GUIDE DOGS OF AMERICA: Guide dogs for the blindFrequently asked
questions...
CONTACT US
when the light turns green so they can cross the street?
Q: When do the dogs go in for formal guide dog training?
Q: How long are the dogs in formal training before they are placed
with the human partner they will serve.
Q: Does a guide dog ever fail to adjust to the student or vice
versa?
Q: Are the students receiving the guide dog taught how to care for
the dogs, including humane treatment of the dog?
Q: Is training given for students who must use public
transportation regularly, like buses and subways?
Q: Why are dogs rejected as unsuitable for training?
Q: What happens to the dogs that are removed from the
program?
Q: What happens to dogs if the guide dog user must give up his or
her dog for some reason? Can it be used by another blind
person?
Q: Are your trainers licensed?
Q: How does a Guide Dog know where to go? A: The Blind person
directs them to where he or she wants to go. It is the
responsibility of the human member of the team to listen for the
movement of traffic and other sounds in the environment to
determine whether it is safe to proceed. If the guide dog judges
that it is unsafe, it will refuse the command. This is called
"intelligent disobedience".
Q: How do you teach the dog to avoid overhangs such as low branches
and low structures that the human partner might hit with their
head? A: While teaching a dog to avoid overhangs and branches can
be one of the most difficult aspects of guide dog training, the
same basic principles of consistency, repetition, and praise are
applied. Ideally, a guide dogs should guide his master around an
overhanging obstacle or take him to the obstacle an stop. If
instead the dog runs the guide dog user into the overhang, the team
would need to "rework" the error. To "rework" an error they would
stop, relocate the obstacle, and the guide dog user would tap it
out telling the dog "NO". They would next step back a few feet and
then continue forward cautiously. At this time, the dog should
either guide the guide dog user around the obstacle or stop and
show it to him. If this does not occur, then the team would have to
rework the error again. While overhead clearances can be difficult,
through consistency, repetition, and praise a guide dog can learn
to work effectively around overhangs and branches.
Q: What are the main commands you use with the dogs? A: The main
commands that we use are Down, Sit, Stay, Come,
person or guide dog team...
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS
Stand, and Heel.
Q: I heard that dogs are color blind, so how do they know when the
light turns green so they can cross the street? A: Guide Dogs do
not read the lights nor make the decision to cross the street. It
is the guide dog user that gives the command to go forward. First
the guide dog user listens for the traffic. When the guide dog user
determines it is safe to go forward, they give the command and
cross the street. If the guide dog determines it is unsafe to cross
the street when it is given the command, it will "intelligently
disobey". This might happen if the guide dog user misjudges the
traffic or if a motorist suddenly comes around a corner speeding.
In many cases, guide dogs have saved lives because they have
protected their partners from dangerous situations involving unsafe
motor vehicles.
Q: When do the dogs go in for formal guide dog training? A: The
dogs go into formal training at 18 months of age.
Q: How long are the dogs in formal training before they meet the
partner they will serve? A: After the dogs are finished being puppy
raised and come in- for-training, formal training takes four to six
months with the instructor and then an additional four weeks in
class training with its blind master.
Q: Does a guide dog ever fail to adjust to the student or vice
versa? A: Incompatibility between student and dog is very rare, but
it can occur. The reason why this rarely happens is because our
Trainers and Student Services Personnel take the time to get to
know both their dogs and the incoming students prior to matching.
By the time the student and dog are matched, the needs, pace,
strength, and personalities of both human and canine have been well
assessed.
Q: Are the students receiving the guide dog taught how to care for
the dogs, including humane treatment of the dog? A: Yes. During the
28 days of instruction at our campus the students are taught and
given lectures about how to care for their dogs, how to detect
medical or other problems, and how to treat their new
partners.
Q: Is training given for students who must use public
transportation regularly, like buses and subways? A: Yes. In fact,
all our students are taught to use the bus, the subway, and other
modes of transportation. We also teach our guide dog recipients how
to use the escalator with their guide dog.
Q: Why are dogs rejected as unsuitable for training? A: There are a
number of reasons dogs are determined to be unsuitable for guide
work and the reasons vary from dog to dog. Some reasons are
nervousness, high degree of distraction by other animals (such as
squirrels, cats, or other dogs), fear of traffic, and a lack of
willingness to work.
Q: What happens to the dogs that are removed from the program? A:
To be a successful guide dog, many factors including health and
willingness to work come into play. If a dog in our program does
not meet all the proper criteria necessary to be a guide dog,
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GUIDE DOGS OF AMERICA: Guide dogs for the blind
they must be removed from the program. Both Retired Guide Dogs and
Career Change Dogs (dogs removed from the guide dog program due to
problems with their health, temperament or other factors) are
eligible to be offered for adoption. There is a 4-6 year waiting
list to adopt Career Change Dogs and Retired Guide Dogs. The
priority is given to individuals who have supported G.D.A. by
volunteering time or financial resources-such as donations. If you
are interested in being put on the waiting list, send the request
in writing, to Guide Dogs of America, ATTENTION: "Adoptions", along
with a self addressed envelope. We ask for a donation of $300 or
more when you adopt a dog. For more information, see our Adoption
Page.
Q: What happens to dogs if the guide dog user must give up his or
her dog for some reason? Can it be used by another blind person? A:
The decision of what will happen to the guide dog depends on
certain factors such as age. If the dog is able to be re-matched,
the dog is retrained and matched with a new partner. If the dog is
unable to be matched with a new partner, it is put into our
Adoption Program.
Q: Are your trainers licensed? A: Yes! In the state of California,
Guide Dog Instructors are required by law to be licensed by the
California State Board of Guide Dogs for the Blind. Instructors
must complete a 3 year apprenticeship under a licensed instructor
at a certified guide dog school. This program of instruction was
formulated in compliance with the California State Guide Dog Act,
from California administrative code, title 16, chapter 22, article
2, section 2266. Upon completing the apprenticeship, one is
eligible to take a written, practical, or oral exam to obtain a
license per the California State Board of Guide Dogs. California is
one of the only states to have a Guide Dog Instructor license
requirement.
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purposes only as long as information is not altered and is properly
cited.
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Table of Contents
Dogs for the Blind Hearing and Signal Dogs Assistance Dogs Canine
Companions for Independence Assistance Dog International (ADI) Paws
with a Cause (PAWS) National Education for Assistance Dog Services,
Inc. Therapy Dogs
Please note that while legally speaking, therapy dogs are NOT
"service dogs" and NOT entitled to the same benefits that service
dogs are (entrance to any public building or transportation), I
have included them in this document as a related function for dogs.
As you read this, please keep in mind that according to the
American Disabilities Act (federal) any dog assisting a person with
a disability is considered a service dog (exclusive of therapy
dogs). Service dogs are entitled to freely access buildings and
transportation (buses, trains, planes). Proof or certification is
not required although many organizations that train service dogs
give their handlers some sort of ID for their dog.
I have briefly described various "types" of services dogs and
listed resources (books, organizations) for each. I have in
addition profiled several specific organizations to give you a
further "feel" for how these groups work.
Dogs for the Blind
My thanks to Rusty Wright for the information on Guide Dogs. Thanks
also to Carla Campbell, who contributed substantial additional
information.
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Service Dogs
Dogs can be trained to guide blind people so that they are able to
negotiate the world otherwise unassisted. They serve as, quite
literally, the eyes for their owner. It is illegal anywhere in the
US, or Canada, or Britain, and most other countries, to deny a
blind person guided by a dog access to any public place. This
includes stores, restaurants, banks, and anywhere else that dogs
might be otherwise prohibited. The Americans with Disabilities Act
in the US is quite clear on this point. The training for such dogs
is quite demanding, as the dog must be able to navigate sidewalks,
streets, stairs -- avoiding all obstacles, including overhead ones
that may injure its owner (but not itself). They must be able to
ignore all distractions while doing their work.
Most commonly referred to as "Seeing Eye Dogs" or "Guide Dogs,"
there are in reality many organizations in the US that provide
guide dogs for blind people. However, while Guide Dogs for the
Blind is on the west coast (along with Guide Dogs of the Desert and
Guide Dogs of America, both in southern California, and Eye Dog
Foundation in Arizona) and The Seeing Eye (among many others) is on
the east, nearly all 15 schools in the United States serve people
nationwide. In fact, people can obtain a dog from any of the
schools, save five (which serve only their own geographical
regions), and many dogs from The Seeing Eye, Leader Dogs, Guiding
Eyes and the other schools work on the west coast, while many dogs
from Guide Dogs for the Blind work all around the country.
Geographical location is only one factor in selecting a guide dog
training school to attend, and rarely is it the most
important.
This is not the case in all countries with multiple guide dog
training facilities. In the U.K., for example, the Guide Dogs for
the Blind Association (GDBA) operates several regional centers, and
sends its applicants to the center nearest their home for training.
All these regional centers are "branches" or "campuses" of the
GDBA, unlike the diverse American dog guide schools, which are
completely independent from one another. Unlike American schools,
the GDBA's regional training centers are centrally controlled,
operating under the same set of policies, drawing from the same
budget and using the same training methods. In the United States
and Canada, only Guide Dogs for the Blind has any "branches" or
presence outside their central facility. Guide Dogs for the Blind
is the first US guide dog training program to operate two
facilities under the same administration, with its new campus in
Boring, Oregon (the first class graduated September 1995).
The breeds used are yellow and black Labrador Retrievers and German
Shepherd Dogs, usually. Others can be used, such as Golden
Retrievers, but usually the centers prefer to use dogs with a high
recognition potential and some breeds simply seem to be better at
being trained for guide service.
The breeds most commonly used as dog guides are Labrador
Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs.
Approximately 60-70% of all working guides in the U.S. are
Labradors. (Yellow, black and chocolate labs are all used, though
most Labradors used as guide dogs are yellow or black labs and some
schools specifically do not use chocolates.) Other breeds, such as
Boxers, Flat and Curly Coated Retrievers, Border Collies,
Huskies,
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Doberman Pinchers, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, Australian Shepherds,
German Short-Haired Pointers, Dalmatians, and even Standard Poodles
are occasionally used by some programs. Flat-coated Retrievers, in
particular, appear to be gaining popularity with guide dog training
establishments. Crosses of many of these breeds are also used, by
some schools, with Lab- Golden, Lab-GSD and GSD-Huskie crosses most
common. (In Britain and Australia, Labrador/ Golden and
Labrador-Poodle crosses ("Labradoodles") are frequently used as
guides, and far more crosses are used, in general, than by the U.S.
schools.)
Some centers have their own breeding programs, such as Guide Dogs;
others use local breeders. The trend does seem to be toward
proprietary breeding programs, although many of the stock, if not
used as guide dogs will also compete in the more usual kennel club
events. For example, CH Lobuff's Bare Necessities (black Labrador
Retriever) was bred by the Guide Dog Foundation for the blind and
is producing puppies for both the ring and the foundation.
Labs, Goldens and Shepherds are most popular as guides due to their
temperament, intelligence, versatility, size and availability. Dogs
trained as guide dogs must be intelligent, willing workers, large
enough to comfortably guide in harness and small enough to be
easily controlled and fit comfortably under restaurant tables and
on buses and other forms of public transit. The three common breeds
used for this work were selected because a large number of
individuals of these breeds met the requirements necessary for a
good guide dog and these breeds could most easily be matched with
the widest range of blind people and their needs in a guide.
Additionally, these three breeds are popular in the United States
and obtaining them for training or supplementing breeding stock has
proved easier than obtaining less common, but perhaps equally
suitable breeds.
Families who raise the puppies simply train them in basic dog
obedience, and stress lots of socialization and good manners. For
example, if you go to a dog show, you are likely to see several
such puppies there, learning to take it all in stride. The dogs go
back for their formal training when they're about 1.5 years old,
although they can go back as young as 1 year old.
Children are usually preferred as puppy raisers, hence many
coordinate with 4-H programs. Interestingly enough, the puppies
raised by kids are more likely to make it through the formal guide
dog training. The difference is not drastic, but is "significant."
Volunteer puppy raisers are encouraged to expose their charges to
as many new experiences as possible, observing the pups' reactions
and providing positive reassurance and security for the puppies as
they experience crowds, cars, strange buildings, other animals and
much more. They also teach the dogs some of the basic obedience
commands such as "sit" and "down," but the dogs' instructors will
insure that the dogs know these and other obedience commands in
addition to instructing them in guide work, itself.
When dogs go back for their training they're carefully screened for
any hip abnormalities and other health problems. If the hips aren't
very good they're immediately "retired." The formal
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Service Dogs
training takes about 6 months.
Dogs can fail for a variety of reasons. As you might guess, some
dogs don't transition well from living in a puppy raiser's home to
living in the kennels and others just get stressed out and fail.
The puppy raiser gets the option of keeping a dog that failed. If
the puppy raiser can't keep the dog they can place it in a home.
Waiting lists for such dogs are usually several years long!
Before a guide dog is given to a blind person the blind person must
usually attend training at center. This training is several weeks
long and during this time the blind person will live on site.
People coming back to get a replacement dog usually take a
"refresher" class.
A few smaller programs conduct "in home" training, in which an
instructor brings a trained dog to the student and trains the team
in their own home area. This is the most rapidly growing area of
dog guide training, with three new home training programs started
since 1990. Most of these programs are small 1-2 trainer operations
and do not ever plan to serve as many people as the residential
programs can. All home training programs currently limit their
service to their own region of the country, serving only those
applicants in their own and neighboring states.
There are pros and cons to both types of training, and they serve
people with different needs and expectations. The majority of guide
dog handlers still choose to attend class at a residential training
facility to receive and train with their dogs.
There are, in addition to residential training schools and home
training programs, a few private trainers of dog guides and a few
blind people who train their own guides.
There are 15 established programs in the US which train dog guides
for the blind (as well as several in Canada and in other countries
around the world, of course.) Of these, Fidelco, Southeastern, two
new schools in New York state, (Upstate Guide Dog Association and
Freedom Guide Dogs), and a very recently established program in
Oregon (Northwest Guiding Eyes) serve only people from their own
"region." The rest serve anyone from the United States or
abroad.
References
Pfaffenberger, Clarence J. The new knowledge of dog behavior.
Foreword by J. P. Scott. Consultant on genetics: Benson E.
Ginsburg. New York, Howell Book House, 1963.
Gives an excellent history of how Guide Dogs was started, and has
other interesting information.
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Pfaffenberger, Clarence J., et al., with the editorial assistance
of Sarah F. Scott. Guide Dogs for the Blind, Their Selection,
Development, and Training. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier Scientific
Pub. Co.; distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier/North
Holland, 1976.
Many specific details on the genetics, training, 4-H project
coordination, and so forth. Includes a history of the
organization.
Harrington, Paula. Looking ahead: Guide Dogs for the Blind. 1st ed.
San Rafael, CA: Guide Dogs for the Blind, c1990.
This one is sort of a "coffee table" book; lots of nice color
photographs, and it covers the history of Guide Dogs, the training
(both for the dog and the blind person), the 4-H puppy raisers, and
lots of other stuff.
Organizations
Southwest Guide Dog Foundation, San Antonio TX
http://cust.iamerica.net/swoidgf/Index.HTM
Fidelco Guide Dog Foundation P.O. Box 142, Bloomfield,CT 06002.
203-243-5200
Guide Dog Foundation 371 Jericho Turnpike, Smithtown, New York
11787. 516-265-2121
Hearing and Signal Dogs
Other dogs are trained to assist deaf people, with varying degrees
of impairment. They alert their owner to a variety of sounds,
usually by coming up to the person and going back to the source of
the sound. They will signal on door bell and knocking, phones,
smoke alarms, crying babies and much more. In the US, they enjoy
the same rights of access as guide dogs and are to be permitted
anywhere, although since they are not as widely recognized, their
owners often have to display an identification card even though
this is not legally required (cf the U.S. ADA legislation).
Organizations
Service Dogs
This organization is involved in training dogs to assist
handicapped people. They train signal dogs for the deaf, and dogs
for physically disabled or developmentally disabled persons.
Canine Companions for Independence has provided highly skilled
assistance dogs for people with disabilities since 1975. CCI
started as a small, at-home organization and has grown into a
dynamic non-profit agency with five regional centers
nationwide.
A Canine Companion's specialized training starts in a volunteer
puppy raiser's home between 7 and 8 weeks of age. The puppy raiser
is responsible for the young dog's care, socialization, and the
teaching of basic commands. At about one year of age, the dog is
returned to a CCI regional training center for six months of
advanced training by a professional CCI instructor. The dog is then
ready for an intensive two-to-three week training camp where its
new owner learns to work with a fully trained dog.
It costs more than US$20,000 to breed, raise, and train each Canine
Companion, yet recipients pay only a US$25 application fee and
US$100 for training seminar supplies. The dog is provided
completely free of charge. CCI depends entirely on donations; it
does not receive government funds. CCI also relies heavily on the
dedication of its many volunteers, who play a vital role in CCI's
mission to provide exceptional dogs for exceptional people.
The breeds CCI uses for service and social dogs are black and
yellow Labs, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Lab/Golden
Retriever mix. CCI is moving away from using German Shepherds for
two reasons: first, a lot of the public view (and fear) German
Shepherds as "police" or "guard" dogs, and second, German Shepherds
bond very strongly to people and the program is difficult on them
because first they form a strong bond to their puppy raiser, then
to their trainer when they go back to CCI, and then to their
eventual handicapped owner. For signal dogs they use Corgis and
Border Collies.
CCI will work with people in need of assistance to determine if a
properly trained dog can provide that assistance. Dogs can be
taught to retrieve a variety of things -- even to distinguish
between specific items -- and to manipulate a variety of objects.
Monkeys have been tried for this purpose, as they are more
dexterous. However, they are not as reliably trainable and are very
expensive, so dogs present a much more practical alternative. Given
some extensions, such as rope handles on doors and light switches,
dogs can give a disabled person complete mobility within her or his
home.
CCI finds and trains a variety of dogs for different forms of
assistance: hearing dogs, physically disabled assistant dogs, even
as therapy dogs. They are all neutered, as with guide dogs. People
who are to receive one of the dogs are required to attend a
two-week seminar to learn how to communicate and care for their
assistance. As needed, the people and their dogs are provided with
permits that identify the dogs as licensed canine companions --
this is enough to gain undisputed entry into most places, as with
the more well-known Seeing Eye
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Service Dogs
Thanks to Tom Rich: NEADS client & board member.
NEADS is a non-profit organization that trains hearing, service,
specialty, social and service dogs for the classroom.
A hearing dog responds to important sounds such as fire alarm or
smoke alarm, telephone ringing, door knock or bell, baby crying a
person's name being called or household appliances. The dog goes
back and forth to the sound until his deaf or hard of hearing human
partner follows him to the source of the sound.
A service dog retrieves and moves for a person who has a physical
disability or uses a wheelchair. The dog goes for help, picks up
things that drop, retrieves from high selves, turns on light
switches, pulls the wheelchair and carriers essentials.
A specialty dog does many of the same tasks for a person who has
multiple disabilities, such as deafness and physical disabilities,
and needs more specialized help. Services can be trained as
needed.
A social dog works for children and adults who cannot assume total
responsibility for a working dog but can benefit from the
therapeutic value of a dog. They are trianed for residential
settings such as nursing homes, halfway houses and psychotherapy
centers. They have the advanced skills of a service dog but can be
sometimes handled by a third party. They are certified for public
access.
A service dog for the classroom is an innovative teaching tool used
by social workers, therapists, early education and special needs
teachers working with children with physical, emotional and
developmental disabilities. The dogs help them teach basic concepts
like "up," "under," "down." Children with histories of sexual or
physical abuse often need a catalyst to prompt disclosure. An
assistance dog, non-judgemental and unconditionally loving,
provides the help necessary to identify children in crisis.
NEADS uses facility-based education, a concept of impressive
success. This developes a strong working relationship between
client ad dog while training together for two weeks, learning to
work as a team under the expert supervision of staff. When they
leave clients are then fully responsible for the handling, care and
health of their with continued NEADS outreach support.
NEADS has trained close to 600 dogs for the above mentioned work.
This year is NEADS 20th year of providing assistance dog services.
NOTE: that 75% of the dogs trained by NEADS are pound/shelter
rescues.
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Service Dogs
For more information : Call (978) 422-9064 Voice/TDD 9:00 - 4:00
EST or FAX (978) 422- 3255. Monday thru Friday office hours. Or
write: NEADS, P.O. Box 213, West Boylston, MA. 01583. Or email:
[email protected]. (Verified Feb '97.)
Therapy Dogs
Dogs are quite often used in therapy. Typically this involves
visiting hospitals, care facilities, nursing homes, etc. to cheer
up patients. There are a variety of groups that train therapy dogs,
some local and some national. Some use the AKC Canine Good Citizen
test to choose suitable dogs, others have devised their own
Temperament Tests. You should note that therapy dogs ARE NOT
considered BY LAW in the United States to have the same status as
SERVICE DOGS. Service dogs directly assist their handicapped owners
with daily tasks in some fashion; therapy dogs are handled by their
owners to assist others at specific times, such as visits to a
facility. Thus laws mandating access for service dogs, who must
accompany their owners do not apply to dogs who need not be with
their owners at all times but rather work at specific
locations.
Resources
A national organization that dispenses information about therapy
dogs is the Delta Society, 289 Perimeter Rd. East, Renton WA
98055-1329, vox: 206-226-7357, tty: 800-809-2714; or via email:
[email protected]. They put out a magazine called
Interactions as well.
Another well-regarded organization is Therapy Dogs International
(TDI) and they may be reached at
[email protected].
In addition many local humane societies, breed clubs, and obedience
clubs do some hospital visitation.
Books
*. Therapy Dog.
Therapy dog training. A good psychology book with gentle training
methods.
Harrington, Paula. Looking ahead: Guide Dogs for the Blind. 1st ed.
San Rafael, CA: Guide
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Police dog From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A police dog is a dog that is trained specifically to assist police
and similar law-
enforcement personnel with their work. Police dogs are often
referred to by the term K9,
which sounds like the term canine, a word that generally refers to
the dog and its relatives.
In many jurisdictions the intentional injury or killing of a police
dog is a felony, subjecting
the perpetrator to harsher penalties than the statutes embodied in
local animal cruelty
laws. Depending on jurisdiction, the perpetrator may be charged the
same as if a human
officer were injured or killed.[ citation needed
] A growing number of forces outfit dogs with
bulletproof vests (and some even go so far as to give the dogs
their own police badges
and IDs). Furthermore, a police dog killed in the line of duty is
traditionally given a full police funeral/burial just
as they would for a human officer.[1] If the dog is killed or
injured by another animal, like a big cat, bear, or
another dog, the animal would be shot. Police dogs rarely go to
cases involving other animals like drug dealers
using other dogs or exotic animals to guard the evidence.
Article Discussion Edit this page History [Collapse] Wikipedia is
there when you need it — now it needs you.
$3,544,274
2007.
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Roles police dogs fill include:
[edit]Purpose and function
Public order enforcement dog - The "traditional" image of a police
dog is one used
to enforce public order by chasing and holding suspects, or
detaining suspects by the
threat of being released. German Shepherd Dogs are most commonly
used; however
other dog breeds have also contributed, such as Rottweilers,
Doberman Pinschers,
and even American Pit Bull Terriers and American Staffordshire
Terriers.
Tracking dog - This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing
persons or
objects. Bloodhounds are often used for this task.
Contents [hide]
4 Retirement
6 Continental Europe
8 Police dogs in the Netherlands
9 State statutes on police dogs in the U.
S.
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Police departments and government agencies also use dogs to detect
illicit or dangerous substances, such
as narcotics [2]
For example, as of February 2007, the U.S. Transportation
Security
Administration currently uses over 9000 trained dogs to patrol 75
airports and 13 major transit systems including
the Bank of Jasmine in Egypt
[edit]Illicit substances detection
[edit]Popular Police Dog Breeds
Illicit substances dog - Some dogs are used to detect illicit
substances such as
drugs or explosives which may be carried on a person in their
effects. In many
countries, Beagles are used in airports to sniff the baggage for
items that are not
]
Cadaver dogs - Some dogs are trained in detecting the odor of
decomposing bodies. Dogs' noses are so
sensitive that they are even capable of detecting bodies that are
under running water.[ citation needed
] Pioneering
work was done by Dr. Debra Komar (University of Alberta) in
Association with the RCMP Civilian Search
Dog Association in this area. The result was the development of
training techniques that resulted in near
100% accuracy rates [1]
. Her research has been published in the Journal of Forensic
Anthropology.
Main article: Detection dog
German Shepherd
Dutch Shepherd
Belgian Malinois
Labrador Retriever
Springer Spaniel
K9 unit.
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Police dogs are retired when they are injured, are pregnant, are
raising puppies, or are too old or sick to
continue working.
It is a firmly established fact that dog sections were attached to
all of the larger units of the Roman Legions.
Although evidence is somewhat lacking, it is generally accepted
that the Romans used trained tracking dogs to
pursue escaped prisoners and slaves. As Britain was a part of the
Roman Empire for hundreds of years, historically
it is reasonable to assume that the first trained dogs used to
assist in law enforcement in Britain stem from this period.
Documented evidence exists from the Middle Ages showing that money
was set aside in towns and villages to pay
for the upkeep of bloodhounds to be used by parish constables to
track down outlaws and criminals. In fact,
during the reign of King Henry I, documents showing the staffing
levels of the Royal Palaces refer to the
appointment of a constable who, with the aid of a marshal,'shall
maintain the stables, kennels and mews, and
be responsible for protecting and policing the whole court'.
During the twelfth & thirteenth centuries, the forces of law
and order were employed by the Barons and
landowners to protect their privileges. Restrictions were placed
upon the right to own a dog. Divided into
three classes, small dogs, which were unlikely to be a threat to
hunting, were unrestricted. Dogs that had
natural hunting instincts, such as greyhounds and spaniels were
barred altogether, and larger breeds were
[edit]Retirement
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only allowed if used for security purposes and if their claws were
removed. Constables used these larger breeds
such as the bloodhounds more for their own protection than the
ability to apprehend villains. A point worthy of note
is that the bloodhounds of those times were described as
“unreliable, bad-tempered and savage " but even
then displayed an uncanny ability to track through the marshes and
bogs which bordered the highways of that time.
In Scotland bloodhounds became known as "Slough dogs" and it is
from this name that the word "Sleuth",
usually applied to a detective, is derived. By the beginning of the
nineteenth century, people were leaving the
rural areas to move into the larger cities and towns. Large country
estates were breaking down into smaller units,
and with this change came the decline in the popularity of the dog
as a hunter and enforcer of the law. At about
this point in history, people of all classes began to treat their
dogs as domestic pets rather than working animals,
and size and appearance became as important as temperament and
working ability.
The period of the Napoleonic Wars saw extreme outbreaks of violence
and lawlessness in England and the
existing forces of law & order, the parish constables and the
Bow Street Runners were overwhelmed. As a
result private associations were formed to help combat crime. Night
watchmen were employed to guard premises
with many of these individuals provided with firearms and dogs to
protect themselves from the criminal elements.
In 1829 Sir Robert Peel established London's Metropolitan Police,
the first professional body to police the
whole metropolitan area. From 1935 onwards, police forces were set
up in the larger boroughs and cities, as well
as in the counties, so that by the end of the century, professional
policemen were policing the whole country.
One of the first real attempts to use dogs to aid police in the
detection of crime and the apprehension of a
criminal was in 1888 when two bloodhounds were used in a simple
tracking test set by the then Commissioner of
the Metropolitan (London) Police, Sir Charles Warren with a view to
using them in the hunt for the Victorian
murderer, Jack the Ripper. The results were far from satisfactory,
with one of the hounds biting the
Commissioner and both dogs later running off requiring a police
search to find them.
[edit]Continental Europe
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Official use of police dogs was recognized as being of value on the
European Continent as early as 1859, with
the Belgium Police in Ghent using dogs to officially patrol with
the night shift.
Germany, France, Austria and Hungary soon followed with dogs
becoming an accepted part of the official
police establishment. It should be noted that the dogs employed at
this time were hard aggressive animals that
could inspire fear, protect their handler against attackers and be
prepared to tackle courageously anyone
found lurking in the ill-lit streets or open spaces. The breeds
most commonly used by the end of the
nineteenth century in these countries were Belgian & German
Shepherds, Boxers, Dobermans and Airedales
(imported from England).
The first major step forward in the development of the modern
police dog came in the 1890s in Germany
where serious attempts had been made to introduce recognised
training programmes for the dogs purchased by
the police, army & customs authorities. Rapid progress was made
in the field of dog training with the development
of the German Shepherd Dog as a breed and the formation on the 22nd
of April 1899 of the Verein für
Deutsche Schäferhunde or SV (The German Shepherd Dog Society) . In
1903 the SV staged civilian police dog
trials that encompassed control, criminal work and nose work
exercises. The police authorities were impressed
but were not convinced that the intensive efforts expended on
training and the costs involved were justified by
the results. The primary object of the police dog at this time was
still seen as that of deterrent.
In the UK the attitude was very much the same; dogs were considered
beneficial as long as they did not cost
money or require special training, an attitude that still appears
to be prevalent in many police departments around
the world today. In 1914 official authority was granted for 172
constables in the Metropolitan (London) Police to
take their own dogs on patrol with them, a motley crew of
sheepdogs, retrievers, collies, terriers, spaniels,
mongrels and even one Pomeranian.
In 1908, the North Eastern Railway police who used Airedales to put
a stop to theft from the docks in Hull formed
the first recognised UK Police Dog Section. By 1910 the British
Transport Commission Police had taken
over, experimenting with other breeds such as Labradors, Dobermans
and finally, the German Shepherd or Alsatian
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as it was then known.
After the 1914 -1918 war, despite the success of the transport
police dogs the police authorities in the UK
continued to show a lack of interest in the use of dogs as an aid
to police work. On the continent, however,
dogs were being used for a variety of purposes with organised dog
training centres being set up in various
locations. The impressive results being obtained on the continent
could not be ignored forever, and in 1934
a committee was set up to investigate the whole question
surrounding the use of police dogs in the UK. An
interesting excerpt from the London Times dated 15th January 1938
gives an interesting insight into the thinking
of senior police officers of the time in regard to the use of dogs.
Colonel Hoel Llewellyn, Chief Constable of
Wiltshire was quoted as follows:
"A good dog with a night duty man is as sound a proposition as you
can get. The dog hears what the constable
does not, gives him notice of anyone in the vicinity, guards his
master's bicycle to the death, and remains mute
unless roused. He is easily trained and will go home when told to
do so with a message in his collar".
Bearing in mind that this was a statement from a pro-dog man of the
times, is it any wonder that the
authorities failed to understand the true worth of the dog in the
role of law enforcement for a number of years
to come.
In order to establish the best breed to be employed as a police
service dog, the 1934 committee set up
an experimental Home Office dog training school in Washwater, near
Newbury, adjoining Lord Carnarvon's
Highclere Estate. It concluded that a multi-purpose dog, trained to
carry out all disciplines, was not possible, and
that tracking and other work would have to be divided. The
committee reported in 1937 that the experiments at
the dog training school showed that the best breed of dog for
following a scent was the bloodhound, and the
best breed of dog for general patrol purposes was the Labrador.
Experiments had been done in crossing Fell
Hounds to Labradors and Otter Hounds to Bloodhounds, but both sets
of crosses left something to be desired. As
a result of the committee's conclusions, recommendations were made
that Chief Constables 'consider' the use of
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dogs in police work, and it was once again left to the individual
chief police officer to decide the worth of
employing dogs in his respective police force. In 1938 two
specially trained black Labradors were introduced into
the Metropolitan Police as general patrol or 'utility' dogs,
however, they were transferred in 1940 to the
Cheshire Constabulary. With the outbreak of the Second World War,
any further efforts to introduce dogs into
a policing role in the UK were abandoned.
The end of the Second World War brought a crime wave to the shores
of the UK, generally attributed to the
presence of returning servicemen. It also brought the appointment
of Chief Constable of the Surrey Constabulary
to Sir Joseph Simpson K.B.E., a man who had a lifelong interest in
gundogs and who saw clearer than most
the possibilities of adapting the natural abilities and qualities
of the dog to the specialist requirements of the
police service. By good fortune, the Surrey Constabulary also
employed an officer who had taken part in many of
the unrewarding experiments to try and prove the value of the
trained dog in police work; his name was
Sergeant Harry Darbyshire.
This liaison set in motion the first positive effort to convince
the Home Office and Police Forces throughout the UK
of the true worth of a well-trained dog. With Darbyshire's
enthusiasm and idea's and Simpson leadership
and influence, the Surrey police headquarters at Mountbrown in
Guildford became the epicentre of breeding
and training of the modern police dog. Within a short space of time
the Surrey police dogs were touring the
country giving demonstrations to other police forces, whilst at the
same time, Sir Joseph Simpson was bringing
his influence to bear on the Kennel Club and other senior police
officers. Slowly, they began to understand
and appreciate the potential value of the police service dog.
After a careful study of the work carried out by Harry Darbyshire,
Sir Joseph Simpson reached a number of
important conclusions on which further developments and progress
were to be based. The most far-reaching of
these was to discard the accepted notion that all police dogs
should be divided into two classes, tracking dogs
and criminal work patrol dogs. The evidence pointed to the fact
that some breeds of dogs were capable of
being trained to carry out both disciplines. He also concluded that
there should be a more rigorous selection
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process when accepting dogs for police work, the first step towards
the notion that the police service should
breed their own animals in an attempt to produce the ideal police
dog.
1946 also saw the formation of a small dog section within the
Metropolitan Police, an important event in itself as
the Metropolitan Police, serving the Capitol City and with the
largest deployment of manpower has always been
an influential component in the policing tactics of the UK as a
whole. Six Labradors were purchased from
Yorkshire farmers and deployed in South London, quickly proving
their worth when on their first night on patrol
they were used in the arrest of two American servicemen after a
purse snatch. In 1948 a new breed of police dog
was used on the streets of London for the first time, the Alsatian
Wolf Dog, later to be known as the Alsatian
or German Shepherd Dog had arrived. The first of this breed in
London was called 'Smokey' and such was
the impression that he made, that a further twelve Alsatians
together with another seven Labradors were
purchased. The Metropolitan Police Dog Section was growing so
rapidly that a central dog training school
was established at Imber Court and by 1950 the total number of
trained dogs in the force numbered 90.
The popularity of the police dog was being echoed all over the UK
with police forces both large and small
employing dogs and handlers on their strength and setting up dog
training schools to cater for the ever
increasing number of dogs being used.
The value of the police dog has been recognised by all to such an
extent that there are over 2500 police
dogs employed amongst the various police forces in the UK with the
German Shepherd still the most popular
breed for general purpose work with the Belgian Shepherd Malinois
catching up fast, proven when a Belgian
Malinois female called Metpol Kairo Demi bred by Steve Dean of the
Metropolitan Police, handled by PC
Graham Clarke won the 2008 National Police Dog Trials with the
highest score ever recorded.
All British police dogs, irrespective of the discipline they are
trained in, must be licensed to work operationally.
To obtain the license they have to pass a test at the completion of
their training, and then again every year until
they retire, which is usually at about the age of 8 when the
majority settle into a life as a family pet with
their handler. The standards required to become operational are
laid down by the Association of Chief Police
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Officers (ACPO) sub-committee on police dogs and are reviewed on a
regular basis to ensure that training
and licensing reflects the most appropriate methods &
standards.
Many British police services now source the majority of their
replacement dogs from within specialized police
dog breeding programs designed to ensure that the dogs are bred
with strong working ethics & health as a
priority. The Metropolitan Police has the largest police dog
breeding program in the UK supplying not only the
capital city, London, but many other parts of the UK & the
world with police service dogs.
The Belgian Canine Support Group is part of the country's federal
police. It has 35 dog teams. Some dogs are
trained to detect drugs, human remains, hormones or fire
accelerants. About a third are tracker dogs trained to
find or identify living people. These teams are often deployed to
earthquake areas to locate people trapped
in collapsed buildings. The federal police’s explosive detector
dogs are attached to the Federal Police Special Units.
The Dutch Mounted Police and Police Dog Service (DLHP) is part of
the Korps landelijke politiediensten
(KLPD; National Police Services Agency) and supports other units
with horse patrols and specially trained dogs.
The DLHP’s dogs are trained to recognize a single specific scent.
They specialize in identifying scents (identifying
the scent shared by an object and a person), narcotics, explosives
and firearms, detecting human remains,
locating drowning people and fire accelerants.
The KLPD is just one of the 26 police regions in the Netherlands.
Every other region has its own K9-unit. For
example, the K9-unit of the regional police Amsterdam-Amstelland
has 24 patroldog handlers and 6
specialdog handlers and 4 instructors. The unit has 24 patroldogs,
3 explosives/firearms dogs, 3 active narcotic
dogs, 2 passive narcotic dogs, 2 scent identifying dogs, 1 crime
scene dog and 1 USAR dog. They work on a
24/7 basis, every shift (07:00-15:00 / 15:00-23:00 /
23:00-07:00hrs) has a minimum of 2 patroldog handlers
[edit]Police dogs in Belgium
[edit]Police dogs in the Netherlands
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on patrol. The special dog handlers work only in the dayshift or
after a call.
[edit]State statutes on police dogs in the U.S.
[edit]References
[edit]External links
1. ^ L. Oesterhelweg et al.. "Cadaver dogs—A study on detection of
contaminated carpet squares".
2. ^ "Drug Dog ‘Sniff’ of Car During Normal Background Check Does
Not Violate Driver’s Constitutional Rights".
3. ^ "Bomb Team Joins Metro Police". King County, Washington.
---
North Carolina Police Canine Standards
Oklahoma statute #1
Oklahoma statute #2
History of Police Dogs | Global Training Academy - k9gta.com
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History of Police Dogs
Dogs were initially used for hunting, hauling, and guarding camps
and settlements. At some point they began to be used for military
purposes and for social control, particularly to control slaves and
to guard properties. By the 5th century B.C., various societies had
adopted these strategies. Persians, Greeks, Assyrians and
Babylonians recognized the advantage of war dogs and deployed them
as forward attacking elements.
The Romans used dogs both for war and for internal control. After
Rome fell, the use of dogs for offense and repression tapered off
somewhat, until it was revived with unprecedented brutality by the
Spanish Conquistadors.
The British arrived in Jamestown and by 1610 the intentional
extermination of the native population was well along. They were
hunted down by dogs, blood-Hounds to draw after them, and mastiffs
to seize them.
By the time of the American revolution, the use of dogs for
repression had been scaled down, although some, most notably
Benjamin Franklin suggested that dogs should be used against the
Indians.
Ben Franklin's suggestion was not adopted until 1840, when
Secretary of War Joel Poinsett authorized the purchase of the 33
bloodhounds from Cuba for offensive use against the Seminole
Indians and escaped slaves who had taken refuge among them in
western Florida and Louisana.
Meanwhile, bloodhounds were regularly used to recapture escaped
slaves. During the Civil War, Confederate regiments used
bloodhounds.
The Nazis employed dogs in various capacities, most notoriously in
the concentration camps. During Second World War every
concentration camp had its dog unit. The dogs were trained to
attack inmates. (from Axis and Allied War Dogs). The aid of dogs
was also sometimes employed when prisoners were corralled into gas
chambers.
Dogs were utilized in Vietnam by American troops to clear Vietcong
tunnels and caves and to sniff out land mines and booby-traps. At
any given time there were 4,000 dogs employed in Vietnam for
military purposes. All but 200 were left to the Vietcong, many of
whom were tortured.
Police started using police dogs for riot control. When a German
shepherd dog attacks, it doesn't just intimidate. When it bites,
the upper and lower incisors connect like scissors and the large
canine teeth remove chunks of flesh. The wounds infect easily and
the scars usually are permanent.
Police and the Military also started using dogs to find drugs,
explosives, tracking, etc.
The Military Working Dog Program has come a long way since the Army
tested the original nine dogs in 1942. We have used dogs for
sentries, scouts, trackers, casualty dogs, and the list goes on.
For an all-around type animal to perform in both security and law
enforcement functions, dogs have been the answer. As of now there
is no single piece of police equipment that can perform as many
functions, or perform as reliably as a well-trained detector dog
team. As a detector dog handler, you must insure your animal is
kept at a high degree of proficiency. As a supervisor, it is your
responsibility to insure that detector dog handlers have the
training aids, facilities, and time needed to keep them "honed to a
fine edge" as a detector team.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL TRAINING ACADEMY
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History of Police Dogs | Global Training Academy - k9gta.com
In October 1984, Global was born and found its present home at 7705
Patton Road, Somerset Texas, May 1985. There are three owners: Dan
Hayter, Ken Nelson, and Jim Parks. In May 1985 Bob Barnes, who had
been involved with the dog program for twenty-six years and had
been the Superintendent of the Department of Defense Dog School for
a number of years, decided to join the team.
Two of our dogs with the U.S. Border Patrol wrote themselves into
the Book of World Records (1991) as having seized more drugs then
any two dogs in the history of drug dogs. Another team in New
Mexico seized 2.5 million dollars worth of drugs in five months.
That is not abnormal for a Global detector dog and detector dog
handler.
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Animals/Sports
Sled Dog Racing - The Dogs
Two dogs commonly used in sledding are Alaskan Malamutes and
Siberian Huskies. These two breeds had quite different origins and
uses.
Alaskan Malamutes originated with a group of Eskimo people known as
the Mahlemiut. The dogs of that time were very large freighting
dogs, capable of pulling very heavy weights. The Mahlemiut people
lived in the upper part of the Anvik River in Alaska, and were
spread out over a large area. They used the dogs for hauling food
back to the villages. The gold rush in 1896 created a high demand
for these dogs.
Siberian Huskies originated with the Chuckchi people of
northeastern Siberia. With a Stone Age culture, the Chuckchi people
used their dogs for tasks like herding reindeer and pulling loads.
These dogs were smaller and faster than their Mahlemiut
counterparts.
These dogs were exported to Alaska around the time of the gold
rush. These two breeds play a very important role in the
development of our modern day sled dog breeds.
Today, most northern breeds used as sled dogs. Alaskan Malamutes,
Siberian Huskies, Eskimo Dogs, Greenlands, Samoyeds,
Norrbottenspets, and Hokkaidokens are all sled dogs.
Many different breeds of dogs have been and are used to drive sleds
and carts. It is not unusual that Irish Setters, Dalmatians, Golden
Retrievers also enjoy mushing sports.
Most modern day speed and endurance mushers use mixed breeds.
Some people question the use of dogs in sled dog racing. The
relationship between sled dogs and humans is one of the oldest
bonds
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[12/9/2008 7:34:29 PM]
Sled Dog Racing - The Dogs
of its kind. Modern sled dog owners are proud of their dogs as
canine athletes that are bred and trained to do what they love: run
as part of a team.
But wait now, Huskies are not the only dogs running the big races.
John Suter went along for a snowmobile ride and was amazed that his
miniature poodle could keep up with the snowmobile, at a reasonable
speed. He decided to race standard poodles in the 1976 Chugiak Sled
Dog Race. Learn more about poodles racing the Iditarod Races
here.
Next Page > Mushing
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Animals/Sports
Sled Dog Racing - Mushing
Not all dogs are meant to become mushers, or dog sled racers. If
you have a dog over 35 pounds with good 'leg', they can be trained
to pull, regardless of the breed.
If you are interested in learning about mushing there are many
online sled dog organizations that can help you out. You can also
contact your local sled dog organization.
Skijouring or kicksleds are good ways to get started. Skijouring is
where a dog pulls you while you are on skis. A kicksled is a light,
upright sled that can take 1-2 dogs. Both are rather inexpensive
options for the novice
In skijouring 1-3 dogs are used. In sprint races, the smallest team
is a 3 dog team -- but you can run 2 dogs in the 3 dog class. Other
sprint classes are 4, 6, 8, 10, and unlimited number dog teams.
Distance races vary between 6, 10, 12, 16 and unlimited.
In sprints, the race is usually 1 mile per dog in the team. Some
sprint races are much longer, especially in Alaska. Mid-distance is
somewhere between 25-250 miles and long distance is over 250 miles.
This will vary from location to location.
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[12/9/2008 7:35:34 PM]
Next Page > Mushing Terms
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History of the rescue dog
History of the rescue dog The history of the rescue dog is old. In
about A.D. 950, the monk called Bernard that lived in the monastery
of the border neighborhood of Switzerland and Italy trained a dog.
That the dog helped many victims is the beginning of the history of
a rescue dog. Many persons met with a disaster in the mountain pass
of this neighborhood, when it snows. The monastery burnt down in
the 16th century and was lost the record to it. After that, the
successive rescue dogs are told that 2,500 victims were rescued at
least, for about 300 years, until the tunnel is completed to the
mountain pass. In the history the famous rescue dog was called
barry. He was mistaken as a wolf in 1814 and was shot down to a
hunter. He rescued over 40 victims with his life. After that this
kind of dog has been called barry hound. However, they were changed
their name as the Saint Bernard in 1828. The present Saint Bernards
are a long hair almost. But the dog of short hair is suited to take
an active part in snow. Therefore the dog of the short hair was
used by a rescue dog. There are not the restriction by the kind and
blood of a dog, to work as the rescue dog. It is necessary
curiosity that becomes the base of the desire that does work,
concentration that continues work, friendship nature that does not
set up attack to the others, to rescue dogs. The character of such
a dog is not necessarily inborn. The character of a dog changes by
the method that a keeper brings up. At present there are a German
shepherd dog, Labrador retriever, Golden retriever, etc., in the
kind of the dog that is used as the rescue dog. Recently, rescue
dogs searched for a missing person in Great Hanshin Earthquake, in
Great Central Taiwan Earthquake, in International terrorism
happening in America, etc. and became at a bound famous. The party
of the rescue dog relation was organized every place after Great
Hanshin Earthquake, to take precautions against a disaster, in
Japan.
Daizen Kinoshita
Top Page
Long before Beethoven drooled on the big screen, St. Bernard dogs
were
famous for an entirely different reason: saving lives. Since the
early 18th
century, monks living in the snowy, dangerous St. Bernard Pass—a
route
through the Alps between Italy and Switzerland—kept the canines to
help
them on their rescue missions after bad snowstorms. Over a span of
nearly
200 years, about 2,000 people, from lost children to Napoleon's
soldiers,
were rescued because of the heroic dogs' uncanny sense of direction
and
resistance to cold. Since then, and through much crossbreeding, the
canines
have become the domestic St. Bernard dogs commonly seen in
households
today.
Hospice Hounds
At a little more than 8,000 feet above sea level sits the Great St.
Bernard
Pass, a 49-mile route in the Western Alps. The pass is only snow
free for a
couple of months during the summer and has been a treacherous route
for
many travelers throughout history. In order to help struggling
trekkers, an
Augustine monk named St. Bernard de Menthon founded a hospice
and
monastery around the year 1050.
Sometime between 1660 and 1670, the monks at Great St. Bernard
Hospice
acquired their first St. Bernards—descendants of the mastiff style
Asiatic
dogs brought over by the Romans—to serve as their watchdogs
and
companions. (The earliest depiction of the breed was in two
paintings done
by well-known Italian artist Salvatore Rosa in 1695.) Compared to
St.
Bernards today, these dogs were smaller in size, had shorter
reddish brown
and white fur and a longer tail.
At the turn of the century, servants called marroniers were
assigned to
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Smithsonian.comA Brief History of the St. Bernard Rescue Dog |
History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine
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(1 of 5) [12/9/2008 7:37:55 PM]
Monks and a team of St. Bernard's rescue a lost traveler in the
Swiss Alps, circa 1955.
Photo by George Pickow/Three Lions/Hulton Archive/Getty
Images
A Brief History of the St. Bernard Rescue Dog The canine's
evolution from hospice
hound to household companion
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One town's strange journey from paranoia to
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3. The Pygmies' Plight
5. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials
6. Gobekli Tepe: The World’s First Temple?
7. Family Ties
9. What's Killing the Aspen?
10. 44 Years Later, a Washington, D.C. Death Unresolved
accompany travelers between the hospice and Bourg-Saint-Pierre,
a
municipality on the Swiss side. By 1750, marroniers were
routinely
accompanied by the dogs, whose broad chests helped to clear paths
for
travelers. The marroniers soon discovered the dogs' tremendous
sense of
smell and ability to discover people buried deep in the snow, and
sent them
out in packs of two or three alone to seek lost or injured
travelers.
Life-Saving Work
The canines made rescue excursions on the St. Bernard Pass for the
next 150 years. Often the dogs would find buried
travelers, dig through the snow and lie on top of the injured to
provide warmth. Meanwhile, the other dog would return to the
hospice to alert the monks of the stranded pilgrim. The system
became so organized that when Napoleon and his 250,000
soldiers crossed through the pass between 1790 and 1810, not one
soldier lost his life. The soldiers' chronicles tell of how
many lives were saved by the dogs in what the army called "the
White Death."
Although in legend casks of liquor were strapped around the dogs'
collars to warm up travelers, no historical records exist
that document this practice. But another legend was very real:
famous St. Bernard, Barry, who lived in the monastery from
1800-1812, saved the lives of more than 40 people. In 1815, Barry's
body was put on exhibit at the Natural History Museum
in Berne, Switzerland, where it remains today.
Between 1816 and 1818, the winter snowstorms at St. Bernard Pass
were particularly severe, and many dogs died in
avalanches while doing rescue work. As a result, the St. Bernard
breed living at the hospice came close to extinction.
However, the breed was replenished two years later with similar
animals from nearby valleys.
All in all, the St. Bernard rescue dogs were credited with saving
the lives of more than 2,000 people until the last documented
recovery in 1897 when a 12-year-old boy was found nearly frozen in
a crevice and awakened by a dog.
1 2
Posted by ruth e. lakes on December 28,2007 | 09:34AM
A wonderfully informative article about those loveable 4-footed
creatures that risked "their lives" so that those
unfortunate humans who fell, oftentimes 'thru the cracks' shall
live ~ they should be 'enshrined'......
Posted by Claire Muskus on December 28,2007 | 12:55PM
Good article. Brief but very informative. Thanks!
In The Magazine
Smithsonian Journeys
on a springtime cruise
Beginning in 1830, the monks started breeding the dogs with
Newfoundlands, thinking that the longer hair of the breed would
better
protect the dogs in the cold. But the idea backfired as ice formed
on the dogs'
hairs. Because the dogs were no longer as effective in their
rescues, the
monks gave them away to people in the surrounding Swiss
valleys.
In 1855, innkeeper Heinrich Schumacher began breeding the
dogs.
Schumacher used a studbook, supplied the hospice with dogs and
also
exported dogs to England, Russia and the United States. Many people
began
breeding the dogs indiscriminately, like with English Mastiffs,
which
resulted in their common appearance today. During this time, the
dog breed
was still without a name. Many called them Hospice Dogs, Alpine
Mastiffs,
Mountain Dogs, Swiss Alpine Dogs and St. Bernard Mastiffs. Many
Swiss
called them Barry Dogs as a tribute. In 1880, the Swiss Kennel Club
officially
recognized the name as St. Bernard.
Until September 2004, 18 St. Bernard dogs still belonged to the
hospice.
That year, the Barry Foundation was formed to establish kennels
in
Martingy, a village down the mountain from the pass. Today, an
average of
20 St. Bernard puppies are born every year at the foundation. As
for rescue
efforts on the pass, monks now rely on helicopters.
1 2
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The Phoenix Islands provide an unspoiled center for marine
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Smithsonian.comA Brief History of the St. Bernard Rescue Dog |
History & Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/st-bernard-200801.html?c=y&page=2
(1 of 5) [12/9/2008 7:39:52 PM]
Monks and a team of St. Bernard's rescue a lost traveler in the
Swiss Alps, circa 1955.
Photo by George Pickow/Three Lions/Hulton Archive/Getty
Images
A Brief History of the St. Bernard Rescue Dog The canine's
evolution from hospice
hound to household companion
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A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials Jess Blumberg
One town's strange journey from paranoia to
pardon
3. The Pygmies' Plight
5. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials
6. Family Ties
8. Choosing Civility in a Rude Culture
History of Drug Dogs | Global Training Academy - k9gta.com
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History of Drug Dogs
Dogs were initially used for hunting, hauling, and guarding camps
and settlements. At some point they began to be used for military
purposes and for social control, particularly to control slaves and
to guard properties. By the 5th century B.C., various societies had
adopted these strategies. Persians, Greeks, Assyrians and
Babylonians recognized the advantage of war dogs and deployed them
as forward attacking elements.
The Romans used dogs both for war and for internal control. After
Rome fell, the use of dogs for offense and repression tapered off
somewhat, until it was revived with unprecedented brutality by the
Spanish Conquistadors.
The British arrived in Jamestown and by 1610 the intentional
extermination of the native population was well along. They were
hunted down by dogs, blood-Hounds to draw after them, and mastiffs
to seize them.
By the time of the American revolution, the use of dogs for
repression had been scaled down, although some, most notably
Benjamin Franklin suggested that dogs should be used against the
Indians.
Ben Franklin's suggestion was not adopted until 1840, when
Secretary of War Joel Poinsett authorized the purchase of the 33
bloodhounds from Cuba for offensive use against the Seminole
Indians and escaped slaves who had taken refuge among them in
western Florida and Louisana.
Meanwhile, bloodhounds were regularly used to recapture escaped
slaves. During the Civil War, Confederate regiments used
bloodhounds.
The Nazis employed dogs in various capacities, most notoriously in
the concentration camps. During Second World War every
concentration camp had its dog unit. The dogs were trained to
attack inmates. (from Axis and Allied War Dogs). The aid of dogs
was also sometimes employed when prisoners were corralled into gas
chambers.
Dogs were utilized in Vietnam by American troops to clear Vietcong
tunnels and caves and to sniff out land mines and booby-traps. At
any given time there were 4,000 dogs employed in Vietnam for
military purposes. All but 200 were left to the Vietcong, many of
whom were tortured.
Police started using police dogs for riot control. When a German
shepherd dog attacks, it doesn't just intimidate. When it bites,
the upper and lower incisors connect like scissors and the large
canine teeth remove chunks of flesh. The wounds infect easily and
the scars usually are permanent.
Police and the Military also started using dogs to find drugs,
explosives, tracking, etc.
The Military Working Dog Program has come a long way since the Army
tested the original nine dogs in 1942. We have used dogs for
sentries, scouts, trackers, casualty dogs, and the list goes on.
For an all-around type animal to perform in both security and law
enforcement functions, dogs have been the answer. As of now there
is no single piece of police equipment that can perform as many
functions, or perform as reliably as a well-trained detector dog
team. As a detector dog handler, you must insure your animal is
kept at a high degree of proficiency. As a supervisor, it is your
responsibility to insure that detector dog handlers have the
training aids, facilities, and time needed to keep them "honed to a
fine edge" as a detector team.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL TRAINING ACADEMY
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History of Drug Dogs | Global Training Academy - k9gta.com
In October 1984, Global was born and found its present home at 7705
Patton Road, Somerset Texas, May 1985. There are three owners: Dan
Hayter, Ken Nelson, and Jim Parks. In May 1985 Bob Barnes, who had
been involved with the dog program for twenty-six years and had
been the Superintendent of the Department of Defense Dog School for
a number of years, decided to join the team.
Two of our dogs with the U.S. Border Patrol wrote themselves into
the Book of World Records (1991) as having seized more drugs then
any two dogs in the history of drug dogs. Another team in New
Mexico seized 2.5 million dollars worth of drugs in five months.
That is not abnormal for a Global detector dog and detector dog
handler.
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Publications > Practical Guide for Sporting and Working Dogs
> Utility Dog
Print
Drug dogs Many dogs are used in the war against drugs because of
their excellent sense of smell. Soft and hard drugs are legally
produced throughout the world, but their sale is strictly illegal.
These substances may be easily hidden, but are quickly detected by
an experienced dog despite tactics used by traffickers (pepper,
hermetically sealed containers, etc.).
Brief History Dogs were first used to search for drugs in Israel.
During the Vietnam war, the military police used dogs to reduce
illegal drug trafficking. In France, the national police starting
using anti-drug dogs in 1965. Ten years later, the first dogs were
trained for this purpose by the Gendarmerie in Gramat and fifteen
years after their initial use, customs also began using the dogs to
search for drugs. In 1970, the United States and France implemented
procedures to facilitate searches and preventive actions. The
problem remains international trafficking. Indeed, in March 1972,
the United Nations could only issue recommendations without
attacking the "national sovereignty" of producing countries, which
can therefore continue their activities.
Drugs are sometimes hidden quite ingeniously…better never where a
well- trained dog can't find them (here behind the head rest on a
train bench) © UMES
The Dog's Roles The dog's main role is of course to detect hidden
drugs. The place at which the animal intervenes may vary. Dogs are
brought on site to search for drugs (apartments, hangars, etc.),
into means of transportation (cars, trucks, trains, etc.), and even
check people for drugs on their persons.
http://publications.royalcanin.com/renvoie.asp?...id=102434&com=2&animal=0&lang=2&session=2093144
(1 of 3) [12/9/2008 7:42:59 PM]
Drug dogs
The conditions of intervention sometimes mean that a handler needs
to search a person who may become aggressive if stopped for a
search. The second role of the dog is then to master anyone who
refuses search, under its handler's control. The Concept of a Dog
Team The team cannot function separately. The handler guides his
dog toward items that the dog would not ordinarily search of its
own volition (bathrooms, carpeting in cars, etc.). Certain types of
training also teach the dog to search in a very systematic way,
leaving very little to the animal's own choice of where to search.
The dog is always controlled by its handler. It is always on a
leash when in public, and always released when in an enclosed area.
The goal of training a drug dog is to motivate the animal toward
the smells of different drugs. Most countries have this type of
training for dogs. It consists of motivating a dog with a specific
object, then replacing the object with different drugs as the dog
progresses. These "toys" are hidden while the dog watches, then
while the animal is not looking to develop search behavior. While
training the dog, the handler learns to recognize different
reactions in the dog (tail wagging, ears held erect, etc.) to
better interpret its reactions in the field. The dog indicates the
presence of drugs by barking or scratching the ground in front of
the drugs' location.
http://publications.royalcanin.com/renvoie.asp?...id=102434&com=2&animal=0&lang=2&session=2093144
(2 of 3) [12/9/2008 7:42:59 PM]
Drug dogs
Note: It is sometimes said that drug dogs are actually "drugged" to
increase their sensitivity to the drugs in question. This is
absolutely false, and for several reasons: – dogs also suffer
withdrawal symptoms, which make them more aggressive and less able
to concentrate on their work, which would make for a disorganized
and dangerous search for the people around the dog. –The dog would
not be able to make several searches in a row because it would have
satisfied its drug needs. – The dog would not be able to detect all
drugs since it would have to be administered all of the various
drugs on the market. – Drugs destroy certain nerve cells,
especially olfactory cells. – Finally, it would be really expensive
to support the animal's habit!! Choice of Dogs The ideal drug dog
loves to play, is dynamic, and medium-sized, which allows it to
search everywhere and to climb or jump over obstacles if necessary.
It needs to have good endurance since it may be asked to perform
several searches on the same day. Belgian Malinois are often chosen
because they are smaller and more lively than German Shepherds.
Prized for their keen sense of smell, dogs are essential team
members of anti-drug organizations throughout the world
today.
Search Practical Guide for Sporting and Wo...
With special thanks to Preface Introduction Foreword Utility Dog
(18) Sporting Dog (17)
Preparing sporting and utility dogs (13) Specifics of animal
breeding (6) Diseases and disease prevention (19) Regulations (4)
Sporting dogs on the Internet (1) Overview of the breeding and
sports
medicine unit (UMES) (1)
SDC - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Search:
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Home > Activities > Humanitarian Aid > Swiss Rescue >
History of the Swiss Rescue
Send page as a link | Print version
Swiss Rescue is 25 Years Old
Following this morning's terrible earthquake in XY measuring 7.5 on
the Richter scale, the
number of casualties has now risen to 451 with many still buried
under the rubble and many
more missing…. The first thing that comes to the minds of Swiss
citizens when such reports
appear in the media is: "What is Switzerland doing?" and "…will
Swiss Rescue be deployed?".
Swiss Rescue is an instrument of Swiss foreign policy, held in high
public esteem
and well known primarily for its rapid and effective manifestation
of Switzerland's
solidarity with those regions and populations abroad suffering from
the aftermath of
an earthquake. In the wake of any major earthquake disaster, the
Swiss public has
come to expect coverage of Swiss Rescue members dressed in orange
preparing to
take off at the Airport with their rescue dogs. Today, thanks to
consistently putting
into practice the experience gained in the course of numerous
missions and practical
exercises, Swiss Rescue counts itself among the leading USAR (Urban
Search and
Rescue) Teams worldwide. In 1976, the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit
(SHA) and the Swiss Disaster Dog
Association (SDDA, known today as REDOG) began providing emergency
relief
following earthquakes. At times, it happened that even if the
location of those trapped
could be detected, they were still not able to be saved in time
since quite often – although the help needed was on site within the
first crucial hours
following the disaster – the appropriate rescue workers with their
cumbersome rescue equipment had not yet arrived. During an
emergency
assistance operation in southern Italy, the first Delegate for
Disaster Relief Abroad, Arthur Bill, and the then Director of the
Federal Office for
Rescue Troops of the Swiss Army, jointly conceived the idea of
creating an instrument to bring together as one, all of the members
with the
competencies required to ensure the success of a rescue mission,
i.e., locating, rescuing, emergency medical care, and logistics. So
it was that in
1981, Swiss Rescue, under the leadership of the SHA Unit and with
the support of its partners REGA (Swiss Air Rescue), REDOG, and the
rescue
troops, saw the light of day. In December 1982, after a practical
exercise had taken place earlier that summer, Swiss Rescue was
deployed on its
first mission in the wake of an earthquake that had struck in North
Yemen.
Capitalizing on the experience acquired during its missions, Swiss
Rescue has
continually been developing and improving. In 1983, the Swiss Red
Cross joined
SDC - History of the Swiss Rescue
the Swiss Seismological Service, Swissair, and Unique Zurich
Airport, all of with
whom it had already been cooperating for years. Depending on the
requirements
on site, the composition of the Swiss Rescue team deployed can be
adapted
according to the on-site requirements thanks to a system of
modules. For
several years now, the SDC's Humanitarian Aid Unit has also been
making use
of Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) that can be deployed within just a
matter of
hours following the occurrence of a major disaster. Once on site,
the RRT rapidly assesses priority needs, pro-actively contributes
to the
coordination of operations on site, and immediately launches
emergency relief measures. For a long time, efforts have been
underway on the international level to develop common standards in
the area of disaster management. In 1991,
the incentive was provided by the international Search and Rescue
Teams (SAR Teams) which had been deployed in Armenia in 1988, to
create
an informal network of organizations – including the
Confederation's humanitarian aid agency - active in the field of
earthquake disaster relief. Thus
it was that the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group
(INSARAG) came into existence with the UN taking on a lead
role.
Additional Information and Documents
http://ochaonline3.un.org/Coordination/tabid/1085/Default.aspx
Contact | Legal matters | Publication Details
Strategic orientation
Switzerland
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(2 of 2) [12/9/2008 7:44:32 PM]
http://caninebreeds.bulldoginformation.com/guardian-dogs.html (1 of
4) [12/9/2008 7:46:27 PM]
One of the earliest duties of the domestic dog was guarding the
property of its owners, whether that property be land, livestock or
his owner's home.
Most modern dog breeds will naturally act as guardians when at
home, but some dog breeds have been especially developed or
selectively bred for their natural inclination to guard and defend
the territory and people they consider as having under their
custody.
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4) [12/9/2008 7:46:27 PM]
A panel composed of dog breeders, veterinarians, cynologists and
dog trainers have established a list of dog breeds especially
suited for guard dog duties. Dog breeds that qualify as guard dogs
must possess a natural inclination to protect along with a strong
sense of territory. They usually are very wary of strangers. They
stand out for their courage and their resistance to counter-attack.
Other qualities considered as essential by the panel were:
trainability, loyalty towards the owner, stress-resistance,
watchfulness, and the deterrent factor. The deterrent factor
includes not only the impression an individual dog makes because of
his bulk, voice and color (black is more impressive than white) but
also how recognizable the breed is as a guard breed (a Rottweiler
or Doberman will be more easily recognized as a guard breed by a
would-be intruder than an Akita or
There is a distinction between guard dogs and watch dogs. A
watchdog simply watches the home and alerts others to the intruder
by barking. Watchdogs typically are smaller, more excitable breeds
that will bark vigorously at the presence of an intruder or in most
situations they experience as out of the ordinary. Many small and
toy dog breeds, which would not qualify as guard dogs are excellent
watch dogs, as their only duty is to alert their owners with their
barking.
In some cases, however, a watchdog alone is not sufficient. A guard
dog might be trained to restrain or attack the intruder. For
example, livestock guardian dogs are often large enough and strong
enough to attack and drive away predators such as wolves. In cases
where intruders are more likely to be human, protection dogs may be
n