Federal Register/ Vol. 59, No. 158 / Wednesday,August 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 42171

Nonessentialproducts, Reportingandrecordkeepingrequirements,Stratosphericozonelayer.

Dated:August4, 1994.Carol M. Browner,Administrator.

Part82, chapter1, title 40,of the codeof FederalRegulations,is amendedtoreadas follows:

PART 82—PROTECTION OFSTRATOSPHERIC OZONE

1. The authority citation for part82continuesto readas follows:

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7601,7671—7671q.

2. Section82.156is amendedbyaddingparagraph(i)(5) to readasfc1 lows:

§82.156 Required practices.

(i) * *

(5) Rulesstayedfor reconsideration.Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionsofthis subpart,theeffectivenessof thefollowing rules,only to theextentdescribedbelow,is stavedfromSeptember16, 1994to December16,1994. 40 CFR 82.156(i)(1),(i)(3), and(i)(4), only astheseprovisionsapplytoindustrial processrefrigerationequipment.(FR Doe, 94—19767Filed 8—16—94: 8:45 amlB:LLe4G CODE 6560-60—P

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 ~ _q4BIN 1018—ABB3

Endangered and Threatered Wildlifeand Plants; Determination ofEndangered St~Wsfor LiliumOccidentale (WesternLily)

AGENCY: Fish andWildlife Sersice.lnterior.ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish andWildlifeService(Ser~ice) determinesendangeredstatuspursuantto theEndangeredSpeciesAct of 1973. as,~mnnded(Act) for theplant Li//urnvin.identa]e (westernlily). This lily isknown to occurin 31 small,widelysc’paratedpopulotionsit sphagnumhogs,coastalscrubandprairie,andother poorly drainedsoilsalongthecoastof southernOregonandnorthernCniilornia.Threatsto thespeciesinclude development(e.g., roads.cranberryfarms.buildings,and

associatedinfrastructure),competitionfrom encroaching shrubsand treesintolily habitat, bulb collecting, and grazingby domesticlivestock anddeer. Humanactivitieshave interrupted naturalprocessesof bogand wetlandcreationandmaintenance,sothat therearefewerbogsin earlysuccessionalstagessuitable for this lily. This ruleimplementsthe Federalprotection andrecoveryprovisionsprovided by the Actfor this species.EFFECTIVE DATE: September16, 1994.ADDRESSES: The complete file for thisrule is available for inspection,byappointment,duringnormalbusinesshoursat theBoiseField Office, U.S.FishandWildlife Service,4696OverlandRd., Room576,Boise,Idaho83705.FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr.Robert L. Pareriti,Botanist, at theabov~iaddress (208/334—1931, FAX 208/334—9493).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

BackgroundCarl Purdy first collectedand

describedLiliurn occideritole(westernlily) from unspecifiedlocationsin theheadlandsaroundHumboldt Bay,California (Purdy1897). Therearenoother taxonomictreatmentsof this lily.SomeresearchershavespeculatedthatseparateOregonandCaliforniavarietiesof thelily may exist (Ballantvne 1980).Thevariationbetweenlilies in thesetwo regionsis now believed to be dueto en~ironmentaldifferences;i.e. wetterIhog) sitesanddrier (coastalprairie)sites,andnot geographicvailation(Mark Skinner,California NativePlantSociety,pers.comm., 1991). In sonicinstances,L. occidenta!eis known tohybridizewith L. colurnhIariurn (tigerlily) that growsin generally driersites.H~’bridsareknownonly from disturbedsites suchas roadedges.

Lu/urn uccidento]e,a perennial in thelily family tLiliaceae),growsfrom ashort unhranched,rhizomatousbulb.reachinga heightof up to 1.8 meters(5feet (ft)). Leavesgrow alongtheunbranchedstemsingly or in whorlsandarelong andpointed, roughly Icentimeter(cm) wide and11) cm long(0.5 inch (in) by 4 in). Thenoddingflowersarered, sometimesdeeporange.with yellow to greencentersin timeshapeof a starandspottedwith purple.The six petals(lepa!s)are3 to 4 cn~(~to 1.5 in) long andcurvestronglybackwards.‘l’his speciescan he(lislinguished frniri snmilarnatiseli(:esby the t:onihinatiim of pendentredflowers 01111 vel)uo to greencentersinheshapeof a star,highly reflexed

petals.non-spreadingstamensclosely

surroundingthepistil, and anunbranched rhizomatousbulb. Liliwncolumbianumis yellow to orangeandgrowsfrom atypical ovoid bulb; L.vollmeri, Li pardilinum, and L.maritimum canhave red tepals,butnone have the distinctive charactersofstamensthat stay closeto the pistil andagreencentralstar(which may changeto yellow with age).

LiHum occidentale hasan extremelyrestricteddistributionwithin 2 miles(3.2 kilometers(kin)) of thecoastfromHauser, CoosCounty, Oregonto Loleta,Humboldt County, California. Thisrangeencompassesapproximately thesouthernone-thirdof theOregoncoastand the northern 100miles (161 km) ofthe California coast.Its extremewesterlydistribution is the origin of its specificname.The plant is currently knownfrom 7 widely separatedregionsalongthe coast,and occurs in 31 small (2square meters(2.4 square yards) to 4hectares(10 acres)in area), isolated,denselyclumped populations. Of the 25populationsknownin 1967and1988, 9contained only 2 to 6 plants, 5contained10 to 50 plants,6 contained51 to 200plants,4 contained201to 600plants,and1 containedalmost 1,000plants(Schultz1989).At somesites,particularly the Sites with more than200plants,themajority of plantswerenon-flowering,which is probablyanindication of stress(Schultz1989).Schultzcalculatedaknown populationof 661floweringandat least2,750 non-flowering plantsin 1988.Sincethen,anestimatedtotal of 1,000to 2,000floweringplantshavebeendiscoveredat 4 sitesnearCrescentCity, California,wherenonewerepreviouslyknown(DaveImper, Humboldt StateUniversityFoundation,pers. comm.,1991). Inaddition,a populationof about125floweringplantswasdiscoverednearBrookings,Oregon,in 1991 (MargieWillis, OregonDepartmentof ParksandRecreation,pers.comm.1991),andapopulationof 13 flowering plantswasdiscoverednearBandon,Oregon, in1992. Theknown populationsoccuronStateof Oregon(15), county (1), private(15) including 1 site on land ownedbyTheNatuieConservancy,andStateofCalifornia (2~lands.Two sites spantwoownerships.

In Oregon,Schitltz (1989)identified a20—mile streo:hof coastfrom BandontoCapeBlamno as ai~arealikely to containmmdiccovertdpopulationsof Liliniziercolt’ntnle. Previously,Ball~mntyne1980)searchedthis areaanddid not

find ten’ populations,hut his visit wasattgr flowering wlim’n theplantswonIdhaveheen Iconspumiotts.It is possiblethis arearmv supportthe lily. InCaIi tornia, l~tth~sn tablehabitatrolntins

42172 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 158 / Wednesday,August 17, 1994 I Rules and Regulations

that has not already beensurveyed(DaveImper, pers.comm., 1992).Theextremelydensevegetationin thecoastalscrubhabitat andaroundbogsmakessurveyingfor the lily difficult.

Lilium occidentalegrowsat theedgesof sphagnumbogsand in forestorthicketopeningsalongthemarginsofephemeralpondsandsmall channels.Italsogrows in coastalprairie andscrubnear the oceanwhere fog is common.Herb andgrassassociatesincludeCalamagrostisnutkaensis (Pacificreedgrass),Carexsp. (sedge),Sphagnumsp. (sphagnummoss),Gentianasceptrum,and Darlingtonia californica(California pitcher-plant).CommonshrubassociatesareMyrioa californica(wax-myrtle),Ledum glandulosum(Labradortea), Spiraeadouglasii(Douglas’ spiraea),Gaultheria shallort(salal).Rhododendronmacrophyilum(westernrhododendron), Vacciniumovcitc’rn (evergreenhuckleberry),andRvbussp. (blackberry).Tree associatesinclude Pinus contorta (coastpine).Piceasitchensis(sitka spruce),Charnaccyparislawsonia (Port Orfordcedar),and Salix sp. (willow) (Schultz1989).

Liliurn occicientale hasnot beenwidespreadin recenttimes.Historicalrecordsindicatethat it wasoncemorecommonthan it is today. After the iceage.rising sealevelsflooded marinebencheswherebogs andcoastalscrubwould havebeenmoreextensivethantoday. That mayaccountfor thepatchinessof its currenthabitatd~cmrihution.It is known or assumedtote e\tirpatedin at leastnine historicalsiteS,dueto forest succession,cranberry

development,livestock grazing.hn.~iivayconstruction,andotherdevelopment.Its statusis uncertain,in ateastsevenotherhistorical sitesSchultz 1969). Thesefactorscontinue

10 threatenthe lily, with development~~kiug a primaryrole. Two knownpul’milations nearBrookings.Oregonwm~epartially or totally destroyedbcm:permitteddevelopment-relatedwet andfill activity in 1991. Time largestknown populationandthreesmallerl’epn ationsnearCrescentCity.(:ahkinuaarecurrently threatenedbyhousingamid recreationdcvelnpnmc’nt

Imper, ~ers. (em[mm 1~1~Il).

PreviousFedoral Act ion

t’’’’deral actionott this plant beganusrestiIt of section12 tif time Lnclurmgered

~‘‘tn’~ Act (16 U.S.C.1531 el seq.).nIt elm directedthe Secretaryof theSmmmitlisonianinstitution to prepareani n~ton plantsconsideredto lieetulimigered.threatened,or m’’.t met in t!~

‘mmh,d States.This report, destgnatedusile~sI’I)ocumnmtntNo. 94—5 I w~s

presentedto Congresson January9,1975. In that document,Liliumoccidentalewasconsideredto beendangered.

On July 1, 1975,theServicepublisheda noticein the FederalRegister (40 FR27823)acceptingthe report asa petitionto list the specieswithin the context ofsection4(c)(2) (now section4(b)(3)(A))of the Act), and giving noticeof itsintention to review the status of theplant taxa named therein. In this andsubsequentnotices,Lilium occidentalewastreated as under petition for listingasendangered.As a result of thatreview, on June16, 1976, theServicepublished a proposedrule in theFederal Register(41 FR 24523)todetermineendangeredstatuspursuantto section4 of the Act for approximately1.700vascular plant species.includingL. occidentole.The list of 1,700 plantspecieswas assembledon thebasisofcommentsand data receivedby theSmithsonianInstitution andtheServicein responseto HouseDocuThent No. 94—51 and the July 1, 1975. FederalRegister publication.

In 1978,amendmentsto the Actrequired that all proposalsover 2 yearsold be withdrawn. A 1-year graceperiodwas given to proposalsalready over 2-yearsold, On December10, 1979, theServicepublished a notice in theFederal Register(44 FR 7(1796)withdrawing the portion of the June 16.1976. proposal that had not been madefinal, including Liliurn cccidermtale.along with four other proposals that hadexpired.

The Servicepublished aim updatedNotice of Review for plants onDecember15, 1980 (50 FR 62480)including Liiiuni orcidermtcth,’as acategory1 species.IneanimigthattheServicehadsufficient information tosupporta proposalfor listing. A reviewof tIme information availableon thisspeciesin 1985 indicatedthat category2 statuswasmoreappropriate,andtheplant wasincludedmis such in theSeptember27. 1983 (51) FR 39526)Notice of Review for plants. Category2

SpecieSaretaxabr which theServicehassomeinformation imdicati mg thatlisting mna~be nurranted.hut additionalimmformmmmitiorm ott biological vulnerabilityand lirm’nts is mmm ededto support itImposalbr listing us tlm~itenedoreimdmitger�’d.1mm 19191.a stm,tusreviewoftime specieswascompleted(Schultz1969). ‘Ill iS repoll provi(led tlm&’additional infornmatir,ti 11(1 essurytoelevatethespeciesto a category1cmmmmdinate;it wasimim:lucbnd as such mmtheFebruary21. 1990. Plant Nmtic,’ ot

ow (53 FR 6184).~~,i:tioim4(h)(3)([t) ob tlmt~;‘cI n’dliire’~

iii’ Set:ni’tmmrv to mn~knI mmmli mi’’- on

pendingpetitionswithin 12 monthsoftheir receipt. Section2(b)(1) of the 1982amendmentsfurtherrequiresallpetitions pending on October 13, 1982,betreatedashavingbeennewlysubmitted on that date. On October 13.1983,the Servicefound that thepetitioned listing of this specieswaswarranted, but precludedby otherpending listing actions, in accordancewith section4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Actmnoticeof this finding waspublishedonJanuary20, 1984 (49 FR 2485). Such afinding requiresthepetition to herecycledyearlypursuantto section4[b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. Time finding wasreviewedeach year from 1984 through1991.A proposalto list Liliurnoccidentaieas endangeredwaspublished in the Federal RegisteronOctober 26. 1992 (57 FR 48495).TheServicenow determinesL. occidc’ntaleto be endangeredwith thepublicationofthis rule.

Summary of Comments andRecommendations

In theOctober 26, 1992. proposedruleandassociatednotifications,allinterestedpartieswererequestedtosubmit factual reportsor informationthat might contributeto thedevelopmentof a final listing decisionAppropriateStateagencies,scientificorganizations,andother interestedpartieswere contactedandrequestedtocomment.Newspapernoticeswerepublishedin The Oregonianpaper.Portland,Oregon.on November27,1992.andTheWorld paper,CoosBay.Oregon.oti Novemher25, 1992,whichinvited generalpublic comment.Threeletterswere received.Two letters,bothfrom privatecitizens.were itt supportofthe listing. Oneletter, from a localgovernment,questionedwhethertherehasbeenenoughstudyon theneedtolist thespecies.its habitatrequirements.or whetherhabitatchangessuchascranberryfarmingmay actuallybenefittheplant.

SerniceIiesvnn.c’:TimeServicebelievesthat time statusreview of timeplant was , er~thorough.Al I knownpopulationstroni historical herbarium(:ollectionswere miim’cked, andmanywerefound to be extirpated.‘limerestrictedhabitatredlimi rememitsof timespeciesmire accuratelyknown. andmostsuitahl~limmbitat hasbeensemim’ched.Anldutionully. time Servicecontactedallindividuals knowledgeableabouttheSpeciesprior to proprmsitmg it for listingto assesstime mnmnst current immlormnatinnaboutthestatusob lIme Sluecim.S. Inresponseto theeounm’rnwith theatuilitvof tilt’ lily to ~rmjw ml (rmmumllt’rry farmtìs.a small populatmoimof Ii lmt’-~ wasfound

mi 1 i i l~remit Iv ahi ndnni’ml

Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 158 / Wednesday, August 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations 42173

cranberrybog (BruceRittenhouse,CoosBay District, Bureauof LandManagement,pers. comm.).Nopopulations have beenfound in activecranberryfarms.

Summary of Factors Affecting theSpecies

Afterathoroughreviewandconsiderationof all informationavailable,theServicehasdeterminedthatLilium occidentaleshouldbeclassifiedasan endangeredspecies.Proceduresfoundat section4 of theAct(16U.S.C. 1533)andregulationspromulgatedto implementthelistingprovisions (50CFR part 424)werefollowed. A speciesmaybe determinedto beanendangeredor threatenedspeciesdue to oneormoreof the fivefactorsdescribedin section4(a)(1).Thesefactorsand their application to L.occidenialePurdy(westernlily) areasfollows:

A. Thepresentor threateneddestruction,modification,orcurtailmentof habitator range.LiliurncccidentaleexistedhistoricallyatseveralsitesaboveHumboldtBay innorthernCalifornia. Thesepopulationshavebeenextirpatedby developmentor. in somecases,encroachmentbyforest.From the 1940’sto the present,conversionof boghabitatto cranberryfarms,roads,andrc: h.ientjaldwellingshaseliminatedsuitableL occidentaMhabitataswell assomepopulationsoftheplant in theareafrom Bandonsouthto Cape Blanco,Oregon (Schultz 1989).This areacontainedperhaps the greatestconcentrationof the speciesin Oregon40 to 50 yearsago, accordingto nativeplant collectorsandold-timeresidentsof thearea(Ballantyne1980).In 1988,this areacontained6 small populationswith a total of fewer than 125 floweringplants(Schultz1989). ClearinganddrainingalongtheElk andSixesRiversin Oregonfor livcstockgrazinghaveeliminatedmanyof the once numerouspopulationsthere(Ballantyne1980).Inthemid—1960’s,theconstructionof apicnicareaandrestroomfacility in anOregonStateParkdestroyedanotherpopulation.In thesummerof 1987,trailmaintenanceby a crewfrom this sameStatePark destroyedthefloweringshootsof six L. occidentale(Schultz1h89).

In 1984, the city of Brookings, Oregon,underan easementpermit from theOregonDepartmentof Transportation(ODOT), burieda sewertine alongaj~owerlineright-of-way througha lilyhog that had containedup to 100 p1~atc(Veva Stansell. U.S. Forest Service. pers.comm.) Thefill eliminatedall theLi/mm occidenlolein a 20-ft (6.1 meter)wide strip, destroying almost half of the

availablelily habitat.The speciesthatlatercolonizedthefill, rushesand alder,werenot thesameasthosefound in theadjoiningbog (e.g.,sphagnumandDroserasundews)(Schultz1989), In1991,the City of Brookings againobtainedpermissionfrom ODOTto bury~ largersewerline in thesite,wideningthedestroyedareato approximately25ft (7.6 meters). The projectwascompletedwithout obtainingproperwetlandfill permits (JohnCraig,ArmyCorpsof Engineers,pers.comm.,1991).It is unlikely that the filled areawillsupport L. occidentalein the future(StewartSchultz,Universityof BritishColumbia,pers.comm.,1991).Theeffectson thehydrologyof theremainingbog areasyet unknown.Ata secondsite,a privatedeveloperdraineda li4y bogthathistoricallycontained about 100plants, withoutobtaining a Stateor Federal permit forthewetlandactivity. Two lilies werefoundremainingbetweentwo drainageditches(RichardMize, California’ NativePlant Society,pers.comm., 1991).

FuturedevelopmentactivitiesthreatentheremainingsiteswhereLilium occidentale occurs.The largestknownpopulationoccurspartlyonprivateland in CrescentCity, California.This land has beensurveyed and isplattedasa subdivisionincity records(RichardMize, pers.comm.,1991).Othernearbypopulationsareprivatelyownedandtheownerhasexpressedthedesireto developthe land (DaveImper,pers.comm., 1991).The ODOT iscurrently planningto widen Highway101at anotherlily site.After theproposedrulewaspublished,ODOTmodified their plans and will avoid thelily population.Such pressuretodevelopwetlandsites occupiedby thislily will likely increasein the future.The lily is limited to habitatverynearthe coastthat is currently undergoingintensedevelopmentpressure. Thespecies’bogandcoastalprairie/scrubhabitat occurs on level marineterracesthat aredesirablefor coastaldevelopmentbecauseof thegentletopographyandproximity to theocean.

B. Overutilizalionfor commercial,recreational,scientific,or educationalpurposes.Li/him occidentale is ashowy,rarelily and thespecieshasbeencollectedby lily growersand for thecommercialtradesincebeforethe1930’s.After thelocationofa CaliforniapopulationofL. occidentalewaspublished in lily societyvearhooksin1934, 1955, and1972, bulb collectingbylily growersandbreedersdecimatedthepopulation(Bailantyne,1980).Overcoiectioncontinuessporadicallyatsitesin OregonandCalifornia(Schultz1989). For example,in June 1987, seven

bulbswere4ug from an Oregonsite.Lily breederscollect L. occidentaleseedregularlyfrom severalsites.Plants neartrails and roads areoccasionallypicked:at leastsevenplantswerepickedin1985,four to six in 1986,five in 1987.andtwo in 1988 at a sitein Oregon(Schultz1989).Lilium occidentale wasreportedlyadvertisedfor salein westernUnited StatesandBritish seedandbulbcatalogues(SiddallandChambers1978).Overcollection currently threatensthisplant andwould likely increase,ifspecific locationsof this plant werepublicized.

C. Diseaseor predation.Although alimited amount of grazing may be ofbenefit to Lilium occidentale, if itpreventsforest succession(seeFactorE); overgrazing by cattle is consideredathreatto this plant. Until recently,livestock overgrazingon the lily andsurroundingvegetationwassevereatthree California ranch sites(Schultz1989).The lily populationat oneranchwasreducedfrom over100 floweringindividuals in 1984to fewerthan 10between1985 and 1988.At anotherranch, half of the fruits were grazedbydeerandcattle in 1985. By July 1987,cattle had crushed 32 percentandgrazedanother 25 percent of 49flowering shoots.Only 17 intactfruitsremainedin August(Imper et al. 1987).Deerand elk herbivory is severeat 3Oregon sites;50 to 60 percent of fruit inone population of about 60 floweringplants were browsedin 1987and 1988(Schultz 1989).Unknown vandalsdestroyed all flowering shootsat onesite in 1980 (Ballantyime1980).

Deerbrowsingcontinuesto bea threatat theOregonsites.Thefences,however,arenot deer-proofanddeerarecommonat theseranches.Thoughoccurringsporadically,browsingbydeercancausemajordamage.

Grazingof leaves,buds,andflowersby ColeopteranandLepidopteranlarvaeis an ongoingthreat at oneCaliforniasite Umperet al. 1987).Thehighlyclumpeddistribution andsmall numberof populationsof Li/mm occidentaThmakeany fungal, viral, orbacterialdiseaseapotential threat.Fungalpathogensareconimonin cultivatedlilies; growersoften avoidplantingingroundknownto he contaminated.

D. Theinadequacyof existingregulatorynmeclmanisnms.Liliwn -

occidentaleis listedas an endangeredspeciesin both California (Chapter1.5,~2051) et.seq.)andOregon(ORS564.100—564.135;OAR 603—73—005etseq.).andis includedin theOregon%Vil dflower Protection Act (ORS564.020).In Californi~,the “take” ofState—listedplants is prohibited.hut thelaw cxciii ptS t he takingof suchplants

42174 Federal Register / Vol. 59, No. 158 / Wednesday,August 17, 1994 / Rulesand_Regulations

‘~‘iahabitatmodificationor landusechangeby thelandowner,After theCaliforniaDepartmentof FishandCamenotifiesalandownerthataState-listedplant growson hisor herproperty,Statelaw requiresonly that the landownernotify theagency“at least10 daysinadvanceof changingtheland usetoallow salvageof suchplant” (Chapter1.5, § 1913). In Oregon,the “take” ofState-listedplantsis prohibitedonly onState-ownedor-leasedlands.Enforcementof Stateendangeredspecieslaws is inadequate,asis evidentfrom thelist ofrecentdepredationsinFactorC above,andfrom the “take” oflilies by activitiesof thecity ofBrookingson OregonDepartmentofTransportationland,asdescribedinFactorA above.The seriousnessoftheproblemof enforcementis underscoredby the factthat this lily populationonStatelandwastwice subjectedtodestruction,althoughall involvedpartieswereinformedof thepresenceoftherarelily afterthe first incident.

Lilium occidentalegrowsin wetlandhabitat.Undersection404of theCleanWaterAct, theU.S. Army CorpsofEngineers(Corps)regulatesthedischargeof fill into thewatersof theUnitedStates,including wetlands.TheCleanWaterAct requiresprojectproponentsto notify theCorpsaridobtain a permitprior to undertakingmanyactivities (e.g.,grading,dischargeof soil or other fill material,etc.)thatwould resultin thefill of wetlandsnudertheCorps’ jurisdiction.

The CorpspromulgatedNationwide!~rmit No. 26 (33 CFR 330,Appendix:\) ~oaddressfill of isolatedorheadwaterwetlandstotalling lessthan10 acres.Wherefill would adverselymodify lessthan 10 acresof wetland.theCorpscirculatesa predischargenotification to theServiceandotheriiterestedpartiesfor commenttodeterminewhetheror not an individual~errnit shouldbe requiredfor aproposedfill activity andassociatedimpacts.TheCorpsmustrespondwithin 30 daysor theproposedactivitywi 11 heauthorizedunderthenationwidepe:mit.

lnd~vidualpermitsarerequiredforthedischargeof fill materialthatwouldfill or adverselymodify greaterthan 10acresof wetlandsor any sizewetlandifproposedor listed speciesarepresentandcOuldbeadverselyaffectedby theproposedactivity. Thereview processfor the issuanceof individual permitsismorerigorousthan for nationwidepermits.Unlike nationwidepermits.ana nalysisof cumulativewetlandimpacts;s requiredfor individual permitdpplications.ResultingpermitsmayLnclude specialconditionsthatrequire

avoidanceormitigation ofenvironmentalimpacts.Onnationwidepermits,the Corpshasdiscretionaryauthorityto requirean applicantto seekan individual permit if theCorpsbelievesthattheresourcesaresufficiently important,regardlessof thewetland’ssize. In practice,theCorpsrarelyrequiresanindividual permitwhenaprojectwould qualify for anationwidepermit, exceptwhenathreatenedor endangeredspeciesorothersignificantresourcewould beadverselyaffectedby theproposedactivity.

Mostof the populationsof Liliumoccidentaleoccurin wetlandsthatarelessthan 10 acresin size. Manyareonlya few squareyards,andmanyareinwetlandswith no surfacedrainagetostreams(i.e., “isolated”). Therefore.filling themcould fall underNationwidePermit No. 26. If L.occidentale is listed as endangered.formal consultationwith theServicewould berequiredbeforetheCorpscould issuean individual section404permit thatmay adverselyaffectthe lily.

E. Othernatural or manmadefactorsaffectingits continuede.iistence.Theprimary long-termnaturalthreattoLhiium occidentale is competitiveexclusionby shrubsandtreesasa resultof successionin bogsandcoastalprairie/scrub.humanactivitiessuchasdrainingof wetlands,clearingof land,elimination of beaver,andstabilizationof moving sandareashaveinterruptedthenaturalprocessesof bog andwetlandcreation.As late-stagebogsandcoastalscrubgo throughsuccessiontoforest,lily habitat is eliminatedwithlittle newhabitatbeingcreated.Thereissomeindication that L. occidentalepopulationshavebeenmaintainedinthepastby periodic fires, perhapssetbynativeAmericans(Schultz1989).Charcoalis abundantin thesoil atseveralof themajorpopulations.indicatingpastfires. Fires arenow rareeventsin theseareas.

Young plantsof this speciesarealmostalwaysrecruitedundershrubcover,but thelily k shadedout if thecanopycoveris greaterthan 50 percentor shrubsareover2 meters(6 ft) high.Severalpopulationsandportionsofpopulationshavealreadybeenextirpatedby forest succession.Elevenpopulations(rangingfrom 2 to about1,000plants)currenttyareseriouslystressedfrom competition.as indicatedby low reproductiverates(Schultz1989). Individual plants do not flowereveryyear,apparentlyas an energy-savingmechanismwhen stressed.Healthof a populationcanbe evaluatedby thenumberof floweringversusnon-floweringplants.andthenumberof

bloomsperplant. It hasbeensuggestedthat the11 stressedpopulationswouldprobablysurvivelessthana decadewithouthabitatmanipulation(Schultz1989).Invasionby theexoticshrubgorse(Ulexeuropoeus)into the boghabitatof Lilium occidentalehaseliminatedsuitablehabitatin OregonnearBlacklockPoint (Ballantyne1980).

At four Californiaranchpopulations.livestock exclosurefenceshavesolvedtheimmediateproblemofovergrazing(Dave Imper,pers.cOmm..1992). Alimited amountof grazingmayactuallybenefit thespeciesby preventingsuccession.Overtime, without habitatmanagement,forest successionwithintheexciosureswould limit the lilies tothewell.lightededgesof theexciosuresandreproductionwould deteriorate.

Somepopulationsareso small(2 to100 floweringplants)that loss of geneticvariability is athreat.Plantswithgeneticabnormalitiessuchas 4-merousflowers, tepalsreplacingstamens,stamensreplacingtepais.anddoubleflowershavebeenobservedovertwo ormoreseasonsat sitesin both CaliforniaandOregon.The effectsof inbreedingmayalreadybeadverselyaffectingtheviability of thesesmallpopulationsandremainsa future threatto theplant(Schultz1989).

The Servicehascarefullyassessedthebestscientificandcommercialinformationavailableregardingthepast.present.andfuture threatsfacedby1.1/humoccidentolein determiningtomakethis rulefinal. Basedon thisevaluation,thepreferredactionis to listL. occidentaleas endangered.Thisspeciesoccupiesan extremelyrestrictedgeographicrangeandis comprisedof atotal of 2,000 to 3,000 floweringindividuals. Residentialdevelopment,conversionof habitatto cranberryfarms,shrubandtree succession,overcollection,vandalisni,overgrazing.andloss of neneticdiversity threatenthis plant with extinction. Becausetheplant is in dangerof extinctionthroughoutits range.it fits thedefinition of endangeredundertheAct.

Critical habitat is not beingdesignatedfor this speciesfor reasonsdiscussedinthe “Critical Hahitat” section of thisrule.

Critical HabitatSection4(a)(3)of theA.t. as

amended,requiresthat, to themaximumextentprudentanddeterminable,theSecretarydesignatecritical habitatat thetime thespeciesis listed.TheServicefinds that designationof critical habitatis not presentlyprudentfor this species.As discussedunderFactorB in the“Summaryof FactorsAffecting theSpecies.”Li/horn occidentaleis

FederalRegister I Vol. 59, No. 158 / Wednesday, August 17,1894 / Rules and Regulations 42175

threatenedby taking.Thepublicationofprecisemapsanddescriptionsof criticalhabitatin theFederalRegister,asrequiredfor thedesignationof criticalhabitat,would increasethedegreeofthreatto this specie&from takeorvandalismand, therefore,couldcontributeto its declineandincreaseenforcementproblems.The listing ofthis speciesundertheAct publicizestherarity of thespeciesand,thus.couidmakethis plant attractiveto researchers,curiosi’y seekers,or collectorsofwildflowers Cr rajeplants.All involvedpartiesand idowner.shavebeennot~fThdof the importanceof protectingthis species’habitat Protectionof thespecies‘‘naidt~twill he addrcss~dUtrough the recoveryprocessand the

~ coasul:ationorocess.fore. tha Ser’.lr-e finds that

~esicc on of cricicol habitatfor thisspecots r.c.a prudent at this timet~Cscsrarch designationwouldinercasethedagreeof threat from

.liecringoroberhumanactivities

P.vaiisbleConservationMeasuresCcrc.er\ttiOfl neesuresprO\idedto

es 1isu~dasendangeredort:rootcnedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAcr Pactoderecogidsion,mao’cry acijocs.rec1uirernentsfurFede-alprobation.aria prohibitionsa~ar,stcertt:in activities. Recognitionthrough liSting nerults in publicawarenessand conser.’ationactionsbyhuherat,State,andlocal age ales,;rr. stecrganizatons.andindisiduals.

Its EndangeredScaresAct prowdesc land achuisition and

cco1

’ersjaIonv.cN the Staresandrcuurresthat rit:oaervactionsbecarriedout forcc list h species.Tho protectionroqurredof Federalagenciesandthepralubitionsagainstcertainnctlv~tresinvolving listed plantsaredtscessed,inp~rt, below.

Section 7(al of the Act, as amended,r~~ii1reaFederalagenciesto evaluatetgsir actionswith respectto arc speciesthat is proposedor irstedaserrd~ngoreda’ threatened.Iegut~tionsimplementingthis interagencycooperationprovision of theAct orecodified at ZO CFR pert402. Sect on71a))2)of theAct renuiresFedcnialireeneesto insurethat acth.itieetheaauthorize.fit ad,or carry out arencrPanic to ieoptr”dirc thecontinuedax’stenceof a listed species If a Federal:iction itrnv atfect a listod species,tire

responsibleFederalagencymustenterinto consultationwith theService.

TheU.S. Army Corpsof Engineerswill becomeinvolvedwith this plantspeciesafter listing throughitspermittingauthority as describedundersection 404 of theCleanWaterAct. Byregulation,permitsmay not be issuedwherea federallylisted endangeredorthreatenedspecieswould baaffectedbytheproposedprojectwithout firstcompletingconsultationpursuanttosection7 of the Act. Thepresenceof alisted specIeswould highlight thenationalimportanceof theseresources.Iii addition, insuranceof housing loansby theDepartmentofHousxcgandUrbanDevclcpmontin areasthatpresentlysiippcrt Liiiurri oeroaioirta/essill besobjact to reviesvby theServiceaudersection 7 of the Act.

Tire Act arad its implementingregulations foundat 53 CF~? 7 61 and17.62, set forth a seriescf preiribitinnistrod eaceotionsthat applytp listed plantspecies.All prohibitionsof sectIont[aJ{2) of th~Act. iraplementodbe 50CIR 17.61,apply.Theseprohibitrons,inpart, makeit iit~i4a1for an” personsuis~ectto thejurisdictron of the UnitedS’otesto tmpostcrexport, tron:.p:T~tiiiinterstateor foreign cctnn’ercein the~OUrSe of a commercialactivity, sell oroffer for salethis speciesm interstatecrlhreigncommerce,or to removerr’d’.tce to possessionthespeciesi’ronrei•easunderFederaljurisdiction Inadddicn,for plairts hatedaseudangered.the Ant prohibits thec’ahiciousdamageon destruc’icrnof anysochspraicsan IconsunderFederalj rri.sdiction; or removal,cutting, diggingep.dam.acing,or deatrovi:agof stirir~.onts in knc’.ving ‘ olatron cf cay Statelaw or regnlatiun.or in thecourtsof sayviolation of a Statecriminal trespassI us’. Certainexteptiocssaplyto ag.‘a~~c.f theServiceendStatecone”rvattmleaercres.The Act and50 CFR lt’52 cod1753 also pro’ ide for theissrntn;s’ ofpaniflIts to rarrs’ out irthera’:raeprohibitedact~vc;csiiivuh’i:igecdtritgereepit uts undercettour(:iaunhtitt acts Such permitsarea’’aitrb)e for scientific purposesortd 10enhaurepropagationor survivalof thesiaccies.It is acth.iaatedthat tradeerieits might he.soughtbrrcrruset3e

sper.iesis in cchisotion endis veryrarein thevttld. Roocestsfor copies~1therr’guhticcsr’0irdlng listed spe.iearindiOc}ulrioS. tLa;.t grrolhbitinns nd p-rmita

may be addressedto theU.S. Fish andWildlife Service,EcologicalServices,Endangered SpeciesPermits,911 N.E.iith Avenue,Portland,Oregon97232—4181 (503/231—6241:FAX 503/221—6243).

t-:~tienalEnvironmentalPohcyAct

TheFish and~Vildiife Service‘otisdeterminedthat an EnvironmentalAssessmentor Lnviroomc’atrl inroadStatement.asdefinedundertireauthorrtvof theNationalEravirarintentafF~licyA:t of I’Ti’d, treednot I’:preparedin connection v. rth regulItloosadoptednutscantto section4(t) ci tineEndangeredSr’eciesAct oi 1275, asamended,A noticeoutilOingSeasice’s reasonsfor tlas deterruinstunwaspablishndira rue Feder~iR.Pai~terat’ Oetuh’.r 25. thiS (4h Fit 4.~Pa4i.

Frfr’ronr.es Cited

A coonIrt’ Inc PatO a aullaus ccclli:ec, ... welt ~i trieSs. 5 ii nih ‘ p.or, .atrr’rt fran’. t~” ?ai’,s Fo I~Uthir’ ~s~cP. S’ERESSES~ ii.. ‘ni

.~rnrthor

The prir:ia”v .ntror of tiOs tins? rut.’ nit’:In’n UlctsrPnerder.L’S. Fish ~nü\~itrli.f~Service.Br is FoOd Office lace’ ~eersasscictron).:o8/334—ae:?1.

List ofSubjectsin 50 CFR Part 17

Endangeredandthreatenedsperms.

Esports. Imports. Reportingandrecordkeatai:ngrequiremeni.s,rr.~d‘Ira risportatton.

P agulationPromulgation

An:cundicgiv.1

’rt 17 arthuhaprerB ~tchapter1, title 50 of theCodeof Fcderal

is oitnnr;niaO itS 501 105thb-trot

Fn~rRT17—lAMENtED]

1. ii~e titlIorIty citation on pitt 1?- ontr:ru a, tO reto as follows:

Acthuritt’: 16 1 ‘S.C. i :toi—i 41)7: 16 S.C.1 t11~I 54~:a St’S C. 42t)1.—4245, P11)11 L~wt—iu!a, 11)1) .“ttrt 301.)tt. inricit ()O’.rr~iti’

‘earl. -

2. Scctton 17.12(h) is rinenied byaddingthe iullo’.iirg, in alphahet:col

un dcr ito bitt It’ Liliccese,to I IreList of EurfangeedandThreatenedharts to nih as bihloass:

§ 17.12 Endanaeredarid tttreatenec~ptarits.

42176 FederalRegister / Vol. 59, No. 158 I Wednesday,August 17, 1994 / Rules and Regulations

PeCieHistoric range Status When listed Crthcal Speial

ru eScientific name Common name

LILtACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

Li//urn occidentale ................. Western lily USA (CA, OR) E 545 NA NA

Dated:July 26, 1994.Motile H. Beattie,Director,Fisharid Wildlife Service,[FR Doc. 94—20162Filed 8—16—94; 8:45 aridBILUNG CODE 4310-65-P

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration

50 CFR Part 285[1.0. 081194E]

Atlantic Tuna Fisheries; Bluefin Tuna

AGENCY: NationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS),NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration (NOAA).Commerce.ACTiON: Closureof theGeneralcategoryfishery.

SUMMARY: NMFS hasdeterminedthatthe 1994 Generalcategoryquota,minusa 65 metrictons (mt) setasidefor a lateseasonfisherybeginningSeptember15th, will betakenby August14, 1994,Therefore,the Generalcategoryfisherycoil beclosedeffective at 0001 hoursonMonday,Augsist 15, 1994. This actionisbeingtakento pi’eventoverharvestofthequotaestablishedfor this fisherywhile providingan opportunity forareasthathavenot yethadanampleopportunity to harvesta fair shareof thecuotabeginningSeptember15, 1994.EFFECTIVE DATE: 0001 hourson August15, 1904,throughSeptember14, 1994.FOR FURTHER tNFORMATION CONTACT: John1(elIv. 301—713—2347,or RaymondE.Baglin. 508—281—9140. -

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:Regulationsimplementedundertheauthority of theAtlantic TunasConventionAct (16U.S.C. 971 et seq.)governingtheharvestof Atlantic bluefintuna by personsandvesselssubjecttoU.S. jurisdiction arefound at 50 CFRpart 265. Section285.22subdividestheInternationalCommissionfor theConservationof Atlantic TunasrecommendedU.S. quotaamongthevariousdomesticfishing categories.

Inlplementingregulationsfor theAtlantic TunaFisheriesat 50 CFR285.22(a)providefor anannualquotaof531 mt of largemediumandgiantAtlanticbluefintunato beharvestedfrom theRegulatoryAreaby vesselspermittedin theGeneralcategory.Ofthis amount, 65 mt aresetasidefor alate seasonfishery beginning September15. TheAssistantAdministrator forFisheries,NOAA, is requiredunder§ 285.20(b)(1)to monitor thecatchandlanding statisticsand, on the basisofthesestatistics,to projecta datewhenthe catch of Atlantic bluefin tuna willequaltheannual quota minus 65 mt.andto publishaFederalRegisterdocumentstatingthat fishing for.retaining,possessing,or landingAtlantic bluefin tuna under the early-seasonquota must ceaseon that date ataspecifiedhour, andnot recommenceuntil September15th, whereuponaquotaequalto thedifferencebetweentheannualquotaandtheestimatedcatchprior to September15th willbecomeavailable.

The Generalcategoryhastakenapproximately364mt of its 531 mtquotaasof August 10, 1994. WhileNMFS hadcalculatedanaveragecatchin Augustof 12 mt per day, industrycontactshaveinformedNMFS thatcatchperdayhasincreasedto 17 mt perdayor more.Atlantic bluefin tunaarestill abundantoff of MaineandMassachusetts,theprifriary commercialfishing grounds,andhavenot in igratedoffshoreandfurthersouth.Effort byGeneralcategoryvesselsremainshigh.

Basedon the landingreports.it isprojectedthatthequotaof Atlanticbluefin tunaallocatedfor theGeneralcategory.minusa 65 mt setasideamountfor the lateseasonfishery willbereachedby August 14, 1094.Fishingfor, retentionof, possessing,or landinglargemediumorgiant Atlantic bluefintunaby vesselsin theGeneralcategorymustceaseby 0001 hoursAugust 15.1994.The intent ofthis action is topreventoverharvestof thequotaestablishedfor this fisherywhilehelping continuetraditionallatesummerandearly fall fisheriesand

providing afishing opportunity in areasthathavenot yethadanampleopportunity to harvestafair shareof thequota.

BeginningSeptember15, 1994, inareasto be describedandunderconditions to be specified in a futuredocumentto be filed with theOffice oftheFederalRegister,vesselspermittedin theGeneralcategorymay restiinefishing for Atlantic bluefin tunaat acatchrate of onelargemediumor giantbluefin tuna perday pervessel,until thesetasideallocationhasbeentaken.

ClassificationThis actionis takenunder50 CFR

285.20(b)andis exemptfrom 0MBreviewunderEQ. 12866.

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 971 c/seq.Dated:August11, 1994.

David S. Crestin,ActingDirector, OfficeofFisheriesconservationandManagement.NationalMarineFisheriesService,

IFR Doc. 94—20088Fiied 8—11—94;4:47 amlBILLING CODE 3510-22-F

50 CFR Part 651[Docket No. 931 076—4220;1.0. 071194C]

NortheastMultispecies Fishery

AGENCY: NationalMarine FisheriesService(NMFS), NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration (NOAA),Commerce:ACTION: Final rule; tec:hnk:alamendment.

SUMMARY: NMFS issuesthis final rule tomakecorrectionsandclarificationstotheregulationsimplementingAmendment5 to theNortheastMultispeciesFishery ManagementFlail(FMP).EFFECTIVE DATES: This final rule iseffectiveAugust 12, 1994 exceptfor§ 651,9(a)(14)which is effectiveSeptember12, 1994.FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:ChristopherB. McCarron,NMFS,FisheryManagementSpecialist,508—281—9139.