Grammar: Stylistic Transformation

VII (B) Finish each sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence that is given.

Unit 1Reported Speech (Statement)

Examples:1. He said, “I’ve got a headache.”

He said that he had got a headache.2. Aye Aye said, “Mother…, I’m hungry.”

Aye Aye told her mother that she was hungry.3. Wai Phyo said to Zaw Zaw, “ I shall meet you here at 10 o’clock.”

Wai Phyo told Zaw Zaw that he would meet him there at 10 o’clock.

Exercise:1. Sanda said to Thanda, “I need your help with my homework.”

Sanda told Thanda that --------------------------------------------------.2. The man said, “You are clever boys.”

The man said --------------------------------------------------------------.3. “I want to see your mother,” said the teacher to the boy.

The teacher told the boy -------------------------------------------------.4. Nilar said to me, “I went shopping with your sister yesterday.”

Nilar told me --------------------------------------------------------------.5. “I pray I shall find my lost puppy.” said my sister.

My sister said that --------------------------------------------------------.6. The secretary said to her boss, “I’ve sent the e-mails you asked me

to this morning.”The secretary told her boss ----------------------------------------------.

7. “We had dinner in your grandma’s home,” said Mother.Mother told me -----------------------------------------------------------.

8. Ko Ko said to Ma Ma, “I’ll be staying up late tonight.”Ko Ko told Ma Ma-------------------------------------------------------.

9. “I’ll see you tomorrow, Ko Ko,” said Mon Mon.Mon Mon told Ko Ko ------------------------------------------------.

10. The manager said to the clerk, “You must never be late.”

The manager told ---------------------------------------------------------.11. My friend said, “I saw your sister with her boy friend yesterday.”

My friend informed me -------------------------------------------------.12. The teacher said, “I’ll go abroad tomorrow.”

The teacher said that-----------------------------------------------------.13. My aunt said, “I pray that I shall win the lottery this month.”

My aunt said that --------------------------------------------------------.14. The teacher said to Zeyar Lin, “You mustn’t forget what I told

you in the last lesson.”The teacher told ----------------------------------------------------------.

15. The teacher said, “I want to remind you to bring your textbooks tomorrow.”The teacher told ----------------------------------------------------------.

16. The mother said, “Thinzar, if you don’t wash your hair once a week, I’ll cut it with scissors.”The mother told Thinzar ------------------------------------------------.

17. The instructor said, “You can do it if you try.”The instructor told me --------------------------------------------------.

18. The old man said to his sons, “I want all of you to keep up my name.”The old man told his sons -----------------------------------------------.

19. “I don’t know who broke the window pane,” the child said to the man.The child told the man --------------------------------------------------.

20. The operator said, “That phone line is always busy.”The operator said that ----------------------------------------------------.

Unit 1(Key)Reported Speech (Statement)1. Sanda told Thanda that she needed her help with her homework.2. The man said that they were clever boys.3. The teacher told the boy that she wanted to see his mother.4. Nilar told me that she had gone shopping with my sister the

previous day.5. My sister said that she prayed that she would find her lost puppy.6. The secretary told her boss that she had sent the e-mails he had

asked her to that morning.7. Mother told me that she had had dinner in my grandma's home.

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8. Ko Ko told Ma Ma that he would be staying up late that night.9. Mon Mon told Ko Ko that she would see him the next day.10. The manager told the clerk that he must never be late.11. My friend informed me that she had seen my sister with her boy

friend the previous day.12. The teacher said that she would go abroad the next day.13. My aunt said that she prayed that she would win the lottery that

month.14. The teacher told Thinzar that she mustn't forget what she had told

her in the previous lesson.15. The teacher told us that she wanted to remind us to bring our

textbooks the next day.16. The mother told Zeyar that if the didn't wash his hair once a week,

she would cut it with scissors.17. The instructor told me that I could do it if I tried.18. The old man told his sons that he wanted all of them to keep up

his name.19. The child told the man that he didn't know who had broken the

window pane.20. The operator said that that phone line was always busy.

Unit 2Reported Speech (Question)

Examples:1. His father said, “ Zaw Zaw, are you feeling all right?” His father asked Zaw Zaw if he was feeling all right.2. “Su Mon, why are you looking so tired?” Aunty Than said.

Aunty Than asked Su Mon why she was looking so tired.3. Daw Mya Lay said to the maid, “How did you get this money?” Daw Mya Lay asked the maid how she had got that money.

Exercise:1. The salesgirl said to the customer, “How can I help you?”

The salesgirl asked the customer -------------------------------------.2. Father said to mother, “Do you have any plans to go to

Myingyan?”Father asked mother -----------------------------------------------------.

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3. “Can I eat chocolates, doctor?” asked Pauk Sa.Pauk Sa asked ------------------------------------------------------------.

4. Zin Zin said. “Why didn’t you contact us last week, Phyu Phyu?”Zin Zin asked Phyu Phyu -----------------------------------------------.

5. Toe said to Phyo, “Why have you been keeping silent for a long time?’Toe asked Phyo -----------------------------------------------------------.

6. The old man said, “Where’s the hospital?”The old man wanted to know -------------------------------------------.

7. The teacher said, “How old are you?”The teacher asked me ----------------------------------------------------.

8. Father said, “Sons, what have you done to my watch?”Father asked us -----------------------------------------------------------.

9. The police said to the suspect, “Were you at home last night?”The police asked ----------------------------------------------------------.

10. I said, “Daddy, can I use your phone?”I asked my -----------------------------------------------------------------.

Reported Speech (Command & Request)

Examples:1. “Waiter, bring me a glass of lime juice,” said Wai Phyo Mg.

Wai Phyo Mg ordered the waiter to bring me a glass of lime juice.2. His aunt said, “Nyi Nyi, don’t stay out late.”

His aunt told Nyi Nyi not to stay out late.3. “Please wait for a moment,” said the salesgirl to the customer.

The salesgirl requested the customer to wait for a moment.4. “Could you please wake me up early?” said Htoo Htoo to his

room-mate. Htoo Htoo requested his room-mate to wake him up early.

Exercise:1. Thida said to me, “Come to our wedding reception.”

Thida invited me -------------------------------------------------------. 2. “Please, don’t shout at me,” said the girl to her sister. The girl asked her sister -------------------------------------------------.3. “Be patient and gentle with this motherless boy,” said the

headmaster to the class teacher.

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The headmaster asked---------------------------------------------------. 4. The man said to his son, “Do your homework now or you won’t

finish it before school.”The man told --------------------------------------------------------------.

5. The salesgirl said to the customer, “Don’t bargain, please. It’s a fixed price.” The salesgirl requested --------------------------------------------------.

6. “Stop smoking if you want to live long,” said the doctor to the man.

The doctor warned -------------------------------------------------------. 7. “Why don’t you see a doctor?” said Thet Wai to her sick friend.

Thet Wai suggested-------------------------------------------------------. 8. The teacher said to Thet Htar, “Be aware of the changes that you

have experienced.” The teacher told -----------------------------------------------------------.9. Zin Phyu reminded Aye Suu, “Don’t forget to tell him that I’ll be

late tomorrow.”Zin Phyu reminded -------------------------------------------------------.

10. The class teacher said to the students, “Always keep your classrooms clean.”The class teacher told the students -------------------------------------.

Unit 2 (Key)Reported Speech (Question)1. The salesgirl asked the customer how she could help him.2. Father asked mother if she had any plans to go to Myingyan.3. Pauk Sa asked the doctor if he could eat chocolates.4. Zin Zin asked Phyu Phyu why she hadn't contacted her the

previous week.5. Toe asked Phyo why he had been keeping silent for a long time.6. The old man wanted to know where the hospital was.7. The teacher asked me how old I was.8. Father asked us what we had done to his watch.9. The police said to the suspect, "Were you at home last night?"10. I asked my father if I could use his phone.

Reported Speech (Command & Request)1. Thida invited me to come to her wedding reception.

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2. The girl asked her sister not to shout at her.3. The headmaster asked the class teacher to be patient and gentle

with that motherless boy.4. The man told his son to do his homework then or he would not

finish before school.5. The salesgirl requested the customer not to bargain and said that it

was a fixed price.6. The doctor warned the man to stop smoking if he wanted to live

long.7. Thet Wai suggested her sick friend to see a docotr.8. The teacher told Thet Htar do he aware of the changes that she

had experienced.9. Zin Phyu reminded Aye Su not to forget to tell him that she would

be late the following day.10. The class teacher told the students always to keep their class

rooms clean.

Unit 3 There is/was no………. who/that………. not(Double Negative)

There is/ was no + Singular Noun + who/ that + Singular Negative Verb

Examples:1. Every girl loves flowers.

There is no girl who does not love flowers.2. All girls love flowers.

There is no girl who does not love flowers.3. Every dog has a tail.

There is no dog that does not have a tail.4. All dogs have tails.

There is no dog that does not have a tail.5. All the high schools in Myanmar have computers.

There is no high school in Myanmar that does not have a computer.

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There is/ was no + Singular Noun + who/ that + Subject + Negative Verb

Examples:1. I visited all my relatives in Myingyan last month.

There was no relative in Myangyan who I did not visit last month.2. I have read all the books in this library.

There is no book in this library that I have not read.

Exercise:1. Every town or village in our country has a pagoda.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.2. Every citizen loves his mother land.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.3. Every student looks forward to the holiday.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.4. Everyone has to work for a living.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.5. Every book of his has his name on it.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.6. Every father wants his son to do well in life.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.7. Every egg in that basket is fresh.

There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------.8. Every student in this class participated in the discussion.

There was no---------------------------------------------------------------.9. All children like to read comics.

There is no-----------------------------------------------------------------.10. All the teaching staff in this university wear the national costume.

There is no-----------------------------------------------------------------.11. All the songs composed by Myoma Nyein are good.

There is no ----------------------------------------------------------------.12. All the students in this class were beaten yesterday.

There is no-----------------------------------------------------------------.13. All the villages in this region were flooded last year.

There was no--------------------------------------------------------------.14. I have been to all the beach resorts in our country.

There is no-----------------------------------------------------------------.15. I like every house in this street.

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There is no ----------------------------------------------------------------.16. We are friendly with all our neighbours.

There is no ----------------------------------------------------------------.17. My teacher corrected all my exercises.

There was no -------------------------------------------------------------.18. Every Myanmar girl loves to wear Thanakha.

There is no ----------------------------------------------------------------.19. All the students in this class do their exercises regularly.

There is no ---------------------------------------------------------------.20. I have photocopied all the articles in this newspaper.

There is no ---------------------------------------------------------------.

Unit 3 (Key)There is/was no.... who/that.... not (Double Negative)1. There is no town or village in our country that does not have a

pagoda.2. There is no citizen who does not love his mother land.3. There is no student who does not look forward to the holiday.4. There is no one who does not have to work for a living.5. There is no book that does not have his name on it.6. There is no father who does not want his son to do well in life.7. There is no egg in that basket that is not fresh.8. There was no student in this class who did not participate in

the discussion.9. There is no child who does not like to read comics.10. There is no teaching staff in this university who does not wear

the national costume.11. There is no song composed by Myoma Nyein that is not good.12. There is no student in this class who was not beaten yesterday.13. There was no village in this region that was not flooded last

year.14. There is no beach resort in our country that I have not been to.15. There is no house in this street that I do not like.16. There is no neighbour of us who is not friendly with us.17. There was no exercise that my teacher did not correct.18. There is no Myanmar girl who does not love to wear

Thanakha.

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19. There is no student in this class who does not do his exercise regularly.

20. There is no article in this newspaper that I have not photocopied.

Unit 4 No sooner ………than

Examples:1. I had just started to study when the lights went out.

No sooner had I started to study than the lights went out.2. As soon as he was beaten the boy ran away.

No sooner was the boy beaten than he ran away.3. The child cried as soon as it saw me.

No sooner did the child see me than it cried.

Exercise:1. When the fire-engines arrived, the fire had just stopped burning.

No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.2. When we arrived at the station the train had just left.

No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.3. The patient had just passed away when the ambulance arrived.

No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.4. The burglars had just fled away when we woke up. No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.5. I had just got off the bus when it started to rain. No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.6. We had just sat down to dinner when the visitors arrived.

No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.7. As soon as I had done my homework, my father asked me to wash

the car.No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.

8. As soon as the phone rang, she picked it up with joy.No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.

9. As soon as Chaw Chaw saw the letter, she opened it and read it.No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.

10. As soon as they had had their meal, the children went out to play.No sooner-----------------------------------------------------------------.

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Active & Passive

Active Passive1. V(present) - am, is, are + V-ed/en

2. V(past) - was, were + V-ed/en

3. do not , does not + V(simple) - am, is, are not + V-ed/en

4. did not + V(simple) - was, were not + V-ed/en

5. has, have, had + V-ed/en - has, have, had been + V-ed/en

6. am, ……were + V-ing - am, ……were being + V-ed/en

7. can, …...must + V(simple) - can,……must be + V-ed/en

8. am,…….were + going to - am,…….were going to be + V-ed/en

9.has, have, had to + V(simple) - has, have, had to be + V-ed/en

Examples:1. People play football all over the world.

Football is played all over the world.2. The people in this street feed this puppy well.

This puppy is well fed by the people in this street.3. I lost the key to the gate last night.

The key to the gate was lost last night.4. The students have already done all their homework.

All their homework has already been done by the students.5. My father gave me a watch as a birthday present

I was given a watch as a birthday present by my father.A watch was given to me as a birth present by my father.

6. People are not allowed to smoke in public parks in Bangkok.No one is allowed to smoke in public parks in Bangkok.

Exercise:1. They feed the animals at the zoo twice a day.

The animals---------------------------------------------------------------

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2. His father beat him for not attending classes regularly.He---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. A tornado hit the town this evening. The town--------------------------------------------------------------------

4. The doctor has advised him to take a rest if he wants to get well.He----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. We will finish the work soon.The work--------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Mother bought me an alarm clock last week.. I------------------------------------------------------------------------------.An alarm clock------------------------------------------------------------.

7. They are going to build a modern apartment building here.A modern--------------------------------------------------------------------

8. They do not permit dogs in the hotel.Dogs-------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Did you switch off the lights last night?Were-------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Who broke the window pane?By whom--------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit 4 (Key)No sooner ... than1. No sooner had the fire stopped burning than the fire-engines

arrived.2. No sooner had the train left than we arrived at the station.3. No sooner had the patient passed away than the ambulance

arrived.4. No sooner had the burglars fled away than the police arrived.5. No sooner had I got off the bus than it started to rain.6. No sooner had we sat down to dinner than the visitors arrived.7. No sooner had I done my homework than my father asked me

to wash the car.8. No sooner did the phone ring than she picked it up with joy.9. No sooner did Chaw Chaw see the letter than she opened it

and read it.10. No sooner had they had their meal, than the children went out

to play.

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Active & Passive1. The animals at the zoo are fed twice a day.2. He was beaten for not attending classes regularly by his father.3. The town was hit by a tornado this evening.4. He has been advised to take a rest if he wants to get well by the

doctor.5. The work will soon be finished.6. I was bought an alarm clock by mother last week.

An alarm clock was bought for me by mother last week.7. A modern apartment building is going to be built here.8. Dogs are not permitted in this hotel.9. Were the lights switched off last night?10. By whom was the window pane broken?

Unit 5After +V-ing

(Active) After + V-ing After + Subject + had V-ed/en

(Passive) After + being + V-ed/en

After + Subject + had been V-ed/en

Examples:1. Mg Mg did his homework first and then he went out.

After doing his homework, Mg Mg went out.After Mg Mg had done his homework, he went out.

2. The letters were sorted and then delivered.After being sorted, the letters were delivered.After the letters had been sorted, they were delivered.

Exercise:1. The teacher checked the essays and then she returned the books.

After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After the teacher----------------------------------------------------------

2. M Ma did the cooking. Then she did the washing. After -------------------------------------------------------------------------After Ma Ma -----------------------------------------------------------.

3. Hla Hla ironed the clothes when she had cooked the meal.After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After Hla Hla---------------------------------------------------------------

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4. Sandy peeped into the room. She screamed.After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After Sandy----------------------------------------------------------------

5. The cat snatched the fried fish and then it ran away.After-----------------------------------------------------------------------

After the cat----------------------------------------------------------------6. The vegetables were washed first and then boiled.

After-------------------------------------------------------------------------After the vegetables-------------------------------------------------------

7. The houses were destroyed by a storm .Then they were rebuilt by the villagers.After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After the houses------------------------------------------------------------

8. The man was seized with narcotic drugs. He was sent to the prison.After-------------------------------------------------------------------------After the man---------------------------------------------------------------

9. She had a sore throat because she ate a lot of ice- cream.After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After she--------------------------------------------------------------------.

10. When he got a degree, Ko Lay attended Global English Curse at the National Centre for English Language. After-----------------------------------------------------------------------After Ko Lay-----------------------------------------------------------

Without + V-ing(Active) Without + V-ing(Passive) Without + being + V-ed/en

Examples:1. Hla Hla ate the meal. She did not wash her hand.

Without washing her hand, Hla Hla ate the meal.2. Hla Hla swept the room. She was not asked to do so.

Without being asked, Hla Hla swept the room.3. Hla Hla swept the room. Nobody asked her to do so.

Without being asked, Hla Hla swept the room.4. Hla Hla swept the room. They did not ask her to do so.

Without being asked, Hla Hla swept the room.

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5. Hla Hla swept the room. Her mother did not ask her.Without being asked by her mother, Hla Hla swept the room.

Exercise:1. She left for school. She did not eat anything.

Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.2. He left home. He did not say good-bye to anyone.

Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.3. You will not get high marks in English unless you study regularly.

Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.4. You will not recover from your illness unless you take this

medicine.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

5. He quitted the job. He did not let anyone know about it.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

6. John passed the examination. He did not work hard.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

7. He came to the party. Nobody invited him.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

8. My aunt gave me some pocket money. I never asked for it.Without---------------------------------------------------------------------.

9. The clothes were ironed. They were not properly washed.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

10. He listened to the lecture but he wrote nothing down.Without --------------------------------------------------------------------.

Unit 5 (Key)After + V-ing1. After checking the essays, the teacher returned the books.

After the teacher had checked the essays, she returned the books.2. After doing the cooking, Ma Ma did the washing.

After Ma Ma had done the cooking, she did the washing.3. After ironing the cloths, Hla Hla had cooked the metal.

After Hla Hla had ironed the clothes, the had cooked the metal.4. After peeping into the room, she screamed.

After Sandy had peeped into the room, she screamed.5. After snatching the friend fish, the cat ran away.

After the cat had snatched the fried fish, it ran away.

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6. After being washed first, the vegetables boiled.After the vegetables and been washed first, they boiled.

7. After being destroyed by a storm, the houses were rebuilt by the villagers.After the houses had been destroyed by a storm, they were rebuilt by the villagers.

8. After being seized with narcotic drugs, the man was sent to the prison.After the man had been seized with narcotic drugs, he was sent to the prison.

9. After eating a lot of ice-cream, she had a sore throat.After she had eaten a lot of ice-cream, she had a sore throat.

10. After getting a degree, Ko Lay attended Global English Curse at the National Centre for English Language. After Ko Lay had got a degree, he attended Global English Course at the National Centre for English Language.

Without + V-ing1. Without eating anything, she left for school.2. Without saying good-bye to anyone, he left home.3. Without studying regularly, you will not get high marks in

English.4. Without taking this medicine, you will not recover from your

illness.5. Without letting anyone know, he quitted the job.6. Without working hard, John passed the examination.7. Without being invited him, he came to the party.8. Without being asked for some pocket money, my aunt.9. Without being properly washed, the clothes were ironed.10. Without writing anything down, he listened to the lecture.

Unit 6In spite of / Although

In spite of + V-ing / N Although + Subject + Verb

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Examples:1. Although Aye Aye is very beautiful, she is not proud.

In spite of being beautiful, Aye Aye is not proud.2. Although the box was very heavy, the child could lift it.

In spite of the box being very heavy, the child could lift it.3. Although it was raining heavily, he went out.

In spite of the heavy rain, he went out.4. In spite of studying day and night, she failed in the examination.

Although she studied day and night, she failed in the examination.

Exercise:1. Mg Mg went to school although he was ill.

In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.2. Although the rain was heavy, they kept on working.

In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.3. Although the weather was bad, we went out for a walk.

In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.4. Although the box was very heavy, the child could lift it alone.

In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.5. Although the man was very tired, he worked on.

In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.6. Although Pyae Sone usually stands first in the class, he is not

proud.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

7. Although the man is rich, he is very greedy.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

8. Although she goes to school every day, she learns nothing.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

9. Although she is young, she can take care of her old parents.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

10. Although he is intelligent, he is lazy.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

11. The man punished his son although he loved him with all his heart.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

12. Although there was a storm, the fishing boat sailed into the sea. In spite of -----------------------------------------------------------------.

13. He went on working although he was feeling unwell.In spite of ------------------------------------------------------------------.

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14. In spite of having a car, my parents rarely use it.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

15. In spite of his hand being injured, he could manage to write.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

16. In spite of the questions being difficult, he could answer well.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

17. In spite of being rich, she is not happy.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

18. In spite of being sisters, they do not speak to each other.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

19. In spite of feeling tired, he could not fall asleep.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

20. In spite of being old, Ba Ba is still active and strong.Although -------------------------------------------------------------------.

Unit 6 (Key)In spite of / Although1. In spite of being ill, Mg Mg went to school.2. In spite of the rain being heavy, they kept on working.3. In spite of the weather being bad, we went out for a walk.4. In spite of the box being very heavy, the child could lift.5. In spite of being very tired, the man worked on.6. In spite of usually standing first in the class, Pyae Sone is not

proud.7. In spite of being rich, the man is very greedy.8. In spite of going to school every day, she learns nothing.9. In spite of being young, she can take care of her old parents.10. In spite of being intelligent, he is lazy.11. In spite of loving his son with all his heart, the man punished him.12. In spite of there being a storm, the fishing boat sailed into the sea.13. In spite of being feeling unwell, he went on working.14. Although my parents have a car, they rarely use it.15. Although his hand was injured, he could manage to write.16. Although the questions are difficult, he could answer well.17. Although she is rich, she is not happy.18. Although they are sisters, they do not speak to each other.19. Although he is feeling tired, he could not felt asleep.

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20. Although Ba Ba is old, he is still active and strong.

Unit 7Conditionals

Type I If + Subject + V(present) , Subject + will V(Infinitive)If you study hard, you will pass the examination.

Type II If + Subject + V(past) , Subject + would V(Infinitive)If I were a bird, I would fly high in the sky.

Type III If+Subject + had V-ed/en, Subject + would have V-ed/enIf you had studied hard, you would have passed the examination.

Examples:1. You try hard. You will succeed.

If you try hard, you will succeed.2. Take this medicine. You will soon be well.

If you take this medicine, you will soon be well.3. I would beat you. I was your mother.

If I were your mother, I would beat you.4. You did not study hard. You did not pass the examination.

If you had studied hard, you would have passed the examination.

Exercise: 1. You try the best. You will get the first prize.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .2. He stays on for two more hours. He will meet the headmaster.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .3. The road to the town is rough. We will have to go on foot.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .4. The students want to pass the examination. They must try hard.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .5. They will have to take a taxi. They don’t want to be late for the

meeting. If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

6. You will become a better player. You practise more.

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If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .7. The weather is fine the whole week. They will go on a picnic.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .8. We will not need to water the plants. It rains.

If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .9. All the flowers will be in full bloom. The plants receive enough

sunshine.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

10. He will come to the party. You invite him.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

11. I won the lottery. I would buy a Land Cruiser.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

12. I was better qualified. I would apply for the job.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

13. I would drive your car. I had a spare key.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

14. I were you. I would not be patient.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

15. We would not go there. She did not come.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

16. You would be able to run faster. You had longer legs.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

17. She did not drink tea. She would not need to take sleeping pills. If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

18. The police would arrest him. You informed them.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

19. I was fit. I would go hiking and trekking.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

20. I was a king. I would have you killed.If --------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

Unit 7Conditionals

Unit 8If / Unless

Examples:1. If you stay late in bed, you will miss the breakfast.

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Unless you stay late in bed, you will not miss the breakfast. 2. Unless you met the manager, you wouldn’t get the job.

If you didn't meet the manager, you wouldn't get the job. 3. If I had seen the road block, I would have slowed the car down.

Unless I had seen the road block, I would not have slowed down.

Exercises1. If the bus arrives early, father will be in time for work.

Unless ............................................................................ .2. If you know how to revise your lessons, you will be ready for the

examination in two weeks. Unless ............................................................................ .

3. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. Unless............................................................................ .

4. Unless the sea is calm, we will not go sailing. If ............................................................................ .

5. Unless you pay full attention in class, you will absorb nothing.If …………………………………………………………. .

6. If all people were lovable, this world would be a nice place to live in. Unless …………………………………………………………. .

7. Unless you turn the air-con down, I will catch a cold.If …………………………………………………………. .

8. Unless the motorists follow the traffic rules, there will always be accidents. If …………………………………………………………. .

9. Stay calm or you will lose all that you have learnt.Unless …………………………………………………………. .

10. Keep your room clean or mother will scold you. Unless …………………………………………………………. .

Relative ClausesExamples:1. He has an uncle. His uncle works in the KBZ bank.

He has an uncle who works in the KBZ bank.2. My watch is not working again. It was repaired a week ago.

My watch that was repaired a week ago is not working again. 3. Ni Ni was looking after a dog. Its leg had been broken in an

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accident.Ni Ni was looking after a dog whose leg had been broken in an accident.

4. The girl is my cousin. I was talking to her.The girl whom I was talking to is my cousin.The girl to whom I was talking is my cousin.

5. I met a man. His sister knows you very well.I met a man whose sister knows you very well.

Exercise1. The police caught the thief. He stole the diamonds.

The police ------------------------------------------------------------------2. The pen is mine. You are writing with it.

The pen ---------------------------------------------------------------------3. The watch was very expensive. She bought it in Japan.

The watch ------------------------------------------------------------------4. My brother has seen the film. You met him yesterday.

My brother -----------------------------------------------------------------5. The man has left the office. I was talking to him.

The man --------------------------------------------------------------------6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

A bus ------------------------------------------------------------------------7. A waitress served us. She was very polite and friendly.

A waitress ------------------------------------------------------------------8. This school is only for children. Their first language is not

English. This school ----------------------------------------------------------------

9. I saw the accident. It happened near the school. I saw ------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. What is the name of the man? You borrowed his car. What is ---------------------------------------------------------------------

If / Unless (Key)1. Unless the bus arrives early, father will not be in time for work.2. Unless you know how to revise your lessons, you will not be

ready for the examination in two weeks.3. Unless the weother is fine tomorrow, we will not go on a picnic.

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4. If the sea is not clam, we will not go sailing.5. If you do not pay full attention in class, you will absorb nothing.6. Unless all people were lovable, this world would not be a nice

place to live in.7. If you do not turn the air-con down, I will catch a cold.8. If the motorists do not follow the traffic rules, there will always be

accidents.9. Unless you stay clam, you will lose all that you have learnt.10. Unless you keep your room clean, mother will scold you.

Unit 9Both…… and Examples:1. U Thu Kha is a famous director. He is a famous playwright.

U Thu Kha is both a famous director and playwright.2. U Nanda is a film director. U Kyaw Thu is a film director.

Both U Nanda and U Kyaw Thu are film directors.3. Neither Mg Mg nor Aung Aung are present today.

Both Mg Mg and Aung Aung are absent today.Exercise:1. By using wheels, we can save not only time but also work.

By using --------------------------------------------------------------------2. Neither Ko Ko nor Nyi Nyi is coming to the party.

Both -------------------------------------------------------------------------3. I like neither tea nor coffee.

I don't like ------------------------------------------------------------------4. Mercedes is a popular car. Land Cruiser is a popular car.

Both -------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Neither of my parents likes movies.

Both -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Not only …….. but alsoExercises:1. A nurse must be patient. She must be kind too.

A nurse must be not only patient but also kind.2. The young girl is playful. She is also talkative.

The young girl is not only playful but also talkative. Exercise:

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1. He is famous for his wealth. He is famous for his wisdom.He is famous ---------------------------------------------------------------

2. My sister has been to London. She has been to New York.My sister --------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Both Ko Ko and I were absent yesterday.Not only --------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Both you and I are clever boys.Not only --------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Both “Titanic” and “Romeo and Juliet” are tragedies.Not only --------------------------------------------------------------------

Either…..orExamples:1. May May Gyi is in the kitchen. May May Gyi is in the bedroom.

May May Gyi is either in the kitchen or in the bedroom.2. Nyi Nyi plays guitar very well. His brothers play guitar very well.

Either Nyi Nyi or his brothers play guitar very well.3. Hurry up or you will be late.

Either hurry up or you will be late.4. Nyi Nyi broke the window pane or it could be his friends.

Either Nyi Nyi or his friends broke the window pane.

Exercises1. The children may be in the house. They may be in the garden.

The children ----------------------------------------------------------------2. You can stay here. You can go home.

You can either -------------------------------------------------------------3. You are a fool, if not I am.

Either ------------------------------------------------------------------------4. The keys are in the cupboard, if not under the mattress.

The keys are either --------------------------------------------------------5. Do your homework now or you will be punished.

Either ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Neither…..norExamples: 1. Ko Ko doesn’t like playing cards. Ma Ma doesn’t like playing

cards.

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Neither Ko Ko nor Ma Ma likes playing cards.2. Both Htet Htet and Swe Swe were absent at the school reunion

party.Neither Htet Htet nor Swe Swe was present at the school reunion party.

3. ‘Heaven’ as well as ‘Dinosaurs’ doesn’t sell pirate CDs/VCDs.Neither ‘Heaven’ nor ‘Dinosaurs’ sells pirate CDs/VCDs.

Exercise1. The problem is that his father doesn't like music and his mother

doesn't like music.The problem is that neither ----------------------------------------------

2. Kyi Chan isn’t interested in watching films. She isn’t interested in reading novels.Kyi Chan is -----------------------------------------------------------------

3. Not only you but also I am not responsible for this.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

4. He doesn’t want to learn Chinese and neither do they.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Both he and she don't know what to do.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Neither…..of

Examples1. She doesn’t trust either of these two men. She trusts neither of the men.2. The two younger brothers are not famous in playing cane-ball as

Ko Gyi.Neither of the younger brothers is famous in playing can-ball as Ko Gyi.

3. Both my sister and I don’t like watching football matches.Neither of us likes watching football matches.

Exercises1. You are not mad. I am not mad.

Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------2. The elder boy is not allowed to leave home. The younger boy is

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not allowed to leave home.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

3. My father is not superstitious and neither is my mother.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Not only she but also her sister is absent today.Neither of -----------------------------------------------------------------

5. Both of the brothers are not to be blamed.Neither ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit 9 (Key)Both ... and By using wheels, we can saves both time and work.1. Both Ko Ko and Nyi Nyi are not coming to the party.2. I don't like3. Both Mercedes and Land Cruiser are popular cars.4. Both of my parents do not like movies.

Not only .... but also1. He is famous not only for his wealth but also for his wisdom.2. My sister has been not only to London but also to New York.3. Not only Ko Ko but also I was absent yesterday.4. Not only you but also I am a clever boy.5. Not only “Titanic” but also “Romeo and Juliet” is a tragedy.

Either ... or1. The children may be either in the house or in the garden.2. You can either stay here or go home.3. Either you or I am a fool.4. The keys are either in the cupboard or under the mattress.5. Either do you homework or you will be punished.

Neither ... nor1. The problem is that neither his father nor his mother likes music.2. Kyi Chan is interested neither in watching films nor in reading

novels.3. Neither you nor I am responsible for this.4. Neither he nor they want to learn Chinese.5. Neither he nor she knows what to do.

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Neither ... of1. Neither you not I am mad.2. Neither of the brothers is allowed to leave home.3. Neither my father nor my mother is superstitious.4. Neither of them is present today.5. Neither of the brother is to be blamed.

Unit 10

Too ….. to ------ Not enough to …..

For examples:Your wallet is too big to put it in my sling bag.Your wallet is not small enough to put in my sling bag.Exercise:1. Your sister isn't old enough to get married.

Your sister is too ----------------------------------------------------------2. The refrigerator is too heavy for them to move.

The refrigerator is not ----------------------------------------------------3. The parcel is too big to send by post.

The parcel is not ----------------------------------------------------------4. Her voice is too soft to hear from the back.

Her voice is not -----------------------------------------------------------5. They are too poor to buy a flat in this area.

They are not ----------------------------------------------------------------

So …… that / Such …… that

so + adj/adv + that …………such + (a/an) + (adj) + N + that ……….Examples:1. The lesson is so easy that everybody understands it.

It is such an easy lesson that everybody understands it.2. The box was so heavy that I could not lift it.

It was such a heavy box that I could not lift it.

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Exercise:1. The lesson was so short that we finished it in one period.

It was such -----------------------------------------------------------------2. He is so tricky that no one wants to work with him.

He is such ------------------------------------------------------------------3. This painting was so attractive that everybody admires it

It was such -----------------------------------------------------------------4. The day was so hot that we could not work well.

It was such -----------------------------------------------------------------5. The sum was so difficult that we could not work it out.

It was such -----------------------------------------------------------------

So …… that / Such …… thatso + adj/adv + that …………so + many/much/few/little + N + thatsuch + (a/an) + (adj) + N + that ……….

Examples:1. He was such a clever boy that nobody could beat him.

The boy was so clever that nobody could beat him.2. It is such an expensive flat that we cannot afford to buy it.

This flat is so expensive that we cannot afford to buy it.3. She had got much money. She could eat whatever she wanted.

She had got so much money that she could eat whatever she wanted.

Exercise:1. She is such a beautiful girl that all the boys admire her.

She is so --------------------------------------------------------------------2. He was such an honest man that everybody believes him.

He was so -------------------------------------------------------------------3. They are such efficient teachers that every student likes them.

The teachers are so --------------------------------------------------------4. She is such an intelligent student that she can answer all the

questions.The student is so -----------------------------------------------------------

5. He bought many books. He had no money left.He bought so ---------------------------------------------------------------

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Unit 13 Degrees of Comparison (2)Examples:1. No other boy in the class is as tall as Mg Mg. There is no boy in the class as tall as Mg Mg. Mg Mg is taller than any other boy in the class. Mg Mg is the tallest boy in the class.

2. Very few boys in the class are as tall as Mg Mg. There are very few boys in the class as tall as Mg Mg. Mg Mg is taller than most other boys in the class. Mg Mg is one of the tallest boys in the class.Exercise:1. No other pagoda in the world is as famous as the Shwedagon

Pagoda.The Shwedagon Pagoda is -----------------------------------------------

2. There is no river in the world as long as the Nile.The Nile is ------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Aye Aye is the most charming girl in our village.Aye Aye is more ----------------------------------------------------------

4. Yangon University is the oldest university in Myanmar.Yangon University is -----------------------------------------------------

5. No other language in the world is as widely used as English.English is the ---------------------------------------------------------------

6. There is no room in my house as well-ventilated as mine.No other --------------------------------------------------------------------

7. English is more widely used than any other language in the world.English is the --------------------------------------------------------------

8. Zaw Zaw is the most diligent boy I have ever met.Zaw Zaw is more ----------------------------------------------------------

9. There is no film I have ever seen as good as “Mother’s Milk.” “Mother’s Milk” is the ---------------------------------------------------

10. This is the most fascinating journey I have had.This is more ---------------------------------------------------------------

11. Patience is the best virtue to develop.No other --------------------------------------------------------------------

12. No other ice-cream I have eaten is as delicious as Snow Pearl.

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There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------13. There is no mammal on earth as big and helpful to man as the

whale.The whale is the -----------------------------------------------------------

14. Kyaw Hein is the most talented film star in our country.There is no -----------------------------------------------------------------

15. The Effel Tower is the most attractive tower in Paris.The Effel Tower is more--------------------------------------------------

16. Bagan is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Myanmar.Very few --------------------------------------------------------------------

17. The Traders Hotel is one of the best luxury hotels in Yangon.There are very few --------------------------------------------------------

18. Su Mon is more talkative than most other girls in our class.Su Mon is -------------------------------------------------------------------

19. Very few languages are as useful as English.English is more ------------------------------------------------------------

20. Mona Lisa is more valuable than most other paintings in the world.Mona Lisa is one of -------------------------------------------------------

Unit 14 Nouns in AppositionThe Parallel StructureThe more / the less / the –er, the more / the less / the –er

Examples:1. When the night is dark, the danger is great.

The darker the night, the greater the danger.2. If you try hard, you will be successful.

The harder you try, the more successful you will be.3. If you try hard, you will succeed in life.

The harder you try, the more you will succeed in life.4. If you try hard, you will achieve success.

The harder you try, the more success you will achieve.Exercise:1. If the journey is long, you will be tired.

The longer ------------------------------------------------------------------2. When it is hot, we cannot concentrate on our work.

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The hotter -------------------------------------------------------------------

3. If the curry is spicy, I don't eat it.The --------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. When a woman becomes old she becomes talkative.The older -------------------------------------------------------------------

5. As the sun is higher and higher, the day is hotter and hotter.The higher ------------------------------------------------------------------

6. He explains more and more, but we understand less and less. The more -------------------------------------------------------------------

7. We will arrive soon if we walk fast.The faster -------------------------------------------------------------------

8. If you think less about it, it will be better for your health.The less ---------------------------------------------------------------------

9. If you read a lot, you will gain much knowledge.The more -------------------------------------------------------------------

10. He looked carefully and he discovered more mistakes.The more -------------------------------------------------------------------

Unit 15When .../ By the time ...Examples:2. When I arrive home, everybody has gone to bed.

By the time I arrive home, everybody has gone to bed.2. When I entered the classroom, the teacher had already finished her

lecture. By the time I entered the classroom, the teacher had already finished her lecture.

3. When she is 18, Cho Chowill have got a degree.By the time Cho Cho is 18, she will have got a degree.

Exercise1. When the director arrived, everyone had already seated.

By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.2. When I finished telling the story, everybody had fallen asleep.

By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------3. The neighbours had already put out the fire when the fire-engines

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arrived.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

4. It will be the end of December when we finish the first revision.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

5. She would have understood everything when the teacher finished her explanation.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

6. They will be regretted when they know the truth.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

7. They were very surprised when they came to uncover how pretentious she had been.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

8. They were very angry when they realized that they had been fooled.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

9. When the director ended his speech, everyone had changed the attitude.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

10. Breakfast is ready when my parents wake up.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

11. When Jim had done his work, he was already tired.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

12. When I finish this course, I will be well proficient in English.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

13. Mother has already tired when she finishes her household chores.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

14. I am already tired out when I got home.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

15. My uncle will be a well off man when he comes back from Japan.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------

16. She will be as free as a bird when the examination is over.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

17. Mother had finished cooking when we got back home.By the time --------------------------------------------------------------

18. A decision might have been made when they finish the meeting.By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------.

19. Buses are very crowded when we go back home.

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By the time ---------------------------------------------------------------20. It was too late when he knew the truth.

By the time ----------------------------------------------------------------

When .../ By the time ... (Key)1. By the time the director arrived, everyone had already seated.2. By the time I finished telling the story, everybody would have

fallen asleep.3. By the time the fire-engines arrived, the neighbours had already

put out the fire.4. By the time we finish the first revision, it will be the end of

December.5. By the time the teacher finished her explanation, they would have

understood everything.6. By the time they know the truth, they will be regretted.7. By the time they came to uncover how pretentious she had been,

they were very surprised.8. By the time they realized that they had been fooled, they were

very angry.9. By the time the director ended his speech, everyone had changed

the attitude.10. By the time my parents wake up, breakfast is ready.11. By the time Jim had done his work, he was already tired.12. By the time I finish this course, I will be well proficient in

English.13. By the time she finishes her household chores, mother has already

tired.14. By the time I got home, I am already tired out.15. By the time my uncle comes back from Japan, he will be a well

off man.16. By the time the examination is over, she will be as free as a bird.17. By the time we got back home, mother had finished ecooking.18. By the time they finish the meeting, a decision might have been

made.19. By the time we go back home, buses are very crowded.20. By the time he knew the truth, it was too late.

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