qadi = judge

shari‘a =Islamic law

al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria

Abu Hanifa (d. 767) - active in Iraq

Malik ibn Anas (d. 795) - active in Medina,wrote al-Muwatta’ (book of legal rulings)

634-44 Reign of ‘Umaribn al-Khattab

Late 8th-early 9th c.Formalisation of shari‘a

hadith = tales ofsayings and actionsof Muhammad andcompanions

Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (d. Egypt 820)

isnad = chain of transmitters

‘ilm al-rijal = “knowledge of men” = science ofstudying individuals named in isnads

Late 8th-early 9th c.Increasing importanceplaced on hadithfrom Muhammad

Al-Shafi’i’s Sources of Islamic Jurisprudence(fiqh)

1. The Qur’an

2. The hadith

3. Qiyas (analogy)

4. Ijma‘ (consensus - effectivelyof the ‘ulama’ [legalscholars] as expressed infatwas [recorded decisions])

1. Hanafis - in Iraq, following Abu Hanifa

2. Awza‘is - in Syria, following al-Awza‘i

3. Malikis - in Arabia and elsewhere,following Malik ibn Anas

4. Shafi‘is - in Egypt, following al-Shafi‘i

5. Hanbalis - following Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855)

6. Zahiris - following Da’ud al-Zahiri (d. 883)

Schools of Law (madhhabs)

mufti = jurisconsult

Pillars of Islam: 1. Shahada (testimony)2. Salat (ritual prayer)3. Zakat (almsgiving)4. Sawm (fasting)5. Hajj (greater pilgrimage)