel ro orevorepo, otrtro ror trrydrepo 6roro-16 or;peio rr1q. Enoprlvog rivo ripyovo, ro ono[o nepvd ontlro oropro ouro, 0o np6neL vo pnopei vo nepooer ono olo rootrtro rpqporo rqg oupr1Opog . H orcvuo4 rqg oup4lpogpnope[ vo e(vor onordtreopo e{toreprxou rpofporog rou ne-oug ri qtreypovrlg rr;g ouprl0pog.Koro rov roOerlploopo rr;gouprl0pog XprloLgonororlvror erdrro epyotrero, tlore vo dro-r00ei q oupq0po (n.X. yro rr1 6iodo xuoreooxon[ou, ELr. 3-32). To eooreprxo rrlg ouprl0pog eivor buvor6v vo etreyX0e(pe q po4Oero epyotreiou, ro onoio rpoll(eror on6 qtrerrpr-Kn nlyn roL ovogo(erot oup40poox6nLo.

0 6roup40plxriq xo0er4proopdq exretreLror ge oron6rrlv onoporpuvo4 rtov oriptrlv oe oo0eveig nou dev pnopouvvo oupqoouv. llpoyporonorelroL, en(or1g, orov enrpotrtreror 4trr1Qr; oreipou Oeiyporog oupov ono r4v oupodoXo r0orr1.Koro qv eLooyo.ryn roOer4pov ror oreil,e6v npdner vo trog-povovroL unoQrl or ropnrlg qq ouprl0pog. H upevdr0rlg poL-po qdperoL npoq T0 xoro xor epnpriq, ro0drq dLrlpXerot gd-oo r0u luplyewnrLKo} dngpayporog (ELx. 3-17, 3-33 xor3-38). H npooronrrl poipo xopnreroL etroppd pe ro xofionpog egnpog, ro0og drorprlXer rov npoororrl. Apdooq roralond rqv neprveirrl ;repppovrl, 11 oripoyytirdrlg oupqOpo nepL-potrtreror npoq r0 xoro xor n(oot ono rov orulro ro16 roupolpo0 qq oupq0pog (ELr. 3-33 roL 3-668), 6ptog 6vo gLrporpr;po qg ugevrrrdoug oup4opog nopolr6ver onpoordreuro.Ko0rlg ro rorltrl;ro rrlg oupriOpog oro o4pe(o ouro efvor tre-nrd ror drororo, efvor eunptlop],r1ro ror xrvDuveuer on6rpoup0nopoug roro r4v etooyoyri opyuvrrtv o'ourr1v.

H pri{q rqg o4puyytildoug oupri0poq or0 urloq roupotrBou (Erx. 3-668) e(vor oprerd ou1vr1 oe rpougologougoropov oe "06o4 rnnoori". H oup4Opo unoreuor oe prlqn,orov nroore( pero[u evdg oxtrrlporj ovlrerpdvou (n.X. rlvoordepevro 6oropr 11 rov o{ovo evdg nodrltrorou) roL ro e{ i-oou ortrqpo rlprro ro{o rou orogou (Err. 3-1). To oupo dLo-qeuyouv r6re npog rov enrruoifq nepueix6 latpo (Err. 3-57) ror qdpovror npoq ro rdrto oro tioXeo ror npog ro no-vor oro np6o0ro xorl,toxrj ro[Xtrtpo,

Iuv40rop6vr1 ouyyevqg Oropopr[o orrl drdntroorl rouneoug roL rqg ouprl0pog (1 oe xd0e 500 veoyrivv4ro) ono-tetref o unoonodiog. Irrlv nro ontrr1 rou ;ropqr1, rou potrovr-rou unoono6(0, ro r1[or orogro r4g ouprl0pog ppLoretororqv xortrrorrl enrgovero qg potrovou rou n6oug (Behrmanand Vaughan, 1992). Ie otrtro prxpo oyopro, 11 Btropr1 evro-n((eror oro drippo roL ro r<ortrror6 rorlrolro rqg oqpoyytir-doug lroipoq rrlg ouprl0poq. 'Eror, ro rl[o ordgLo rqg ouprl-0pog ppioxeror orqv roilrox4 enrqovelo rou n6oug. 0 uno-onodiog e[voL onore],eogo onoruXiog rr;g ouvevotorlg rovoupoyevv4lr6v nruXtov nptirrpo rord rrlv e[etrr{r1 Tou eU-pprlou (Moore, 1988).

H oxponoo0(o e[vor ouvr"lOtog opxero e],oolrr1 roorevo pnopei vo rpoprdror n(oor ono rr1 potrovo, ev rofrorg oeopLopevoug ovdpeg eqoppd(er orprXro or4 Fdtrovo xqr devrpoBr6ror euxotro, 11 ror ro8otrou. H rorooroo4 our4 ovopro_(eror qipoo4. Iqv orponooOio unopXouv 0rogoponoulp6-v0t oUnypoToyrivor oddveg, ro trrnopd 6xxprgo rov onoiolv,nou eXeL ruptiOrl o0oroorl xor ovopd(eroL opnypo, pnopeL voouooopeurei p5oo oro 0utroro rqg orponoo0[og ror vo npo_roLeoeL epe0ropo. 0 0utrorog qg orponoo0ioq gpioxerorUero[u qq potrovou Kor qq orponoo0rog (ELr. 3-67). IeopLopdvn orogo, ro oropto rr1g oxponoo1iag efvor rooo ore-vd, rfore orov 11 oxponooOio rpoprllOer niotrl ono rr1 potrovo,oupnte(eL rov ouXrlvo rou n6oug oe reroro Bo0pri, drore vonopepnodi(erar ri nopoX6reuorl rou olporog rot tou uypourov Lorov ano q pdtrovo. Ie opprrloroug pe ourrlv qv roro-or0ol nou ovopo(eror naparplpuoq, ro peye0og qg potro_vou efvor buvotov vo ou(r10er 16oo, r0ore 11 orponooOio vopn Lrnoper vo enovetrOer orrl 06011 rrlg. Ie rdroreg neprnrtl_oerg exreLeftol nepuoprl. Ileprrop{ e(vor 11 Xerpoupyrxq0goipeol nlq oKponooeiog (Err. 3-65). Anotetref rqv nLo ou-vr104 prrpq XeLpoupyrxq en6ppoorl oro pLrpd oydpro rrlg Bo-petog AgepLxqg. Itoug evrltrrxoug, 11 nepuog4 errel,efror ou_vrlOorg oe nepLrn6oerg rgiprooqq r1 noporp(pooqg. Av roL enr-p0trtreroL ono qv lologrxrl Kor Trlv loudoix4 0p4oxeio, otrlBopeLo Apepuq exreleuor nolu ouXvo yLo 1rq 0prloreun-roug troyoug (oXel(opevoug rupicog ge n1v uyrervrl).

OL enrnoAriq FJeq rou neprvdou (ELr. 3-18,5-22, g_

582 ror 3-63). AuroL e[vor rpetg: (1) o ennoA4g eyxopotoq puqrou neptvfou, (2) o BoABoottpayydt\qg ror (3) o toyLoo4payydt_d4g.0r buo re),eurolor e(vot pueq rou neoug.0r enrnotrrlg pueg rouneprveou pp[orowot oro enrnotr4g neprveiro droorqpo, ro ono[oorpopL(eror npoq T0 roro ono qv enrnotrqg neprrov(o .0, nep,-veou xor rpoq r0 novol ono qv nepLveirrl pepppovq. Kor or rpergouro( pueg rrlg enrnotrrlg orrpodog veupdrvovror ono ro veUpo rouneprveou.

0r enrnotrrlg eyxoporor pfeg rou neprveou. 0t trenr6g K0r oTe_v6g oureg puix6g rorv(eg, QepovTor eyroporo pnpooro ono rovnpolrro. Ko0e 6voq ond ouroug errelveror ono ro ouorotxo roxro_ro ruprotpo peXpr ro oopo rou neprveou rot nrOovororo ouppotr_trer oq oro0epono[r;ol rou o9t1vosrdoLlg ourou revovro.

0L potrpoo4poyytiderq prieg (Eu<. 3-33A ror 3-63). 0r pueg ou_roi rou Botrpou rou orlpoyyrrr6oug odrporog rrlg oup10pog, (gol0oSrou neoug) Bp[orovror oro p6oo enfnedo rou neprv6ou, gnpooroono rov nporro. To duo oupperpLro rp4poro evi0vovror oro geoope revovlo porpq rorot ono rov potrpo. Or pueg ouroi erq0ovrorond rqv revovrro our4 porp4 rot ono ro otrrpo rou neprv6ou.0rpotrpoorlpoyyroderg pueg oXrlpori(ouv evav oEryrr4po, o onorogoupnr6(er rov potrpo xor ro orlpoyyrirdeg oopo rqg ouprlOpog, npo-roLrlvrog qv r6vororl qg orlpoyyrrtdoug ouprl0poq ono unotre Lpgooupov r1lror on6pporog. 0r npooOreg deopideg ruv poABoorlpay-yudtitv ltutitv oultBoAAouv en[o4q xu otrTv orAoq, oulovovrog qv

KAINIKH ANATOMIA366

n(eon n0v0l oTOV oTUTtKo t0T0. AK0U0, oupnte(ouv rnv 0v To Boget

poXroio rptr6po rou n6ouq, 1 ono(o epnod((et rrlv QtreBLrn nopoX6-

Tsu0rl rotv orlpoyytoddrv Xdrpotv roL oupperdXet orrlv oulrlorl rou

pey60ouq rot qq dtoyroorl rou n6oug.

0L roltoo4poyytirberg prieq (Etr. 3-582, 3-63 ror 3-69) 0t p0eq

ourot neptpotrtrouv ro or6trr1 orrlv pi(o tou neouq KoOe puq erqu-

eror ono qv eoo entqoveto rou ouorotXou toytaxoA xupttiparoqKor rou x[olou tou toyLaxol ooto| xu q6peroL rp0q T0 eUnpoq

oto or6trog rou ndouq, onou etoduet ortg ntroyteq rot rqv rotLto-

rq enLqoveLo rou ox6l,oug. 0r toXroorlpoyYtirbeLq Uueq nporolouvrrlv poq o(poroq ono rouq oqpoyytirdeLq Xdrpoug rtrlv oretrdv npoq

ro neprqeprro rprlgoro rtrlv olpoyyootitv otlgorotv, Y8YOVOq ilou

oulovet rn dtdYruron rou n6oug" H ouonoorl Tov toxtoonpoYYtldtiv

pu6v oupnL6(er eniorlq Tnv ev To Bo0er poxtoio rptrepo rou n6ouq'

oro onue(o onou our4 e[rlpXeror ond ro or6trog rou n6oug, ono-

ronrovrog qv odo rnq rptreptrnq nopoX6reuoqq ono ro neog rot

ouppdtrtrovroq 6rol orqv btorrlprlorl rt1q oruonq'

To yuvorKefo neq(veo

0t Urjeq, ro veupo ror ro oyyefo rou yuvotreiou neptv6ou e[vot

oXedov idto pe ereivo rou ovdptrou (Etr. 3-23, 3-40, 3-58 roL 3-

70). To 5[o yevvrlttro opyovo nopouoto(ouv opotorrlreg pe ouro

rou dvdpo, roOdrq e[etr(ooovrot ond ro [6to opyeyova opYavo

(Moore, 1988). 0t rupteg dLotpopeg rou yuvotre(ou neplveou e(vot

: (1) o rotreoq dLorpuno r0 oupoYevvlTtro dtotppoYUo' (2) tt oupn-

Opo pp(orerot oro npoo0to roiXcopo rou rotreou, (3) 11 rtretropt6o

dev nepreXet rUrlUo rr1q oupn0poq xot (4) ot eUBputreq ooxsoxet-

trLreg xot oupoyevvrlrtreq nruXdq dev ouvevtitvovrot, oXqgor[(o-

vrog erot ro geyotro ror ro ptrpo Xeilr1 rou otbolou, ovr[oroLXo' To

6[o yevvrlrtro opyovo rrlq yuvoiroq ovol-to(ovrot otro po(i otdoio

(ELr.3-40,3-60,3-64 xor 3-70 eorq 3-72). To ot6o(o onoretrefrot

ono: ro eQnpoto, ro peyotro Xeitrq, ro ULxpo Xeiln, rov npodopto rou

rol,eou, qv rtrerrop[60, rouq potrpo0q Kot T0uq ;re((oveq od6veq

rou npo6ogou.H enrnotr{g neplrovio rou neplv6ou (Etr. 3-71 rot 3-

72, ptr. eniolq Etr. 2-18).'0ntrlq KotoTov ovbpo, noporqpelrotp(otrrndrdqq olpodo enLnotrrlg neptroviog xor pfo Lvtildrlg ortBodo uno-

doprou ouvbertrou torot. 0t ortpodeg our6q ouveXovrot novol ono

ro peyotro Xe(trr1. H tvdrdlg neprrovio npooquerot roro rnv U6otl

ypoppn ornv nptxn ouptpuol Kot npoq ro ntroyto oro odrpto rou rlpt-

ro0 ooro0.0t enrnoA{q Prjeq rou neptv6ou (Err. 3-5BZ xot 3-64)

0 ennoArlq eyxaporcq UUq, rcu nepueou' 6vog trenroq Uuq, tpepe-

Tot oTllv Bdol rou entnotrrlq neptveixoti ltilpou xot erre(verot ono

rov toXroro rhodo g6Xpt ro odlpo tou neptvtlou. 0 Loytoo4poyyti'

d4q, trenrdq UUq Kot ouroq, npootpuerot en[oqg orov toXLoxo xtro-

60, otrtro etod0eL oro or6trog qg rtretrop(60c, 0 BoABooqpoyYf-d4q, o ono(oq e[vot evog trenrog ntrorug Uuq, Xorpi(erot ono rov

ovr(Oero Tou Ue Tov rotreo. Ertpuerot ono ro rdvrpo rou neptveou'

rp6perot Yupur ono rov rol,eo roL etodUe t oqv rl,etrop(60.

To 6\u yevvnrtKd 6pyavo rng Vuvo[Kcts

To egrlBoro (6poq rqg Agpodir4g) (ELr' 3-64 roL 3-

70A). To etpqpoto e[vot evo trtntirbeq, onoorpoyyutrtilp6vo dnop;to

rou ddpporog, ro onolo ppioxerot gnpooro ono qv npLrn o0Utpuon

orrlv ror6reprl lptrf 1drpo, Anoretre(tot rord r0pto troyo ond trtntit-

dq ouvdertro roro roro ono ro deppo. To tr(nog ouro onoretre( evo

erdxo xogporr rt1q trtndrOouq ortpoboq rou unodoptou ouvbertrou

roro0 rou 6epporoq rou npooOtou rod,toxoti rotXdrpotog' H nooorrl-

ro rou tr(nouq ouloverot roro rrlv eqnpe(o rol eLorrdlverot pero rrlv

epprlvonouol. To etprlBoto roro rr1 dtopreLo rnq eQnpeioq xotrunre-

ror ono rpixu4a,ro ono[o eniorlq etrorrdrverot gero rrlv eppqvonou-

or1, H xtroootrrl xorovoprl rou rptXtilporoq rou etpqpoiou nopouotd(et

6vo opt(ovrto ovtrt opto xord gqrog qq n$trrtq X6p0q'To pey6tro 1eitrr1 (Etx. 3-27 ,3-34 rot 3-70 etlq 3-72) To Xei-

1,1 onoretroriv duo oupperptrdq nrux6q rou b6pporog, ot onoleg

nopeXouv npooroo[o oro oroplto Uq ouprlOpoq rot rou ro]'e00, ro

onoio ppioxovTot orov npodolto tou xoAtoA Ko0e UeYotro Xefioq

onoretrelror rupitlg ono unodopto trlnog xoL qeperoL npog ro nfoo

ono ro erprlporo trlg nep[nou 2,5 ex pnpooro ono rov npolrto Bpi-

oKovTot exor6po0ev rcu arloti.xol oyloptarog, ro ono[o onoretrei

pio oXtogrl pero[u rurv UeYotrtlv Xertr6trlv orrlv ono(o ovo[yet ro oro-

pro rou npodoUou T0u rdtrnou. To peyotro Xeitrq evtirvovrot pnpooro

pe rcv npoolrc olvdeopo ruv peyoAuv yeLAeuv (npooOto Xeiltrootrvdeopo). To on(oOLo orpo roug 6ev evtilvovrot, evdr p[o eyropoto

bepportrrl Vdrpupo, o onfulLoq olvdeopoq ruv peyaAuv yeAeuv(on(o0roq Xertrtxoq ouv6eopog), rp6perot pero(0 roug'

To prxp6 yeilq (Err. 3-23,3'27 ,3-34A, 3-40, 3-62, 3-64 roL 3-

70 eoc 3-72). To prrpo Xettrq onoretrouv trenr6g depportxdq nrux6g,

nou orepo0vrot rptXtitv roL trlnoug rot ot ono(eq pp(orovroL perolu

ro.rv peyotro.rv Xeil6otv. llept6Xouv 6vov nuprlvo onoyytildoug toro[, o

onoloq efvot ntro0otog oe gtxpo otltotpopo oyyeio, otrtro dev 6XeL ro-

Ootrou trinoq. Av xoL 11 eotoreptrl entrpoveLo rolv 1-ttxptitv Xeileolvonoretre(rot ono trenrd 66pgo, eXet ro runtr6 podtvo Xpdrpo rtlv ptrev-

voyovtrlv rot q6pet notruopr0Ueq oto0rlrtx6g veupLr6g onotrtl[e Lq IrLq

v6eq yuvo(reg ro gtrpo Xeitrl xotrunrowot ouvtlOoq ono to peyotro

Xeitrr1, optrtg org nol,uroreg ro ptrpo Xeitrn Unopei vo npo6Xouv ond

ro oLdotiro oXto;to. Kot ortg drlo entqovet6q rouq oveup(orovrot oUl1Y-

poroyovor rot tdptltonoto( obeveq. To ptrpo Xeitrn neptrtreiouv rov

npodopo rou rotreou rot rono0erouvrot exorepoOev rolv oroplov qg


E ('tiPoto

BOdoVaCKrlE ttopt6ocX0rltvoc utCKnttrcpt6oC

l\,1tKDo xsinoC

npo6oLtoC tou Kontou

nopeEvrKoC ul-t€voC(l-tsn ono phAt)

lltupro n0p0€vtKouut t€vo )

O€oti tou KSV'tptKourcvavto tou oouotac

tou n€ptv€ou

npao1n lJsaox€intoO U NoKO

nao1n ntCKrl€rrop16oC

MtV1na x€tnoC

E:(D otol-tto tDCoupn0p(tc

tfolila tou Kon€ou

Xontvoc l-ilKpIv x€ trlEov

On DAto Lt s aoxs in n o 0 n o Ko

npoKtaC

BElxtlvo 3-70. A.'E{o yevvrlrLxo opyovo rrlg yuvoiroq. B. Elerooq e{o yevvqru<drv opyovo-rv. tlo rrlv ovoyvtrlprorl Tov 0oprilv B\ene A.


ntlolata Fsptlovto nou ôtlunt!:tov npoaovovo pu Lou l-tttpou

Poxtoio vsupo Kot opruPtctItl< rtlstToptdoc

HPtKn aupQuon

Erxdvo 3-71. A. Avoropq yuvolKslou neptvdou. B. Avoropfl 11q rtreLro-prdoq.

ouprlep0q Kot TOu Kotreou. To drjo Xeftrn ouvevdvovrot novot ond rrlvrtreuop(do yro v0 oxrlUoT[oouv p(o depporLrfl nruXtl nou ovopo(erotnoolr1 u1g t<Atropidaq,.Irtg v6eg yuvoireq ro ptrpo XeLtrr1 ouvl0urqevrovovror xoto ro n(oot oxpo TOUq Ue U(o Utrpn nruXrl tou ddpgoroq,

rov yaAuo ruv ptxptiv yetAiuv.0 Xotrtvdq pnopei ouXvo vo unoore(prl[r1 roro rov roxero n dLoiopn roro rrlv neptveoroprl.

i'!ifi+,..

0 np6dopog rou xotreorl (Etr. 3-34A, 3-40, 3-60, 3-64xor 3-70 eorq 3-72).0 npo6opoq rou rotreoI e[vot o Xtitpog pero-

[u rov Urrpdrv XeLtretov. E6tit ppiorovrot ro orogto r4q oup40p09,rou rotreou Kor Tov noporv rorv get(ovov odevotv rou npodopou, To

rorto rlpLltopLo rqq ouprl0poq SXeL Unroq nep[nou 2 er..'0nog rotro ovo nuruopLo, rlpxeror oe orev1 oxSon Ue ro npoo0to roiXtrtpo

rou rotrnou.To e{o ordpro rqg oupi0poq (Etr. 3-23, 3-244, 3-64 roL 3-

70A). Anoretre(ovorylto rord qv geoq ypo1t1t1 xot pp[oxerot 2 d-

org 3 er. n[oo ono rrlv rtreuop[do xot orptBa;q pnpooro on6 toorlltLo tou xdco1.Iqv xoOe ntreupo rou oroptlou ourou oveup[-oKovTor ro oropro rov eKqoplTtKtlv noputv rau nopaoupn9pofuvo66luv (odrlveg rou Skene). 0t od6veq ouroi efvot ovotroyot rounpoororq orov ovdpo.

To ordpro rou xotreoU (ELx. 3-23, 3-40, 3-64 roL 3-70A). To eu-pu ouro oropro pp[orerot r0ro rot nloo.t ond ro notru gtrporepo e-

[o ordpro rqq ouprl0pog. To gdye0og roL q epqovtol rou xotreirouorop(ou noLril.tret ovotr6ytog qg roroordosoq rou nop1ewxoAu/-rivo, U(oq trenrrlg ptrevvoyov[ou ortpodoq 1 ono(o nepLpotrtret rooropro rou rotreou.

0L pei(oveg o66veg rou npo66pou (Etr. 3-60 rot 3-

71A).0r o65veg ouro[, pe dto;rerpo nep(nou 0.5 er., pp[orovrot e-

noaqu ulcKn€trcp60c

,KEnoC utCKn€tropt6oc

BanPoC Tou npo6oLtou(€ntQovsto tol-1nC)

OupoV€vwluKoAnQpctVltcl

M€tatv 06€voC tounpo6oLtou KolsKQopnttKoC nopoC

EugutoxtoKoa Aoeooc


,t paVVU n oC au vd s ol.toCUlC Lilttpoc

E€(D ot6otiKo oVVsio

AoKrurlo€tAsiCnPaotKBan€C ninouC

M€Vono x€inoC(€nrOovsto rol-iliC)

.r.:*i3', tou npod0u0u TOu KoLeou, nfoo Kor oT0 nôyr0 TOur r, r- rou Kotrsou, Elvor orporpLroi 11 uroeLdeig ror ro npog ro n[_- * . .Lxo),unrovroL pepLr6g ono roug poABoig rou npodol"tou. Ano: ioo0ro TUt"U0 roiv obevov lerrvouv trenrot errpopqrrro[ nopor,, : .or0r nopruovT0t po0ro peoo oroug Botrpoug rou npodopou ror.: lrilyouv orov npodogo rou roLeou ortg duo ntreup6q T0u oT0-* :, iou xotreou. 0L odeveg ouroI errplvouv prr<pr1 nooorqro uypo-, ..:-c ptrevvog xoro rov oeiouotrLro epeOropo. 0r pe((oveg odeveg:, npodogou (BopOotriveLor odeveg) elvot ovotroyotrcv BoABou-

:-jco[av adevav rou ovdpo (Err.3-18).OL eA6oooveg o66veg rou npo66pou. Auro( elvor pr-.--: odsvsq orrg buo ntreupeg rou npodopou rou rotreou, rtrrv: :.{rlv T0 oropro pproxovroL pero[u rov orop(trlv rqg ouprl0poq.ou rotrnou. Erxplvouv rol ouro[ ptrrlvvo 1 ono[o uypo(ver ro

;1 ror rov np6dopo.i xAerropi6o (Err 3-40, 3-60, 3-64, 3-67 ror 3-70 eog 3--l rtreLropldo, pqrouq 2 eotg 3 er., efvor doprl ovotroyl rou ne-

: rot. onog ouro, e(vor 1pyovo rqg orAo4g. Ie ovri0eoq pe ro:c 11 xtreuop(60 dev drooX((eror ono rrlv oupq0po rol enoprevtrtg

dev nepreler orlpoyyobeq odrpo rrig oupq0poq. H rtrerropibo ppr-orerol n(oo ono rov npoo0ro ouvdeopro rov XeLtreov, onou ro pr-rpo Xertrq ouvevovovror. Iuv10tog, oe Xotroo1, roiunreror ono roXertrq rou ot6olou. H rtreuopldo onoretre[ror ono rrlv pr(o xoL roodpa, rc onolo onore],elror ono 600 oxrltrr1, ro duo olpoyyrrtDrl0oU0T0 ror plo BaAovo.'0nog ror ro neog, rpeperor ono evovrpepoot4po olvdeopo. To npoo0ro rglpo ro0e pLxpou Xertrougnou qeperor gnpooro ono rqv rtreuop(do, oXrlporr(er, ouppoitro_vToq Ue ro ovri0ero rcu, Tnv noo1r1 rryg xAenoptdoq (ovotroVn Uerr;v noo0r1 rou n6oug). To on[o0ro orpo ro.rv prrpriv XeL],eov xo-0rirg qepovror nioo ono rrlv rtrerrop(60, oXrlpor((ouv rov yoArvorrlq xAetopidog, o onofog elvor ovotroyoc, rou yoALvoA r7qaxponoo?fuq,. H rAetopido e[vot evo ptxp6 ot{ouoALro opyavo.ro ono[o onoretrelror ono orurrro Loro. '0norg K0L TO nroq. broyxr,r-veror Ue onrrro epeOloporo, Xorpiq ogutg vo ou{oveL 0lUovTtK0 TO

pqrog qg. Efvor rdrorrepo euaio1r1r4 xor notru ol!ovTiKl yr0 Trloe{ouotrrrrl DLeyeporl qg yuvo(xog. EIouroq rotv no],uopL0;ro,rvveuptrdv onotr1{eov nou pp[orovror erer (Err. 3-60) n xtreLropldoe[vor e[orperrro euo[o0qq oqv oqq rrlv n[eo1 ror 11 Oep;iorqro,

A0Vavo llou 0ov tK av€upo

Ei.d otOatiKo oVVsto

n€ptvsiKaC Kno6oC touo n r a0t au pn po6€ p Ltor t K ouv€upou

0nia1o x€tntKo' oyvElo Kor vsupo

E',/Kat po t0n€UvsiKo oVVsto

Eu0uiaxoKo(Do0poc

Etxovo 3-72' Avoroprl rtlv peyo),rov XeLtretov, 11 onoto onoroLunret ro oyyeio r<or veupo roug. Irrl OelLo n),eupo or tropoerOeLg dorru),rreg npo-- .' : -'.ae rou Llnoug eXouv dLovotX0eI yto vo tpovouv ro ovooroporrrro oyyero nou ouvbrlouv ro e{o xoL eoco orDoiixo oyyeto. Irrlv opLorepl ntreu-:: - ::'lllloeLdeiq npooexBol69 rou Ltnoug tlXouv oqv ntretorflcpro roug orporpe0ei yro vo rpovouv ro on[o0ro XeL],rro oyyero K0r vsup0 (12 K0r: : , .:.1 ovooropdtvovrot Ut TOv reptveiro rtroDo rou ontoOiou plpodepgorLroI veupou (li, l2 xor l3)


0t BoIBoi rou npo66pou (Etr. 3-58E, 3-60 rot 3-71). 0L

duo oursq oyrcodeLg, entplretg po(eg orurtro0 torou 6Xouv ptlroqnep[nou 3 er.. Bp[orovTot oTtq 600 ntreupdq rou orop[ou r0u KO-

treou poOro orouq potrBoolpoyydrdetg pueq roL efvot ovotroyol ro.lvpo\pov TOU nrouq, 0v Kot 0e ovr[Oeoq pe ourouq, ot potrpo( rounpobo;rou rou rotreou Xop[(ovrot ono qv rtretrop[bo pe rov npo-bopo rou rotreou.

Aprrlproxrj nopoxrl rorv e{to ycvvrlrtxtitv opyovtov rqg yuvoi-xuq (Err. 3-60, 3-71 rot 3-72). H n),ouoto otporotorl rou otdo[ou

npoepxsTor ono rtg duo i{ar odoLirfg aprqpbq rot p[o e oa; otdot-ix4 apr4pio oe ro0e ntreupo. H eotrt ot6oliril oprqpio rpotpoDoret

ro ddppo, ro oe[ouotrtro opyovo Kot TOUq pueg rou neptveou. 0t

Xerirneg opr1pbq elvoL rtrodot11g dotrt otdoiirflq oprrlpioq onolq

roL 1 poXrolo Kot 0t ev rur poOet oprnpLeq qg rtretrop[Dog.0treprxrj nopo;1ireuor1 rurv e{to yevvqrlxtitv opyovttv rnq YU-

voirog (Err 3-60, 3-71 ror 3-72). 0t Xettrtrdq qle0eS erpotrtrouvorrg eoo atdotilxeq EAeBq rot ouvodeuouv rtg e otrt ot6otix6q op-rrlpreq

Aepqrxrj nopo;1ere uoq rov yuvotxe iov e{to yevvqrtxdtv opYo-

vr,lv (Err. 3-73). To ordofo roreXet evo ntrouotororo dlrruo ],ep-rpoyyeuov. To nepLooorepo erBotrtrouv oroug entno,ltiq Kot Toug svru Bo0eL BouBuwxoAq AeUrpodEveq.

Neriporoq rov yuvutxeitov e(or yevvqrtx6v opytivtov (Etr. 3-61, 3-71 ,3-72 ru 3-74). To veupo rou otdo[ou npoepXovroL onoro ),ayovoBouBuvtxl vtlpo, rov yevvlrtro rtrodo rou ot6otop4pt-

xoA vt,upou, rov neprvelro rtrodo rou p4podt,pparLxo} ve}pou rotro veApo rou neptveou.

H ovoroprxri B6oq rqg olioqg. IuXvo ovotp6-peror ol 11 rtreuop[do eivoL pLrpoypotpfo rou ndoug. Aurtle[vor 6Xr govo trov0oop6vq, o],tro rot oeltortxrl 0tttroon(Masters et al., 19BB). Av ror otlpovrtxo oe[ouotrtro opyo-vo, 11 xtrerropiDo dev no[pvet Uepoq orrlv ovonopoytr.lytxrllerroupy[o oure oXer((eror Ue tt1v ouporpdpo o6o. Enetdtleivor notrf euo(o0qrq, 5vo rpoXu oYYtyUo ptnopef vo e(vot e-pe0rolxo 11 ror en66uvo. H or0on rqg xtreLrop(Ooq - 0v Kot

6sv ouvode[erot ond Otoyxooq - endpXerot pe rov iOto pr1-

Xovrolui nou nepryporpOlre orov dvdpo ro0tlq 11 6opr1 qqelvor idro pe rou neoug. Irqv yuvoiro, n Dt6Yepoq rou n0-pooupno0lrtroLi odlyei oe o[[qor1 rrlq 6rxptorlg Tuv ftopo'oup7Apafuv odtvuv (ovotroytov rou npoororq) KoLTuv pst-(ovuv adevav rou npodopou (ovotrdytov ttrtv FotrFoupn-0poitrlv oddvtov). H 6r6yepoq ourrl npoxotrei enioqg oruorlrrlg rtrerropi6oq, xo0tirg roL Dr6yxootl tov potrBdrv T0u npo-6oUou.

H yuvorre(o oupqOpo enrprol,0verot euxotro, ro069 rori[o oropui r4g ovo(yet pdoo orov npd0opo rou rotreo0 (Etx.

3-64 ror 3-70). H oup40pitr6o (qtreVUovrt qq oupn0poq)pnope( vo npoxtrq0e( ond noOoyovouq UtKpoopyovtoltotig,

_------\

\\

t

\)/

) ndoytot oolxrot

ffi rar,, r,tEo€vr€ptat

l] Kotvoi noyovrotnI 1 LOL) TJOVOVIO:

=f i FtLu doyovtot

f1 Entnonnc PILJAdvtKot

ffi fv r,., loo:t 6ou10vtKol

ffi t*oiffi nopoopor<or

I

FI

Erxdvo 4-73. AagqLrq n0poXsrsu0f rcov e(o-t yevvqrtxov opyovtlv r1q yuvotroq


A0yavL)13ou 0k)vtKoV€UOO

Etxtivu 3-74. Korovoprl rov oldoltt<tilv xot LoyovoBouptrtvtt<trtv veuptrtv oro yuvorrelo neplveo. B. To otdotu<o veupo elvor duvorov vo onox],eLogouvpe ovotoOlrtro. H Betrov1 roreu0uveroL npoq T0 toXtord ruprotpo, onou ovod0erot ro o16oltro vefpo r<ogcirq elepXeror ono rov otdoirxo o6),r1vo.H Belovtl xoOodqyelrot on6 ro Dorru],0 rou e[eroorrl orov rotrno 6ro9 orou 11 orprl rqg Bpeoei nroor ror roro ono rqv roXto6q orovgo, 0r0u n0-pe0erot ro otdotird veupo. H eveorl pe qv ovtrt peLovrl ovotoOqro[otel T0 troyovoBoupovtr<o veupo Kor rguq Xeilrrofg rou rtrodouq, ot 0r0L0t K0-rov6povror oro o16olo (BI. Etr. 3-72).

,ll r$pgNeio yuvcrKrto ou-

'oinv KalooKturl TEq

0crxdv xor ie iov gurxov8t61terps 6$q 1 ex. Xolpiq


0uTO v0 npOK0tre0er Tpouuonouo Tnq, 0uvsn6q n dt0d0q K0-

0erqporv q ruoreooron(ou elvol notru eurotrorepn ortq YU-

vofreg on orr oroug ovdpeg. H onoporpuvol rotv ouptov ono

11v nhqprl yuvorre[o oupodoXo t<uorr1 pnope( vo entreuX0e[pe rr1 porl8ero ro0errlpo, o onoioq dLdplerot USoo rnq oupl-Opog ror rorotrlyer orqv rfoq.

0 nop0evtx6q upevoq onorotrei ro rordrepo rletorooxpo rou pLrlrpoxoAnLxo1 ouA4vo oro 6pppuo (Moore,

1988). Koro rq Bpeqrxtl rotnptirq noLdtrrl qtrLr(o, ro xotrnL-

ro orouro ouvn0oq rtre(verot ono rov nap1evxo upevo, o

onoioq opog rpuototroyLro dXet ttdtt poyeInptv ono rqv eqq-

$eio yLo vo enrrponel q diodoq rotv epprlvolv Irtq nop0dvegto oropro rou rotreou pnopei vo 6XeL dtoperpo triYtrtv Uovo

Xilroor6v. Iuvrl0urq ro ovoLylto enup6net rqv eioodo rqg o-

rprlq evog dorrulou. Ie opLop6veg neptnr6oetg 1 dtorooqrou rotrnrrou otoplou ptnope[ vo elvot onopofqrn, npoKtt-gevou vo npotrrltp0ei 11 entirOuvtl pnqrl rou ugtlvo roro rrlvouvouo[o. Aropo ror gero ono rr1 Dtorool rou rotrntrouorop(ou, o up6vog e(voL duvorov vo oXtorel, ouvtl0otq npoqro n[oo 11 npoq ro ntrdyLo xor nloo,r, pe onoretreopo v0 tilo-rotrou0r;oeL prrpl oLpoppoyio. Meto ono rorero nopopd-vouv unotref;.r;,r0T0 Tou updvo peptro oopr66n oxpo,r0 UAp-ro (ELr<. 3-23). Ie etroXroreg neptnrdoetg o nop0evtx6gugevog dev unorerror oe pnql nptv ond qv eqqpeio, ono-re ovogo(eror orp4rog ult|vag. Irtq neptnrtioeLg oureg roolpo rov epprlvtrlv dreupuveL rov ro],n0, plo roroorool nouovopo(eror aLpotoxoAnoq. 0 nop0evLroq uU6voq tore 16-

Uvtror, ttpoKsrprevou vo entrpone [ 1 diodoq rov eppqvtr.tv.

loroprro, 6Xer 0etopr10e[ olgrovnro yto rtg yuvo[regvo 6Xouv "o0rxro nop0evrrd uprevo" oto yopo roug oovonoder[1 oyvdrrlroq. Ev rouroLg eivot 1.totrtrov onovto ployuvo[ro v0 excr evov onotrurog oOtrto nopOevtro uptlvo.Iuvrl0orq rtre[ver p6pog xor oXr otrortr1po ro oropro rourotrnou. Koro ono quorotroyLr6g ouvOrlreg nopouoto(ovrotprlylroro ri61 ono pLxpq 1trrrro eloLriog dLorpopov dpoorq-prorflrov (n.X. yulrvoolxrl). Mepr16g qop6g erretre irotxAenopdtx4 nepLrop1 (Xe LpoupyLul orpo[peoq qg nooOqgqq rtrerrop[6oq), 6tol unoriOeror ol ou{over rov oe(ouo-trrr6 epeOro;ro (Masters et al., 1988). Ie opropeveq qutrdqqg Aqprulg Kor rnq Nolog Apeprrrlg errele(ror Xerpoup-yLxrl orpo(peon rrlq rtrerrop[Doq (xAeroptdtxroprfi oav rc-trerr1 purloqq oqv eqqpeio. H 6repyoo[o ourrl dev enqped-(er oqpovlro ro oe[ouotrrro epe0ropo, ro069 unopXouvror dtrtreq neproxdq (n.X. ro gLrpo Xeitr1 ror ro roLXtirl-roro

rou npodo;rou) nou e[voL e{[oou euo(o0r1reg oelouotrtro.0r pe((oveg oddveg rou npodopou bev efvot ouvrl0rrlq

qrntroQnToi. KoO[orovror qrntroQnToi lrovo orov entpo],uv0ouv.H pop1oAtvirL\o, qtreyUovn rtllv pet(ovtrrv odevo:v T0u npo-6opou, (Bop0otr[veLoL od6veg), pnopei vo nportrr10e[ ord0Ldtpopoug noOoyovoug UrKpoopyovtopoug roL oL entpotru-op6vot o66veg e(vor duvorov vo peye0uv0otjv UdXpt 6LoU6-

rpou 4 6toq 5 er. ror vo npo9otrtrouv oro rolXtopo rou opOot1.

EneLdrl q orporo.roq rtov prxptirv rot peyotrtrtv Xettr6ovelvor no],u n],orjolo (Etr. 3-72), ruXov rpoupoloprog orqvneproXfl ourrl gnopeI vo nporotr6oeL orlpovlrrq orltoppoylo"Koro rov rorero q e[dr0qor1 e(vor duvorov vo e(vor e{otpe-lro en66uvr;, evtir ouvrlOog q duor<ol6repq olyptl eivotorov ro retpdLr rou eUBpuou dt6pXeroL ono ro d[trt ysvvrlTt-ro 6pyovo, onore ro tetreuro(o nl6(ovrot rol dtote(vovrotunepBohxo. Iro qv ovoxourptorl ttov novtrlv rou rorero0,pnopei vo exretreoOe ( ouvotrtxl oLlotlt<i ovoto1qronofio1,11 onoio enuuyXovetoL pe eveoq rontrou ovoto0lrtrouoroug torouq nou nepLBdtrtrouv ro otdotixti veUpo. H 6veor1

pnope( vo y(vsr oro oqpeio dnou to otdotiro veupo dLo-

orouptlveror pe qv ntroyLo po[po rou etroooovog toXtoie-pou ouvb6opou (Eu<.3-BA, 3-72xot 3-74), xovro orrlv npo-oquo[ rou orrlv roXrorq oxovOo. 0proUdveq qopeg erretrei-ror erooyoyrl porproq Betrovnq oro to(Xtr,t1to rou rol,eou rotroreu0fverot ge 6vo ddrrulo p6oo otov rotreo Udxpt rnvroXLor[ orovOo (Ellis, 1983). lro q 6reuxotruvorl Tou T0Ks-

rou, otrtro Kor Trlv oroQuyn pnqns rou neptvdou, ertetrelrotouyud nepLveoroprl (Etx.3-62). 0L drjo ouvqOropevot runotneprveoroHrlq neprypqglrsv gro nepov KeQdtrers.

NATNAZTIKA NPOBAHMATA

flepfnruo4 3-1

luvofro 23 er6v, K0T0 TOV TOKTTo TOU npoToU rqg noLdtou,6Xer ordrveg yro oXedov 24 rrlpeq. H roputprl 11q reqotrqq rou sU-

Bpuou tpo[veror peoo ono ro oropro rou ro],nou. 0 Uoreurlpoq, tpo-

Bo0Uevoq pnql rou neprveou, onoqoo[(er Udorl-ntroyro ntprvtoT0-1u1 yro vo dreupuver ro roro oropro rou yevvlrrro0 orrrtrl1v0.

flpoBIrlporo. Koro Trlv Xerp0upyrxl endppoorl,yvororrl oq neprveoTOprl, noro ovoroprro UoprpriUoro 0opnopouoov nr0ovororo vo dLorpl0o0v; Irqv neprnrool nouro neplveo 0o orplvorov vo poye( Xurprg 6treyXo, nor6g do-peg 0o pnopouoov v0 Tpouporrorouv; Ie oqpovrrxl prl[1 rorKoroKepU0Tr0Uo, rou neprveou, noroI p0eg elvor nr0ovov vopoyouv; To npoBtr1poro ouro ou(llouvror orrl ouvcxsr0.

flepinruoq 3-2

Orrodopog 31 er6v evtl nepnorouoe novur oe pfo ordepevLo do-ro, eneoe eqLnne0ovrog qv. ilopouofooe evrovororo otryoq oov ou-veneLo rou rpougolopo0 rov opXeov ror rou neprveou. Apyorepo no-poqpqoe o[611po ror onoxpoUoloUo rou ooXeou rou ror orov enrXef-pl0e v0 ouploer, ro onoretreopo lrov gep1169 oroyoveg otUoTnpoiv

oupov. llpoorltr0e oro e{o-rreprro rorpelo rou vooorope[ou, onou o ro-

rpog orpou rov elerooe rov nopenepQe orov oupo),oyo, o onorog (r1-

qoe orlvotroyrro 6treyXo qq oupqOpog ror rqg oupodoXou rfoqq.Axrrvotroyrxli ex0eoq. 0 orrvotroyrroq dtreyXoq onorotruqe

NYEAOZ KAI NEPNEO 373

plil orlv o4poyydrdrl ouprl0po, orprptrtg roro ono qv roro nepr_rovio rou oupoyevvlTrKou drorppoyporog. H oupq0poyporpLo eder[e0iobo rou or<roypoqrrou utrrr<ou e {o ono rqv ouprl0po npoq TOUqyuprrl roroug oro nepfveo.

Aroyvroo4. Pr1(r1 rou revrprrou rprlporog rqg orlpoyytirDouq 0u_pn0p0q pe Drorpuyrl oupov oroug yupo roroug.

flpoBAriporo. '0rov o oo0evrlg npoono0qoe vo ou_pqoeL, nporrrro bev unrlp{e e{odog ouprov ono ro e[or oro_gto rqq ouprl0pog. ilou nrlyov; E[r1yr1ore yrorl ro oupo noudrequyov dev pnopouv vo nepooouv npoq T0 nroot, oro ntro_yro 1 npog rqv etroooovo nuetro. To npoptrrlporo ouro 0o ou-(1rq0ouv oTl ouvexsro.

llepinruo1 3-3

Avbpog 49 er6v npooepXeror noponovoupevog yro euotoOqoioror otryog orrl de{Lo ntreupo rou nptorrou. To otryog XeLporepeue ro_ro rqv oqodeuorl ror orov r<o0orov. Enerd1 etXe Loroprro orpoppoi_Dov, une0eoe ol nl0ovov ro oupnrtrtporo rou orpeftrovrov ot u[0_rponl qg no0qoqg our1g. Mero rqv trqQr1 rou roroprrou, o rorpogrou npo6p1 orr;v rtrrvrr<r1 e{eroorl rou op0o0 Kor rou npotKTrro0 or,.r_\r1vo.'Orov (4rrioe ono rov ooOev1, vo orptXrei onog roro rrlv orpo_5e uoq, noporrlprloe nponroorl eoolreprr6v orgoppoidtrrv. H npooe_<rLxr1 boxrutrrrq eidrooq rou nporrrrrou otrrtrlvo ror rou opOou ono_.rctruQe e{oidr1or1 rou delLou eu0uoXroxou Bo0pou. l-lieorl rrlq ordq-Lrorotdoug neproXrlg nporotrouoe evrovo otryog orov oo0evr1.

Arriyvroo4. Anooq po ro u eu0uioXroxo rj pd0pou.0eponefo. To onoor1po nopoXereuqre pdorrt 6roDepprrrlg ro_

.tl]c perolu npolrrou ror roXrorou rupr6porog.flpoBA{poro. E{rlyeiore q drorpoponoLrlorl pero_

Eu eootreptrov ror e[oreprrurv orlLoppoidrov. Tr elvor roonoorrl;ro rou e u0uioXror<ou Bo0pou; Ioto veIpo elvor nr_0ovov vo rpoupolore[ roro rq Xerpoupyrr4 Oeponero evogrcrorou onoorrlporog; Av ouro ro veupo rone (, noreg ovo-roplreg dop6g elvot nr0ovov vo onoveupur0ouv pepLrutg;To npoBtrrlporo ouro 0o ou(r1rr10ouv or4 ouv6Xero.

Ilep[nruo4 3-4

luvo[ro 40 erorv odrlyeLroL ovoroOrlr4 oT0 v00oKOUeio pe notr_r.rntro rpoupoTo, oov onoretreopo rpoXoiou oruXrlporog. ApXrro 11

loBevqg droorrltrlvdrOrlre . 'Erol e{oorpoNorrlre o oepLolrog ge rov:,'DorpoXeroxo orr.rtrr1vo. Koronrv or npo.rre g poq0ereg eorrooOrlrov--.rv ovrrperutnrol rrlq orpoppoyrog Kor rou shock. .Orov q roro_- iol Triq oo0evoug oroOeponoLrl0rlre, trr1rpOr1rov orrrvoyporpreg:,Lc neproxeg rou orrrgorog Trlq nou e[xov rpoupolorei. Enerdrl::, erXe ouprioer ono rrlv drpo 14q erooyoy4q, rono0err10lre xo_::.rpog orrlv oupodoXo rr.roq. H nopouo[o oiporog oro oupo (ar_-:.cupio) ouvrlyopouoe urep prlqnq rrlg oupodoXou ruorrlg. l-ro:, ),oyo ourov orotrou0rloe eveo4 orelpou oxroyporprxou utrtrou, '..v oupodoXo r0orr1 pe rrlv porl0ero ro0errlpo ror roronrv InqOn_.r,,/ 0KTrv0yp0qLeg qg nue),ou ror qg xor),Loq.

AxrrvoAoyrx{ ex0eoq. Koroyporo Kor Tttv duo rlprxdrv rtrodov,H xuoreoyporpio dder[e drorpuyrl Tou oKroypoQrro0 utrLr<ou ono r1vovot enrtpove lo 11g oupodoXou r<rioqg.

Arrlyvoorl. Koroyporo rqg nuetrou rot pn€l rrlg oupodoXou ru-0rl q

flpoBA{poro. l"lou nqyorvouv ro oupo nou 6rorpeu_y0uv 0no qv oupodoXo ruorrl; TL rotrunrer rrlv ovo enrqo_ver0 Tr.lc oupoboXou ruorrlg; Me poorl rqv ovoroplo, norovdpopo vopr(ere orr 0o oro),ou0ouoe o lerpoupyog oe pLodLop0orrxrl e ne;rpoorl or4v ruorq; To npoptrrlporo ouro ou_(qrtouvroL nopororo.

Ileplnruorl 3-S

llporeuoL ,iLo l,uvoixo 28 erotv orrlv npdrq qg eyrupoouvrl(npotrororogl. [lpoc ro retroq rrlg rurlorlg ovoqepeL endrbuveg ou_onooeLg Trlq Ulrp0a oq 0roprero qg vuXroq, or ono[eg unoXdrpq_oov ro npo.r[ (r!€udua adueq).'Orov ro oveqepe orov 0eponovrororpo r1g, ereivoc rnQ alrr orL ovrrperolni(eL enrreipevo rorero. Iel(yeg pepe g n0p0Tlpnos 3,\oyvoDsrq onerrploerg go(i pe trryo oilLo'Orov ntreov overpepe oro',, ioioo rqq ol oL

,,novor,' tqg (ouonooeqr4g ltqrpoq) opXOVTov ro0e I0 ),enro, e re(vog rqg (qqoe v0 npo-oetr0er oro gole ur4pro. l,1ero i1v e tooyr,tyl. o lLoreurlpog npoeBrloe qrltroqlon rou rpoXr1trou ror eLdonorqoe rov eprlpepeuovro rorpool ro oropro rrlg prlrpoc epcpovi(e dLooro,\r1 evog boxrutrou rot drrq 0o0ev1g Bprororov oro nptiro 0-t06t0 TOU roxeroA (nepiodoq dro-orotrqg rou oroplou 11g grlrpoo Apyorepo e(o0q0r1xe Uto Ueyotrnnooorqro uypou (pq(q rov eggpurxotv ugdvov). .0rov q yuvo[ro er_oqtr0e oro dilrepo ora6n rou roxeroA (neprodog e{trr0qor1g, 11

ono(o opX[(er ge rrlv ntrr1pq Droorotr4 rou rpoXrltrou xor retreuirver peqv e(o6o rou veoyvou). or obLveg opXLoov vo y[vovror otro ror nroroXupeg Av ror 11 enL0ugro rqg qrov vo eyetguoLoLoyrxo roxero yulp[g ovotoOqoro, bev pnopeoe vo ovre{et rov novo. Trlg XoprlyrlOrireovotryrlrtro pero ono evrotr1 rou Lorpou qg.

'0rov ot odfveg, or ouonooerg r4q grlrpog, ripXovrov roOe 2trenro rol droprouoov 40 pe 60 deurepo),enro, r1 yuvolxo peroqep-0qre orqv o[0ouoo rorerou rot ronoOer4OlKe oTl poreulr4 rpo_ne(0.'0rov 11 reqotrrl rou epppuou opXtoe vo drooretrtreL rov yrv_vqrrxo ootr4vo, eylve govepd ort 11 yuvofro novouoe notru. 0goreurrlpog onoqooloe vo erre),eoer peo4 nepueorclq, otovqovrlxe orL rpov nrOovov vo enetr0er pr1{r1 rou nepLveou. ApXrxoXoprlyloe ovoto0rlrLro unodopro oro neplve o qg yuvoirog. Av rorro ronLro ovoro0rlrrxo enerpe(re rqv ovriduvq roprl rou nrprvrou.dev etrorrooe qv 6vroo1 rov or6(vrr-rv rou rorerou. O poLe urqpogonocpooroe oprporepontreupl ovoro04ronoulorl rou otdoirxou ve0_pou. Agrlorrtg pero 11 yuvorr<o otrortrqpooe ro beurepo orodro xornpoXrrrpqoe oro rp[ro orodto rou roxerol (nou opXi(er pero rqvyevv4orl rou propou rol retrertr-rver pe qv e(dr01or1 rou ntrorouvroKor rrrlv epppuLxrirv pepBpovurv).

IIpopl{poro. I-lore g ovoroprre g bopeg re pvovrotouvq0rog roro qv Uson rsprveoToUll, Avoqepore rig 6o_pdg nou ve upotvovror ono ro orboiLxo veupo, Me Booil rLq


ZYZHTHZH TAN AIATNAZT|KAN NPOBAHMATAN

Ilepinraoq 3-1

Koro rr1 dLopreLo rrlq pdorlg-ntroytog neptveoropqq ouvlOtlgrepvovror or oroLouOeg dog69: ro depgo rou neptvtlou, ro onlo0to

roiXogo rou xotreo0 ror o potrpoorlpoyytirdlq puq. H neptveoroprl

erretrefrot yto rq dteuro],uv0ll TOU rorerou rol orov enlxetrot pfl[q

T0u ntptvtou. Eov ro neplveo orpe0eI vo oXtoreI povo rou ttp0q ru-

Xo[o xoreu0uvoq, o revrptrog revovroq r0u n0ptvtou d1tr. ro odt-

Uo rou reptvtou o 5{tl otptyrrrlpoq UUq TOU npolrrou rot ro ro[Xtl-po rou oneu0uopevou rtvduve0ouv vo poyouv. Iuven6g, pe rrlvneprveoroptrl entruyxoverol ootprtq roun, porpto ono orlptovrtro

ovoroprrro poptpdrporo. Eov ro nep(veo otpe0eI vo oXLoreI ove(e-treyrro, e(vot ntOovov vo poyouv rot ot ovetrrrqpeq U0eq Tou npo-xro0, oL onotot oXlpori(ouv ro ridotpoq rqg nu6trou. Auro 0o dXeL

oov onoretreogo qv etrorrtool rrlq txovorrlToq TOU ntptvtou v0

oqpt(et ro nuetrtro ontroXvo, pe ntOovfl ouvdneto ro Xotroptrtltorou nuetrrrou edoqoug oe geyo\ureprl r1trLr(0. To retreurolo pnopel

vo nporo),eoet DtoropoXeg rou etrdyXou qg oupo6oXou ruorrlg,otrtro rot vo onoretreoel rrlv otr(o pltoq enoro),ou0r1q xuoreoxrltrlq.

ITepfnruo4 3-2

H rpouportrq plql TIIS olpoYYtirdouq oupn0poq rou ovdpo oro

uQog rou polBorj r0u rtouq, elXe rolv onor6treopo nl \Larpuyn oA-

puv uno\opto orrlv npoonoOeto rou vo ouploet. 0upo ono rn po-

yeioo oupnOpo 0o ptnopo0oov vo nepooouv oro neplveo, entnotrflg

rqg roror neptroviog T0u 0upoYevvrlrrxou dtorppoyporoq otrtro rortrl

ono rqv enLnoArlg nepnov[o rou nepueou (Etr. 3-57). To dtotpu-

yovro orov entnotrrlg neptveiro Xtilpo oupo QspovTot npog ro roro-t

oro Xotropo ouvdertxo toro rou ooXeou, npoq r0 eUnpoq 0T0 lteoq

KOr npoq ro novtr.t oro npoooto rottrtoro rolxtrt1to.

H roro neptrovlo TOU oupoYevvlrtro0 dLotppoYUoTOq Kol r] e-

nrnotrrlq neptvetrrq nepLrov[o npooqrlovrot oro0epo orouq qBot-

oXroro0g rtroDoug.'Erot, ro oupo 6ev pnopo0v vo dtotp0youv npoq

ro n[ool, roOtig ot duo oureq ortpodeq ouvtXOVTot n Uio Ue rqv otr-

trn yrjpo ono roug entnotrilg eyropotoug prleg rou neptvtlou. To

orlpo dev pnopo0v vo dtotpuyouv oure npoq ro ntroyto, ro0titg ot

nepuovleg our6g npootpuovTot oT0uq rtro6ouq rou toXtorou rotrou rlprxou ooro0. Aev pnopouv vo btotpuyouv rpoq rnv etroooovo

nuetro, 6tort ro oropto rqg roiloqroq ourqg onorppoooerot ono

rrlv roro nepuov[o TOU 0upoYsvvqrtro0 dtotppoYUoToq 00po dev

pnopotiv enloqg vo dtoq0youv npoq r0ug Ulp0uq, dtort 1 upevo-

6nq orrpodo rqg entnotrrlg ne ptrov(og rou npooOtou roilLorou rol-

XdrUoroq ouptq0erot pe rrlv n,troreio nepnovfu, opeoolg rorot ono

rov poupovtro o0vdeopo. H ntrore[o neptrov(o e[voL q toXuprl ne-

puov[o nou neptBotrtreL roug pueg rou grlpou (Etx. 3-71).

Ilepfnrwoq 3-3

0t atpoppoileq e[vot rLpool rov qtrepdrv, ot ono(eg opbeuouv

rov nporrrro ootrrqvo. 0t eoutepru|q aryoppoi\eq efvot rtpoo(ro.rv rtrodov rqg d'rra; otltoppol6rcr19 tpAe|aq. H rplepo ouq erpotr-

Ler orlv rorot pteoevrdpto rp\r1po rot ovrlret oro nu),olo o0oqpo.0r rtrodor rrlg ovul otpoppoidtrrlq qlepoq (ertvouv ono ro eoa; ot-

l.toppo|dLx6 EAeBLxo nAEylto, ro ono[o Bplorerot 0r0uq ilpoKrt-ro0q orutrouq. Eddr ouXvo yfvovrot rtpotirderg (dtoreropeveg rotetrrroetdeiq). 0L eootreptreg otgoppoideq roL0nrovrot ono ptrevvo-

yovo. Irqv opXrl neptopi(ovrot ptloo oro ro[Xtolio T0u npoKTIKOU

oo.rtrf1vo, ro0drq opurg peyotrdrvouv e[vot Duvorov vo npopotrtrouv

orov nporrtro ootrrlvo roro qv rontdrdrl orpodeuorl. AtUoppoYio

rov eooteptxtilv oLltoppotdtov e[vot ouvr101g.

0t e(urepxeq oLpoppoileg e(vot rtpooI rtrlv rtrodtrlv rrlg roroorgoppoidtrnq rptrepoq, nou opXr(ouv ono ro 6Eu aL1oppoildtxo

EAeBmo nAeypa, ro onolo opbeuet ro rordlrepo rptlpo rou npoKTt-

rou ootrr1vo. 0L e(olreptrdg otpoppoideq ro),unrovrot ono b6ppo

roL ouvrl0oq Dev efvot enotduveg.Ta ncpLnpaxrLxa anoorr1poro ouXvo e[vot onoretreoUo rpou-

porropou rou evreptro0 Btrevvoyovou ono ortrqpo ronpovo. H eno-

rotrou0r1 nLOov1 qtreypovfl rotv npolrrtrdtv rotrnolv, dnULoupYei Uio

roroorool yvoorrl ag xpumftda. H rptreypovrl ourq efvot 6uvor6v

vo enerro0e( peool ronotog Utrpnq puryUrtq n plopnS rou ptrevvo-

yovou oro rotXopo rou evrdpou t<ot reLtro orcu u?uioytaxo B6-1po, pe onoretre opo onooqpo orrlv nepLoXrl ourn. 0 eu0uioXtorog

9o0poq elvot evoq oQnvoeLdrlq Xdrpog oro ntroyto rou npotrro0 rotrou ovetrrrrlpo puog rou. To rripto ouorortro rov eu0uloXtordlvgoOprrrv e(voL trinoq. 0t xtrodot rov veupolv Kot rov oyye[olv (ot6ot-

ixo ve0po, 6oor otdoiiro oyyeio rot ro veupo rou eoo 0upoet6o0gpuoq) etodpXovTot orov eu0uioXtoro po0po peotl rou etroooovogroXroro0 rprlporoq. To otdotiro veupo t<ot ro eotr.l oLdotiro oyyeto

nopeuovrol peoo orov otdoirro ocotrr1vo, nou Bpforerot oro ntroyto

rolXtrrlto rou eu0uloXtoro0 Bo0pou.To xoru atpoppol'dtxo uedpo eyrorotre [nel rov otdotiro ototrrlvo

xor qeperoL epnpog rpoq rt1 peol ypopprl rot entnoLrlg bLooxt(o-

vToq rov eu0uioXtoro po0po. tlope0erot npoq rov 6[ut otpLyxrlpo

rou npotrrou, rov ono[o rol veup6vet rol onoretre[ euo].tlro o1-peto roro Ttq XstpoupYtK6g eneppooerg orov eu0uioxLoro Bo0po.Btropq rou roro otpoppotdtro0 ve0pou odlyeI oe ovenopxl tret-

roupyro rou e rouolou ourou otptyrrrlpo.

ITepfnruo4 3-4

To o0po nou dterpuyov ono rr1 ptl[q rrlq oupo6oXou xuorrlg rqg

ooOevoug 0o pnopotioov vo nepooouv ort1v neptTovoixl rottrorl-ro. Av rot ro roroyporo rrlg nu6trou ouXvo entntrdrovrot ono pn[l


rlq oupodoXOU KU0Trlq, 0 0KTLVO),oyrK6g etrryxog 6der[e orr orrlvnpoKetpevrl neplnrooq I pl[n dev rlrov nrOovov vo eXer nportr1-0et ono ronoLo o[0 oolro rpqpo. llrOovororo r1 p1[1 rqq ruorqqnportrq0lre ono ro (dro ouplnreorrro rrunlpo orqv neptoXrl rrlgqpLrqg o[prpuoqg nou nporo],eoe ror ro roroyporo rqg nudtrou. H

yeporq r0oq elvor rdlolrepo eurotro vo unooreI pl[n orlv ovor rqgenupovero gero ono p1 dLopnep6g rr0nlpo.

H ovul enrqoveLo qg oupodoXou ruorrlg rotr0nreror oXedov e-

iotrortrlpou ono nepuovoro. Irqv yuvo[ro ro nepuovoro ovorop-nrtr npoq q prlrpo ovrfororlo npoq rn ouppotrfi rou orirporog xorrou rpoXrltrou qg, oXrlporr(ovToq r0 KulrclpnTpxo t<oAnupo.Ao0eve [q pe evdonepuovoirq pr1i1 qg ruorlg e[vor notru nr0ovovvo epqov(oouv oqpelo r<or oupnrdrporo epeOropou TOU nrprro-vo(ou. Ie nopouolo naOoyovrrrv UrKpoopyovroUrirv oro oupo eivorbuvorov vo ovonruX0e( oqnnxrl neprov[rLda. Ko0dlq ro oupoo0pol(ovror 0rrlv ttsprrovoirl rortrorqro, e(vor duvorov roro qv e-n[rpouorl qg rortr(og vo dronroro0ei opBtrurqro orqv neprrotrrrrlneptoXrl. H opBtrurlro ourq e(orpovi(eror ono qv oprorepl ntreu-po, eov o ooOevrlg orpoqel npoq r0 6e{ro ror ro ovri0ero. To e0-plpo ouro elvor evderrrrxo unoplqg etreu0epou uypou ono pllrlontroXvou oTnv reprrovoirl xoilorqro (orqv nporetp6vq neplnror-oq ono rrlv oupodoXo ruorl).

H npoondtrooq rqq oupoboXou ruoqg yro qv XerpoupyLrrlonororoorool rnS pnqnq 11g ovro enLpove [og 11q ouvn0oq yfverorge qv unepqprrq odo. lVlerol0 qq oupo6oXou xuoqg roL rqg qBr-

rqq ouprpuoqq nopeppotrtreror ),enro orpdrpo Xotropo0 ouvDerrrourorou nou onore),efror rup(otq ono trlnog. '0rov 1 x0oq elvor ye-

Uorq, n npoo0Lo-roro enrqovero rrlg 6pXeror oe enorpfl pe ro npo-o0Lo rorLroro ro(Xopo Xoprq vo nopepBotrtrerot ne prrovolo.

flepinruoq 3-5

Koro rqv droprero rqg peorlq neprveorop1q q roprl opli(er onorov XotrLvo rolv prrpdrv Xeileotv (Err. 3-62A) rol errelveror oroddpUo ro ptrevvoyovo rou rotrnou, ro revrpo Tou tteprvrou Kor

roug enrnotr1g gueg rou neplveou. To oL6otlxd reupo, npoepXoge-vo ono ro repo ntrdypo (12 l3 ror l4) ervor ro r0plo veupo rou ne-pLveou. 0eper rrvlrrreg ror oro0rlrrrdq rveg orqv nepLoXl, ro0tirgKot oproUeveq peroyoyytrro169 oupnoOlrrreg lveg yro ro nep[veo.Iqv yuvolro ro orboriro veupo blver ro veupo rou neptvrlou ror ropoXto[o veupo rrlg rtreLrop[dog. To veupo rou neplveou rorotrrlyeroe duo onfoOroug XertrLr<oug r],odoug,nou onooX[(ovror oe prrpougretrLroug puiro0q rtrodoug. 0r rel,euro[or rpdpovroL oro enrno],19K0r ro tv ror po0er neprverro drooqpo ror veuprilvouv roug puegqq neproXqq K0TTOV potrpo rou npodopou. To poXro[o veripo rrlgrtreuopldog rorovdgeror oqv nooOr1 Kor Touq o65veg qg r],euo-prdog r<o0rirg ror ro bdppo rrlg neproXrlq.

Koro rqv ovoro04ronolqo1 rou oLdoirrou ve[pou Ueoo Trlq nr-prveixlq odou, ro odlyo oqpero elvor ro Loytox1 riprapo (Err. 3-74). ltlle rrlv oo0ev1 oe yuvotroLoyrrl 06oq, ro loXloro rupropoeivot qqtroq1ro. E66, ro o16oriro veupo ovoduerol ono rov ordor'r-

ro ootrrlvo yt0 v0 KoTovs1r10ei oro nepiveo. H petrovo npo!;. lnp0q T0 novor ror eoo nep(nou 2,5 er. npLv ylver 1 eveoq. Eqloc:,0n0ue[ror ntrlplq ovoro0lrono[q0l r0u neprveou, npsnrr !0ovoro0qronorlOouv en[or1q ror rtrodoL TOU Ulpoysvvnrrrou xol tro-yovoBouBovrrou ve0pou, xoOtrrg ror o nepLveiroq rtrodoq rou on[-o0tou prlpodepporLroI veupou, rorr nou enuuyXoverol Us evs0l

tot.

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Ayoub SF: Anatomy of the external anal sphincter in man, Acta Anat105:25,1979.

Behrman RE, lVe/son Textbook of Pediatrics, ed 14. Philadelphia, WBSaunders,1992.

Dellenbach P, et al.: The transvaginal method for oocyte retrieval. Anupdate on our experience (1 984-1 987) ln Jones HW, Jr, SchraderC (Eds): ln Vitro Fertilization and 0ther lssisled Reproduction.New York, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 541,p.111 ,19BBo

Dellenbach P, Forrler A. lVoreau L, Rouard lVl, Badoc E: Direct intraper-itoneal insemination. New treatrnent for cervical and unexplainedinfefiility n Jones HW, Jr, Schrader C (Eds): ln Vitro Fertilizationand )ther, ssrsfed Reproduction. New York, Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, vol. 541 , p. 761 , 1 9BBb.

Dilts PV, Jr, Greene JW, Jr Roddick JW, Jr: Core Studies in obstetncsand Gynecology, ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins 1981.

Ellis H'. Clinical Anatomy. A Revision and Applied Anatomy for ClinicalStudents, ed 7. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1983.

Farrow GA: Urology. ln Gross A, Gross P, Langer B (Eds): Surgery. ACjmplete Guide for Patrents and their Families, Toronto, Harper &Collins, 1989.

Healey JE, Jr, Hodge J. SurgicalAnatlmy, ed 2. Toronto, BC Declrer,1 990.

Hannah WJ: Obstetrics and Gynecology, ln Gross A, Gross P, Langer B

(Eds): Surgery. A Complete Guide for Patients and their Families,Toronto, Harper & Collins 1989.

lVlasters WH, Masters VE, Kolodny RC Human Sexuality, ed 3.

Glenview lllinois, Scott, Foresman, 1988.lVloore KL: The Developing Human: Clinically )riented Embryology, ed

Philadelphia WB Saunders 1988Oelrich TlVl. The urethral sphincter muscle in the male Am J Anat

158:2,1980.0elrich TlVl The striated urogenital sphincter muscle in the fema e A

Rec 205:223,1983.Warwick R (Ed): Nomina Anatomica, ed 6. Edinburgh. Church ll

Livingstone, 1 989.Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH: Gray's Anatony,37.

New York, Churchill Livingstone 1989.Woodburne RT, Burkel WE: Essenfr,a/s of Human Anatany. ed 8. New

York, Oxford University Press 1988.

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Pyelos Perineo 2