Based on the latest syllabus and textbook(s) issued by CBSE/NCERT

By S. Krishnan Puri Neera Sharma

Edited ByGurdarshan Singh

SeemaVinod Shakya

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TERM I

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Notes to the Maps:General, Map Publication, Survey of India, Dehradun vide their letters no. TB 174/62–A–3/A-3, Dated 6/02/2015. Outline of the other maps included in the book are based upon Survey of India maps printed in 2015. © Government of India copyright 2015

SYLLABUSSOCIAL SCIENCE–X

TERM ITime: 3 Hrs. Marks: 90

No. Units Term 1 Term I1

1. India and the Contemporary World–II 23 23

2. Contemporary India–II 23 23

3. Democratic Politics–II 22 22

4. Understanding Economics Development 22 22

5. Disaster Management - only through project work and assignment – –

Total 90 90

The formative assessment will comprise of Projects, assignments, activities and class tests/periodic tests for which Board has already issued guidelines to the schools. The Summative assessment will comprise of Theory Paper as per the prescribed design of the Question Paper.

UNIT 1: INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD–II

Themes Objectives

In sub-units 1.2 and 1.3 students are required to choose any one themes from each. Thus all students are required to study four themes in all.

Sub-unit 1.2: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies:

Any one of the following themes: 4. The Making of Global World: (a) Contrast between the form

of industrialization in Britain and India. (b) Relationship between handicrafts and industrial production, formal and informal sectors. (c) Livelihood of workers. Case studies : Britain and India. (Chapter 4)

5. The Age of Industrialisation: (a) Patterns of urbanization (b) Migration and the growth of towns. (c) Social change and urban life. (d) Merchants, middle classes, workers and urban poor. (Chapter 5)

Case studies: London and Bombay in the nineteenth and twentieth century.

6. Work, Life and Leisure: (a) Expansion and integration of the world market in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. (b) Trade and economy between the two Wars. (c) Shifts after the 1950s. (d) Implications of globalization for livelihood patterns. Case study : The post War International Economic order, 1945 to 1960s. (Chapter 6)

Sub-unit 1.3 : Everyday Life, Culture and Politics Any one of the following themes : 7. Print Culture and the Modern World: (a) The history of

print in Europe. (b) The growth of press in nineteenth century India. (c) Relationship between print culture, public debate and politics. (Chapter 7)

Discuss two different patterns of industrialization, one in the imperial country and another within a colony.

Show the relationship between different sectors of production.

Show the difference between urbanisation in two different contexts. A focus on Bombay and London will allow the discussions on urbanization and industrialization to complement each other.

Show that globalization has a long history and point to the shifts within the process.

Analyze the implication of globalization for local economies.

Discuss how globalization is experienced differently by different social groups.

Discuss the link between print culture and the circulation of ideas.

Familiarize students with pictures, cartoons, extracts from propaganda literature and newspaper debates on important events and issues in the past.

change.

8. Novels, Society and History: (a) Emergence of the novel as a genre in the west. (b) The relationship between the novel and changes in modern society. (c) Early novels in nineteenth century India. (d) A study of two or three major writers. (Chapter 8)

Familiarize students with some of the ideas of writers who have had a powerful impact on society.

UNIT 2: CONTEMPORARY –II

Themes Objectives

1. Resources and Development: Types-natural and human; Need for resource planning. Natural Resources, Land as a resource, soil types and distribution; changing land-use pattern; land degradation and conservation measures. (Chapter 1)

2. Forest and Wildlife Resources: Types and distribution,

forest and wildlife. (Chapter 2) 3. Water Resources: Sources, distribution, utilisation,

multi-purpose projects, water scarcity, need for conservation and management, rainwater harvesting. (One case study to be introduced) (Chapter 3)

4. Agriculture: Types of farming, major crops, cropping pattern, technological and institutional reforms; their impact; contribution of Agriculture to national economy - employment and output. (Chapter 4)

Map Work (3 marks)

Understand the value of resources and the need for their judicious utilisation and conservation.

Identify various types of farming and discuss the various farming methods; Describe the spatial distribution of major crops as well as understand the relation-ship between rainfall regimes and cropping pattern.

Explain various government policies for institutional as well as technological reforms since independence.

Understand the importance of forest and wildlife in our environment as well as develop concept towards depletion of resources.

Understand the importance of agriculture in national economy. Understand the importance of water as a resource as well as

develop awareness towards its judicious use and conservation.

Project/Activity: Learners may collect photographs of typical rural houses, and clothing of people from different regions of India and examine whether

Learners may write a breif report on various irrigation practices in the village and the change in cropping pattern in the last decade.

Posters: Pollution of water in the locality. Depletion of forests and the greenhouse effect.

Note: Any similar activities may be taken up.

UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS–II

Themes Objectives

1&2. Power sharing and Federalism: Why and how is power shared in democracies? How has federal division of power in India helped national unity? To what extent has decentralisation achieved this objective? How does democracy accommodate different social groups?

(Chapter 1 & 2)3&4. Democracy and Diversity & Gender Religion and Caste: Are divisions inherent to the working of democracy? What

has been the effect of caste on politics and of politics on caste? How has the gender division shaped politics? How do communal divisions affect democracy? (Chapter 3 & 4)

Analyse the relationship between social cleavages and political competition with reference to Indian situation.

Understand and analyse the challenges posed by communalism to Indian democracy.

Understand the enabling and disabling effects of caste and ethnicity in politics.

Develop a gender perspective on politics. Introduce students to the centrality of power sharing in a

democracy. Understand the working of spatial and social power sharing

mechanisms.

INDIA

UNIT 4: UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT–II

Themes Learning Objectives

1. Development: The traditional notion of development; National Income and Percapita Income. Growth of NI-critical appraisal of existing development indicators (PCI, IMR, SR and other income and health indicators). The need for health and educational development; Human Development Indicators (in simple and brief as a holistic measure of development).

The approach to this theme: Use case study of three states (Kerala, Punjab and Bihar) or take a few countries (India, China, Sri Lanka and one developed country) (Chapter 1)

2. Sectors of the Indian Economy: *Sectors of Economic Activities; Historical change in sectors; Rising importance of tertiary sector; Employment Generation; Division of Sectors-Organised and Unorganised; Protective measures for unorganised sector workers. (Chapter 2)

Familiarisation of some macroeconomic concepts. Sensitizing the child about the rationale for overall human

development in our country, which include the rise of income, improvements in health and education rather than income.

It is necessary to raise question in minds of the children whether

How and why people should be healthy and provided with education.

Familiarize the concept of money as an economic concept.

point of view of day-to-day life.

Suggested Activities

Theme II: Theme 2*:

Visit to banks and money lenders/pawnbrokers and discuss various activities that you have observed in banks in the classroom.

Participate in the meetings of self help groups, which are engaged in micro credit schemes in the locality of learners and observe issues discussed.

Suggested Question Paper DesignsSocial Science (Code No. 087)

Class XTime: 3 hrs Max. Marks: 90

S. No. Typology of Questions

Very Short

Answer (VSA)

(1 Mark)

Short Answer-II

(SA) (3 Marks)

Long Answer

(LA)(5 Marks)

Total Marks

%Weightage

1Remembering (Knowledge based Simple recall questions,

2 2 2 18 20%

2

Understanding (Comprehension—to be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase, or interpret information).

2 2 2 18 17%

3

Application (Use abstract information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge to new situations; Use given content to interpret a situation, provide an example, or solve a problem).

2 4 2 24 26%

4

High Order Thinking Skills (Analysis & Synthesis—Classify, compare, contrast, or differentiates between different pieces of information; Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of information from a variety of sources).

2 2 2 18 20%

5

Creating, Evaluation and Multi-Creating, Evaluation and Multi-Disciplinary (Generating new ideas, product or ways of viewing things Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome, or to predict outcomes based on values).

– 3* – 9 10%

6 Map – 1 – 3 7%

Total 8 × 1 = 8 14 × 3 = 42

8 × 5 = 40 90 100%

* Map work in history in term–II only.

* One question of 3 marks will be included to assess the values inherent in the texts.

II.

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2 ou ,oa oU; tho lalk/u G-27 – G-40

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4 o`Qf"k G-57 – G-78

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2 la?kokn C-15 – C-29

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◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∑˝§◊

v}{Æ ó ß‚ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒË Á‚¢œË √ÿʬÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ Ÿ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ÷⁄U ∑§ ’¢Œ⁄UªÊ„UÊ¥ ¬⁄U ’«∏U-’«∏U ∞ê¬ÊÁ⁄Uÿ◊ πÊ‹–

v}}z ó ÿÍ⁄Uʬ ∑§ ÃÊ∑§Ãfl⁄U Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’Á‹¸Ÿ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ’ÒΔU∑§ Á¡‚◊¥ •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ∑§Ê ŸÄ‡Ê ¬⁄U ‹∑§Ë⁄¥U πË¥ø∑§⁄U •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ’Ê°≈U Á‹ÿÊ–

v}~Æ ó ∞∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ∑ΧÁcÊ ∑§Ë •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∑§ ©UŒÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄U– •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊¥ Á⁄U ¢«U⁄U¬S≈U ŸÊ◊∑§ ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË ∑§Ê •ÊŸÊ– •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ê ∞∑

•ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ÃÊ∑§Ã ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ©UŒÿ–

v~vy-v~v~ ó ¬˝Õ◊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ–

v~wÆ Œ‡Ê∑§ ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊¥ ’΄Uà ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ (Mass Production) ∑§Ê ø‹Ÿ–

v~wÆ ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§ •ÊflÊ‚ ∞fl¢ ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ àÊË–

v~wv ó Ÿß¸ ŒÊ‚-¬˝ÕÊ •ÕflÊ •ŸÈ’¢ÁœÃ ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄U ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§Ê ‚◊ʬŸ–

v~wx ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ‡ÊcÊ Áfl‡fl ∑§Ê ŒÈ’Ê⁄UÊ ¬Í°¡Ë ÁŸÿʸà ∑§⁄UŸ ‹ªÊ–

v~w~ ó •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„UÊ◊¢ŒË ∑§Ê •Ê⁄¢U÷–

v~x~-v~yz ó ŒÔÁflÃËÿ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ–

v~y| ó Áfl‡fl ’Ò¥∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U •¢Ã⁄Uʸc≈˛UËÿ ◊Ⱥ˝Ê ∑§ÊcÊ ∑§Ê •ÊÒ¬øÊÁ⁄U∑§ M§¬ ‚ ∑§Êÿ¸ •Ê⁄¢U÷–

øËŸ ◊¥ ∑ Ê¢ÁÖH-4

MBD Super Refreshe

∞Ÿ0‚Ë0߸0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U

¬˝‡Ÿ v. ‚òÊ„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ‚ ¬„U‹ „UÙŸ flÊ‹ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§ ŒÙ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ŒËÁ¡∞– ∞∑§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ‚ •ı⁄U ∞∑§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄áÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ٥

∑§ ’Ê⁄U ◊¥ øÈŸ¥–

©UàÃ⁄U Áfl‡fl ∑§ Á÷ãŸ-Á÷㟠÷ʪ٥ ◊¥ •Ê¬‚Ë •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ¬˝ÊøËŸ∑§Ê‹ ‚ „UË „UÙÃÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ‚òÊ„UflË¥ ‚ŒË Ã∑§ ÃÙ Áfl‡fl ∑§ Œ‡Ê •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ∑§Ê$»§Ë

ÁŸ∑§≈U •Ê øÈ∑§ Õ– ß‚‚ ¬„U‹ ∑§ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ÁŒ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U—

∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ— ⁄U‡Ê◊ ◊ʪ¸ ‚ øËŸË ¬ÊÚ≈U⁄UË ÃÕÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∞fl¢ ŒÁˇÊáÊ-¬Ífl¸ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ∑§ ∑§¬«∏U ∞fl¢ ◊‚Ê‹ ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄U ÷ʪ٥ ◊¥ ¬„È°Uøà Ֆ

flʬ‚Ë ◊¥ ‚ÙŸÊ-øÊ¢ŒË ¡Ò‚Ë ∑§Ë◊ÃË œÊÃÈ∞° ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬ ‚ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÃË ÕË¥–

•◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ— •Ê¡ ‚ ‹ª÷ª zÆÆ ‚Ê‹ ¬„U‹ „U◊Ê⁄U ¬Ê‚ •Ê‹Í, ‚ÙÿÊ, ◊Í°ª»§‹Ë, ◊Ä∑§Ê, ‡Ê∑§⁄U∑¢§Œ •ÊÁŒ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕ¸ Ÿ„UË¥ Õ–

ÿ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ù‹¢’‚ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ë πÙ¡ ∑§ ’ÊŒ fl„UÊ° ‚ ÿ„UÊ° ¬„È°Uø–

¬˝‡Ÿ w. ’ÃÊ∞¢ Á∑§ ¬Ífl¸-•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U Ÿ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ∑§ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ◊¥ Á∑§‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ◊ŒŒ ŒË?

©UàÃ⁄U •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ∑§ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‚Ê‹„UflË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ∑§ ◊äÿ ◊¥ •Ê⁄¢U÷ „ÈU߸– ÿ„U ∑§Ê◊ ¬ÈøªÊ‹Ë ÃÕÊ S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ŸÊ•Ù¥ Ÿ ‡ÊÈM§

Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ¡ÒÁfl∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄UÊ¥ ¡Ò‚ øø∑§ ∑§ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿʪ Á∑§ÿÊ– ÿ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ÒÁŸ∑§Ù¥ ÃÕÊ ‚ÒÁŸ∑§

•Áœ∑§ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ fl„UÊ° ¬„È°Uø– ߟ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ù¥ Ÿ ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬Ëÿ ‚ŸÊ•Ù¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ ’„ÈUà „UË ÉÊÊÃ∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ Á∑§ÿÊ– •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§ ‹Ùª

‚ÁŒÿÙ¥ Ã∑§ ’Ê„U⁄UË ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ‚ •‹ª-Õ‹ª ⁄U„U Õ– ©UŸ◊¥ øø∑§ ÃÕÊ ∞‚Ë •ãÿ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ‚ ’øÊfl ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ÕË– •Ã— fl øø∑§ ∑§Ê

•Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÙ ª∞–

∞∑§ ’Ê⁄U ‚¢∑˝§◊áÊ ‡ÊÈM§ „UÙŸ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÿ„U ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË ¬Í⁄U ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ◊¥ »Ò§‹ ªß¸– ß‚Ÿ ¬Í⁄U ∑§ ¬Í⁄U SÕÊŸËÿ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ‚»§ÊÿÊ ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–

ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ù⁄U S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ÒÁŸ∑§Ù¥ ∑§ ¬Ê‚ øø∑§ ‚ ’øÊfl ∑§ ¬Í⁄U ‚ÊœŸ Õ– ©UŸ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ⁄UÙª-¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÙœË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ÷Ë ÕË– •Ã— fl •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ •Êª

’…∏Uà ª∞ •ı⁄U ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ¬⁄U •¬ŸÊ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U Á‹ÿÊ–

Ò Á∑ ¬fl¸ •ÊœÁŸ∑ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U Ÿ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡Ê∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ë Áfl¡ÿ ◊¥ ’„ÈUà ’«∏UË ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ÁŸ÷Ê߸–flÊ‹ πÁŸ∑§ SÕÊŸËÿ ‹Ùª Õ– ©Uã„U πÊŸÙ ◊ ∑§Ê◊ ∑

◊Ê⁄U ¡Êà Ֆ

∞Ÿ0‚Ë0߸0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U

¬˝‡Ÿ v. ¡’ „U◊ ∑§„Uà „Ò¥U Á∑§ ‚Ù‹„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ◊¥ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ “Á‚∑ȧ«∏UŸ” ‹ªË ÕË ÃÙ ß‚∑§Ê ÄÿÊ ◊Ë’ „ÒU?

©UàÃ⁄U ß‚∑§Ê ◊Ë’ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ ‚Ê‹„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ◊¥ ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ∑§ Œ‡Ê ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ∑§ ÁŸ∑§≈U •ÊŸ ‹ª Õ– ©UŸ∑§ ’Ëø •Ê¬‚Ë •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ

ß‚ ¬∑ Ê⁄ fl ∞∑ -ŒÍ‚⁄U ¬⁄U ÁŸ÷¸⁄U „UÙ ª∞ Õ–∏ ¬⁄U ’⁄U٠ʪÊ⁄UË, ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ◊ ∑§◊Ë, ÁŸœ¸ŸÃÊ ÃÕÊ ÷Èπ◊⁄UË v~w~ ∑§ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ‚¢∑§≈U ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ Õ–©UëëÊ ∑§Ê҇ʋ ¬⁄U •ÊœÊÁ⁄Uà ¬˝‡Ÿ

¬˝‡Ÿ v. v}yÆ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ •Êÿ⁄U‹Ò¥«U ∑§ ‹ÊπÙ¥ ‹Ùª ◊ıà ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U ÄÿÙ¥ „UÙ ª∞?©UàÃ⁄U •Ê‹Í ∑§Ë »§‚‹ π⁄UÊ’ „UÊŸ ∑§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ »Ò§‹Ë ÷Èπ◊⁄UË ‚ v}yÆ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ •Êÿ⁄U‹Ò¥«U ∑§ ‹ÊπÊ¥ ‹Êª ◊ÊÒà ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÊ ª∞–¬˝‡Ÿ w. ¡’ „U◊ ∑§„Uà „Ò¥U Á∑§ ‚Ù‹„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ◊¥ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ “Á‚∑ȧ«∏UŸ” ‹ªË ÕË, ÃÙ ß‚∑§Ê ÄÿÊ ◊Ë’ „ÒU?©UàÃ⁄U ß‚∑§Ê ◊Ë’ ÿ„U „ÒU Á∑§ ‚Ê‹„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ◊¥ ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ∑§ Œ‡Ê ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ∑§ ÁŸ∑§≈U •ÊŸ ‹ª Õ–¬˝‡Ÿ x. Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄∑ Ê⁄ ÷Ê⁄à ◊¥ •» Ë◊ Ë Ë

⁄UøŸÊà◊∑§ ◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ’„ÈU-Áfl∑§À¬Ëÿ ¬˝‡ŸÁŒ∞ ª∞ Áfl∑§À¬Ê¥ ◊¥ ‚ ‚„UË Áfl∑§À¬ ∑§Ê øÈŸÊfl ∑§⁄¥U󬽇Ÿ v. •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ∑§Ê‹ ‚ ¬„U‹ Áfl‡fl ∑§ ’Ëø √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ ÃÕÊ ‚Ê¢S∑ΧÁÃ∑§ ‚¢¬∑¸§ SÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹ ‚’‚ ◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ◊ʪ¸ Õó

(∑§) ¡Í≈U ◊ʪ¸ (π) ⁄U‡Ê◊ ◊ʪ¸ (ª) ⁄UÊc≈˛UËÿ ⁄UÊ¡◊ʪ¸ (ÉÊ) „UflÊ߸ ◊ʪ¸©UàÃ⁄U (π) ⁄U‡Ê◊ ◊ʪ¸¬˝‡Ÿ w. Á∑˝§S≈UÙ»§⁄U ∑§Ù‹¢’‚ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ πÙ¡ ª∞ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ‚ ÄÿÊ •Á÷¬˝Êÿ „ÒU?(∑§) ©UàÃ⁄UË •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê (π) ŒÁˇÊáÊË •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê (ª) ∑Ò§⁄UËÁ’ÿŸ Œflˬ ‚◊„ (ÉÊ) © Ù Ë©UàÃ⁄U (ÉÊ) ©U¬⁄UÙÄà ‚÷Ë

È ÁœÃ üÊÁ◊∑§Ù ∑§Ù •‚◊ ∑§ øÊÿ ’Ê$ªÊŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊∑§ Á‹∞ ÷Ë ‹ ¡ÊÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ– fl„UÊ° ߟ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ŒÊ‚Ù¥ ¡Ò‚Ê √ÿfl„UÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ–ÁøòÊ Áfl‡‹cÊáÊ

¬˝‡Ÿ v. ŸËø ÁŒ∞ ª∞ ÁøòÊ ∑§Ê äÿÊŸ¬Ífl¸∑§ •äÿÿŸ ∑§⁄U •ª˝Á‹Áπà ¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ ∑§ ©UààÊ⁄U Œ¥ó

Ê–∑ Ê ∑§ Á‹∞ ߟ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ∑§Ê Ÿ„UË ’ÁÀ∑§ ߟ∑§Ë ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ◊„Uààfl ÕÊ ¡Ò‚ Á∑§ fl ◊ŸÈcÿ Ÿ „UÊ∑§⁄U ¬‡ÊÈ „UÊ¥–Sfl-◊ÍÀÿÊ¢∑§Ÿ ¬⁄UˡÊáÊÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄Uà ‚◊ÿ— yÆ Á◊Ÿ≈U

•Áœ∑§Ã◊ •¢∑ §— wzÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ¬˝‡ŸÊ¥ ∑§ ©UûÊ⁄U ŒËÁ¡∞—•Áà ‹ÉÊÈ-©UààÊ⁄UËÿ ¬˝‡Ÿ

v. S¬ÁŸ‡Ê Áfl¡ÃÊ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ‡ÊÁÄÇÊÊ‹Ë „UÁÕÿÊ⁄ ÄÿÊ ÕÊ?

vw. ªÈ‹Ê◊Ù¥ ∑§Ù ◊ÈÅÿ M§¬ ‚ Á∑§‚ ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ‚ ¬∑§«∏UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ?

vx. “∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê” Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§‚ øË Ê ∑§ •ÊÿÊà ¬⁄U ¬Ê’¢ŒË ‹ªÊ߸ ªß¸?

vy. ∑§¬Ê‚ ∑§Ë ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U πÃË Á∑§‚ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ∑§¬«∏UÊ Á◊‹Ù¥ ∑§Ë ◊Ê°ª ∑§Ù ¬Í⁄UË ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∑§Ë ¡ÊŸ ‹ªË ÕË? v

‹ÉÊÈ-©UààÊ⁄UËÿ ¬˝‡Ÿz. “•»˝ Ë∑ Ê ◊¥ Á⁄ ¢«⁄¬S≈ ∑ ”

∑§Ù„ „U Á∑§ ÿÈŒ˜œ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ŒÍ‚⁄U Œ‡ÊÙ ◊¥ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ÃÕÊ ©U‚∑§ ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ù¥∑§Ë ‚¬ÁàÃÿÙ ∑§Ê ◊ÍÀÿ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊¥ •ãÿ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥ ÿÊ ©UŸ∑§ ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ë ‚¢¬ŒÊ•Ù¥ ‚ ∑§„UË¥ •Áœ∑§ ÕÊ–◊ÍÀÿ •ÊœÊÁ⁄Uà ¬˝‡Ÿ

¬˝‡Ÿ v. ÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑Χà Áfl‡fl ‚ ÄÿÊ •Á÷¬˝Êÿ „ÒU? ß‚‚ Á∑§Ÿ ◊ÍÀÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê ’‹ Á◊‹Ê „Ò?©UàÃ⁄U ÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑Χà Áfl‡fl ‚ •Á÷¬˝Êÿ „ÒUóÁfl‡fl ∑§ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ∑§ ßÃŸÊ •Áœ∑§ Ÿ ÊŒË∑§ •ÊŸÊ Á∑§ Áfl‡fl ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ÃÕÊ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ŒÎÁc≈‚ ∞∑§ ¿UÊ≈UÊ-‚Ê ªÊ°fl ‹ªŸ ‹ªÊ „ÒU–U(∑§) ◊ÊŸflËÿ ÷Ê߸øÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ’‹(π) Áfl‡fl ∑§Ë ‚ʤÊÊ ‚◊SÿÊ•Ê¥ ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ÍÁ„U∑§ ‚◊ʜʟ(ª) Á¬¿U«∏ ⁄UÊc≈˛UÊ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ Áfl∑§Ê‚(ÉÊ) Áfl‡fl-‡ÊÊ¢Áà ∑§ ¬˝ÿÊ‚Ê¥ ◊¥ àÊË–¬˝‡Ÿ w. ©UãŸË‚flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ Ÿ Á∑§Ÿ ◊ÍÀÿÊ¥ ∑§Ê øÊ≈U ¬„È°UøÊ߸? ‚ÍøË ’ŸÊß∞–©UàÃ⁄U (∑§) ‹ÊªÊ¥ ∑§Ë SflâòÊÃÊ ∑ Ê „ŸŸ

÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑Χà Áfl‡fl ∑§Ê ’ŸŸÊ•ÊÒŒÔÿʪË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ÿȪ∑§Ê◊, •Ê⁄UÊ◊ •ÊÒ⁄U ¡ËflŸ◊Ⱥ˝áÊ ‚¢S∑ΧÁà •ÊÒ⁄U •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ©U¬ãÿÊ‚, ‚◊Ê¡ •ÊÒ⁄U ßÁÄUÊ‚

ßÁÄUÊ‚(÷Ê⁄Uà •ÊÒ⁄U ‚◊∑§Ê‹ËŸ Áfl‡fl-w)

π¢«U ∑§

1

•äÿÊÿ ∑§ ◊ÈÅÿ •¢‡Ê

� √ÿʬÊ⁄U ÃÕÊ ‚Ê¢S∑ΧÁÃ∑§ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ Áfl‡fl ∑§ ÁflÁ÷㟠÷ʪ ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ∑§ ÁŸ∑§≈U •Êà ⁄U„U „Ò¥U– •Ê¡ ∑§Ê Áfl‡fl ÃÙ ∞∑§ ªÊ°fl ∑§ ‚◊ÊŸ’Ÿ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ß‚ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ù flÒ‡flË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§„Uà „Ò¥U–

� •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ÿȪ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÈL§•Êà ‚ ¬„U‹ Áfl‡fl ÷⁄U ∑§ ŒÍ⁄U-Œ⁄UÊ Ê ∑§ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ÁSÕà √ÿʬÊÁ⁄U∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U ‚¢¬∑§ÊZ ∑§Ê ‚’‚ •ë¿UÊ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ Á‚À∑§ ◊ʪÊZ∑§Ê ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–

� ◊äÿ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ •ı⁄U ŒÁˇÊáÊ-¬Á‡ø◊ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ∑§Ù Á◊‹ÊŸ flÊ‹ Á‚À∑§ ◊ʪ¸ Ÿ ÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑§⁄UáÊ •ÕflÊ flÒ‡flË∑§⁄UáÊ ◊¥ ’„ÈUà ’«∏UË ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ÁŸ÷Ê߸–� S¬ÒÉÊààÊË ÃÕÊ •Ê‹Í ¡Ò‚ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕÙZ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ SÕÊŸ ‚ ŒÍ‚⁄U SÕÊŸ Ã∑§ ¬„È°UøŸ Ÿ ÷Ë flÒ‡flË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ∑§Ù •Êª ’…∏UÊÿÊ–� v}yz ‚ v}y~ ∑§ ’Ëø •Êÿ⁄U‹Ò¥«U ◊¥ •Ê‹Í ∑§Ê ÷Ë·áÊ •∑§Ê‹ ¬«∏UÊ– ß‚◊¢ ‹ª÷ª vÆ,ÆÆ,ÆÆÆ ‹Ùª ÷Èπ◊⁄UË ∑§Ê Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÊU ª∞ •ı⁄U

ß‚‚ ŒÈªÈŸ ‹ÙªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ ∑§Ë Ã‹Ê‡Ê ◊¥ ÉÊ⁄U-’Ê⁄U ¿UÙ«∏U ∑§⁄U •ãÿ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ¡ÊŸÊ ¬«∏Ê–� ¬ÈøªÊ‹Ë ÃÕÊ S¬ÁŸ‡Ê Áfl¡ÃÊ •¬Ÿ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊÙ¥ ‚ ŒÊ‚ ¬∑§«∏U ∑§⁄U ‹Êà Ֆ ߟ∑§Ê Áfl‡Ê· ’Ê ÊÊ⁄UÙ¥ ◊¥ ∑˝§ÿ-Áfl∑˝§ÿ „UÙÃÊ ÕÊ, Á¡‚ ŒÊ‚-√ÿʬÊ⁄U

∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ ¡ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ–� ©UãŸË‚flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË (‚ŒË) ◊¥ ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§, •ÊÁÕ¸∑§, ‚Ê¢S∑ΧÁÃ∑§, ⁄UÊ¡ŸËÁÃ∑§ ∞fl¢ Ã∑§ŸË∑§Ë ’Œ‹ÊflÊ¥ ‚ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ „U⁄U ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ’Œ‹Êfl

•ÊŸ ¬˝Ê⁄¢U÷ „ÈU∞–� •Õ¸‡ÊÊÁSòÊÿÊ¥ ∑§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ÁflÁŸÿ◊Ê¥ ∑§ ÃËŸ ¬˝flÊ„U „Ò¥Uó√ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ¬˝flÊ„U, üÊ◊ ∑§Ê ¬˝flÊ„U ÃÕÊ ¬Í°¡Ë ∑§Ê ¬˝flÊ„U ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ∑§ ‚¢¬∑¸§

◊¥ Õ– ∑§÷Ë-∑§÷Ë ßŸ ÃËŸÊ¥ ¬˝flÊ„UÊ¥ ◊¥ ‚¢’¢œ ≈ÍU≈U ÷Ë ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ–� ¬„U‹ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ ∑§Ë ‡ÊÈL§•Êà v~vy ◊¥ „ÈU߸– ÿȌԜ ∑§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ÿȌԜ-‚Ê◊ª˝Ë ∑§Ê ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©UŒÔÿÊ¥ªÊ¥ ∑§Ê ¬ÈŸª¸ΔUŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ–� v~w~ ◊¥ ¬«∏UË ◊„UÊ◊¢ŒË ∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl ¬Í⁄U Áfl‡fl ¬⁄U ¬«∏UÊ–� ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ v~x~-yz Ã∑§ ø‹Ê– ÿȌԜ ∑§Ë ‚◊ÊÁåà ∑§ ©U¬⁄Uʢà ¬ÈŸÁŸ¸◊ʸáÊ ∑§Ê ∑§Êÿ¸ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ÃÕÊ ‚ÊÁflÿà ‚¢ÉÊ ∑§ flø¸Sfl ◊¥ „ÈU•Ê–

◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ¬ÊÁ⁄U÷ÊÁcÊ∑§ ‡ÊéŒ ∞fl¢ ¬ŒÊfl‹Ë

¡ÒÁfl∑§ ÿÈŒ˜œ— ¡ÒÁfl∑§ ÿÈŒ˜œ ◊¥ ‡ÊòÊÈ ∑§Ù ÉÊÊÃ∑§ Áfl·ÊáÊÈ•Ù¥ ‚ ‚¢∑˝§Á◊à ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU, ÃÊÁ∑§ ©UŸ∑§Ê ’«∏U ¬Ò◊ÊŸ ¬⁄U ÁflŸÊ‡Ê „UÙ– ¬ÈøªÊ‹Ë ÃÕÊS¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ŸÊ•Ù¥ Ÿ ÷Ë ß‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ∑§ ÿÈŒ˜œ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ ŒÁˇÊáÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ¬⁄U Áfl¡ÿ ¬Ê߸ ÕË–∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê— ß‚ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ Á’˝≈UŸ Ÿ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ◊Ä∑§Ê ∑§ •ÊÿÊà ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’¢œ ‹ªÊ ÁŒÿÊ ÕÊ, Á¡‚‚ •Ê◊ •ÊŒ◊Ë ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ ŒÍ÷⁄U „UÙ ªÿÊ ÕÊ–©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ— ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊflÊŒ ‚ ÃÊà¬ÿ¸ Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ Œ‡Ê ∑§Ê Á∑§‚Ë •ãÿ Œ‡Ê ¬⁄U ∑§fl‹ ‚ààÊÊ SÕÊÁ¬Ã ∑§⁄UŸ, ‡ÊÊcÊáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚ Œ‡Ê ∑§‚¢‚ÊœŸÊ¥ ∑§ ©U¬ÿʪ ∑§⁄UŸ ‚ „ÒU– ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬ ∑§Ë ‹ª÷ª ‚÷Ë ‡ÊÁÄÃÿÙ¥ Ÿ ß‚ ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ◊¥ ÷ʪ Á‹ÿÊ •ı⁄U •¬Ÿ ˇÊòÊ»§‹ ◊¥ flÎŒ˜Áœ ∑§⁄U∑§ •¬Ÿ ‚¢‚ÊœŸ’…∏UÊ Á‹∞– v}~Æ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ ‚¢ÿÈÄà ⁄UÊÖÿ ÷Ë •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‡ÊÁÄà ’Ÿ ªÿÊ–flË≈UÊ •ÕflÊ ÁŸcÊœÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄U— ß‚ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ŒÔflÊ⁄UÊ Á∑§‚Ë ‚¢SÕÊ ◊¥ ∞∑§ „UË ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ë •‚„U◊Áà ‚ ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë ¬˝SÃÊfl ⁄UŒÔŒ „UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–

÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑Χà Áfl‡fl ∑§Ê ’ŸŸÊ(¬ÊΔ˜ÿ-¬ÈSÃ∑§ ∑§Ê •äÿÊÿ y)

π¢«U II. ¡ËÁfl∑§Ê, •Õ√ÿflSÕÊ ∞fl¢ ‚◊Ê¡

H-2

•äÿÊÿ ∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ÁflcÊÿ-flSÃÈ

•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ÿȪ ‚ ¬„U‹©UãŸË‚flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË (v}vz-v~vy)◊„UÊÿȌԜʥ ∑§ ’Ëø •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊÁfl‡fl •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ê ¬ÈŸÁŸ¸◊ʸáÊ— ÿȌԜÊààÊ⁄U ∑§Ê‹

÷Í◊¢«U‹Ë∑Χà Áfl‡fl ∑§Ê ’ŸŸÊ H-3

•‚¥’‹Ë ‹Êߟ— •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊¥ ∑§Ê⁄U ÁŸ◊ʸÃÊ „Ÿ⁄UË »§Ù«¸U Ÿ ∑§Ê⁄U ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ÿ„U Ã∑§ŸË∑§ •¬ŸÊ߸ ÕË– ß‚‚ „U⁄U ÃËŸ Á◊Ÿ≈U ◊¥ ∞∑§ ∑§Ê⁄U ÃÒÿÊ⁄U„UÙŸ ‹ªË–◊„UÊ◊¢ŒË— flcʸ v~w~ ◊¥ Áfl‡fl •ÊÒ⁄U Áfl‡ÊcÊ∑§⁄U •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ê ÷ËcÊáÊ •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„UÊ◊¢ŒË ∑§Ê ‚Ê◊ŸÊ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏UÊ– ß‚‚ ÁÔfl‡fl •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ‹ª÷ªäflSà „UÙ ªß¸–’≈Ÿ flÈ«˜U‚ ‚¢SÕÊŸ— Áfl‡fl ’Ò¥∑§ ÃÕÊ •¢Ã⁄UÊc≈UËÿ ◊ȺÊ-∑§Ù· ∑§Ù ’≈UŸ flÈ«U‚ ∑§Ë ¡È«∏UflÊ° ‚¢ÃÊŸ¥ ◊ÊŸÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU–•ÊÿÊà ‡ÊÈÀ∑§— ÿ„U Á∑§‚Ë ŒÍ‚⁄U Œ‡Ê ‚ •ÊŸ flÊ‹ ◊Ê‹ ¬⁄U fl‚Í‹ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ „ÒU– ÿ„U ∑§⁄U ÿÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ©U‚ SÕÊŸ ¬⁄U Á‹ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ„ÒU ¡„UÊ° ‚ fl„U øË Ê Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê ∑§⁄UÃË „ÒU–’„ÈU⁄UÊc≈UËÿ ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÊ°— ÿ fl ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÊ° „Ò¥U Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê ¡Ê‹ ∞∑§ ‚ •Áœ∑§ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ »Ò§‹Ê „ÈU•Ê „ÒU– •Ê¡ Áfl‡fl ’Ê ÊÊ⁄U ¬⁄U ßã„UË¥ ∑¢§¬ÁŸÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬÷Èàfl „ÒU–ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ Œ⁄U— ß‚ √ÿflSÕÊ ŒflÊ⁄UÊ •¢Ã⁄UÊc≈UËÿ √ÿʬÊ⁄U ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ÁflÁ÷㟠Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ◊Ⱥʕ٥ ∑§Ù ∞∑§-ŒÍ‚⁄U ‚ ¡Ù«∏UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „ÒU– ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ Œ⁄U ◊ÈÅÿM§¬ ‚ ŒÙ ¬∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë „UÙÃË „ÒU— ÁSÕ⁄U ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ Œ⁄U ÃÕÊ ¬Á⁄Ufl߇ÊË‹ •ÕflÊ •SÕÊÿË ÁflÁŸ◊ÿ Œ⁄U–„UÊ‚— ß◊Ê◊ „ÈU‚ÒŸ ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ¬⁄U ÁòÊÁŸŒÊŒ ◊¥ ‹ªŸ flÊ‹ ‚Ê‹ÊŸÊ ◊‹ ∑§Ê „UÊ‚ ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ–⁄UÊSÃÊ»§ÊÁ⁄UÿÊŸflÊŒ (Rastafarianism)— ÿ„U ∞∑§ ÁflºÙ„UË œ◊ ÕÊ Á¡‚ ¡◊Ò∑§Ê ∑§ ⁄ÒUª ªÊÿ∑§ ’ÊÚ’ ◊Ê‹ Ÿ ’„ÈUà •Áœ∑§ ‹Ù∑§Á¬ÿ ’ŸÊ ÁŒÿÊ ÕÊ–Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄UˬÍ⁄UË üÊÊÚ$»§ ÃÕÊ Ÿ≈˜U≈UÍ∑§Ù≈˜U≈U߸ øÁ≈˜U≈UÿÊ⁄U— ÿ ’Ò¥∑§⁄U •ı⁄U √ÿʬÊ⁄UË Õ ¡Ù ◊äÿ ÃÕÊ ŒÁˇÊáÊ-¬Ífl¸ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ◊¥ ÁŸÿʸà $»§‚‹¥ ©UªÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞´§áÊ ŒÃ Õ–„ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒË Á‚¢œË √ÿʬÊ⁄UË— „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒË Á‚¢œË √ÿʬÊ⁄UË ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬Ëÿ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ¬Ò‚Ê ‹ªÊŸ flÊ‹ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ◊„UÊ¡Ÿ Õ–“„UÙ◊ øÊ¡ Ê” •ÕflÊ Œ‚Ë πø— Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê •$»§‚⁄UÙ¥ ÃÕÊ √ÿʬÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ ÉÊ⁄U ÷¡Ë ¡ÊŸ flÊ‹Ë ÁŸ¡Ë œŸ ⁄UÊÁ‡Ê, ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ´§áÊ ¬⁄U éÿÊ¡ ÃÕÊ÷Ê⁄Uà ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄U øÈ∑§ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê •Áœ∑§ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ¬¥‡ÊŸ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ ÕË–Á◊òÊ ⁄UÊc≈˛ (¬˝Õ◊ Áfl‡fl ÿȌԜ)— Á’˝≈UŸ, »˝§Ê¢‚ ÃÕÊ M§‚–∑¥§º˝Ëÿ ‡ÊÁÄÃÿÊ° (¬˝Õ◊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ)— ¡◊¸ŸË, •ÊÚÁS≈˛UÿÊó„¢Uª⁄UË ÃÕÊ ÃÈ∑§Ë¸–œÈ⁄UË ‡ÊÁÄÃÿÊ° (ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ)— ŸÊà‚Ë ¡◊¸ŸË, ¡Ê¬ÊŸ ÃÕÊ ß≈U‹Ë–Á◊òÊ ⁄UÊc≈˛U (ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ)— Á’˝≈UŸ, ‚ÊÁflÿà ‚¢ÉÊ, »˝§Ê¢‚ ÃÕÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê–∑§ŸÊ‹ ∑§ÊÚ‹ÙŸË •ÕflÊ Ÿ„U⁄U ’SÃË— Ÿß¸ Ÿ„U⁄UÊ¥ flÊ‹ ¬˝Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ◊¥ ’‚Ÿ flÊ‹Ë ’ÁSÃÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù ∑§ŸÊ‹ ∑§ÊÚ‹ÙŸË (Ÿ„U⁄U ’SÃË) ∑§„UÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ÕÊ–

◊„Uààfl¬Íáʸ ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∑˝§◊

v}{Æ ó ß‚ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒË Á‚¢œË √ÿʬÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ Ÿ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ÷⁄U ∑§ ’¢Œ⁄UªÊ„UÊ¥ ¬⁄U ’«∏U-’«∏U ∞ê¬ÊÁ⁄Uÿ◊ πÊ‹–v}}z ó ÿÍ⁄Uʬ ∑§ ÃÊ∑§Ãfl⁄U Œ‡ÊÊ¥ ∑§Ë ’Á‹¸Ÿ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ’ÒΔU∑§ Á¡‚◊¥ •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ∑§Ê ŸÄ‡Ê ¬⁄U ‹∑§Ë⁄¥U πË¥ø∑§⁄U •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ’Ê°≈U Á‹ÿÊ–v}~Æ ó ∞∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ∑ΧÁcÊ ∑§Ë •Õ¸√ÿflSÕÊ ∑§ ©UŒÿ ∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄U– •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊¥ Á⁄U ¢«U⁄U¬S≈U ŸÊ◊∑§ ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË ∑§Ê •ÊŸÊ– •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ê ∞∑§

•ÊÒ¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ÃÊ∑§Ã ∑§ M§¬ ◊¥ ©UŒÿ–v~vy-v~v~ ó ¬˝Õ◊ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ–v~wÆ Œ‡Ê∑§ ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊¥ ’΄Uà ©Uà¬ÊŒŸ (Mass Production) ∑§Ê ø‹Ÿ–v~wÆ ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§ •ÊflÊ‚ ∞fl¢ ÁŸ◊ʸáÊ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ àÊË–v~wv ó Ÿß¸ ŒÊ‚-¬˝ÕÊ •ÕflÊ •ŸÈ’¢ÁœÃ ◊ ÊŒÍ⁄U ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ∑§Ê ‚◊ʬŸ–v~wx ó •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ‡ÊcÊ Áfl‡fl ∑§Ê ŒÈ’Ê⁄UÊ ¬Í°¡Ë ÁŸÿʸà ∑§⁄UŸ ‹ªÊ–v~w~ ó •ÊÁÕ¸∑§ ◊„UÊ◊¢ŒË ∑§Ê •Ê⁄¢U÷–v~x~-v~yz ó ŒÔÁflÃËÿ Áfl‡fl-ÿȌԜ–v~y| ó Áfl‡fl ’Ò¥∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U •¢Ã⁄Uʸc≈˛UËÿ ◊Ⱥ˝Ê ∑§ÊcÊ ∑§Ê •ÊÒ¬øÊÁ⁄U∑§ M§¬ ‚ ∑§Êÿ¸ •Ê⁄¢U÷–v~y~ ó øËŸ ◊¥ ∑˝§Ê¢ÁÖv~zÆ-v~{Æ ó Áfl∑§Ê‚‡ÊË‹ Œ‡ÊÊ¥ Ÿ ‚◊Í„U G-77 ŸÊ◊∑§ ‚¢ªΔUŸ ’ŸÊÿÊ–

H-4 MBD Super Refresher ‚Ê◊ÊÁ¡∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ-X

∞Ÿ0‚Ë0߸0•Ê⁄U0≈UË0 ¬ÊΔ˜UÔÿ¬ÈSÃ∑§ ¬˝‡ŸÊààÊ⁄U¬˝‡Ÿ v. ‚òÊ„UflË¥ ‚ŒË ‚ ¬„U‹ „UÙŸ flÊ‹ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§ ŒÙ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ŒËÁ¡∞– ∞∑§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ‚ •ı⁄U ∞∑§ ©UŒÊ„U⁄áÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ٥

∑§ ’Ê⁄U ◊¥ øÈŸ¥–©UàÃ⁄U Áfl‡fl ∑§ Á÷ãŸ-Á÷㟠÷ʪ٥ ◊¥ •Ê¬‚Ë •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ¬˝ÊøËŸ∑§Ê‹ ‚ „UË „UÙÃÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU– ‚òÊ„UflË¥ ‚ŒË Ã∑§ ÃÙ Áfl‡fl ∑§ Œ‡Ê •Ê¬‚ ◊¥ ∑§Ê$»§Ë

ÁŸ∑§≈U •Ê øÈ∑§ Õ– ß‚‚ ¬„U‹ ∑§ •ÊŒÊŸ-¬˝ŒÊŸ ∑§ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ©UŒÊ„U⁄UáÊ ÁŒ∞ ¡Ê ‚∑§Ã „Ò¥U—∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ— ⁄U‡Ê◊ ◊ʪ¸ ‚ øËŸË ¬ÊÚ≈U⁄UË ÃÕÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∞fl¢ ŒÁˇÊáÊ-¬Ífl¸ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ∑§ ∑§¬«∏U ∞fl¢ ◊‚Ê‹ ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ∑§ ŒÍ‚⁄U ÷ʪ٥ ◊¥ ¬„È°Uøà Ֆflʬ‚Ë ◊¥ ‚ÙŸÊ-øÊ¢ŒË ¡Ò‚Ë ∑§Ë◊ÃË œÊÃÈ∞° ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬ ‚ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ ◊¥ ¬„È°UøÃË ÕË¥–•◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ— •Ê¡ ‚ ‹ª÷ª zÆÆ ‚Ê‹ ¬„U‹ „U◊Ê⁄U ¬Ê‚ •Ê‹Í, ‚ÙÿÊ, ◊Í°ª»§‹Ë, ◊Ä∑§Ê, ‡Ê∑§⁄U∑¢§Œ •ÊÁŒ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕ¸ Ÿ„UË¥ Õ–ÿ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕ¸ ∑§Ù‹¢’‚ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ë πÙ¡ ∑§ ’ÊŒ fl„UÊ° ‚ ÿ„UÊ° ¬„È°Uø–

¬˝‡Ÿ w. ’ÃÊ∞¢ Á∑§ ¬Ífl¸-•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U Ÿ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ∑§ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ◊¥ Á∑§‚ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ◊ŒŒ ŒË?©UàÃ⁄U •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ∑§ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡ÊË∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝Á∑˝§ÿÊ ‚Ê‹„UflË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ∑§ ◊äÿ ◊¥ •Ê⁄¢U÷ „ÈU߸– ÿ„U ∑§Ê◊ ¬ÈøªÊ‹Ë ÃÕÊ S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ŸÊ•Ù¥ Ÿ ‡ÊÈM§

Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ©Uã„UÊ¥Ÿ ¡ÒÁfl∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄UÊ¥ ¡Ò‚ øø∑§ ∑§ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿʪ Á∑§ÿÊ– ÿ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ÒÁŸ∑§Ù¥ ÃÕÊ ‚ÒÁŸ∑§•Áœ∑§ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ fl„UÊ° ¬„È°Uø– ߟ ∑§Ë≈UÊáÊÈ•Ù¥ Ÿ ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬Ëÿ ‚ŸÊ•Ù¥ ∑§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ ’„ÈUà „UË ÉÊÊÃ∑§ „UÁÕÿÊ⁄U ∑§Ê ∑§Ê◊ Á∑§ÿÊ– •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§ ‹Ùª‚ÁŒÿÙ¥ Ã∑§ ’Ê„U⁄UË ‚¢‚Ê⁄U ‚ •‹ª-Õ‹ª ⁄U„U Õ– ©UŸ◊¥ øø∑§ ÃÕÊ ∞‚Ë •ãÿ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ‚ ’øÊfl ∑§Ë ˇÊ◊ÃÊ Ÿ„UË¥ ÕË– •Ã— fl øø∑§ ∑§Ê•Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ Á‡Ê∑§Ê⁄U „UÙ ª∞–∞∑§ ’Ê⁄U ‚¢∑˝§◊áÊ ‡ÊÈM§ „UÙŸ ∑§ ’ÊŒ ÿ„U ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË ¬Í⁄U ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ◊¥ »Ò§‹ ªß¸– ß‚Ÿ ¬Í⁄U ∑§ ¬Í⁄U SÕÊŸËÿ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ë ‚◊ÈŒÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ‚»§ÊÿÊ ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ–ŒÍ‚⁄UË •Ù⁄U S¬ÁŸ‡Ê ‚ÒÁŸ∑§Ù¥ ∑§ ¬Ê‚ øø∑§ ‚ ’øÊfl ∑§ ¬Í⁄U ‚ÊœŸ Õ– ©UŸ∑§ ‡Ê⁄UË⁄U ◊¥ ⁄UÙª-¬˝ÁÃ⁄UÙœË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ÷Ë ÕË– •Ã— fl •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ •Êª’…∏Uà ª∞ •ı⁄U ©Uã„UÙ¥Ÿ ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ∑§ Áfl‡ÊÊ‹ ÷Í-÷ʪ٥ ¬⁄U •¬ŸÊ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U Á‹ÿÊ–ß‚‚ S¬c≈U „ÒU Á∑§ ¬Ífl¸-•ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ Áfl‡fl ◊¥ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ∑§ flÒÁ‡fl∑§ ¬˝‚Ê⁄U Ÿ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡Ê∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ë Áfl¡ÿ ◊¥ ’„ÈUà ’«∏UË ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ÁŸ÷Ê߸–

¬˝‡Ÿ x. ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà ∑§ ¬˝÷ÊflÙ¥ ∑§Ë √ÿÊÅÿÊ ∑§⁄Uà „ÈU∞ ‚¢ÁˇÊåà Á≈Uå¬ÁáÊÿÊ° Á‹π¥ó(∑§) ∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê ∑§ ‚◊Êåà ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ ’Ê⁄U ◊¥ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ê »Ò§‚‹Ê–©UàÃ⁄U ∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ◊Ä∑§Ê ∑§ •ÊÿÊà ¬⁄U ¬Ê’¢ŒË ‹ªÊ߸ ÕË– ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊SflM§¬ πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕÙZ ∑§Ë ∑§Ë◊Ã¥ •Ê‚◊ÊŸ ∑§Ù ¿ÍUŸ

‹ªË ÕË¥ •ı⁄U ¡ŸÃÊ ¬⁄U‡ÊÊŸ „UÙ ©UΔUË ÕË– •Ã— Œ‡Ê ∑§ ©UŒ˜ÿÙª¬ÁÃÿÙ¥ ÃÕÊ ‚ÊœÊ⁄UáÊ ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ù¥ Ÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ù ∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê ‚◊Êåà ∑§⁄UŸ¬⁄U Áflfl‡Ê ∑§⁄U ÁŒÿÊ ÕÊ–∑§ÊÚŸ¸ ‹Ê ∑§Ë ‚◊ÊÁåà ∑§ ’ÊŒ ∑§◊ ∑§Ë◊à ¬⁄U πÊŒ˜ÿÊãŸÙ¥ ∑§Ê •ÊÿÊà Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸ ‹ªÊ– ÁflŒ‡ÊÙ¥ ‚ •ÊÿÊÁÃà πÊŒ˜ÿÊ㟠Á’˝≈UŸ ◊¥ ¬ÒŒÊ„UÙŸ flÊ‹ πÊŒ˜ÿÊãŸÙ¥ ‚ ’„ÈUà ‚Sà Ֆ »§‹SflM§¬ Á’˝≈UŸ ∑§ Á∑§‚ÊŸ •ÊÿÊÁÃà πÊŒ˜ÿ-¬ŒÊÕÙZ ∑§Ë ∑§Ë◊ÃÙ¥ ∑§Ê ◊È∑§Ê’‹Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄U‚∑§, Á¡‚‚ ©UŸ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁà ŒÿŸËÿ „UÙ ªß¸– œË⁄U-œË⁄U Á∑§‚ÊŸÙ¥ Ÿ πÃË ’¢Œ ∑§⁄U ŒË– „U ÊÊ⁄UÙ¥ ‹Ùª ’⁄U٠ʪÊ⁄U „UÙ ª∞– ªÊ°flÙ¥ ∑§ ªÊ°flflË⁄UÊŸ „UÙ ª∞– ª⁄UË’ Á∑§‚ÊŸ ‡Ê„U⁄UÙ¥ ÃÕÊ •ãÿ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥ ¡Ê∑§⁄U ’‚Ÿ ‹ª–

(π) •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊¥ ®⁄U«U⁄U¬S≈U ∑§Ê •ÊŸÊ–©UàÃ⁄U •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊¥  Ê◊ËŸ ∑§Ë ∑§Ù߸ ∑§◊Ë Ÿ„UË¥ ÕË– fl„UÊ° ∑§Ë ¡Ÿ‚¢ÅÿÊ •¬ ÊÊ∑Χà ∑§◊ ÕË– ‚ÁŒÿÙ¥ ‚ fl„UÊ° ∑§ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¡ËflŸ ∑ΧÁ· •ı⁄U

¬Ê‹ÃÍ ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§ ‚„UÊ⁄U ø‹ ⁄U„UÊ ÕÊ– fl„UÊ° ∑§ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ù flß ‹Ÿ ÿÊ ŒŸ ∑§Ê •Õ¸ „UË ◊Ê‹Í◊ Ÿ„UË¥ ÕÊ– ©UãŸË‚flË¥ ‡ÊÃÊéŒË ◊¥ ÿÍ⁄UÙ¬Ëÿ‡ÊÁÄÃÿÙ¥ Ÿ •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ◊¥ ¬˝fl‡Ê Á∑§ÿÊ– fl •»˝§Ë∑§ÊflÊÁ‚ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù flß ¬⁄U ‹ªÊŸÊ øÊ„UÃË ÕË¥ ¬⁄¢UÃÈ fl„UÊ° ∑§ ‹Ùª flß ¬⁄U ∑§Ê◊Ÿ„UË¥ ∑§⁄UŸÊ øÊ„Uà ՖŒÈ÷ʸÇÿfl‡Ê v}}Æ ∑§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ ∞Á‡ÊÿÊ߸ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ‚ •Ê∞ ¡ÊŸfl⁄UÙ¥ Œ˜flÊ⁄UÊ Á⁄¢U«U⁄U¬S≈U ŸÊ◊∑§ ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË »Ò§‹ ªß¸– ÿ„U ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË “¡¢ª‹ ∑§Ë •Êª”∑§Ë ÷Ê°Áà •»˝§Ë∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒ˜flˬ ◊¥ »Ò§‹Ÿ ‹ªË– v}~w Ã∑§ ÿ„U ’Ë◊Ê⁄UË •≈U‹Ê¢Á≈U∑§ Ã∑§ ¡Ê ¬„È°UøË–Á⁄ ¢U«U⁄U¬S≈U Ÿ •»§Ë∑§Ê ◊„UÊŒflˬ ∑§ ~Æ ¬ÁÇÊà ◊flÁ‡ÊÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù ◊Ê⁄U «UÊ‹Ê– ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§ ◊Ê⁄U ¡ÊŸ ‚ •»§Ë∑§ÊflÊÁ‚ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ⁄UÙ ÊË-⁄UÙ≈UË ∑§ ‚ÊœŸ‚◊Êåà „UÙ ª∞– ©Uã„¥U flß ¬⁄U ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ù Áflfl‡Ê ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ fl„UÊ° ∑§ ’Ê$ªÊŸ SflÊÁ◊ÿÙ¥, πÊŸ ◊ÊÁ‹∑§Ù¥ ÃÕÊ •ı¬ÁŸflÁ‡Ê∑§ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥Ÿ ©UŸ∑§ ‡Ê· ’ø ¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ¬⁄U ÷Ë •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ∑§⁄U Á‹ÿÊ– ß‚‚ ©U¬ÁŸfl‡Ê∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¬Í⁄U •»§Ë∑§Ê ¬⁄U •Áœ∑§Ê⁄U ¡◊ÊŸ ∑§Ê ‚ÈŸ„U⁄UË •fl‚⁄UÁ◊‹ ªÿÊ–

MBD Super Refresher Class-X Term-I CBSE/NCERT

Publisher : MBD GroupPublishers

ISBN : 9789385905704Author : S. Krishnan, Puri,Neera Sharma

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