qimia

gamomcemloba inteleqti

XX

klasissaxelmZRvanelo

qimiaX klasis saxelmZRvanelo

gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi 2012

manana vardiaSvili

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier

© manana vardiaSvili, 2012

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012

ISBN 978-9941-439-73-5

Manana Vardiashvili

cheMistry X

INTELEKTI PUBLISHERStbilisi 2012

gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54faqsi: 225-05-22elfosta: inteleqti@caucasus.net vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge

manana vardiaSvili

qimia X

inteleqtiTbilisi 2012

redaqtori qristine giorgaZe

iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

Editor: Kristine Giorgadze, Professor of TSU

3

sarCevi

I T a v i. atomis agebuleba da perioduli sistema1. atomidan – atomamde ...................................................................................................... 7

2. izotopebi .......................................................................................................................... 13

3. atomTa saxeoba _ qimiuri elementi .................................................................. 16

4. eleqtronis mdgomareoba atomSi ......................................................................... 19

5. eleqtronuli Sris struqtura .............................................................................. 23

6. energetikuli donis struqturis gamosaxva .................................................. 27

7. d-qvedone elementis atomSi .................................................................................... 30

8. kvanturi ricxvebi ........................................................................................................ 33

9. perioduli sistema da atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba ......................... 36

10. atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba da TvisebaTa perioduli cvlileba ............................................................................................................................ 41

11. ionizaciis energia da perioduli sistema .................................................... 44

II T a v i. atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba da qimiuri bma12. ra aris qimiuri bma ....................................................................................................... 51

13. ramdeni kovalenturi bmis ...................................................................................... 54

14. damyarebaa SesaZlebeli molekulaSi ................................................................ 54

15. martivi da jeradi kovalenturi bma .................................................................. 59

16. kovalenturi bma da eleqtrouaryofiToba ................................................... 63

17. hibridizacia ................................................................................................................... 67

18. ra aris ionuri bma ......................................................................................................... 71

19. metaluri bma .................................................................................................................... 75

20. wyalbaduri bma ............................................................................................................... 78

III T a v i. ionuri mimocvlis da Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi.

eleqtrolizi21. Jangvis ricxvi da valentoba .................................................................................. 84

22. Jangvis ricxvi da perioduli sistema ............................................................... 88

23. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqcia ........................................................................................... 90

24. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis tipebi ......................................................................... 96

25. elementis Jangvis ricxvi da Jangva-aRdgenis unari ................................................................................................ 98

26. eleqtroliti Tu araeleqtroliti .................................................................. 100

27. ra xdeba eleqtrolitis wyalSi gaxsnisas .................................................... 103

28. mJavas, tutisa da marilis eleqtrolituri disociacia ...................... 107

29. Zlieria Tu susti eleqtroliti? ...................................................................... 110

30. ra aris ionuri reaqcia ............................................................................................ 114

31. gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri da moluri wili ........................................... 121

32. eleqtrolizi ................................................................................................................ 124

4

33. eleqtrolizis raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba ................................................. 129

34. rodesac anodi xsnadia ............................................................................................. 131

IV Tavi. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare. qimiuri wonasworoba.35. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare ....................................................................................... 137

36. rogor vmarToT qimiuri reaqcia? ..................................................................... 141

37. qimiuri reaqciis siCqare da temperatura ................................................... 144

38. ra aris katalizatori da katalizi ................................................................. 147

39. moqmed masaTa kanoni ................................................................................................. 153

40. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi .................................................................. 158

41. qimiuri wonasworoba ................................................................................................ 160

42. qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi .................................................. 164

V Tavi. arametalebi43. wyalbadi ........................................................................................................................... 172

44. Jangbadi ............................................................................................................................ 177

45. zogadi cnobebi VII A jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb ........................................ 183

46. qlori ................................................................................................................................. 189

47. zogadi cnobebi VIA jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb ......................................... 195

48. gogirdi ............................................................................................................................. 197

49. gogirdis naerTebi ..................................................................................................... 201

50. zogadi cnobebi VA jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb .......................................... 208

51. azoti .................................................................................................................................. 211

52. amiaki .................................................................................................................................. 213

53. azotmJava ......................................................................................................................... 218

54. fosfori ........................................................................................................................... 223

55. zogadi cnobebi IVA jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb ......................................... 227

56. naxSirbadi ....................................................................................................................... 229

57. siliciumi ........................................................................................................................ 236

VI Tavi. metalebi58. zogadi cnobebi IA jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb ........................................... 242

59. zogadi cnobebi IIA jgufis elementebis Sesaxeb .......................................... 248

60. kalciumi, magniumi da maTi naerTebi .............................................................. 252

61. alumini.............................................................................................................................. 260

62. aluminis naerTebi ...................................................................................................... 263

63. rkina ................................................................................................................................... 266

64. manganumi .......................................................................................................................... 270

65. metalTa Zabvis eleqtroqimiuri mwkrivi ..................................................... 274

5

1.1

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT wigniT

paragrafis nomeri

paragrafis saxelwodeba

Tavis saxelwodeba

teqstis momdevno davalebebi

Sidateqsturi davalebebi

praqtikuli mecadineoba

Semajamebeli samuSao

Sejameba

proeqti

jgufuri samuSao

wyvilebad samuSao

I Tavi

atomis agebuleba da perioduli sistema

atomidan – atomamde

ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?

ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?

ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?

1 daasaxeleT is movlenebi, romlebic pirdapir an

gaangariSeba moqmed masaTa kanonis praqtikuli mecadineoba

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

`kbilis pastebis damcavi Tvisebebis proeqti

am TavSi gaigebT:

rogor viTardeboda warmodgenebi atomis agebulebis Sesaxeb.

ra principiT nawildeba eleqtronebi energetikul doneebsa da qvedoneebze.

ra mniSvneloba aqvs atombirTvis muxts elementebis individualobis gansazRvaSi.

ra kavSiria atomis eleqtronul agebulebasa da periodul sistemaSi mis mdebareobas Soris.

I Tavi

atomis agebuleba da perioduli sistema

am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg SeZlebT:

daakavSiroT elementis Tvisebebi atomis agebulebasTan.

SeadginoT atomis eleqtronuli formula.

bunebaSi izotopebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze iangariSoT elementis saSualo atomuri masa.

daadginoT zogierTi elementis ionisa da keTilSobili airis gare eleqtronuli garsebis agebulebis identuroba.

7

atomidan – atomamde 1.1

• sityva `atomi~ antikuri xanidan momdinareobs. Tumca, im droidan dRemde radikalurad Seicvala is Sexedulebebi, romelsac Zveli berZ­nebi am sityviT gamoxatavdnen.

XIX saukunis miwuruls, cdebis safuZvelze, mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom niv­TierebaSi eleqtroba gadaaqvs atomis Semadgenel umcires nawilaks, romelsac eleqtroni uwodes.

am aRmoCenis Semdeg movlene­bi swrafad ganviTarda. 1896 wels, anri bekerelma SeamCnia, rom ura­nis Semcveli bunebrivi minerali TavisTavad asxivebda TvaliT uxilav sxi vebs, romelic Sav qa­RaldSi gaxveul fotografiul firze ana beWds tovebda.

1898 wels analogiuri gamos­xiveba, romelic gaumWvirvale sxe ulSi aRwevda, Seiswavla fran gma fizikosma pier kiu­rim meuRlesTan – qimikos mari sklodovska­kiurisTan erTad. maT uranis madnidan gamoyves axali elementi da radiumi ra uwodes. radiumi, yovelgvari zemoq medebis gareSe, TavisTavad asxivebda uxilav, gaumWvirvale sxeulSi SeRwevis unaris mqone sxi vebs.

qimiuri elementis mier uxilavi sxivebis spontanurad gamosxivebis unars maT radioaq-tiuroba uwodes.

radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis bu ne bis Seswavlis mizniT, ki­urebma radiumi moa Tavses tyvi­is sadgamze da Seitanes magnitur velSi (sur. 1.1).

gamosxiveba sam nawilad gaiyo. erTi nawili gadai xara uaryofiTad damuxtuli fir­fitisaken, mas α gamosxiveba uwodes, meore – dadebiTad

ingliselma mecnierma jozef tomson­ma da frangma mecnierma Jan perrom aseTi cda Caatares. denis wyaros polusebi SeaerTes minis milSi mirCilul or meta­lis firfi tasTan – kaTodTan da anodTan. minis milidan amotumbes haeri misi gaiSvi­aTebis misaRwevad. rodesac eleqtrode­bze Zabva 10000 volts aRwevda, milSi iwye­boda Zlieri, mnaTi ganmuxtva – kaTodidan anodisaken miiswrafvodnen nawilakebi, romelsac mecnierebma Tavdapirvelad kaToduri sxivebi uwodes. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom es eleqtronebis nakadia – romelic naTebas im SemTxvevaSi iwvevs, rodesac ecema specialuri, gansakuTreb­uli nivTierebiT dafarul zedapirs, mag­aliTad teleekrans.

cxadi gaxda, rom eleqtronebi amo­ifrqveoda im nivTierebis atomebidan, romlisganac damzadebuli iyo kaTodi.

sur. 1.1 radiumis gamosxivebis daSla

magnitur velSi

g

αb

(–)(+)

(+) eleqtronebis traeqtoriaekrani

S

N

(–)

maRali Zabvis wyaro

magniti

damuxtuli kondensatoris firfitebi

8

damuxtuli firfitisken, mas b gamosxiveba uwo des, mesames – mimarTuleba ar Seucvlia, mas g gamosxiveba uwodes.

aRmoCnda, rom α-sxivebi dade biTad damuxtuli heliumis atombirT-vebis nakadia, romelic haerSi gaivlis 5-6 sm-s da heliumis neitralur atomad gardaiqmneba.

b-sxivebi eleqtronebis nakadia, romelic sinaTlis gavrcelebis siC-qariT moZraobs.

g-sxivebi mokletalRovani, eleqtromagnituri sxi vebia, romelsac didi energia aqvs. imdenad didi, rom Tavisuflad gaaRwevs mkvriv, 30 sm sisqis rkinis firfitaSi. g­gamosxivebas Zalian umniSvnelo, eleqtronis ma­saze mcire masa aqvs.

g­sxivebis msgavsi gamWoli bunebis sxi vi, romelic gadis adamianis sxeulSi, ger manelma mecnierma vil helm rentgenma aR moaCina, amitom mas ren tgenis sxivebs uwo deben.

sur. 1.2 atomis modeli j. tomsonis

mixedviT

sur. 1.3. atomis planetaruli modeli

am aRmoCenebis Semdeg mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom atomebs sakuTari struqtura da rTuli Sedgeniloba aqvs.

1904 wels, atomis rTuli Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb im droisaTvis arsebuli samecniero monacemebis safuZvelze, j. tomsonma pirvelad scada atomis modelis Seqmna. es modeli cnobilia xatovani saxelwodebiT `pudingiseburi~. am modelis mixedviT atomi sferoa, sadac dadebiTi muxti ganawilebulia sferos mTel moculobaSi, sferos SigniT ki mimofantulia eleqtronebi – rogorc qiSmiSebi pudingSi. atomi mTlianobaSi neitraluria (sur. 1.2).

j. tomsonis modeli ar dadasturda eqsperimentulad da hipoTezad darCa.

1911 wels e. rezerfordma Seqmna atomis planetaruli modeli.

am modelis mixedviT atomi Sedgeba dadebiTad damuxtuli birTvisa da eleqtronebisagan, romlebic moZraobs birTvis irgvliv Caketil orbitebze ise, rogorc planetebi mzis garSemo. swored am Sedarebis gamo ewodeba e. rezerfordis models planetaruli (sur. 1.3).

SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom e. rezerfordi atomis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove moZRvrebis

9

fuZemdebelia, swored man Seqmna atomis TvalsaCino Teoriuli modeli, romliTac formalurad dResac vxelmZRvanelobT.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom rezerfordis Teoria ver xsnis atomis mier energiis STanTqmisa da gamosxivebis movlenas da atomis mdgradobas.

1913 wels n. boris kvanturi postulatebis safuZvelze e. rezerfordis atomis modeli kvanturi warmodgenebiT Seivso.

pirveli postulati. eleqtronebi atombirTvis irgvliv moZraobs mkac­rad gansazRvrul Caketil orbitebze, energiebis `dasaSvebi~ mniSvnelobebis Sesabamisad, am dros energia arc STainTqmeba da arc gamosxivdeba.

meore postulati. eleqtroni erTi `dasaSvebi~ energetikuli mdgo ma­reobidan gadadis meore mdgomareobaSi, rasac axlavs energiis gamoyofa an STanTqma.

n. borma kvanturi warmodgenebi meqanikis tradiciul, klasikur cnebebs daafuZna. is eleqtrons ganixilavda, rogorc nawilaks, romelic moZraobs mkacrad gansazRvrul traeqtoriaze, mkafiod gansazRvruli siCqariT.

1932 wels mecnierebma SeimuSaves atom­birTvis protonul-neitronuli mo deli, romlis mixedviTac atombirTvi Sedgeba protonebisa da neitronebisagan (sur.1.4).

eleqtronebs, protonebs da neitronebs elementaruli nawilakebi uwodes.

mecnierebas, romelic elementaruli nawilakebis agebulebas da Tvisebebs swavlobs kvanturi meqanika ewodeba.

kvanturi meqanikis mixedviT elementarul nawilakebs ormagi buneba aqvs – korpuskulurtalRuri, rac imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli maTgani erTdroulad nawilakicaa, anu korpuskulaa da talRac. es mosazreba dadasturebulia eqperimentuli gamokvlevebiT.

dReisaTvis mecnierebi miiCneven, rom atomi Sedgeba birTvisa da eleq­tronebisagan, romlebic qmnis eleqtronul garss (sur. 1.5).

protons dadebiTi muxti (+1) da mcire masa aqvs (≈1,673⋅10­23 g ≈1 mae).protoni aRiniSneba: 1p1

an ubralod p .

neitrons muxti ar aqvs. misi masa ki daaxloebiT protonis masis to­lia.

neitroni aRiniSneba: 1n0, an

ubralod n. eleqtrons uaryofiTi muxti (–1) da Za lian mcire masa aqvs. misi masa daax­loebiT 1836­jer mcirea pro­tonis masaze.

eleqtroni aRiniSneba: ē.

sur. 1.4. atomis modeli boris

mixedviT

birTvis Semadgenel nawi la­kebs, protonebsa da neitronebs nuklonebi ewodeba. `Nucleus~ la Tinuri sityvaa da qarTulad `birTvs~ niSnavs.

birTvi

protonebi neitronebi

eleqtronuli garsi (eleqtronebi)

sur. 1.5 atomis Sedgeniloba

10

atomi nivTierebis Semad geneli umciresi nawilakia, romelsac gaaCnia masa da eleqt roneitraluria. sxvadasxva saxis atomSi protonebis, eleq­tro nebisa da neitronebis sxvadasxva ricxvia. magram, zogadad atomSi protonebis ricxvi yovelTvis eleqtronebis ricxvis tolia. protonebis ricxvi ganapirobebs atombirTvis muxts.

atomis modeli

mzis sistemis

modeli

1 daasaxeleT is movlenebi, romlebic pirdapir an iribad asabuTebs, rom atomi rTuli nawilakia.

2 iyo dro, rodesac eleqtronis moZraobas atomSi adarebdnen mzis garSemo planetebis moZraobas. atombirTvis masis msgavsad, mzis masa mTeli mzis sistemis masis 99,9%­ia. mzis diametri oTxi TanrigiT naklebia mzis sistemis diametrze. daaxloebiT xuTi TanrigiTaa naklebi atombirTvis diametri ato­mis diametrze. TiTqos gamomdinareobs daskvna: atomsa da mzis sistemas analogiuri agebuleba aqvT. iqneb mzis sistema gadidebuli atomia? ras fiqrobT?

warmoadgineT principuli, damajerebeli argumentebi.

3 gamoikvlieT j. tomsonis modeli (sur.1.2) eleqtrodinamikis Tval saz risiT.aRwereT, ra xerxi gamoiyeneT am modelis kvlevisTvis. ras SeadareT da

ratom, ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba aRmoaCineT. ra argumentebi gaqvT am modelis `dasacavad~ da mis `sawinaaRmdegod~.

4 igulisxmeba, rom elementaruli nawilakebi ganuyofeli nawilakebia. ras fiqrobT, rogor Seesabameba aseTi daSveba mecnierTa mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom elementaruli atomuri nawilaki – eleqtroni – iyofa.

aRvniSnavT imasac, rom 1998 wels swored es aRmoCena aRiniSna nobelis premiiT

11

sur. 1.6. rezerfordis cdis modeli.

α­nawilakebis

nakadi

oqros firfita

ekrani

atombirTvi

5 atomis Sedgenilobis gamosakvlevad ernst rezerfordis mier kolegebTan

erTad Catarebuli cda literaturaSi asea aRwerili:

`igi akvirdeboda α­nawilakebis gabnevas oqros firfitaSi gavlisas, oqros fir­

fitidan gamosuli sxivebi ecemoda ekranze~.

aRwereT, ras SeniSnavdnen da ratom ernst rezerfordi da misi kolegebi. Cven ki,

daxmarebis mizniT, am cdis amsaxvel models gTavazobT.

saSinao davaleba.

1 SeagroveT informacia, Tu rogor viTardeboda warmodgenebi atomis Sesaxeb. moam za deT referati. gaacaniT mas wavlebelsa da Tanakla selebs.

daxma re bis miz niT gTa va zobT im mecnieruli aR moCenebis qro no lo gias, ro ­mel Tac gana piro bes atomis Sesaxeb Teoriebis ganviTareba

demokrite

400 w. Cv.w.a.

rezerfordi

1911 w.

daltoni

1808 w.

bori

1808 w.

zomerfeldi

1920 w.

Sredingeri

1926 w.

tomsoni

1900 w.

atomis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis ganviTarebis etapebi

α­nawilakebis mimarTulebis cvlileba

12

2 SeadgineT atomis modeli, romlis SedgenilobaSic: a) 11 protonia; b) 12 eleqtronia.

saxelwodeba masa (kg)eleqtruli

muxtiprotoni 1,673.10­28 1,6.10­19

eleqtroni 9,109.10­31 1,6.10­19

neitroni 1,675.10­27 0

aRniSvna fardobiTi masafardobiTi

muxtiP+ 1 +1e- 1/1840 ­1n0 1 0

3 cxrilis mixedviT imsjeleT ato mis Semadgeneli elementaruli nawila ke­bis Sesaxeb. mosazreba CamoayalibeT werilobiT. gaangariSebiT daasabu­TeT fardobi Ti masisa da muxtis mniSvnelobis marTebuloba. sTxoveT Tanaklasels Seafasos Tqveni namuSevari. namuSevris Sefasebisas isic gaiTvaliswineT, ramdenad srulad SeZeliT cxrilidan gamomdinare in­formaciis organizeba da daskvnis gamotana.

13

• dReisaTvis cnobili qimiuri elementebis raodenoba 110­s aRemateba. atomis Se mad geneli romeli nawilakia mniSvnelovani atomTa saxeobis gansazRvrisaTvis?

am sakiTxis gamokvlevaSi dagvexmareba atomis Sedgenilobis modeli­reba – atomis SedgenilobaSi, warmosaxviT, rigrigobiT SevcvaloT protonebis, neitronebisa da eletronebis ricxvi da Sedegebi ga­vaanalizoT.

atomis Sedgenilobis modelirebisaTvis gamoviyenoT wyalbadis atomis umartivesi modeli. ufro zustad ki wyalbadis atomis iseTi saxeobis mo­deli, romlis birTvSic mxolod erTi protonia da neitroni ar aris _ mas protiumi ewodeba.

SeadgineT protiumis atomis modeli.

Tu davaleba sworad SeasruleT, Tqven mier Sedgenili protiumis atomis modeli me­7 suraTze gamosaxuli modelis msgavsi iqneba. atomis Semad­geneli nawilakebis warmosaxviTi cvlileba davi­wyoT neitroniT da gamovikvlioT: ra daemarTeba erTi saxeobis atoms, Cven SemTxvevaSi protiumis atoms, Tu mis atombirTvs saTiTaod davamatebT neitronebs?

cxadia, atomis masa gaizrdeba. atombirTvis muxti ki ar Seicvleba, radgan neitrons muxti ar gaaCnia.

birTvi

protoni

eleqtroni

wyalbadis iseT atoms, romlis atombirTvi Sedgeba erTi protonisa da erTi neitronisagan, deiteriumi ewodeba (sur. 1.8)

deiteriumis atombirTvs warmo­saxviT davamatoT kidev erTi neitro­ni. aseTi atomis birTvi ukve ori neitronisa da erTi protonisagan Sedgeba, misi masa isev gaizrdeba, at­ombirTvis muxti ki ucvleli darCeba, wyalbadis aseT atoms tritiumi ewo­deba (sur. 1.9).

cxadia, Teoriulad neit­ronebis damateba kidev SeiZleba, magram atombirTvis saxiT aseTi sistemis arseboba SeuZlebelia – neitronebis siWarbe birTvis aramdgradobas iwvevs. tritium­ic ki Zalian aramdgradia. mom­devno nuklidi ki realurad ar iarsebebs.

sur.1.7. protiumis atomis modeli

sur. 1.9 deiteriumis tritiumad gardaqmnis modeli

izotopebi 1.2

sur. 1.8. protiumis deiteriumad gardaqmnis modeli

14

amgvarad, miviReT sxvadasxva masis mqone wyalbadis atomis sami saxesx­vaoba protonebis erTnairi ricxviT, e. i. atombirTvis erTi da igive muxtiT.

atombirTvs (atoms) romlis SedgenilobaSic protonebisa da nei tronebis gansazRvruli ricxvia, nuklidi ewodeba.

wyalbads sami nuklidi aqvs – 11H protiumi, 2

1H deiteriumi, 31H tritiumi.

erTi elementis nuklidebs izotopebi ewodeba.

+1n

+2nprotiumi

miaqcieT yuradReba, rom atomSi neitronebis ricxvis Secvlisas ar Seicvala atombirTvis muxti, e. i. ar Seicvala atomis saxeoba da maSasadame, qimiuri elementi, ami­tomac aRniSvna H darCa ucvleli.

Cveulebrivad, qimiuri elementebi bunebaSi arsebobs izotopebis nare­vis saxiT. amitom elementis fardobiTi atomuri masa ganisazRvreba rogorc izotopebis masis saSualo ariTmetikuli, bunebaSi maTi gavrcelebis pro­centuli maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebiT.

magaliTad, qloris nuklidis 35Cl moluri wili izotopebis bunebriv na­revSi aris 75%, xolo 37Cl­isa _ 25%, amitom

Ar(cl)=35⋅0,75+37⋅0,25≈35,45.

amrigad, qloris fardobiTi atomuri masis saSualo mniS­vneloba udris 35,45­s. amave mniSvnelobas vxedavT elementTa periodul sistemaSic.

vinaidan elementis izotopebs atombirTvis erTnairi muxti da eleqtronuli garsis erTnairi agebuleba aqvs, maTi qimiuri Tvise­bebi praqtikulad erTnairia. amitom SesaZlebelia visaubroT qloris qi­miur Tvisebebze ise, rom mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT misi izotopuri Sedge­niloba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze msubuqi elementis nuklidebis qceva fizikur da qimiur procesebSi SesamCnevad gansxvavebulia. rac ufro msubuqia nuklidi, miT ufro didi gavlena aqvs mis Tvisebebze neitronebis ricxvs. es mkafiod Cans wyalbadis nuklidebis magaliTiT. marTlac, wyalba­dis 2

1H nuklidis masa orjer aRemateba wyalbadis 11H nuklidis masas. amitom

aris, rom mZime wylis molekulebi, sadac 21H nuklidi Sedis, naklebad moZ­

nuklonebis ricxvi

masuri ricxvi

protonebis ricxvi

atomuri nomeri

SegaxsenebT, rom masu ri ri­

cxvi ganisazRvreba atom birTvis

Semadgeneli nawi la kebis, proto­

nebisa da ne it ronebis ricxvTa

jamiT, e. i. nuklonebis ricxviT.

35cl17

37cl17

25%

75%

Cl 17

35.45qlori

782

2H1

2H11H1 3H1

15

ravia da ufro Znelad orTqldeba, vidre Cveulebrivi wylis molekulebi, ris gamoc okeanis wyalSi 5­15%­iT meti mZime wyalia, vidre wvimis wyalSi.

zogierTi qimiuri ele menti bunebaSi gvxvdeba mxo lod erTi nuklidis saxiT. aseTia, magali­Tad, beriliumi, fTori, natri­umi, fosfori, iodi, oqro da sxva. magram maTi raodenoba mcirea. qimiuri elementebis umravlesoba bunebaSi arsebobs ori, sami da meti nuklidis na­revis saxiT. magaliTad, silici­umi sami bunebrivi nuklidis na­revia, rkina – oTxi nuklidis, kala _ aTi nuklidis da a. S.

1 SeadgineT atomis modeli, romlis SedgenilobaSi sami protoni da sami neitronia.

2 gadaixazeT rveulSi da daasruleT atomis modelis gamo­saxuleba. upasuxeT Se kiTxvebs:

b) ramdeni eleqtroni unda iyos atomSi. ratom fiqrobT ase? g) meramdene elementia periodul sistemaSi. ratom fiqrobT

ase?3 Jangbads sami nuklidi aqvs. 8,9 da 10 neitroniT, SeadgineT samive nuklidis

modeli. – ra monacemebi dagWirdebaT modelis asagebad? – ras da rogor gamoiyenebT am monacemebis mosapoveblad?4 iangariSeT bromis fardobiTi atomuri masa, Tu cnobilia, rom misi izo­

topuri Sedgenilobaa: 79Br – moluri wili 0,57; 81Br – moluri wili 0,43.

5 SeiswavleT sakiTxi `stabiluri da arastabiluri nuklidebi~. cudi ar iqneba Tu gaiTvaliswinebT Semdeg rCevebs: 1) winaswar gansazRvreT, ra monacemebi dagWirdebaT sakiTxis Sesaswavlad 2) SeimuSaveT kiTxvari, ris mixedviTac sakiTxs SeiswavliT

3) gansazRvreT, ra wyaroebidan moipovebs informacias 4) dafiqrdiT, ratom TvliT rom informaciis wyaro saimedoa 5) Tqven mier mopovebuli monacemebi SeadareT Tanaklaselebis mier mopo­

vebul monacemebs.

saSinao davaleba

1 iangariSeT iodis fardobiTi atomuri masa, Tu misi izotopuri Sedgenilobaa, 127I _ moluri wili 0,99; 126I _ moluri wili 0,01.

2 paragrafis teqstidan amoiwereT sakvanZo sityvebi. SeadgineT winadadebebi, romliTac TiToeul sakvanZo sityvas mizez­Sedegobrivad daakavSirebT sxva sakvanZo sityvasTan.

es strategia dagexmarebaT ZiriTadi cnebebisa da maT Soris arsebuli mizez­Sedegobrivi kavSiris ukeT gaazrebaSi.

nuklidSi protonebisa da nei tro­nebis gansazRvruli ricxvia. erTi da imave elementis nuklidebs erTnairi aqvs protonebis ricxvi, magram gan­sxvavdeba neitronebis ricxviT, maT izotopebi ewodeba. elementebis umrav­lesoba bunebaSi arsebobs izotopebis narevis saxiT.

16

atomTa saxeoba _ qimiuri elementi

• atomis Semadgeneli nawilakebidan – protoni, eleqtroni, neitroni – romelia yvelaze arsebiTi atomis saxeobis, anu elementis individu­alobis gansazRvraSi? avxsnaT es sakiTxi isev da isev atomis Sedgeni­lobis modelirebis gziT.

gavagrZeloT atomis modelireba – axla ukve protonebis raodenobis cvlilebiT. deiteriumis atombirTvs movaciloT erTi protoni, maSin birT­vis dadebiTi muxti gaqreba, uaryofiTad damuxtuli eleqtroni ki atomSi birTvTan mizidvis gareSe ver iarsebebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom deiteriu­mis atomic ver iarsebebs – is daiSleba or calkeul fizikur nawilakad – neitronad da eleqtronad.

axla, tritiumis atombirTvs warmosaxviT davamatoT erTi protoni, ma­Sin atombirTvSi ori protoni aRmoCndeba, rodesac icvleba atombirTvis muxti, icvleba misi Tvisebebi da miiReba sxva qimiuri elementi. Cven SemTxve­vaSi es iqneba heliumis dadebiTad damuxtuli ioni (He+).

amrigad, modelirebis Sedegad miRebul atombirTvSi ori protoni da ori neitroni gvaqvs. nuklidis masa iqneba 4­is toli, muxti ki dadebiTi. aseTi Sedgeniloba aqvs heliumis atombirTvs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom atomi eleqtroneitraluri nawilakia, heliumis atombirTvis garSemo ori eleqtronis damatebiT miiReba heliumis atomi:

protonebis ricxvis warmosaxviTi cvlilebis procesi gamovsaxoT sqemis saxiT:

atomi aRar arsebobs 2

(miviCnioT, rom vamatebT or eleqtrons)

amrigad, atomTa saxeobis arsebobas, anu elementis individualobas, gansazRvravs protonebis ricxvi.

atomTa saxeobas, romelTac protonebis erTi da igive ricxvi da Sesabamisad atombirTvis erTnairi muxti aqvT, qimiuri ele-menti ewodeba.

protonebis ricxvi gansazRvravs atombirTvis muxts da elementis atomur nomers, anu mis mdebareobas perioduli sistemaSi. atomuri nomeri elementis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia, aRiniSneba Z­iT.

1.3

3H1

4He2

1p1

+

1p1

–1n + e0

17

axla piriqiT, warmovidginoT, rom wyalbadis neitralur atoms mivuer­TeT erTi eleqtroni. aseT SemTxvevaSi atomSi iqneba 2ē da 1p, ris gamoc mi­viRebT wyalbadis uaryofiTad damuxtul atoms 1

1H–:

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad damuxtul atoms ioni ewodeba.

gamovsaxoT sqematurad wyalbadis neitraluri atomidan ionebis miRebis warmosaxviTi procesi:

nawilakebs, romlebic miiReba neitraluri atomidan eleqtronis mo­cilebis an mierTebis Sedegad, protonebis erTi da igive ricxvi, TiTqmis erTnairi masa da gansxvavebuli muxti aqvs.

qimiuri elementis cneba gulisxmobs rogorc neitralur atoms, ise dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtul ionebs.

qimiuri elementis individualurobas gansazRvravs protonebis ricxvi, icvleba protonebis ricxvi _ icvleba elementi. elementis atomis mier eleqtronebis gacema­mierTebis Sedegad miiReba damuxtuli nawilaki, romelsac ioni ewodeba. atomidan ionis warmoqmnis procesSi elementi ar icvleba.

kvlav davubrundeT wyalbadis atoms da warmovidginoT, rom mas movaci­leT erTi eleqtroni. miviRebT wyalbadis dadebiTad damuxtul atoms 1

1H+.

miaqcieT yuradReba!neitraluri atomidan ionis warmoqm­nisas protonebis ricxvi ar Seicvala, e. i. ar Seicvala qimiuri elementi. ami­tom ar Secvlila elementis aRniSvnac.

elementis atomuri nomeri Z gviCvenebs

eleqtronebis

ricxvs atomSi

elementis mdebareobas

periodul sistemaSi

protonebis ricxvs

atombirTvSi

atombirTvis

muxts

H0

H

H

+1e

–1e

18

ionebi atomebi martivi nivTierebebi rTuli nivTierebebi

qimiuri elementi

Na+

Cl–OH

NaCl2

O2

H2

H2ONaCl

1 qimiuri elementis atombirTvSi 107 protonia. ras udris misi atomuri nomeri?

monaxeT es elementi periodul sistemaSi. ramdeni eleqtronia am elementis

atomSi? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

2 SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes elementi, romelic wyalbadamde iqneba moTavsebuli periodul sistemaSi? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

3 migaCniaT Tu ara marTebulad, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi elementisa da ionis simbolo erTi da igivea. magaliTad, H da H+ , Na da Na+. moiyvaneT argumentebi.

4 situaciuri amocana Team da giom gadawyvites Seadginon sqema `qimiuri elementi~, riTac

TvalsaCinod asaxaven qimiuri elementis arss. Team gadawyvita sqemaSi CarTos elementis saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli gansazRvreba. gio ki Tvlis, rom ufro zustia aseTi gansazRvreba – qimiuri elementi – atomTa saxeoba ki ara, atombirTvis saxeobaa. Tqven ras fiqrobT, ra argumentebs SesTavazebdiT Teas da gios?

5 sqemis mixedviT SeadgineT mcire moTxroba saxelwodebiT `qimiuri elementis arsebobis formebi~.

saSinao davaleba

1 ramdeni qimiuri elementis modelia gamosaxuli suraTze?ramdenia maT Soris neitraluri atomi da ramdeni ioni?

a) b) g)

19

• atomSi eleqtronis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saubrisas, gulisxmoben in­formacias gansazRvruli eleqtronisa da im sivrcis Sesaxeb, sadac eleqtroni imyo feba.

eleq tronis Sesaxeb Cven viciT, rom mas ar aqvs moZraobis traeqtoria, Se­saZlebelia vilaparakoT, mxo lod da mxo lod, atombirTvis garSemo sivrceSi misi yofnis albaTobaze. is SesaZ lebelia imyofebodes am sivrcis nebismier wertilSi.

im wertilebis erTobliobas atombirTvis gar Se mo, sa­dac SesaZlebelia eleqtroni imyo fe bodes, eleqtronu-li Rrubeli ewodeba. eleq tronul Rrubels uaryofiTi muxtis gansazRvruli simkvrive aqvs. es simkvrive metia iq, sadac yvelaze xSirad imyofeba eleqtroni.

sivrces atombirTvis garSemo, sadac yvelaze metia eleqtronis yofnis albaToba, orbi tali ewodeba.

orbitali eleqtronuli Rrublis 90% moicavs.atomSi eleqtronebze dakvirveba SeuZlebelia – Seswavlis obieqti xom

metismetad mcire zomisaa. amitom, gamokvleva mxolod arapirdapiri gziTaa SesaZlebeli.

mecnierebi atomis eleqtronuli agebulebis Sesaxeb msjeloben im sig­nalebis mixedviT, romelsac atomi `gamoscems~. magaliTad, nivTiereba ga­xurebis procesSi STanTqavs energias, Semdeg ki gamoa sxivebs sinaTlis sxivis saxiT, romelsac zogjer garkveuli Seferiloba aqvs (sur.1.10).

atomis agebulebis Sesaswavlad, mis mier gamosxivebul sinaTles atareben specialur xelsawyoSi – speqtrometrSi.

speqtrometrSi moTavsebulia prizma – mas aqvs sinaTlis sxivis daSlis unari.

gavarvarebuli martivi nivTi­erebis atomebidan gamosu li sinaT­lis sxivi gaivlis speqt ro metr Si moTavsebul prizmaSi da iSleba Se­madgenel nawilebad, anu warmoqm­nis speqtrs. yvela elements Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli speqtri aqvs. speq­

daasveleT foladis mavTuli natriumis qloridis xsnarSi da Seita­neT spirtquris alSi. daakvirdiT alis Seferilobas. ras amCnevT? sufris marili natriumis sxva mariliT rom SecvaloT, Seicvleba Tu ara alis Se­feriloba?

ras fiqrobT, arsebobs raime kavSiri alis Seferilobasa da elementis atomis eleqtronul agebulebas Soris?

eleqtronuli Rrubeli

orbitali

eleqtronis mdgomareoba atomSi 1.4

sur. 1.10. natriumis atomi Tavisi arsebobis Se saxeb gvamcnobs alis yviTeli SeferilobiT.

spilenZis atomi – alis mwvane SeferilobiT.

20

tris gaSifrvis Semdeg, mecnierebs gamoaqvT daskvna, ama Tu im elementis ato­mis eleqtronuli agebulebis Sesaxeb (sur. 1.11).

speqtruli xazebis Seswavlisas gairkva, rom isini erTnairi ar aris: zogi­erTi mkveTria, zogierTi waSliliviTaa da a. S.

ase aRmoaCines sxvadasxva saxis speqtruli xazebi da uwodes:sharp – mkveTri principal – mTavaridiffuse – difuzuri fundamental – ZiriTadi.aRmoCnda, rom sxvadasxva speqtri orbitalebis sxvadasxva formas Seesa­

bameba.

sharp – sferosebur orbitals Seesabameba, mas s-Ti aRniSnaven.

principal – hanteliseburi formis orbitals Seesabameba, mas p-Ti aRniSnaven.

diffuse – oTxfurclovan orbitals Seesabameba, mas d-Ti aRniSnaven

fundamental – f orbitals Seesabameba, mas f-Ti aRniSnaven.

mecnierebi daakvirdnen kidev erT saintereso faqts; Tu gavarvarebul nivTierebas magnitur velSi Seitandnen, speqtruli xazebis umravlesoba ix­liCeboda ufro wvril zolebad. principal speqtruli xazebi ixliCeboda sam wvril zolad, sxvebi kidev ufro meti raodenobis wvril zolebs warmoqmnid­nen, ar ixliCeboda mxolod speqtruli xazi sharp­i.

s pmagnituri velis gareSe I I

magnitur velSi I I I I

ras unda miuTiTebdes es faqti?

sur. 1.11 prizmis msgavsad wylis wveTi atmosferoSi Slis mzis sxi vebs Semadgenel

nawilebad – miiReba mzis sxivis speqtri, romelsac Cven cisartyelas veZaxiT

liTiumi.

natriumi.

kaliumi.

rubidiumi.

ceziumi.

21

magnitur velSi speqtruli xazebis `qcevis~ mixedviT mecnierebma daadgines, rom sferoseburi s-orbitalis orientacia atombirTvis mimarT yovelTvis erTi da igivea, p-orbitalebi atombirTvis mimarT sivrceSi ori­entirdeba sami sxvadaxva mimarTulebiT. rac Seexeba d-orbitalebs, isini at­ombirTvis mimdebare sivrceSi orientir deba xuTi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. f­orbitalebi ki – Svidi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. orbitalebis mimarTule­ba atombirTvis mimdebare sivrceSi SesaZlebelia aRvweroT koordinatTa sistemis saSualebiT (sur. 1.12).

sxvadasxva formis orbitalebi erTmaneTisagan gan sxvav deba energiiT. erTnairi formis da energiis mqone orbitalebi warmoqmnis energetikul qvedones.

energetikuli qvedoneebi, romelTac erTmaneTisagan mci red gansxvave­buli energiebi aqvs, Seadgens energetikul dones, anu eleqtronul Sres.

TiToeul energetikul dones sakuTari, danarCenebisagan gansxvavebuli struqtura aqvs.

sur. 1.12 s, p, d, f orbi talebis forma da mi mar Tuleba atombirTvis mimarT sivrceSi

s

p

d

f

erTi s­orbitali Se ad gens s qve dones, sa mi p­or bitali – p qve dones, xuTi d­orbita li – d qvedones, Svidi f ­orbitali – f qvedo nes.

orbitali atombirTvis mimdebare sivrcis is nawilia, sadac eleqtro­ni yvelaze xSirad imyofeba. orbitalebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba formiT, sivrceSi orientaciiT da energiiT. s-orbitali sferoseburia da atombirTvis mimarT erTi mimarTulebiT orientirdeba. p-orbitali han­teliseburia da atombirTvis mimarT orientirdeba sami sxvadasxva mimar­TulebiT. sxvadasxva formis orbitalebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba energiiT. erTnairi formis da energiis orbitalebi warmoqmnis energeti­kul qvedones. energetikuli qvedoneebi, romelTac erTmaneTisagan mci­red gansxvavebuli energiebi aqvs Seadgens energetikul dones.

22

eleqtroni

energia

energetikuli qvedone

orbitali

energetikuli done

1 SesaZlebelia Tu ara iTqvas: `eleqtroni brunavs atombirTvis garSemo~ _ axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

2 SeadgineT OoTxi winadadeba, romliTac asaxavT centrSi mocemuli cnebis az­robriv kavSirs danarCen cnebebTan.

3 gavarvarebuli nivTierebis magnitur velSi Setanisas, ramden zolad gaix­liCeba speqtruli xazebi, diffuse da fundamental? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

4 ras fiqrobT, orbitalis moculoba aRemateba eleqtronuli Rrublis mo­culobas Tu piriqiT? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

saSinao davaleba

1 gaecaniT paragrafis teqsts. mis Sinaarss ukeT gaacnobierebT, Tu gamoiyenebT strategias `3, 2, 1~. risTvisac: dawereT sami ram, rac Tqveni azriT yvelaze mniSvnelovania teqstSi. ori ram, ris gasagebadac meti informaciaa saWiro. erTi ram, ris Sesaxebac dawerdiT davalebas. samive SemTxvevaSi daasabuTeT Tqveni gadawyvetileba. mesame SemTxvevaSi SeadgineT davalebis piroba da amoxseniT.es strategia dagexmarebaT sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebaSi.

23

• radgan energetikuli done sxvadasxva orbitalebiT warmoiqmneba mas garkveuli struqtura aqvs. gavecnoT am struqturas.

atomSi, sadac eleqtronTa ricxvi SedarebiT didia, ramdenime energeti­kuli donea. yovel energetikul dones Tavisi nomeri aqvs, romelic n­iT aRi­

niSneba. danomvra iwyeba im energetiku­li donidan, romelic yvelaze axlosaa birTvTan: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

mTel n ricxvs, romelic energe­tikuli donis, anu eleqtronuli Sris nomers aRniSnavs, mTavari kvanturi ricxvi ewodeba (sur.1.13). mocemuli qi­miuri elementisaTvis n­is mniSvneloba emTxveva periodis nomers periodul sistemaSi.

magaliTad, meore periodis yvela elements ori energetikuli done aqvs. mesame periodis yvela elements ki _ sami.

energetikul doneze eleqtronTa maqsimaluri ricxvi gamoiTvleba for­muliT N=2n2,

sadac N – eleqtronTa maqsima luri ricxvia, n – Sris nomeria.

energetikuli done Tavis mxriv qvedoneebisagan Sedgeba. yovel ener­getikul doneze pirveli s – qvedonea, Semdeg ki TanmimdevrobiT – p, d da f.

qvedoneebis ricxvi energetikul doneze udris mTavari kvanturi ricx­vis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, pirvel energetikul doneze erTi s­qvedonea, meoreze – ori qvedonea, Sesabamisad s da p, mesameze sami qvedonea – s, p da d.

mocemul energetikul doneze orbitalebis ricxvs gviCvenebs n2­is mniSv­neloba.

magaliTad, meore energetikul doneze ori qvedonea s da p, orbitali ki oTxia: n=2, 22=4; am oTxi orbitalidan s-orbitali mxolod erTia, radgan is sfero seburia da atombirTvis mimarT sivrceSi mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT

ras udris energetikuli donee­bis ricxvi:

a) heliumis b) azotis g) gogir­dis d) kaliumis atomSi?

axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

sur. 1.13. mTavari kvanturi ricxvis mixedviT SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT eleqtronis energiis Sesaxeb. rac ufro axlosaa eleqtroni atombirT­vTan, miT metad miizideba birTvis mier da miT ufro mcirea misi energia, atombirTvidan daSorebisas eleqt­ronis energia izrdeba, Se sabamisad, gare energetikuli donis eleqtrone­bi yvelaze sustadaa dakavSirebuli birTvTan.

energetikuli donis struqtura 1.5

iangariSeT, ras udris eleqtronTa maqsimaluri ricxvi pirvel, meore, mesame da meoTxe energetikul doneze.

romeli qvedonis eleqtronebs aqvs ufro meti energia mocemul energetikul doneze?

daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

24

orientirdeba. p-orbitalebi atombirTvis mimarT sivrceSi orientirdeba sami mimarTulebiT, erTmaneTisadmi 900­iani kuTxiT, amitom p­qvedoneze sami p – orbitalia: px, py, pz.

iangariSeT orbitalebis raodenoba me­3 energetikul doneze. ramdenia maT Soris d­orbitali? ratom fiqrobT ase? varaudi SeamowmeT me­ cxri­lis saSualebiT.

formis garda ato mur orbitals gaaCnia zoma, romelic sxvada sxva energe­tikul doneze sxvadasxvaa. maga liTad, s­orbitals yovelTvis sfero seburi forma aqvs, magram atombirTvidan daSo rebisas misi zoma izrdeba. magaliTad, mesame energeti kuli donis s­orbitali zo miT aRe mateba meore energe tikuli donis s-orbitals, es ukana s kneli ki pirveli ener ge tikuli donis s­orbitals. imave wesiT icv leba sxva orbitalebis zoma (sur. 1.14).

1s

2s

2p

3s

sur. 1.15 atomuri orbitalebi natriumis neitralur atomSi

ener

gia

iz

rd

eba

energia izrdeba

sur.1.14 orbitalebis formisa da zomis cvlileba energetikuli do­neebis mixedviT

25

1 suraTze Tqven xedavT s­orbitalebs ele mentis atomSi. romeli miekuTneba pirvel energetikul dones da romeli – meores? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

cxrili: energetikuli doneebi, qvedoneebi, orbitalebisa da eleqtronebis maqsimaluri raodenoba energetikul doneze.

ener

get

iku

li

do

ne

(n)

ener

get

iku

li

qved

one

(ud

ris

n­s

)

or

bit

alis

tip

i orbitalebis ricxvieleqtronTa

maqsimaluri raodenoba

ener

get

iku

l

qved

one

ze

ener

get

iku

l

do

nez

e (u

dr

is n

2 -s)

qved

one

ze

ener

get

iku

l

do

nez

e (u

dr

is 2

n2 )

I(n=1) 1 1s 1 1 2 2

II(n=2) 22s 1

42

82p 3 6

III(n=3) 33s 1

92

183p 3 63d 5 10

IV(n=4) 4

4s 1

16

2

324p 3 64d 5 104f 7 14

mTavari kvanturi ricxvis n mniSvnelobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia da­vadginoT energetikul doneze qvedoneebisa da orbitalebis raodenoba. energetikuli qvedoneebis raodenoba tolia n­is mniSvnelobis, orbit­alebis raodenoba ki n2­is mniSvnelobis. energetikul doneze eleqt­ronTa maqsimaluri ricxvi iangariSeba formuliT N=2n2. rac ufro da­Sorebulia eleqtroni birTvidan, miT metia misi energia. birTvidan da­Sorebis mixedviT icvleba eleqtronuli orbitalis zomac. magaliTad, yoveli momdevno energetikuli donis s-orbitalis zoma aRemateba wina energetikuli donis s-orbitalis zomas.

birTvidan daSorebisas aseve izrdeba sxva orbitalebis zomac.

26

2 daadgineT energetikuli qvedoneebis ricxvi da energetikul doneze eleqt­ronTa saerTo ricxvi qvemoT CamoTvlili elementebisaTvis (frCxi lebSi miTiTebulia atomuri nomeri). perioduli sistema ar gamoiyenoT.a) naxSirbadi (6) b) natriumi (11) magniumi (12) fosfori (15) Jangbadi (8) argoni (18) alumini (13) qlori (17)

3 cnobilia, rom mocemuli qimiuri elementisaTvis n=3. ra SegiZliaT da­

namdvilebiT TqvaT am elementis Sesaxeb? davuSvaT ar iciT atomuri nomeri,

sxva ra erTi monacemia kidev saWiro, rom SeZloT elementis dasa xeleba? _ CaifiqreT elementi, Tqvenma Tanaklaselma ki daasaxelos is am ori mona­

cemis mixedviT.

4 SeadgineT Semdegi elementebis atomTa eleqtronuli agebulebis sqema:a) azoti b) siliciumi g) neoni kaliumi fosfori liTiumi.

saSinao davaleba

1 gaanalizeT paragrafis teqsti. SeadgineT sqema, romelic asaxavs mimarTebas

mTavar kvantur ricxvsa da atomis eleqtronul agebulebas Soris. umjobesia

sqemas Semdegi saxe hqondes:

mTavari kvanturi ricxvi n

.........

.........

.........

.........

werilobiT CamoayalibeT ra kavSiria mTavar kvantur ricxvsa da aRniSnul

cnebebs Soris. es strategia dagexmarebaT erTmaneTisagan gamijnoT mTavari

da meorexarisxovani informacia da mokled da mkafiod CamoayaliboT

paragrafis ZiriTadi azri.

27

• rodesac energetikuli donis struqtura cnobilia, SesaZlebelia vim­sjeloT atomis eleqtronuli garsis Sesaxeb da gamovsaxoT Tvalsa­Cinod – rogorc grafikulad, ise eleqtronuli formulis saSuale­biT.

atomis eleqtronuli an eleqtronul grafikuli formula rom Sevadgi­noTY saWiroa gavecnoT orbitalebis eleqtronebiT Sevsebis wess. aseTi wesi sul samia.

pirveli wesi cnobilia paulis principis saxelwodebiT.

TiToeul orbitalze ar SeiZleba imyofebodes or eleqtronze meti, amave dros maTi spinebi urTierTsapirispiro unda iyos.

`spini~ inglisuri sityvaa da qarTulad `TiTistars~ niSnavs. sityviT `spini~ igulisxmeba eleqtronis iseTi Tviseba, romelic gamoixateba misi brunviT sakuTari warmosaxviTi RerZis irgvliv: saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT, an mis sawinaaRmdegod. eleqt ronis moZ­raobis mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad mas gamosaxaven zeviT an qveviT

mimarTuli isriT: ase ↑­, an ↓ ase. zeviT mimarTuli isari ↑­ Seesabam­eba eleqtronis brunviT moZraobas erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT.

xolo qveviT mimarTuli isari ↓ Seesabameba eleqtronis brunvas sa­pirispiro mimarTulebiT. Tu orbitals pirobiTad xaziT `_~ an ujrediT

aRvniSnavT, paulis principi SeiZleba avsaxoT ase ↑↓­,­an ase ↑↓ . magaliTad, s­qvedoneze erTi s– orbitalia, romelzec SesaZlebelia mo­

Tavsdes urTierTsapirispiro spinis mqone ori eleqtroni. amitom, s­qve­doneze eleqtronTa maqsimaluri raodenoba oris tolia.

meore wesi exeba orbitalebis eleqtronebiT Sevsebis Tanmimdevrobas um-ciresi energiis principiT.

eleqtronebis mier orbitalebis Sevsebis Tanmimdevroba Seesabameba orbi­talze eleqtronis energiis zrdis mimarTulebas. magaliTad, meore energe­tikul doneze, umciresi energiis principiT, pirvelad s­orbitali Seivseba, Semdeg ki – p­orbitali.

mesame hundis wesia, romelic ganmartavs orbitalebis Sevsebis Tanmim­devrobas erTi energetikuli qvedonis farglebSi.

erTi energetikuli qvedonis farglebSi jer erTnairi spinis saTiTao eleq troni Tavsdeba orbitalebze da eleqtronebis ri cxvis zrdis Se-sabamisad TandaTan wyvildeba sapirispiro spinis eleqtronebiT.

magaliTad, sami eleqtroni p-qvedonis sam p-orbitalze Tavsdeba Semde­

gi wesiT: ↑­↑­↑, es gauwyvilebeli eleqtronebia. 6 eleqtroni ki p-qvedonis

p-orbitalebze Tavsdeba gawyvilebuli saxiT ↑↓ ↑↓­­↑↓­.

sul ramdeni eleqtroni moTavsdeba p­qvedoneze? ratom fiqrobT ase?

warmoidgineT, rom raRac Zalis gavleniT eleqtronebi moscilda birTvs da axla TanmimdevrobiT unda `dabrundnen~ atomSi. pirvelad romeli eleq tronebi dabrundeba, romelTac meti energia aqvs da birTv­Tan naklebad miizideba, Tu piri qiT? da asabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

energetikuli donis struqturis gamosaxva 1.6

28

eleqtronebis ganawileba energetikuli doneebis mixedviT, anu eleqtro­nuli konfiguracia. TvalsaCinod aisaxeba energetikuli diagramiT. magali­Tad, Mg­is energetikul diagramas aseTi saxe aqvs:

3d ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­3p ­­­­­­­­­­­­­3s2 ↑↓2p6 ↑↓­­↑↓­­­↑↓2s2 ↑↓1s2 ↑↓

Mg

E

energetikuli diagrama Tvalsa Ci nod asa xavs ara mxolod Sevsebul, aramed Seuvse bel orbitalebsac, rac xaziTaa aRniSnuli.energetikuli diagramis mixedviT Ses­aZlebelia atomis eleqtronul­grafi­kuli formulis Sedegna. magniumis ele­qtronul­grafikuli formulaa:

atomSi eleqtronebis ga­nawileba ufro zogadad, magram nakleb TvalsaCinod aisa xeba ele­qtronuli formuliT. Mg­is eleq­tronuli formulaa:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

qvedoneze eleqtronebis ricxvis aRmniSvneli cifrebi.

energetikuli donis aRniSvna.

qvedonis aRniSvna.

yoveli elementi wina elementisagan gansxvavdeba erTi eleqtroniT. imis mixedviT, Tu romel qvedones daikavebs es ganmasxvavebeli eleq­troni, elementi miekuTvneba s, p, d an f elementebs.magniums da yvela sxva elements, romlis atom Sic ganmasxvavebeli eleqtroni ikavebs s-qvedones, s ele-menti ewodeba.

gamosaxeT, rogor ganlagdeba a) 4 eleqtroni p-qvedoneze b) 5 ele­qtroni d-qvedoneze

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓n = 2

n = 3

n = 1

ganvixiloT argonis energetikuli diagrama, eleqtronuli da eleqtronul­grafikuli formulebi.

3d

3p6 ↑↓­­↑↓­­­↑↓3s2 ↑↓2p6 ↑↓­­↑↓­­­↑↓2s2 ↑↓1s2 ↑↓

18Ar

E

18Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6 – argonis eleq­tronul­grafikuli formula.

argonis energetikuli diagrama

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓n=3

n=2n=1

29

1 mocemulia d-qvedonis Sevsebis sami varianti, romelia maT Soris swori da romeli – araswori. axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

a) ↑↑↑ ↑↓ b) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↑ g) ↑­↓↑­↓ ↑

2 SeadgineT qvemoT mocemuli elementebis eleqtronuli da eleqtronul­grafikuli formulebia) naxSirbadi b) Jangbadiazoti fTori

3 Team da giom Jangbadis eleqtronul­grafikuli formula Seadgines. Team aseTi formula Seadgina:

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑↑n = 2

n = 1

sp

gios Sedgenil formulas ki aseTi saxe aqvs:

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑ ↑­↓↑n = 2

n = 1

sp

Teas miaCnia, rom giom arasworad asaxa p­qvedoneze eleqtronTa ganlage­ba. gio ki miiCnevs, rom mas orbitalebis eleqtronebiT Sevsebis arcerTi wesi ar daurRvevia. Tqven ras fiqrobT gios Sedgenili eleqtronuli formulis Sesaxeb? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

saSinao davaleba

1 romeli elementis eletqronuli konfiguraciaa gamosaxuli eleqtronuli formulebiTa) 1s22s1 b) 1s22s22p1 g) 1s22s22p6

daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

argons da yvela sxva ele ments, romlis ato mSic ganmasxvavebeli eleqtroni ikavebs p-qvedones, p elementi ewodeba.

atomis eleqtronuli konfiguracia aisaxeba eleq tronuli for­mu liT,M romelic gviCvenebs eleqtronTa ricxvs TiToeul qvedoneze. ufro TvalsaCinoa energetikuli diagrama, romelic asaxavs ara mxolod Sevsebul, aramed Seuvsebel orbitalebsac.

30

atomSi eleqtronis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saubrisas saWiroa SevexoT kidev erT mniSvnelovan moments; atomSi moqmedebs rogorc mi zidvis, ise ganzidvis Zalebi. cxadia, ganizideba erTnairi muxtis mqone eleq tronebic. rac meti eleqtronia atomSi, miT metia eleqtronebs Soris moqmedi gan­zidvis Zalebi, es faqti aisaxeba orbitalebis eleqtronebiT Sevsebis Tan­mimdevrobazec.

mesame energetikul doneze energiis Sesabamisad orbitalebis Sevsebis Tanmimdevroba aseTia 3s<3p<3d. magram, 3s- da 3p-orbitalebis 8 eleqtrons Soris moqmedi ganzidvis Zalebi imdenad Zlieria, rom rodesac maT mecxre eleqtroni uerTdeba 3d-orbitalze, ganzidvis Zalebi aWarbebs mizidvis Zalebs, atombirTvs `uWirs~ misi mizidva 3d-orbitalis manZilze, amitom mecxre eleqtroni Tavsdeba ufro daSorebul 4s-orbitalze. rodesac at­ombirTvis muxti gaizrdeba, e. i. gaizrdeba atombirTvis mier eleqtronebis mizidvis unari, SesaZlebelia 3d-orbitalis Sevsebac.

ase magaliTad, argonis momdevno elementis – kaliumis energetikul dia­gramas aseTi saxe aqvs:

Ca­is atomSic me­20 eleqtroni 4s-orbitalze Tavsdeba.

20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

momdevno elementis – skandiumis Sc atombirTvis muxtia +21, mas ukve aqvs d­orbitalis manZilze eleq tronebis mizidvis una ri, amitom skandiumi­dan daw yebuli, axldeba mesame eleqtronuli Sris d­qvedonis Sevseba xuTive or bi talze eleqtronebis gawyvi lebamde.

es faqti TvalsaCino daa asaxuli energetikuli doneebis qvedoneebad da­nawilebis energetikul di agramaze (sur. 1.16).

4s1 ↑

3d3p6 ↑↓­­↑↓­­­↑↓3s2 ↑↓2p6 ↑↓­­↑↓­­­↑↓2s2 ↑↓1s2 ↑↓

19K

E

d-qvedone elementis atomSi1.7

ramdeni qvedonea mesame energetikul doneze? Seivso Tu ara eleqtronebiT mesame periodis elementebis d­qvedone? ivaraudeT, ra wesiT gagrZeldeba eleqtronebis ganlageba energetikul doneebze IV didi periodis elementebis SemTxvevaSi.

19K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

31

3d-qvedone TiTqos 4s-qvedonis `qvemoTY daeSveba~, xolo erT­erTi s-eleqtroni gadainacvlebs energetikulad ufro momgebian 3d­orbitalze: 3d44s2 → 3d54s1, amitom qromis eleqtronul formulas aseTi saxe aqvs:

24Gr 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1.analogiuri viTarebaa spilenZis atomis SemTxvevaSi: 3d94s2 → 3d104s1,amitom spilenZis eleqtronuli formulaa:

29cu 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1.ganxiluli bolo aTi elementi, skandiumidan TuTYiis CaTvliT, romelTa

AatomebSic eleqtronebiT yvelaze bolos ivseba d­qvedone, d elementebia.3d­orbitalis Sevsebis Semdeg iwyeba 4p­orbitalis Sevseba, amitom galiumis

Ga eleqtronuli formulaa:

31Ga 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p1.

Cven ki gTavazobT meoTxe periodis bolo elementis – kriptonis Kr eleqtronul formulas:

36Kr 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6.IV periodis bolo eqvsi elementis atomebSi ganmasxvavebeli eleqtroni

ikavebs p­qvedones, amitom meoTxe periodis elementebi, galiumiT dawyebuli da kriptoniT damTavrebuli, p elementebia.

sur. 1.16 atomis energetikuli diagrama

n=5

n=4

n=3

n=2

n=1

5p4d

5s

4p

3p

4s

3d

3s

2p

2s

1s

SeadgineT momdevno elementebis 32Ge, 33As, 34Se, 35Br eleqtronuli for­mulebi.

amgvarad kalciumis mom­devno ele men tis, skandiumis Sc eleq tro nuli formulaa:

21sc 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2 .skandiumi pirveli ele men­

tia, romlis atomSic iwyeba d-qvedonis Sevseba. skandiumi pirveli d elementia. amave periodis bolo d elementi TuTiaa. misi eleqtronuli formulaa:

Zn 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2.SevexebiT d qvedonis Sev­

sebis garkveul Tavi se bu­rebebs: Tu Tqven qro mis eleqtronul formulas ase

da werT 24Gr 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2

ar iqneba marTebuli; d­qve­doneze 5 orbitalia, oTxi eleqtroniT Sev­se bis Semdeg mTlianad

32

xSirad atomis eleqtronul kon­figuracias gamosaxaven Semdegi wesiTac: dasrulebul eleqtronul Sres aRniSnaven kvadratul frCxi­lebSi Casmuli keTilSobili air­is simboloTi. magaliTad, neonis eleqt ronuli konfiguracia 1s22s22p6 aRiniSneba ase [Ne], maSin natriumis atomis eleqtronuli konfiguracia gamoisaxeba:

11Na[Ne]3s1

10Ne1s22s22p6 º [Ne]

11Na1s22s22p6 3s1 º 11Na[Ne]3s1

[Ne]

1 elementis Sesaxeb cnobilia, mxolod is, rom meoTxe periodSia da misi atomis d qvedoneze Svidi eleqtronia.

daasaxeleT es elementi, CamoayalibeT, ra varaudebs efuZneba Tqveni pasuxi.

2 romeli elementis eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa gamosaxuli eleqt ronul formuliTa) [Ne]3s23p2 b) [Ar]3d14s2

3 ras fiqrobT, meore­meoTxe periodis elementebs Soris romels aqvs ufro meti gauwyvilebeli eleqtronebi.

– daasaxeleT es elementebi. – SeadgineT maTi eleqtronul­grafikuli da elqtronuli formula.

4 romeli keTilSobili airis eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa aRniSnuli x­iT. daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

a) 5B [x] 2s22p1 b) 9F [x] 2s22p5 g) 14S i[x] 3s23p2 d) 17Cl [x] 3s23p5

saSinao davaleba

1 eleqtronul­grafikuli formulis mixedviT SeadgineT eleqtronuli formula, daasaxeleT elementi

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑n = 2

n = 1 ↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑↑↑

n = 2

n = 3

n = 4

n = 1

a) b)

atomis eleqtronuli for­mulis Sedgenisas saWiroa davic­vaT hundis wesi, umciresi ener­giis principi da paulis principi. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qvedone ivseba yvelaze bolos, arsebobs s- p- da d- elementebi. s element­ebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis ivseba gare Sris s-qvedone, p elementebis SemTxvevaSi gare Sris p-qvedone. d elementebis SemTxvevaSi ki ivseba gares wina Sris d-qvedone.

33

• TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom eleqtronis mdgomareoba atomSi gani­sazRvreba oTxi maxasiaTebeliT: energetikuli done, qvedone, or­bitali da spini. TviToeul am maxasiaTebels Seesabameba gan sa zRvruli kvanturi ricxvi. gavecnoT am kvantur ricxvebs.

mTavari kvanturi ricxvi n. es kvanturi ricxvi axasiaTebs energetikul dones, romelzec eleqtroni imyofeba. energetikuli doneebis Sesabamisad

mTavari kvanturi ricxvi Rebulobs mniSvnelobebs n=1, 2, 3, ...n.

rodesac n=1, eleqtroni pirvel energetikul doneze imyofeba. is

axlosaa birTvTan da misi energia minimaluria. SegaxsenebT rac metia n­is mniSvneloba, miT metia Sesabamisi energetikuli donisa da masze myofi eleqtronis energia.

Tanauri kvanturi ricxvi ℓ. es kvanturi ricxvi axasiaTebs qvedones,

romelzec imyofeba eleqtroni da gansazRvravs orbitalis formas. ℓ­is

mniSvnelobebi gansazRvrulia mTavari kvanturi ricxvis n­is mniSvnelobebiT.

kerZod, ℓ Rebulobs yvela mTel ricxviYT mniSvnelobas 0­dan dawyebuli

(n­1)­is CaTvliT. ma ga liTad, TuU n=3, ℓ­is mniSvneloba SesaZloa iyos 0, 1 an 2.

maSasadame, rodesac n=3, Tanauri kvanturi ricxvis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis raodenoba samis tolia. Sesabamisad, mesame energetikul doneze sami

qvedonea: s, p da d.

n=3

ℓ = 0s­qvedone

ℓ = 1p­qvedone

ℓ = 2d­qvedone

amrigad, s-qvedonisaTvis ℓ = 0p-qvedonisTvis ℓ =1xolo d-qvedonisTvis ℓ =2.Tu n=4, maSin ℓ­is mniSvneloba SesaZloa iyos 0, 1, 2 an 3. Tanauri kvanturi

ricxvis oTxi SesaZlo mniSvneloba miuTiTebs, rom meoTxe energetikul doneze oTxi qvedonea: s, p, d da f.

f qvedonisTvis ℓ=3.

n=4

ℓ = 0s­qvedone

ℓ = 1p­qvedone

ℓ = 2d­qvedone

ℓ = 3f­qvedone

kvanturi ricxvebi 1.8

daadgineT ℓ­is mniSvnelobebi, rodesac n=2. CamoayalibeT ra kavSiria

ℓ­is mniSvnelobebis raodenobasa da qvedoneebis raodenobas Soris.

34

Tanauri kvanturi ricxvebisa da qvedoneebs Soris Sesabamisoba mo­cemulia cxrilis saxiT.

ℓ 0 1 2 3qvedone s p d f

magnituri kvanturi ricxvi m. magnituri kvanturi ricxvi m aRwers orbitalis sivrcul orientacias. is Rebulobs mTel ricxviT mniSvnelobebs intervalSi, romelic –ℓ­dan iwyeba da +ℓ­iT mTavrdeba. ase magaliTad, s­qvedonisaTvis ℓ=0, amitom m­is mniSvnelobac 0­is tolia, es niSnavs, rom s- qvedones 1s-orbitali Seesabameba, romelic sivrceSi erTi mimarTulebiT orientirdeba. Tu ℓ=1, maSin m miiRebs sam mniSvnelobas: ­1, 0 an +1; es niSnavs, rom p­qvedones sami orbitali Seesabameba. rogorc iciT, am orbitalebs px, py da pz orbitalebs uwodeben.

TuU ℓ= 2, maSin m miiRebs xuT MmniSvnelo bas: –2, –1, 0, +1, +2. es niSnavs, rom d qvedones xuTi orbitali Seesabameba.

magnituri kvanturi ricxvis mniSvnelobebis gaTvaliswinebiT me­sqema Semdeg saxes miiRebs

n=4

ℓ = 0s­qvedone

ℓ = 1p­qvedone

ℓ = 2d­qvedone

pxorbitali

pyorbitali

pzorbitali d­orbitalebi

m=0m= –1 m= –2 m= –1 m= 0 m= +1 m= +2m=0 m=+1

spinuri kvanturi ricxvi ms. rogorc iciT spini gulisxmobs eleqtronis iseTi Tvisebas, romelic gamoixateba misi brunviT sakuTari warmosaxviTi RerZis irgvliv, saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT, an mis sapirispirod. man SeiZleba miiRos mxolod ori mniSvneloba: an +1/2 an –1/2.

zeviT mimarTuli isari ↑ Seesabameba eleqtronis brunviT moZraobas erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi

ms= 1 2+ ↑­ ,­ xolo qveviT mimarTuli isari

↓­Sesabamisi eleqtronis brunviT moZraobas

sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, aseT SemTxvevaSi

ms= 1 2– ↓­ .

hundis wesis Tanaxmad, erTi qvedonis farglebSi orbitalebze eleqt­ro nebi ise ganlagdeba, rom maTi spinuri kvanturi ricxvebis jami iyos maqsimaluri.

magaliTisaTvis kvanturi ricxvis nakrebiT davaxasi­aToT eleqtronul­grafi­kuli formulaSi wiTlad aRniSnuli eleqtroni

↑­↓ ↑ ↑↑n = 2m=0

ℓ= 0 ℓ=1

m= –1 m=0 m=+1

moniSnuli eleqtroni xa­si aTde ba kvanturi ricxvebis Semdegi mniS v ne lobebiT n=2, ℓ=1, m=+1, ms= 1

2+ .

sorbitali

35

1 davuSvaT mTavari kvanturi ricxvi n=4.ramden SesaZloa mniSvnelobas miiRebs

a) Tanauri kvanturi ricxvi ℓb) ra SesaZlo mniSvnelobebs miiRebs magnituri kvanturi ricxvi,

rodesac ℓ=3, romel qvedones Seesabameba ℓ­is es mniSvnelobebi?

g) ramdeni orbitalia f-qvedoneze. axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.

2 ratom Seesabameba s-qvedones erTi s-orbitali. p-qvedones ki – sami. rogor aisaxeba es mosazreba magnituri kvanturi ricxvis mniSvne lobebiT.

3 eleqtroni moTavsebulia meore energetikuli donis p­qvedoneze, px orbitalze da misi spini gamoisaxeba ase ↓. SeadgineT kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebi am eleqtronisaTvis.

saSinao davaleba

1 daaxasiaTeT kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebiT wiTlad moniSnuli eleq t ro­nebi

↑­↓ ↑­↓ ↑­↓

↑­↓

↑n = 2

n = 1

↑ ↑ ↑ 1 2

1 2

1 2

3 2+ + + =

↑ ↓ ↑ 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2+ – + =

↑↓ ↑ 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2+ – + =

swored amitomaa, rom erTi qvedonis farglebSi erTnairi spinis mqone eleqtronebi ikaveben saTiTao orbitals da mxolod amis Semdeg wyvildebian sapirispiro spinis eleqtronebiT.

atomSi yovel eleqtrons kvanturi ricxvebis sakuTari, indi­vidualuri nakrebi aqvs, riTac is gansxvavdeba nebismieri sxva eleqtronisagan.

36

• qimiuri elementis mier warmoqmnili martivi da rTuli nivTierebebis Tvisebebi damokidebulia am elementis atomur masaze. am damokidebulebis forma periodulia.

aseTi Sinaarsisa iyo is amosavali debulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec d. mendeleevma qimiuri elementebis mier warmoqmnili martivi da rTuli nivTierebebis TvisebaTa cvlileba gamoikvlia.

man baraTebze amowera im droisTvis aRmoCenili da Seswavlili qimiuri elementebi da maTi naerTebi. am monacemTa Sejerebisas mecnierma Seadgina msgavsi Tvisebebis mqone elementTa jgufebi. maTi Sedarebisas ki aRmoaCina, rom sxvadasxva jgufSi moxvedril elementebsac ki aqvs saerTo niSnebi, isini qmnis erTian sistemas, romlis analizi cxadyofda, rom elementTa garkveuli Tvisebebi TandaTan izrdeba an mcirdeba, Semdeg ki meordeba periodulad.

am gamokvlevis safuZvelze d. mendeleevma Camoayaliba periodulobis kanoni, romelic Tanamedrove terminologiiT ase gamoiTqmis:

qimiur elementTa mier warmoqmnili martivi da rTuli nivTierebebis formebi da Tvisebebi periodul damokidebulebaSia elementis atomur masasTan.

perioduli sistema periodulobis kanonis grafikuli gamosaxulebaa, sadac d. mendeleevis mier formulirebuli kanonis mixedviT, qimiuri elementebi ganlagebulia fardobiTi atomuri masis zrdis mixedviT.

SeiswavleT periodul sistemaSi qimiur elementTa ganlageba fardobiTi atomuri masis zrdis mixedviT.

SeecadeT, axsnaT, ratom irRveva es principi argonisa da kaliumis K SemTxvevaSi?

ra Seicvleboda periodul sistemaSi es elementebi fardobiTi atomuri masis zrdis mixedviT rom iyos ganlagebuli? iangariSeT argonisa da kaliumis izotopebis narevis saSualo fardobiTi atomuri masebi.

perioduli sistema da atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba

1.9

argonis izotopebi

moluri wili bunebrivi izotopebis

narevSi

36Ar 0,31%

38Ar 0,06%

40Ar 99,6%

kaliumis izotopebi

moluri wili bunebrivi izotopebis

narevSi

39K 93,38%

40K 0,01%

41K 6,61%

dadginda, rom qimiuri elementebis um ravle soba bunebaSi gavrcelebulia izo to pebis narevis saxiT. periodul sistemaSi ki, elementis simbolosTan erTad, miTiTebulia fardobiTi atomuri masis saSualo mniS vneloba, romelic damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli izotopis moluri wili Warbobs bunebrivi izotopebis narevSi.

37

izotopebis arsebobis aRmoCenam cxadyo, rom qimiuri elementis raoba ganisazRvreba ara imdenad fardobiTi atomuri masiT, ram denadac atombirTvis muxtiT.

qimiuri elementis adgili periodul sis temaSi ganisazRvreba atom-birTvis muxtiT da aisaxeba atomuri nomriT.

amitom, periodulobis kanonis Tanamedrove formulireba aseTia:qimiur elementTa mier warmoqmnili martivi da rTuli nivTierebebis

for mebi da Tvisebebi periodul damo kidebulebaSia maTive atom birTvis muxtTan.

periodul sistemaSi atomuri nomrisa da periodis nomris msgavsad yvela sxva ricxvi elementis atoms axasiaTebs da misi eleqtronuli agebulebis Taviseburebebs asaxavs.

SeasruleT davaleba.

msgavsi kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba danarCeni A jgu febis SemTxvevaSic.

A jgufis elementebi qimiur reaqciebSi gare

Sris eleqtronebs iyenebs, erTi da imave A jgufis elemenetebis gareE Sreze eleqtronTa erTnairi ricxvia. amitom maTi qimiuri Tvisebebi msgavsia.

aseve msgavsia maT mier warmoqmnili oqsidebis da aqroladi wyalbad naerTebis Sedgeniloba da qimiuri formulebi. A jgufis nomeri emTxveva. gare ESreze eleqtronTa ricxvs. es kargad Cans cxrilidanac

B jgufis elementebi qi­miur reaqciebSi iyenebs ara mxolod gare Sris s­eleqt­ronebs, aramed gares wina Sris d­eleqtronebsac

magaliTad,

22Ti 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 savalento

eleqtronebi.

atomuri nomris fizikuri az ri gamo ik vlia

in gli selma mecnierma p. mozlim.

ivaraudeT, romel da ramden eleqtrons

gamoiyenebs qimiuri reaqciebSi magaliTad IIA jgufis metalebi?

aris Tu ara maTi qimiur Tvisebebi msgavsi? ra Sedgenilobis oqsids da hidroqsids

warmoqmnis?gaixseneT agreTve, ra kavSiria periodis

nomersa da atomSi eleq tronuli Sreebis raodenobas Soris?

SegaxsenebT, rom eleqt ronebs, romel­Tac qimiuri elementis atomi qimiur reaqcieb­Si iye nebs, savalento eleqt ronebi ewodeba. gare Sris eleqtronebi savalento eleqt ro­nebia.

38

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA IVA VIIAeleqtronuli

formulans1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5

savalento eleq­tronTa raodenoba

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

elementis valen­toba oqsidSi

I II III IV V VI VII

umaRlesi oqsidis formula

E2O EO E2O3 EO2 E2O5 EO3 E2O7

aqroladi wyalbad­naerTis formula

IV EH4

III EH3

II EH2

I EH

cxrilis mixedviT SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT perioduli sistemis agebulebazec.

yoveli periodi iwyeba s­elementiT, romelsac gare Sreze erTi s­eleqtroni aqvs. rogorc wesi, es tute metalia. periodi mTavrdeba p elementiT, romelsac gare Sreze ori s- da eqvsi p-eleqtroni aqvs – rogorc wesi es keTilSobili airia. A jgufebSi moTavsebulia s da p elementebi. B jgufebSi d elementebia. II jgufis me­6 da me­7 periodSi moTavsebuli unda iyos ara TiTo­TiTo elementi, Sesabamisad lanTani La da aqtiniumi Ac, aramed TxuTmet­TxuTmet, kerZod lanTanidan 57La luteciumis 71Lu CaTvliT – lanTanidebis jgufi da aqtiniumidan 89Ac lourensiumis 103Lr CaTvliT – aqtinidebis jgufi. mxolod imitom, rom perioduli sistema ar gadatvirTuliyo, aRniSnuli elementebi gamotanilia perioduli sistemis qvemoT – es f elementebia.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, elementis valentoba umaRles oqsidSi tolia jgufis nomris, xolo aqrolad wyalbadnaerTebSi rvisa da jgufis nomris sxvaobis.

j g u f i

lanTanidebi

aqtinidebi

39

1 konkretuli magaliTebiT daasabuTeT qvemoT moyvanili TiToeuli debu­lebis marTebuloba:

a) perioduli sistema aris qimiuri elementebis bunebrivi klasifika­ciis asaxva, romelic efuZneba am elementis atomTa eleqtronul agebulebas;

b) atombirTvis muxtis zrdasTan erTad periodulad icvleba qimi­uri elementis atomTa gare ele­qtronuli garsis agebuleba da Se­sabamisad, am elementTa Tvisebebi;

g) qimiuri elementebisa da misi naerTebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb msje­loba SesaZlebelia am elementis mdebareobis mixedviT periodul sistemaSi.

2 moiyvaneT or­ori konkre tuli magaliTi da eleqtronuli formu­liT aRwereT im elementebis at­omTa eleqtronuli konfi gu racia, romelTac Se esa bamebaT umaR lesi oqsidebi: a) E2O3 ; b) E2O5 .

3 elementis Sesaxeb cnobilia is, rom n=20, A=39: a) daadgineT romeli elementia;

b) kidev risi Tqma SegiZliaT am elementis Sesaxeb perioduli sistemis mixedviT?

4 gaecaniT fonze mo ce mul teqsts: 1) teqstis mixedviT da ad gineT:

kvle vis ra me To debi gamoiyena p. me li qi Svilma; monaxeT teqstSi

`dimitri mendeleevi Tavisi funda­menturi naSromis – `qimiis safuZvlebi~ – merve gamo cemaSi peri oduli sistemis ganmamtkicebel mecnierTa ricxvSi ixse­niebs petre meliqiSvils – qarTvel mec­niers, romlis gamokvlevebze dayrdno­biT mendeleevma qimiur element prazeo­diums periodul sistemaSi saTanado ad­gili miakuTvna.

1882 wels aRmoCenili elementi, prazeodiumi, ar iyo saTanadod Seswav­lili. zustad ar iyo gansazRvruli misi atomuri masac. gaurkveveli rCeboda misi adgili periodul sistemaSi. mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom pra zeodiumis adgili perioduli sistemis V jgufSia niobiumsa da tantals Soris. mendeleevi ki miiCnevda, rom prazeodiumi III jgufis elementia.

petre meliqiSvilma gadawyvita am sakiTxis Seswavla.

meliqiSvilma miiRo pra ze odiumis peroqsidi da daadgina, rom is mJava ki ara fuZe Tvisebi­saa da araferi aqvs saerTo niobiumisa da tantalis analo­giur naerTebTan. usafuZv loa prazeo­diumis me­5 jgufi­saTvis mikuT vne bis mcdeloba – misi ad­gili me­3 jgufSia.

`Tu elementi Pr marTlac me­5 jgufs ekuTv­nis, ma Sin mis peroqsids,* tantalisa da ni obi­umis peroq si de bis msgavsad mJava Tvisebebi un­da hqon des...~ – aRniSnavda pet re meliqiSvili.

petre meliqiSvili

periodul sistemaSi qimiuri elementebi ganlagebulia atombirTvis muxtis zrdis mixedviT. atombirTvis muxtis zrdasTan erTad periodulad icvleba eleqtronTa ricxvi elementis atomis gare ESreze. amitom elementebisa da maTi naerTebis Tvisebebi icvleba periodulad. elementis adgils periodul sistemaSi gviCvenebs atomuri nomeri, romelic gansazRvrulia protonebis ricxviT. periodul sistemaSi periodis nomeri gviCvenebs eleqtronuli Sreebis ricxvs elementis atomSi. eleqtronTa ricxvi A jgufis elementebis gare energetikul doneze ki emTxveva jgufis nomers.

40

daibada cimbirSi q. tobolskSi. saTanado ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, uni ver sitetSi Sesvlamde, muSaobda qimiis maswavleblad. 1859­1861 wlebSi mendeleevi muSaobda sadoqtoro disertaciaze, heidelbergis universitetSi. swored am periodSi imyofeboda konferenciaze, sadac cnobili italieli mecnieri kanicaro avrcelebda Tavis mier Sedgenil elementTa fardobiTi atomuri masebis cxrilis aslebs. am droidan mendeleevma muSaoba daiwyo qimiuri elementebis sistematizaciis problemebze da 1869 wels gamoaqveyna Tavisi cnobili perioduli sistema.

dimitri mendeleevi

1834-1907

saSinao davaleba

1 sacurao auzSi sadezinfeqciod, Cveulebriv, qlors iyeneben. wyalSi gaxs­nisas qlori masTan urTierTqmedebs da warmoqmnis qlorwyalbadmJavas da aramdgrad Jangba dian mJavas, romlis daSlis Sedegad gamoyofili atomuri Jangbadi klavs mikroorganizmebs:

Cl2+ H2O E HClO + HCl; HClO →HCl + O

risi Tqma SegiZliaT bromis Sesaxeb am TvalsazrisiT? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. Tu saWirod migaCniaT pasuxs daurTeT reaqciis

tolobac.

adgilebi romlebSic aRwerilia a) kvlevis sagnisa da obieqtis gansazRvris etapi b) ipoTezis Camoyalibebis etapi g) hipoTezis eqsperimentiT Semowmebis etapi d) daskvnis gamotanis etapi.

2) monaxeT periodul sis te maSi elementi prazeodiumi, da adgineT misi: a) atomis Sedgeniloba b) atomis eleqtronuli age buleba.

5 gaixseneT elementTa masuri wilis mixedviT naerTis formulis dadgenis wesi da amoxseniT amocana:

daadgineT oqsidis formula, romelic 60% Jangbads Seicavs, Tu oqsidis warmomqmneli elementi perioduli sistemis VI A jgufs miekuTvneba.

41

Tu davaleba sworad SeasruleT, is Cven mier SemoTavazebuli cxrilis msgavsi iqneba.

ivseba me­2 energe­tikuli done

3Li2s1

4Be2s2

5B2s22p1

6C2s22p2

7N2s22p3

8O2s22p4

9F2s22p5

ivseba me­3 energe­tikuli done

11Na2s1

12Mg3s2

13Al3s22p1

14Si3s23p2

15p3s23p3

16S3s23p4

7Cl3s23p5

cxrilidan Cans, rom TiToeul periodSi, marcnidan marjvniv, atombirTvis muxti izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba gare Sreze eleqtronTa ricxvic. aseve izrdeba atombirTvis mier gare Sris eleqtronebis mizidvis unari, amis gamo, atomi TiTqos ikumSeba da periodSi atomuri nomris zrdasTan erTad atomis radiusi TandaTan mcirdeba.

Zneli ar aris imis mixvedra, rom eleqtronis birTvTan mizidvis unaris gaZlierebisa da radiusis Semcirebis gamo atomi ufro advilad miierTebs eleqtronebs, vidre gascems. amitom periodSi, marcxnidan marjvniv, metaluri Tvisebebi sustdeba da arametaluri Zlierdeba. kanonzomierad icvleba elementTa naerTebis Tvisebebic. elementTa Sesabamisi fuZe oqsidebis Tvisebebi jer icvleba amfoteruliT, Semdeg ki gadadis mJavur TvisebebSi.

Na2O → MgO → Al2O3 → SiO2 → P2O5 → SO3 → Cl2O7

fuZe oqsidi amfoteruli mJava oqsidi

fuZe Tviseba sustdeba mJavuri Tviseba Zlierdeba

oqsidis Sesabamisi hidroqsidis Tvisebebic kanonzomierad icvleba. tutes fuZe cvlis, fuZes amfoteruli hidroqsidi, amfoteruli hidroqsidis momdevno hidroqsids sustad gamoxatuli mJava buneba aqvs, romelic TandaTan Zlierdeba.

NaOH → Mg(OH)2 → Al(OH)3 → H2SiO3 → H3PO4 → H2SO4 → HClO4

tute fuZe amfoteruli susti mJava

saSualo siZlieris

mJava

Zlieri mJava

Zalian Zlieri

MmJava

atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba da TvisebaTa perioduli cvlileba

1.10

amowereT perioduli sistemis pirveli sami periodis elementebis sim­boloebi TanmimdevrobiT. TiToeuls miuwereT gare Sris eleqtronuli for mula. daasaxeleT elementebi, romelTa gare eleqtronuli Sris agebuleba msgavsia. ras fiqrobT maTi qimiuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb?

wyali oqsidia, wyalTan sxva oqsidebis urTi erT qme debiT ki mi i­Re ba hidroqsidebi. fuZe oqsidebis Sesabamis hidroqsidebs fuZeebs uwodeben, xolo mJava oqsidebis Sesabamis hidroqsidebs mJavebs.

42

sqemas, romelic Cven mier dadgenil kanonzomierebas asaxvas aseTi saxe aqvs.

elementTa Tvisebebi periodSi.

atombirTvis muxti izrdeba.

gare Sreze eleqtronta ricxvi izrdeba.

birTvTan eleqtronis mizidva Zlierdeba.

atomis radiusi mcirdeba.

metaluri Tvisebebi mcirdeba, arametaluri Zlierdeba.

Sesabamisi oqsidis da hidroqsidis fuZe Tvisebebi mcirdeba da mJava Tvisebebi Zlierdeba.

axla SevadaroT A jgufis elementebis gare eleqtronuli Sris agebuleba da qimiuri Tvisebebi.

jgufi

periodi

V AmJavaTa

formu lebi

jgufi

periodi

IA fuZeTa formu lebi

2N

2s22p3 HNO3 23Li2s1 LiOH

3P

3s23p3 H3PO4 311Na3s1 NaOH

4As

4s24p3 H3AsO4 419Ka4s1 KaOH

5Sb

5s25p3 HSbO3 537Rb5s1 RbOH

6Bi

6s26p3 HBiO3 655Cs6s1 CsOH

rogorc cxrilidan Cans jgufSi, zemodan qvemoT, eleqtronuli Sreebis raodenoba izrdeba, eleqtronTa ricxvi gare Sreze ki rCeba ucvleli. Sesabamisad atomis radiusi TandaTan izrdeba.

atomis radiusis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba atombirTvis mier eleqtronis mizidvis unari. Sesabamisad, A jgufSi, atomuri normis zrdasTan erTad, metaluri Tvisebebi Zlierdeba da arametaluri Tvisebebi sustdeba.

fu

Ze T

vise

bebi

Zl

ier

deb

a

aram

etal

ur

i T

vise

bebi

su

std

eba

mJav

a T

vise

bebi

su

std

eba

met

alu

ri

Tvi

sebe

bi Z

lie

rd

eba

rac metia eleqtronTa ricxvi gare eleqtronul Sreze da naklebia atomis radiusi, miT ufro mkveTrad avlens elementi arametalur Tvisebebs. amitom periodSi, atomuri nomris zrdasTan erTad metaluri Tvisebebi sustdeba da arametaluri Tvisebebi Zlierdeba. jgufSi ki piriqiT, atomuri nomris zrdasTan erTad metaluri Tvisebebi Zlierdeba da arametaluri Tvisebebi sustdeba.

43

1 suraTze Tqven xedavT VIIA jgufis elementebis gare eleqtronuli Sris agebulebas da atomuri radiusebis cvlilebas. daasaxeleT VII jgufis ele menti, romelsac a) yvelaze metad aqvs gamoxatuli arametaluri Tvisebebi. b) yvelaze naklebad aqvs gamoxatuli arametaluri Tvisebebi. daasa buTeT Tqveni pasuxi.

jgufiperiodi

VIIA

2 9F 2s22p5

3 17Cl 3s23p5

4 35Br 4s24p5

5 53I 5s25p5

2 periodul sistemaSi diagonalTan axlos ganlagebuli elementebi avlens rogorc metalur, ise arametalur bunebas (sur. 1.17). axseniT es faqti.

3 II A jgufis elementebs Soris•­ romels aqvs yvelaze didi

atomuri radiusi?•­ romels aqvs yvelaze

metad gamoxatuli metaluri Tvisebebi?

•­ romlis Sesabamis hid ro­qsids aqvs yvelaze Zlieri fuZe buneba?

samive SemTxvevaSi da asa bu­TeT Tqveni pasuxi.

4 naxSirbadi da tyvia IVA jgufis elementebia. ras fiqrobT, ratom aris naxSirbadi arametali, tyvia ki metali?

5 elementi, romlis umaRlesi oqsidis zogadi formulaa EO3 , warmoqmnis aqrolad wyalbadnaerTs, romelSic wyalbadis masuri wilia 2,47%. daasaxeleT elementi.

saSinao davaleba

1. mJava Tu fuZe bunebisaaa) dariSxanis b) selenis g) galiumis d) germaniumisSesabamisi umaRlesi oqsidi da hidroqsididaasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

sur. 1.17 qimiuri elementis perioduli sistemis fragmenti

44

TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom rac ufro mcirea atomuri radiusi, miT ufro axlosaa eleqtronebi atombirTvTan da miT ufro Zlieria atombirTvisa da eleqtronebs Soris arsebuli mizidvis Zalebi.

rogorc wesi, eleqtronebis birTvTan kavSiris simtkices afaseben ionizaciis energiis mniSvnelobiT.

minimalur energias, romelic aucilebelia erTi moli atomisagan erTi moli eleqtronis mosaxleCad, ionizaciis energia ewodeba.

1.18 suraTze gamosaxuli grafiki asaxavs ionizaciis energiis cvlilebis damokidebulebas atomur nomerze.

rac ufro naklebia ionizaciis energia, miT ufro advilad moiwyvets elementis atomi eleqtronebs. ionizaciis energia naklebia gare Sris eleqtronebis SemTxvevaSi.

rogorc grafikidan Cans, yvelaze naklebi ionizaciis energia tute metalebs aqvs. tute metalebis gare eleqtronul Sreze TiTo s­eleqtronia. qimiur reaqciebSi isini advilad moiwyveten am erT eleqtrons.

magaliTad, natriumis atomidan eleqtronis mowyvetis Semdeg warmoiqmneba natriumis dadebiTad damuxtuli ioni, anu kationi. am procesSi icvleba atomis gare Sris eleqtronuli agebuleba, rac gamoisaxeba eleqtronuli formulis cvlilebiT.

Na Na+

1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p6

– e– e

ionizaciis energia da perioduli sistema1.11

• eleqtronebis gacema­mierTebis Sedegad atomisgan warmoiqmneba ioni. ra `aiZulebs~ atoms, rom ioni gaxdes?

sur.1.18 atomis ionizaciis energiis atomur nomerze damokide bulebis grafiki.

atomuri nomeri

ioni

zac

iis

ener

gia

45

magniumisMaTvis analogiur sqemas Semdegi saxe aqvs:

Mg Mg2+

1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p6

– 2e– 2e

rogorc xedavT, neitraluri atomebidan kationis warmoqmnis dros orive atomma SeiZina Sesabamisi keTilSobili airis neonis eleqtronuli konfiguracia: 8Ne1s22s22p6. neons rvaeleqtroniani, dasrulebuli, mdgradi eleqtronuli Sre aqvs. aseTive mdgradi, rvaeleqtroniani Sre aqvs da energetikulad xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi gadadis magniumis da natriumis atomebi Sesabamisi ionebis warmoqmnis Semdeg.

natriumisa da magniumis msgavsad IA da IIA jgufis metalebs gare Sreze eleqtronTa mcire ricxvi da didi atomuri radiusi aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ionizaciis energia mcirea da Sesabamisi keTilSobili airis eleqtronuli konfiguracias elementi eleqtronebis gacemiT aRwevs.

grafikidan mkafiod Cans isic, rom tute metalebis ionizaciis energia atomuri nomris zrdasTan erTad TandaTan mcirdeba. amitom, yvelaze advilad tute metalebs Soris eleqtrons moiwyvets franciumi, yvelaze Znelad ki liTiumi. amitom yvelaze Zlierad metaluri Tvisebebi gamoxatulia franciumSi.

atomuri nomris zrdasTan erTad jgufSi s- da p­ elementebis ionizaciis energia mcirdeba. es asec unda iyos, rodesac atomebis gare Sris eleqtro­nuli konfiguracia erTnairia, eleqtronis mowyveta ufro advilia im atomidan, romelsac ufro didi radiusi aqvs. mizezi ki is aris, rom ufro di di radiusis mqone atomSi gare Sris eleqtronebi ufro dacilebulia birTvidan da birTvic maT ufro sustad izidavs. rac ufro advilia eleqtronis mowyveta elementis atomidan, miT ufro metad aqvs elements gamoxatuli metaluri Tvisebebi.

im elementTa atomebidan, romelTac gare Sreze eleqtronTa didi ricxvi da mcire atomuri radiusi aqvs, eleqtronTa mowyveta gaZnelebulia, maTi ionizaciis energia didia, amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi elementis atomi Sesabamisi keTilSobili airis eleqtronul konfiguracias eleqtronebis mierTebiT da anionis warmoqmniT aRwevs.

gamovsaxoT es procesi sqemis saxiT:

Cl +e Cl– 1s22s22p63s23p5 +e 1s22s22p63s23p6

S +2e S2– 1s22s22p63s23p4 +2e 1s22s22p63s22p6

eleqtronebis SeerTebis procesSi Seicvala atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba da eleqtronuli formula. warmoqmnili anionebis eleqtronuli konfiguracia ki Sesabamisi keTilSobili airis argonis eleqtronuli kon fi guraciis identuria. argonis gare Sres mdgradi rvaeleqtroniani konfi guracia aqvs. aseTive mdgradi, rvaeleqtroniani gare Sre aqvs da

romeli ionis warmoqmnaa ufro ioli, Mg2+­is Tu Na+­is. axseniT Tqveni pasuxi me­18 suraTze gamosaxuli grafikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.

46

energetikulad xelsayrel mdgoma reobaSi gadadis qlorisa da gogirdis atomebi Sesabamisi anionebis warmoqmnis Sedegad.

qlori ufro advilad warmoqmnis ions Tu gogirdi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia: qlors gare Sris dasasruleblad mxolod erTi eleqtroni esaWiroeba. gogirds ki – ori. amitom qlori ufro advilad warmoqmnis ions vidre gogirdi.

zogadad ki, rac ufro naklebi eleqtroni esaWiroeba atoms gare Sris dasasruleblad, miT ufro advilia eleqtronebis mierTeba da Sesabamisi ionis warmoqmna. amave dros, rac ufro naklebia atomuri radiusi, miT ufro advilia eleqtronebis mierTeba da Sesabamisi ionis warmoqmna. magaliTad, qlori ufro advilad warmoqmnis ions, vidre bromi.

atomebis mier eleqtronebis mierTeba­gacemis Sedegad war mo iqmneba ionebi. ionis warmoqmnisas atomi keTilSobili airis eleqtronuli konfiguraciis identur mdgrad eleqtronul konfiguracias iZens. rac ufro mcirea ionizaciis energia, miT ufro advilia elementis atomidan eleqtronebis mowyveta da ionis warmoqmna. amitom metalebi ions warmoqmnis eleqtronebis gacemiT. didi ionizaciis energiis SemTxvevaSi ki elementis atomi ierTebs eleqtonebs, warmoqmnis ions da am gziT aRwevs Sesabamisi keTilSobili airis eleqtronuli konfiguraciis identur eleqtronul konfiguracias. ami tom arametalebi ions war­moqmnis eleqtronebis mier TebiT.

elementiatomuri

radiusi, nm

ionizaciis

energia kj/moliLi 0,16 520Na 0,17 496K 0,22 419Bb 0,23 403Cs 0,25 376

a) b)

1 suraTze Tqven xedavT elementis atomis da ionis modelebs:

•­ daasaxeleT elementi•­ romeli modeli Seesabameba

elementis atoms da romeli ions?•­ SeadgineT atomis da ionis

eleqtronuli formulebi.•­ SeadgineT elementis atomisagan ionis warmoqmnis sqema.•­ daasaxeleT keTilSobili airi, romelsac am ionis identuri eleqtronuli

konfiguracia aqvs. daasaxeleT kidev ori ioni, romelTac SesaZloa aseTive eleqtronuli konfiguracia hqondes.

2 cxrilSi mocemulia IA jgufis elementebis atomuri ra diusebi da ioni zaciis energiis mniSvne lo bebi. aageT grafiki, ro melic:a) asaxavs elementTa ato muri ra­

di usebis cvlilebis damo ki debulebas ato mur nomerTan;

b) ionizaciis energiis cvli lebis damokidebulebas atomur nomerze.

gaanalizeT grafikebi da gamoiyeneT

47

saSinao davaleba

1 axseniT, ra aris imis mizezi, rom metalebi ionebs eleqtronebis gacemis, arametalebi ki eleqtronebis SeerTebis gziT warmoqmnis.

2 ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli fToris atomisagan ionis warmoqmna? SeadgineT Sesabamisi sqema. romeli keTilSobili airis eleqtronul konfiguraciis identuria

fToris ionis eleqtronuli konfiguracia ? daasaxeleT sxva ioni, romelsac SesaZloa aseTive eleqtronuli

konfiguracia hqondes.

daskvna _ ra kavSiria ionizaciis energiasa da atomur radiuss Soris.

3 cxadia, SesaZlebelia ato mi sagan ara erTi, aramed ramdenime eleqtronis moxleCa. magaliTad, nax Sirbadis atomisgan pirveli, me ore, mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe eleq tronis mosawyvetad, Sesa­bamisad, saWiroa ioni zaciis Semdegi ener gi ebi (ix. cxrili).

SeadgineT naxSirbadis eleq tro nuli konfiguraciis sqema da Se ecadeT axsnaT:

a) ratom Wirs ufro da ufro yoveli momdevno eleqtronis mowyveta?b) ratom gansxvavdeba ase Zlier mexuTe eleqtronis mosawyvetad saWiro

ionizaciis energia pirveli oTxi eleqtronis mosawyvetad saWiro ionizaciis energiebisagan?

4 suraTze mocemulia III periodis elementebis atomuri da ionuri radiusebi. axseniT, ra ganapirobebs maT Soris gansxvavebas. ratom izrdeba anionis radiusi atomis radiusTan SedarebiT, maSin rodesac kationis radiusi mcirdeba? ras fiqrobT, unda iyos Tu ara ionuri radiusebis cvlileba perioduli? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

ioni Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ P3- S2- Cl-

ionis zoma

ionuri radiusi

(NMnm.)0,095 0,065 0,050 0,212 0,184 0,181

atomi Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

atomis zoma

atomuri radiusi

(nm.)0,156 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099

ionizaciis energia

ionizaciis energiis mniSvneloba

0 kj.moli

DH1 1086

DH2 2553

DH3 4619

DH4 6222

DH5 37827

48

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

1 suraTze gamosaxul perioduli sistemis fragmentSi heliumis, liTi­umisa da boris mdebareoba aRniSnulia maTive simboloebiT. danarCeni aRniSvnebi ar aris elementis simboloebi, isini miuTiTebs mxolod da mxolod ele mentis adgils periodul sistemaSi.

1

2

3 HeLi B

T U W Q X Y Z

a) miuTiTeT, cxrilis romel nawilSia moTavsebuli:1) s­ elementebi; 2) p- elementebi; 3) d- elementebi.

b) eleqtronuli formuliT aRwereT T elementis eleqtronuli age bu leba. T elementis ioniziaciis energiaa meti Tu liTiumis ionizaciis energia?

daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.g) SeadgineTY X da Y elementebis qlorTan naerTebis formulebi.

2 d. mendeleevis mier perioduli sistemis gamoqveynebamde sul raRac 5 wliT adre, 1864 w. ingliseli qimikosi jon niulendsi aRniSnavda, rom Tu qimiur elementebs atomuri masis zrdis mixedviT ganvalagebT, dawyebuli romelime elementidan, yoveli merve elementi sawyisi elementis msgavsi iqneba. am wess qimikosma `oqtavebis wesi~ uwoda. 1865 wels ki, jon niulendsma gamoaqveyna cxrili, romelSic qimiuri elementebi ganlagebuli iyo `oqtavebis wesis~ mixedviT.

amave dros, qimiuri elementebi danomrili iyo fardobiTi atomuri masis zrdis Sesabamisad. suraTze gamosaxulia am cxrilis pirveli sami rigi.

a) gamoikvlieT, yvela elementis SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs Tu ara `oqtavebis wesi~? sad SeiniSneba am wesis aSkara darRveva?

b) ratom ver ganzogadda `oqtavebis wesi~ yvela elementis SemTxvevaSi?

H1

Li2

Be3

B4

C5

N6

O7

F8

Na9

Mg10

Al11

Si12

P13

S14

Cl15

K16

Ca17

Cr18

Ti19

Mn20

Fe21

j. niulendsis `oqtavebis wesiT~ ganlagebuli qimiuri

elementebis mwkrivi.

`oqtavebis wesma~ ver moipova aRiareba da didi xniT daviwye­bas mieca. rodesac j. niulends­ma Tavisi statia warudgina londonis qimikosTa sazoga­doebas, mas sarkastulad hkiTx­es – xom ar api rebda qimiuri ele mentebis gan lage bas anbanis mixedviT, maTi sa xelwodebis pirveli asoebis Sesabamisad.

49

3 ra aris gamosaxuli diagramiT?ramdenad TvalsaCinod asaxavs sakiTxis

arss? CamoayalibeT werilobiT. SecvaleT diagrama ise, rom igi ufro TvalsaCino gax­des. sTxoveT Tanaklasels, Seafasos Tqveni namuSevari da Sefasebisas isic gaiTvaliswi­nos, ramdenad srulad SeZeliT diagramidan gamomdinare informaciis organizeba.

es strategia dagexmarebaT atomis eleqtronuli agebulebisa da energetikul doneebsa da qvedoneebze eleqtronebis ganawilebis principebis ukeT gaazrebaSi. agreTve TvalsaCino xerxiT mocemuli informaciis werilobiT Camoyalibebis unaris ganviTarebaSi.

4 romeli elementis energetikuli diagramaa gamosaxuli suraTze? ra Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi unda hqondes mis Jangbad­ da wyalbadnaerTebs? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi, warmoadgineT, rac SeiZleba meti mtkicebuleba.

5 codnis TviTSefasebas SeZlebT samuSao rveulSi mocemuli testuri davalebebiT.