Q1 What is a system? Q2 What are energy stores?

Q3 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object is thrown upwards

Q4 Describe the energy changes that happen when a moving object hits an obstacle

Q5 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object is accelerated by a constant force. Eg a car

Q6 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object slows down Eg a car

Q7 Describe the energy changes that happen when bringing a kettle to boil

Q8 What is the equation for kinetic energy? ( include the units)

Q9 What is the formula for the energy stored in a spring? Include Units

Q10 What is the formula for Gravitational potential energy? Units

A10Ep = mass x gravitational x height

field strength

J Kg m/s2 m

A2 you can think of them being like buckets that energy can be poured in to or out of

A1 An object or a group of objects

A4 The kinetic energy of the object transfers into the object’s Thermal energy and sound stores

A3 Chemical potential energy in someone is transferred into Kinetic energy of the arm and then KE of the object.

This KE transfers into the Gravitational potential energy Store.

A6 Kinetic energy gets transferred into thermal energy in the brakes and then the surroundings

A5 Energy in the Chemical potential energy store is transferred into the Kinetic energy store and thermal energy store .

Eventually all of this gets transferred as thermal energy

A8 Ek= ½ mass x velocity2

Joules Kg m/s

A7 Electrical Energy transfers into thermal energy

A9Ee = ½ x spring constant x extension2

Joules N/m m

Q11 Define Specific Heat Capacity?

Q12 What is the formula we use for problems with specific heat capacity? Units

Q13 What is the unit for SHC?

Q14 Describe / Draw the equipment used to determine SHC

Q15 Describe the steps used to

determine SHC in this practical

Q16 What is the formula for electrical power

Q17 What are the sources of error in the SHC practical?

Q18 What are the dangers of the SHC practical?

Q19 How do you calculate the energy transferred to the block in the SHC practical?

Q20 What does SHC stand for?

A12 A11

SHC is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1oC

A14 A13

Joules/KgoC

A16Power = Potential difference x Current

Watts Volts Amps

A15

1. Measure mass of block

2. Insulate the block

3. Measure the starting temperature

4. Turn on the power supply

5. Heat for 10 minutes

6. Record the potential difference, current – these should not change and final temperature

A181. Being burnt by the heater

2. Danger of electrocution. Use a low voltage (12V supply)

A171. Poor insulation allowing heat to escape2. Not giving time to allow the block’s heat to

spread throughout the block so that an accurate temperature is measured

3. Poor contact between the thermometer and the block ( solved by putting a little water in the hole for the thermometer)

A20Specific Heat capacity

A19Energy = power x time

Joules Watts seconds

Q21 Give three formulae for Power

Q22 What is 1 Watt?

Q23 What is the good scientific word for energy spreading out?

Q24 What do we mean by a closed system?

Q25 What is the law of conservation of Energy?

Q26 How can you reduce unwanted energy transfers in machines?

Q27How can you reduce unwanted energy transfers in a home?

Q28 If a material has higher thermal conductivity what does this mean?

Q29 How does heat travel in solids?

Q30 How does heat travel in liquids and gases?

A221 joule per second

1 J/s

A21

Power = Voltage x current

Power = Work Done/ time

Power = Energy transferred / time

A24Systems where neither matter nor

energy can enter or leave

A23Dissipate

A26Lubrication – reduces friction which

reduces losses due to frictional heating

A25Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be dissipated

A28It means heat goes through it

more quickly

A27

A30

Convection

A29

Conduction

Q31 What happens to heat energy that is put into any substance?

Q32 How does conduction work?

Q33

Why does conduction happen more frequently in solids rather than liquids or gasses?

Q34

What do we call materials with low thermal conductivity?

Q35 In what way are the particles in a solid different from those in liquids and gasses

Q36 How does convection work?

Q37 How does cavity wall insulation work?

Q38 How does loft insulation work

Q39 how does double glazing work?

Q40 Required practical – Investigating reducing energy transfers.

What are the control variables in this investigation?

A32 A31The energy goes into the kinetic energy stores of all the particles causing them to vibrate more or move faster

A34

Insulators

A33Because the particles in solids are much more closely packed , they are more likely to collide into each other than in solids and gasses

A36 Gasses are heated , they expand, they become less dense, they rise. When they cool, they contract, become denser and fall

A35

The particles are the same but in solids they vibrate, in liquids & gasses they move freely

A38

It traps pockets of air and stops heat loss by convection. Fibre glass is also an poor conductor

A37

It traps pockets of air and stops heat loss by convection. Fibre glass is also an poor conductor

A401. Same volume of liquid

2. Same starting temperature

3. Same shaped container

A39

Two sheets of glass trap air which reduces heat loss by conduction

Q41

Give two equations for Efficiency

Q42 HIGHER

How can you make energy transfers more efficient

Q43 Power input = 100W

Power output = 70W

What is the efficiency?

Q44

Why is 0.8 the same as 80%?

Q45 Are there any units for efficiency? Why?

Q46

What do we mean by A renewable energy source?

Q47

Examples of non renewable energy sources

Q48

Examples of renewable energy sources

Q49

What are most energy sources used for?

Q50

Which type of resource turns the Sun’s radiation straight into electrical energy?

A42Using lubricants, insulation or

streamlining

A41

A44The words per cent mean divide

by 100.

80% = 80/100 = 0.8

A43

0.7 or 70%

A46They will never run out. They are replaced at the same rate at which they are used

A45 There are no units

Because to work out efficiency you divide Joules by Joules OR watts by Watts. So the units cancel.

A48WindTidesSolarBio FuelWater WavesHydro-electricityGeothermal

A47• Coal• Oil• Natural gas• Nuclear fuels – uranium and

plutonium

A50

Solar

A49Transport

Heating

Generating electricity

Q51 What energy source takes heat from the earth’s rocks to boil water, drive turbines and make electricity?

Q52 What are the advantages & disadvantages of wind power?

Q53 What are the advantages & disadvantages of solar power?

Q54 What are the disadvantages and advantages of geothermal power?

Q55 What are the advantages & disadvantages of tidal power?

Q56 What are the disadvantages and advantages of hydro electric power?

Q57 What are the advantages & disadvantages of wave power?

Q58 What are the disadvantages and advantages of biofuel power?

Q59 What are the advantages & disadvantages of fossil fuels?

Q60 What are the disadvantages and advantages of Nuclear power?

A52Adv – Renewable, Can be built at sea and generates a fair amount of electricity, lots of wind in UK

Disadv – Weather dependent, Some people think they spoil the landscape, you need about 1000 to replace one coal power station

A51

Geothermal Energy

A54

Adv – renewable, produces hot water for homes too

Disadv – only practical in areas with volcanic activity

A53

Adv – Renewable,

Disadv – weather dependent, not so great for UK, better in lower latitudes

A56

Adv – generates lots of power, reliable, renewable

Disadv – floods lots of land,

A55Adv generates lots of power 4 times a day, quite expensive to buildDisadv – alters ecosystems, turbine blades can be damaged by sediments

A58Adv – carbon neutral, can run vehicles on itDisadv – uses up land that could be used to grow food. Makes food more expensive

A57

Adv – reliable, all year round, renewable

Disadv – can be damaged by storms, hazard to shipping

A60

Adv – lots of power, reliable

Disadv – expensive to set up, potential for nuclear accidents

A59Adv – lots of energy, cheap, can be transported to where needed

Disadv – produces greenhouse gasses and acid rain. Non remewable

Q61 What are these? Q62 What is this?

Q63 What is this? Q64 What is this?

Q65 What is this? Q66 What is this?

Q67 What is this? Q68 What is this?

Q69 What is an electric current?

Q70 What formula links charge and current? Units

A62

Variable resistor

A61

Cell and battery

A64

Thermistor

A63

Fuse

A66

Diode

A65

Resistor

A68Light Dependent Resistor

LDR

A67

Light Emitting Diode

LED

A70Charge = Current x time

Q = I t

Coulombs = Amps Seconds

A69

A flow of charge

Q71 How do you measure

the current through and potential difference across a

component?

Q72 Which way does the current flow in a circuit?

Q73 What is strange about the way current flows?

Q74 1. What is potential difference?

2. What is it’s abbreviation?

3. What is it’s unit?

Q75 1. What is resistance?

2. What is the unit?

Q76 What is the formula for resistance?

Q77 What does it mean if we say a component is ohmic?

Q78

Draw the equipment to investigate what effect length has on resistance?

Q79 Draw a graph showing the effect of length of wire on resistance

Q80 What do we mean by the I-V characteristics of a component?

A72 From the positive terminal to the

negative terminal

A71

A741. Potential difference is the driving

force that pushes the charge around.

2. p.d

3. Volt

A73 Whilst we say current goes from + to -, we discovered later nothing really goes that way. In fact electrons go from – to +. But we pretend the current goes from +to -

A76Resistance = p d ÷ current

Ohms = Volts amps

Use V= IR (VIRUS)

A751. Anything that reduces the

flow of current

2. Ohm

A78 A77It obeys Ohm’s law. ie its resistance does not change as the current increases

A80

How the current changes as the voltage is increased across a component

A79

Q81 What is the I-V characteristic for an ohmic conductor?

What does the gradient show?

Q82What is the I-V characteristic for a filament lamp?

Q83What is the I-V characteristic

for a diode?

Q84Which way does the current

flow through a diode?

Q85 What sort of circuit is this? Q86 What sort of circuit is this?

Q87 What is the general formula for p.d. in a series circuit?

Q88 What happens to the current in a series circuit?

Q89 How do you calculate the total resistance in a series circuit?

Q90 How do you connect ammeters to a circuit?

A82 A81

A84 A83

A86

Parallel Circuit

A85

Series circuit

A88The current is the same

all the way round the circuit

A87

A90Ammeters are placed in

series

A89

Q91 Q92

What happens to the current in a parallel circuit?

Q93 Q94

Q95

How are Voltmeters attached to a circuit?

Q96

Draw a graph to show What happens to the resistance if you keep adding resistors in series?

Q97Draw a graph to show What happens to the resistance if you keep adding resistors in parallel?

Q98

Draw a graph to show what happens to the resistance of an LDR as the light level increases

Q99Draw a graph to show what happens to the resistance of a Thermistor as the temperature increases

Q100 What are LDRs and thermistors used for?

What is the Voltage across X, Y & Z?

What is the total resistance here? Why?

What is the Voltage at V1

V2 & V3

Assume 3 identical bulbs

A92 A91

6V – as each bulb has it’s own supply to the battery

A94• Less than 4 ohms.

• Because the 6 ohms and 8 ohm paths are still paths which the current can go along. So the current has more possible paths to travel so the resistance is less

A93V1 = 0.75V

V2 = 0.75V

V3 = 1.5V

A96 A95Always in parallel with the component you are measuring

A98 A97

A100 A99As sensors in sensor circuits

Q101 Q102

Q103

A buzzer is put across V2. When would it go off ? Why?

What is wrong with this circuit?

What is the resistance?

What sort of relationship is this?

Q104What do a.c. & d.c mean?

Q105 What frequency & voltage is mains electricity in the UK?

Q110 What pd does the earth wire have?

Q109 What pd does the neutral wire have?

Q108 What pd does the live wire have?

Q107 What is a 3 core cable and what are the names and coloursof the wires?

Q106 Draw an oscilloscope trace of ac & dc.

A109 Close to 0 V

A110Zero Volts

A107A mains cable with 3 insulated wires in itLive is brownNeutral is blueEarth is yellow & green

A108

230V ac ( so it alternates between + 230V to -230V)

A105Frequency is 50Hertz& 230 V ac

A106

A103R = V/I

= 5 /1= 5 ohms

Linear & directly proportional(Straight line that goes through 0,0)

A104a.c. – alternating currentd.c. - direct current

A101 When the temperature gets coldBecause the thermistor’s resistance is high when cold, so most of the supply pd is dropped across V2

A102 The ammeter is incorrectly connected in parallel. It should be in series

Q120 Why do we have transformers in the national grid?

Q119 What does a transformer do?

Q118 A current of 2 A flows through a 40W lamp. What was the resistance?

Q117 4 Coulombs of charge passes a point and transfers 24J of energy. What was the potential difference?

Q116 A kettle is rated at 2000W. It is on for 2 minutes. How much energy does it transfer?

Q115 How is energy wasted when electric charge flows through a circuit

Q114 Why are parallel circuits more useful than series circuits in homes?

Q113 What type of component must always be connected in series?

Q112a) Which wire only carries

current when something goes wrong?

b) How long does it carry the current for?

Q111 Which wire is connected to the metal case of a device at one end and the ground at the other?

A119 Raise or lower the voltage of a current. This then lowers or raises the current.

A120 The voltage is raised to lower the current. This means there is less energy lost as heat during transmission

A117 Use V= E/QPD = Energy/ chargePD = 24/4PD = 6V

A118 Use P = I2RPower = current2 x resistanceR= P/I2

R = 40 / 22

R = 10 ohms

A115 In the form of thermal energy

A116 Use Power = Energy/timeP=E/tE= PtEnergy = 40W x 2 x 60 = 4800JRemember to turn 2 mins into 120 seconds

A113 Ammeter A114 If one part of the circuit is turned off / broken , the other branches of the circuit still work

A111 earth wire A112a. Earth wireb. Until the fuse blows. If current

goes through the earth wire, it means there is a short circuit somewhere. A huge current then flows to the earth and blows the fuse on the live wire

Q130 What is an electrical field? Q129 A balloon with a negative charge will be attracted to a neutrally charged wall. Why?

Q128 State whether the following will

attract or repel or do nothingA. Two positively charged balloonsB. Two negatively charged balloonsC. One positive and one negative

balloon

Q127 How do some insulators become positively charged when rubbed against other insulators?

Q126 What does the national grid do to make sure there is enough electrical power available all day everyday?

Q125 Why do you become electrocuted if you touch the live wire?

Q124 What three formulas can be used to work out the power of an electrical device?

Q123 What happens to the current when you raise the voltage with a transformer?

Q122 State two times of the day when the demand for electricity will be high

Q121 What does each label represent?

A130 an area where any charged particle would experience a force

A129 The balloon will repel the electrons in the wall. The wall becomes positively charged and the the negative balloon is attracted to the wall

A127 Electrons are transferred

between the insulators. The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The object that had a net loss of electrons becomes positively charged

A128A. RepelB. RepelC. Attract

A125 Your body is at 0 volts. The live is at 230V so current flows into and through you

A126 It keeps some stations on all the time (Base load)It plans the day ahead and gives time to get some power stations warmed up beforehand.It has available HEP & pump storage power stations which can be turned on quickly to deal with surges

A123The current lowers

A124P=E/tP=VIP= I2R

A121 A. power stationB. Step up transformerC. CablesD. Step down transformerE. Home

A122 Around breakfastAround evening mealtime

Q140 What piece of equipment would you use to measure the volume of an irregular object?

Q139 How are the particles arranged in a gas ?

Q138 How are the particles arranged in a liquid ?

Q137 How are the particles arranged in solids ?

Q136 What is the equation for density? Triangle?

Q135 What is the symbol for density?

Q134 Explain why this leads to an even distribution of paint on the car.

Q133 Draw the field around an isolated negative charge

Q132 Draw the electric field around an isolated positive charge

Q131 Which direction do field lines point?

A139Particles move quicklyParticles have more energyV.v. weak bonds between themTravel in random directions

A140 A Eureka can

A137 • Regular lattice• Strong Bonds• Fixed positions• Vibrating

A138Particles free to moveParticles close togetherWeaker bondsParticles have more energy than in solidsParticles move randomly

A135

ρ - rhoA136

A133 A134The paint droplets all have a positive charge – This causes them to spread out.The negatively charged car attracts the pain – even to the underside of the car

A131 from + to -A132

Q150 What do we mean by Specific Latent Heat?

Q149 Does a change of state conserve mass? Explain why

Q148 What is happening during the sloped sections of this graph?

Q147 What is happening during the flat bits of this chart?

Q146 Draw a graph showing what happens to the temperature of water as it is heated from ice to water to water vapour.

Q145 What do we call it when a liquid turns into a gas?

Q144 What do we call it when a solid turns into a gas?

Q143 What do we call it when a gas turns into a liquid?

Q142 What do we mean by a change of state?

Q141 What do we mean by internal energy?

A149Yes mass is conserved, because you still have the same number of particles – but they will be spread out differently

A150 The amount of energy it takes to change the state of 1Kg of a substance

A147Heat energy is being used to break the bonds Bonds between particles and the substance is changing state

A148The heat energy being transferred is being used to increase the kinetic energy store of the particles therefore raising the temperature of the substance

A145 evaporation or boiling A146

A143 condensation A144 sublimation

A141 The sum of all the kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles in the system

A142 when a substance changes between being a solid, liquid, or gas.

Q160 What experiment led to making the plum pudding model redundant?

Q159 What model of the atom was made after the discovery of the electron?Describe it

Q158 Atoms were previously thought of as tiny balls of matter that could not be split. What discovery changed this idea?

Q157 Higher tierA bike pump is used to pump air into a tyre. The tyre gets warmer. Why?

Q156 p1V1 = p2V2 only works if what happens?

Q155 A balloon of volume 1000cm3 at pressure 1 atm floats up the atmosphere until it’s pressure is 0.4 atm. What will the volume of the balloon be? What equation will you use?

Q154 What causes gas pressure? Q153 What is temperature?

Q152 What is the equation featuring Specific latent heat of fusion? Triangle.

Q151What is the difference between specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation ?

A159 Plum pudding model A160 The alpha particle scattering experiment

A157 You are doing WORK on the gas. As you press the pump in you hit each gas particle and raise its kinetic energy store and therefore raise the temperature

A158 The discovery of the electron which was smaller than the atom and was seen to come from atoms

A155 Use p1V1 = p2V2

1 x 1000 = 0.4 x V2

2500 = V2

A156

As long as the temperature of the gas stays the same (CONSTANT)

A153 a measure of the average kinetic energy stores of the particles in a system.

A154 As the gas particles move around they rebound of the walls of the container holding them. These cause little forces on the container. Pressure = force/area

A151SLH of fusion is the energy released/needed per kg for the solid liquid phase changeSLH of vaporisation is the energy released/needed per kg for the liquid gas phase change

A152

Q170 What is an ion? Q169 What is an isotope?

Q168 What is the size of the atom? And the nucleus?

Q167 How many protons, neutrons and electrons does this atom have?

7Li

3

Q166 What does Mass number mean?

Q165 What does Atomic number mean

Q164 What 3 particle make up the atom. What are their charges and masses?

Q163 Describe the outcomes of the alpha particle scattering experiment

Q162 Describe the observations of the alpha particle scattering experiment

Q161 Describe the method of the alpha particle scattering experiment

A169Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

A170An atom with a charge – normally because they have gained extra electrons or lost electrons

A167Protons – 3Neutrons – 4Electrons - 3

A168Atom diameter ≈ 10-10 mNucleus diameter ≈ 10-15 m

A165The number of protons an atom of this element has

A166The total number of protons and neutrons that an atom of this element has

A1631. The fact that most went straight through

suggests the atom is mostly empty space2. The fact that 1/8000 alpha particles bounce

back suggests that there is a very small but very dense object in the atom (the Nucleus)

3. This nucleus must be positive in order to deflect positive alpha particles

A164

A161Alpha particles fired at a thin gold sheet in a vacuumAlpha particles detected as little flashes on a screen looked at through a microscope.Microscope is able to be moved to almost 360 around the gold sheet

A1621. 99% of alpha particles went straight

though2. Some were deflected by small angles3. About 1 in 8000 alpha particles bounced

almost straight back

Q180 How can you change the rate of radioactive decay?

Q179 Complete this nuclear equation to show beta decay14

C N + β6

Q178 Complete this Nuclear equation to show alpha decay

238U Th + He

92

Q177Draw a diagram to show what the penetration ability of alpha, beta and gamma

Q176 What is a gamma ray? Q175 How are beta particles made?

Q174 What is a beta particle? Q173 What is alpha particle made of?

Q172 What can radioactive atoms emit?

Q171 What do we mean by radioactive decay?

A17914 14 0

C N + β6 7 -1

Make sure the top row adds up 14=14+0And makes sure the bottom row adds up too!6=7+-1

A180You cannot. Radioactive decay is entirely random and is not affected by any physical or chemical change.

A177 A178238 234 4

U Th + He92 90 2Make sure the top row adds up 238=234+4

And makes sure the bottom row adds up too!

A175When a nucleus changes one of its neutrons into a proton and an electron – The electron gets thrown out at high speed

A176An electromagnetic wave released from nucleus of an unstable atom

A1732 protons & 2 neutrons(Basically a helium nucleus)

A174A fast moving electron thrown out from the nucleus of an atom

A171 When an unstable atom (an atom that has too much energy) becomes more stable by emitting radiation

A172Alpha particlesBeta particlesGamma raysNeutrons

Q190 How much of a sample will be left after 4 half lives?

Q189 What is the activity after 3 half lives?

Q188 What is the half life here? Q187 What is meant by half life?

Q186 Which radioactive decays lead to a change in charge of the nucleus?

Q185 Which radioactive decay leads to a loss of mass for the atom?

Q184 What do we mean by “activity”What are the units of activity?

Q183 The alpha scattering experiment led to Rutherford coming up with a new model of the atom. What was it?

Q182 What did Chadwick discover to improve the model of the atom further?

Q181 What did Niels Bohr come up as an improvement to Rutherford’s Nuclear model of the atom?

A189 15 BqA190 –1 half life = ½ left2 half lives = ¼ left3 half lives = 1/8th left4 half lives = 1/16th left

A187The time it takes for the activity of a sample to fall by halfORThe time it takes for the number of nuclei of a radioactive isotope to fall to half it’s original level

A188 - 40 seconds

A185 Alpha radiation - as the nucleus loses two protons and 2 neutrons

A186Alpha loses two protons -2Beta gains a proton 1+

A183 Note no shells or neutrons

A184How many emissions a radioactive sample gives out per secondUnit - Becquerel

A181 he

proposed the electrons existed in shells orbiting the nucleus.Note - no neutrons

A182He discovered the neutron

3 half lives

Q200 End of paper 1Q199 How is nuclear radiation used in medicine?

Q198What sort of half life would you want in a radioactive tracer ( a chemical put inside your body to see how your “plumbing “ works)Why?

Q197 What does the term radiation dose mean?What is it measured in?

Q196 What is background radiation?Where does it come from?

Q195 Which Type of radiation is most dangerous if breathed in or ingested? Why?

Q194 Which types of radiation are most dangerous outside your body, why?

Q193 How do you protect yourself from contamination

Q192 How do we protect ourselves from irradiation?

Q191 What is the difference between radioactive contamination and irradiation?

A199As tracersTo kill cancers & tumours

A200 End of paper 1

A197How much radiation a body has absorbedSieverts and milli sieverts

A198 One with a short half life. You don’t want people to be radioactive for longer than is necessary.

A195Alpha, because they damage a very localised area, eg gut lining or lung lining

A196Radiation that is around us all the time.Background radiation comes from1. Air2. Rocks3. Space4. Nuclear accidents and weapons5. Some medical equipment & nuclear plants

A1931. Wearing gloves2. Using remote controlled arms3. Using forceps4. Wearing masks to avoid

breathing in radioactive dust

A194Beta and Gamma. Because they can get through the skin and radiate the organs

A191Contamination is when unwanted radioactive materials get onto another material Irradiation is when you are exposed to radiation

A192 By keeping samples stored away from humans when not in useStoring samples in lead boxesUsing sources at arms length or using remote controlled arms