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Fidel Liberal, Jose Oscar Fajardo, Bego Blanco, Rubén Solozabal, Ianire Taboada
QoX oriented management mechanisms in towards-5G cloud enabled RANs
Outline • Introduction • Towards-5G Cloud Enabled RANs (CRAN, MEC & FS) • NFV & Optimization loops • Example 1. C-RAN, MEC: Impact into higher layers • Example 2. MEC: Channel-aware Service Level scheduling • Example 3. Robust optimization on VNF placement
2
Disclaimer AKA excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta
5G Requirements User experienced
data rate(Mbit/s)
100
Spectrumefficiency
IMT-2020
3´
500
1106
10
20
100´Mobility(km/h)
Latency(ms)
Connection density(devices/km )
2
Networkenergy efficiency
Area trafficcapacity
(Mbit/s/m )2
Peak data rate(Gbit/s)
10
1´
400350
10105
10´1´
10.1
1
IMT-advanced
Source: ITU-R M.2083-0
Source: Face in Hole
Where’s Wally Pareto?
Multiple trade-off!!!
3/24
5G Requirements II
Source: 5G empowering vertical industries (5G-PPP)
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Closed?
4/24
5G Requirements: Beyond NR
5G challenges: - Low Latency services - Hi Bandwitdh- Ultra-dense - HighTraffic (IoT) - Mission-Critical services
- CAPital EXpenditure (CAPEX) - OPerational EXpenditures
(OPEX) VS
5G technology pillars:
- Aggregation of HW resources Virtualization: SDN & NFV & MEC
5/24 Ref: Technology pillars in the architecture of future 5G mobile networks: NFV, MEC and SDN, “Blanco et al.
LTE
Single eNB
UEeNodeB
Split of digital and radio parts
UERRHBBU
eNodeB
Mobile fronthaul
Moving towards 5G => CE-RAN
VNFs PNFs
Ref: Small Cell Forum 6/24
4G à 5G
v-BBU
v-BBU
v-BBU
RRHRRH
RRH
RRH
RRH
UE
Macro-cells
Small cells
CloudSDR-based
BBU
NFV-based
fronthaul
v-fronthaul
hetnet densification
C-RAN vs. MEC
RRM
Mobile fronthaul
...
Centralized functions
...
Mobile fronthaul
MEC
...
MEC
Remote functions
Centralized functions
Remote functions
a) fully centralized RAN b) partially centralized RAN
...RRM
7/24
MEC I
Centralized CE-RAN
PNF
MEC II
MAC
RLC
PHY
RRC PDCP
SON OAM APP
RF
PNFs
VNFs
Functional split III
MAC
RLC
PHY
RRC PDCP
PNFs
SON OAM APP
VNFs
Functional split II
Functional split I
APP
VNFs
SC
Distributed CE-RAN
PNF
SC
PNF
SC
Hybrid MANO
RRH
BBU
Fully centralized CE-RAN Distributed CE-RAN
EPC
5G Cloud enabled Radio Access Network
8/24
5G NFV (ETSI MANO)
9/24
Optimization loops VIM
-VNFM
LightD
C
OBSERVE PLAN
DECIDEACT
LEARN
NVFO
VNFM
-VIM
OBSERVE PLAN
DECIDEACT
LEARN
NMS-EM
SNFV
O+V
NF
OBSERVE PLAN
DECIDEACT
LEARN
VNFVN
F
OBSERVE PLAN
DECIDEACT
LEARN
10/24
Optimization loops II options
• Technologically improviing/optimizing a specific VNF itself => example 1 and 2 – Due to reduced latencies, MEC etc – Tradeoff delay and effect into
• TP and HARQ => Example 1 • Channel-aware scheduling => Example 2
• Optimizing the overall system => example 3 – Multi-tenant VNF placement
11/24
Impact of C-RAN on higher layers
• COST Across TF6 related – Impact of reducing delay into transport protocols
• Mobility Requirement!!!!
– MEC or 5G scenarios (C-RANs)
• HARQ (UPV/EHU with UMA) – Functional split vs. Non ideal fronthaul?
Example 1
12/24
Impact of C-RAN on higher layers • Impact of reducing delay
– MEC or 5G scenarios (Transport end-points closer –delay-)
Example 1
Context
Mobilityscenario1under4Glatencies
Mobilitypattern1 Mobilitypattern2
Mean MeanCI Mean MeanCI
CUBIC 24.18 6.59 21.87 6.89
NewReno 22.95 7.95 19.87 7.16
BBR 25.43 18.7 24.42 17.54
Westwood+ 16.08 8.01 17.16 7.68
Illinois 26.2 10.7 23.35 14.84
Context
Mobilityscenario2under4Glatencies
Mobilitypattern1 Mobilitypattern2
Mean MeanCI Mean MeanCI
CUBIC 12.62 7.81 8.76 5.51
NewReno 10.63 7.58 4.15 2.89
BBR 9.09 10.21 9 6.76
Westwood+ 8.61 4.13 7.58 4.28
Illinois 11.48 6.8 8.95 5.84
Context
Mobilityscenario1underlowlatencies
Mobilitypattern1 Mobilitypattern2
Mean MeanCI Mean MeanCI
CUBIC 28.18 8.84 28.21 9.02
NewReno 28.68 9.4 24.89 10.36
BBR 28.69 8.29 26.84 8.41
Westwood+ 16.57 10.83 20.3 12.27
Illinois 28.19 9.1 23.81 11.78
Context
Mobilityscenario2underlowlatencies
Mobilitypattern1 Mobilitypattern2
Mean MeanCI Mean MeanCI
CUBIC 10.33 5.98 11.91 5.4
NewReno 15.79 5.86 12.43 4.97
BBR 14.66 5.38 9.35 5.32
Westwood+ 14.66 4.76 8.11 5.58
Illinois 15.82 5.48 11.46 4.92
13/24
Impact of C-RAN on higher layers
• HARQ (UPV/EHU ongoing currently with UMA) – Hybrid & non ideal fronthauls
• Effect of HARQ/NACK and CQI report delaying
Example 1
14/24 Ref: Impact of Front-Haul Delays in Non-Ideal Cloud Radio Access Networks” Carreras et al.
MEC as channel-aware scheduling enabler
• Optimization idea: – Use radio channel state to optimize radio transmission:
• Radio (L2) level • Service level
• Scenario – Towards 5G network
• Option a) – Full C-RAN
• Option b) – MEC
Example 2
15/24
Ref: “Radio-aware service-level scheduling to minimize downlink traffic delay through MEC” Fajardo et al.
Example: MEC 2-layer traffic scheduler
Cloud-enabledRadio Access Network
Mobile Backhaul
Core Network
Traffic sources
Mobile EdgeScheduler
Incoming traffic flows Flow- and
channel-aware scheduling
Cell load
Fine-grain CQI reporting
(CRR)
CRR = CQI Reporting Rate to eNodeBCG-CRR = CQI Reporting Rate to MEC scheduler
eNodeB
MECServer
Coarse-grain CQI reporting
(CG-CRR)
Shaped traffic flows offered to eNodeB
Traffic flows scheduled by
eNodeB
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 105
0
5
10
15
CQI
Time (ms)
CQI eNodeB (5ms)CQI MESch (1s)
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
CG-CRR (ms)
Est
imat
ed T
hr. -
Act
ual T
hr. (
kbps
)
Average Thr. OverestimationAverage Thr. Underestimation
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 40000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
CG-CRR (ms)
Ave
rage
Thr
. Mis
s-es
timat
ion
(kbp
s)
EVALD Inst. CQI
EVALD Median CQI
EVAHD Inst. CQI
EVAHD Median CQI
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
10
20
30
40
50
60
ρ
Mea
n de
lay
(s)
eNodeB(BC)MESch-eNodeB(BC)eNodeB(MASPI)
16/24
Example: MEC multimedia scheduler
Cloud-enabledRadio Access Network
Mobile core
network
Core Network
DASHServer
DASHClient
ME-DAFDASH SVC
cache
HTTP GETHTTP GET
(new segments)DASH
Manager
Adaptation Algorithm
RAN monitor
Cell load
Link quality
Fine-grain CQI reporting
(CRR)
CRR = CQI Reporting Rate to eNodeBCRR-2 = CQI Reporting Rate to ME-DAF
eNodeB
MECServer
Coarse-grain CQI reporting
(CRR-2)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 105
0
5
10
15
CQI
Time (ms)
Class-1 CQI eNodeBClass-2 CQI eNodeBClass-1 CQI ME-DAFClass-2 CQI ME-DAF
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
CG-CRR (ms)
Est
imat
ed T
hr. -
Act
ual T
hr. (
kbps
)
Average Thr. OverestimationAverage Thr. Underestimation
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 40000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
CG-CRR (ms)
Ave
rage
Thr
. Mis
s-es
timat
ion
(kbp
s)
"Class-1" Inst. CQI"Class-1" Median CQI"Class-2" Inst. CQI"Class-2" Median CQI
eNodeB Client C-MEC CB-MEC1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5BC
MO
S
AggregationClass-1 UEsClass-2 UEs
eNodeB Client C-MEC CB-MEC1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5LC
MO
S
AggregationClass-1 UEsClass-2 UEs
(b)(a)
17/24 Ref: “Improving Content Delivery Efficiency through Multi-Layer Mobile Edge Adaptation ” Fajardo et al.
Service Level Agreement (Multiple Tenants deployment in a Football Stadium)
Challenge: “ensuring QoS per tenant” while minimizing power consumption
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3 VIRT
UAL
INFRAS
TRUCT
URE
CORENETWORK
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1 SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF SCVNF
vFW
VA
vFW
vID*
vWM
vCachevFW
vCache
vTU
SCVNF1
SCVNF1 SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
SCVNF1
HWAcc
CPUs
vID
NS2
NS1
NS1
NS1
NS1
NS1
NS1
NS1 N
S3
NS3N
S1
NS2
Networktopology
vFW vCache vTU
vFW VA
vFW vID vWM vCache <lat1
<lat2
<lat3
TENAN
T1
SCVNF
SCVNF
TENAN
T2
NS1
NS2
NS3
MEC I
Centralized CE-RAN
PNF
MEC II
MAC
RLC
PHY
RRC PDCP
SON OAM APP
RF
PNFs
VNFs
Functional split III
MAC
RLC
PHY
RRC PDCP
PNFs
SON OAM APP
VNFs
Functional split II
Functional split I
APP
VNFs
SC
Distributed CE-RAN
PNF
SC
PNF
SC
Hybrid MANO
RRH
BBU
Fully centralized CE-RAN Distributed CE-RAN
EPC
18/24
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
AUTOMOTIVEDATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Automated drivingShare my viewBird’s eye viewDigitalization of transport and logisticsInformation society on the road
e-HEALTH
Assets and interventions management in HospitalRoboticsRemote monitoringSmarter medication
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Grid backhaulGrid access
Grid backbone
ENERGYDATA RATE
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Collaborative gaming
Ultra high fi delity mediaOn-site Live Event Experience User/Machine generated contentImmersive and integrated mediaCooperative media production
MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY(SPEED)
(LOW)LATENCY
POSITIONINGACCURACY
Additional Capabilities
• Service Deployment Time.• Data Volume.• Autonomy.• Security.• Identity.
FIGURE 2: VERTICALS SECTORS’ CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS
SPIDERS CHARTS
DENSITY
RELIABILITY
1110
and eHealth with maximum value in the order of 500 km/h..
• E2E Latency: Maximum tolerable elapsed time from the instant a data packet is generated
at the source application to the instant it is received by the destination application. If direct
mode is used, this is essentially the maximum tolerable air interface latency. If infrastructure
mode is used, this includes the time needed for uplink, any necessary routing in the
infrastructure, and downlink. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories
with minimum values of 100 µs to 10 ms.
• Density (number of devices): Maximum number of devices (vehicles in the case of Automotive)
per unit area that are 5G capable, although they might not all be generating traffi c simultaneously for the specifi ed application. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Factories with up to 100/m2.
• Reliability: Maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer within the maximum
tolerable end-to-end latency for that application. The most demanding vertical use cases are
related to eHealth with values up to 99.99999%.
• Position Accuracy (Location): Maximum positioning error tolerated by the application. The
most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive with minimum values in the order
of 0.3 m.
In addition to these ITU-like capabilities, the Coverage capability is also assessed as critical for the
diff erent vertical sectors: • Coverage: Area within which or population for which the application should function
correctly, i.e. the specifi ed requirements (latency, reliability and data rate) are achieved. Most of the vertical sectors have strong requirements on geographic and/or population coverage.
The analysis of the key requirements from the diff erent vertical sectors on this critical baseline lead to the spider charts captured in Figure 2. The quantifi cation is based on the following ranking: (0) No requirement, (1) Low level of requirement or no specifi c constraint, (2) Medium level of requirement, which could be satisfi ed with existing legacy systems (3) High level of requirement, which may be at the limit or not satisfi ed with the existing legacy systems and (4) Very high level of requirement, corresponding to the 5G Infrastructure PPP targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
No single vertical use case requires the full set of 5G capabilities to be met at the same time. The
5G system will be relying on a dynamic and fl exible function allocation and confi guration and 5G networks will highly rely on software networking, virtualization and slicing techniques. It is expected
that the softwarisation of infrastructure composition and usage will allow addressing various use
cases from the vertical sectors, as detailed in Chapter 4.
The following additional capabilities are also assessed as key from the vertical sectors perspectives:
• Service Deployment Time: Duration required for setting up end-to-end logical network
slices characterised by respective network level guarantees (such as bandwidth guarantees,
End-to-End (E2E) latency, reliability…) required for supporting services of that particular vertical
sector. Programmable networks and multi-tenant capability in 5G will ensure speedy deployment
of services (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets 90 minutes for service deployment).
• Data Volume: Quantity of information transferred (downlink and uplink) per time interval
over a dedicated area (e.g. 5G Infrastructure PPP targets a maximum of 10 Tb/s/km2).
• Autonomy: Time duration for a component to be operational without power being supplied.
It relates to battery lifetime, battery load capacity and energy effi ciency. • Security: System characteristic ensuring globally the protection of resources and
encompassing several dimensions such as authentication, data confi dentiality, data integrity, access control, non-repudiation…
• Identity: Characteristic to identify sources of content and recognise entities in the system.
One key parameter to guarantee the fast adoption of 5G is the possibility to access low cost
solutions in several use cases of the vertical sectors.
5G VERTICAL SECTORS: BEYOND TODAY’S NETWORK CAPABILITIESThrough an integration of various radio access technologies and Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-
nication, 5G is expected to provide the coverage needed to support road safety applications eve-
rywhere. Additionally, by targeting an end-to-end latency of 5 ms (down to 1 ms for direct mode)
with extreme network reliability and enabling scalability of solutions by providing deterministic per-
formances also at high load, 5G is envisioned to be a key enabler for automated driving and related
critical services for which the stringent requirements could not yet met by existing technologies.
Manufacturing is one of the most demanding industry in terms of 5G networking support (mobility
and wireless broadband), requiring ultra-high reliability, latencies down to 1 ms (for real time
process control), and densities of more than 10 to 100 machine sensor streams per square meter.
Existing legacy technologies however do not handle mobility, especially in terms of handovers. In
addition, the bandwidth per object is very limited (100 b/s, < 1ko/day) and the latency is high (one
full second may be needed to transmit a message), thus not allowing the deployment of real time
applications. Also, due to the utilization of unlicensed bands, these technologies lack dedicated
quality-of-service guarantees. ■
The following chapter reviews the target performance parameters for 5G, currently being assessed globally and discuss the key performance parameters derived from a comprehensive analysis of the use cases
introduced in Chapter 1, as well as present a mapping of the most plausible vertical scenarios onto the new fundamental capabilities of 5G.
5G KEY CAPABILITIES AND KPIsAs described in the 5G Infrastructure PPP Vision (March 201516), the 5G capabilities will
provide ubiquitous access to a wide range of applications and services with increased resilience,
continuity, and much higher resource effi ciency, while protecting security and privacy. In addition, 5G will provide enormous improvements in capacity and boost user data rates. The
highly demanding capabilities of 5G require an outstanding research and innovation eff ort to reach orders of magnitude of improvement over the current technology and infrastructure.
The following 5G targets, which are under further discussion worldwide, in bodies such
as International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), and Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN)
Alliance, indicate the advances of 5G systems compared to previous generation:
• 1,000 X in mobile data volume per geographical area reaching a target of 0.75 Tb/s
for a stadium.
• 1,000 X in number of connected devices reaching a density ≥ 1M terminals/km2.
• 100 X in user data rate reaching a peak terminal data rate ≥1 Gb/s for cloud
applications inside offi ces. • 1/10 X in energy consumption compared to 2010 while traffi c is increasing dramatically at the same time.
• 1/5 X in end-to-end latency reaching delays ≤ 5 ms.
• 1/5 X in network management Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
• 1/1,000 X in service deployment time reaching a complete deployment in
≤ 90 minutes.
• Guaranteed user data rate ≥ 50 Mb/s.
• Capable of IoT terminals ≥ 1 trillion.
• Service reliability ≥ 99.999% for specifi c mission critical services. • Mobility support at speed ≥ 500 km/h for ground transportation.
• Accuracy of outdoor terminal location ≤ 1 m.
IDENTIFYING 5G VERTICAL SECTORS USE CASES AND REQUIREMENTSThere is a worldwide eff ort on the further characterization of 5G use cases and related requirements (e.g. ITU, 3GPP SMARTER, NGMN...). The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (PPP) is progressing on the identifi cation of uses cases with a clear eff ort on verticals markets, e.g. the fi ve white papers addressing Factories, Automotive, eHealth, En-ergy as well as Media and Entertainment.
Considering the 5G Infrastructure Association vertical use cases introduced in Chapter 1,
the three ITU-R usage scenarios17 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications and the related
spider diagram capabilities), the eight NGMN use case families18 and the four 3GPP use
cases groups19 (Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive IoT (mIoT), Critical
Communications (CriC) and Network Operation (NEO)) covering more than seventy distinct
use cases, this section presents the 5G Infrastructure PPP vertical use cases capabilities
spiders, considering the major relevant capabilities of each vertical sector.
Several ITU-like capabilities can be considered as critical parameters for the diff erent vertical sectors:
• Data Rate: Required bit rate for the application to function correctly. It corresponds
to the user experienced data rate as defi ned by ITU. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Media & Entertainment with maximum values in the order of Gb/s.
• Mobility (speed): Maximum relative speed under which the specifi ed reliability should be achieved. The most demanding vertical use cases are related to Automotive
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3
u http://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf
i http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.2083-0-201509-I!!PDF-E.pdf
o https://www.ngmn.org/uploads/media/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
p http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.891/22891-110.zip
FACTORIES
Time-critical process controlNon time-critical factory automationRemote controlIntra/Inter-enterprise communicationConnected goods
DATA RATE
DENSITYRELIABILITY
COVERAGEMOBILITY
(LOW)POSITIONING
(SPEED)
LATENCYACCURACY
Ref:A Robust Optimization Based Energy-Aware Virtual Network Function Placement Proposal for Small Cell 5G Networks with Mobile Edge Computing Capabilities Blanco et al.
VNF1
VNF1
VNF1 VNF2 VNF2
VNF2 VNF3 VNF3 VNF5
VNF1 VNF3 VNF4 VNF4 VNF6
VNF2 VNF3 VNF4
VNF1 VNF2 VNF3
VNF1 VNF2 VNF3 VNF4 VNF5 VNF6
VNF1
VNF1 VNF2 VNF2
VNF2 VNF3 VNF3 VNF5
VNF1 VNF3 VNF4 VNF4 VNF6
< lat1
< lat2
< lat3
RAM
HD
CPU
Network topology Link
capacity and delay
Proposed solution:
Discrete combinational optimization problem
Constraint programming
Robust optimization techniques (variable traffic demand)
FlatZinc with GeCode constraint solver
http://www.gecode.org/flatzinc.html
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3
Stochastic modeling of the whole system => complex multi-dimensional coupled problem => Dead End => A. Kassler (KAU )+ RO
19/24
Model constraints:
Network service:
Latency of a Network Service
Global Power Consumption
• SCVNF processing time• Service VNF processing time• Network transmission time
• Power consumption of CPUs• Power consumption of cell chassis• Power consumption of switch
Service flavor:
Cost function:
Aggregated Traffic • Nominal traffic + Robust protection
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3
20/24
SC Modeling:
• VNFs are modeled to use resources (i.e. %CPU, RAM ...) according to the traffic load (aggregated bitrate served)
• Number of VM needed depend on the aggregated traffic• Latency introduced by the VNF is modeled using the aggregated traffic relative to
the total link capacity available• HW accelerators compatible VNFs allow to have a reduction in the latency and
consumption of the VNF
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3
21/24
Network Modeling:
• Variable link latency with the load of the link and the size of the flow.• Power consumption of the network elements is proportional to the percentage of usage of
the link capacity.• Switching delay is proportional to the aggregated traffic related to the total link capacity.
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3
22/24
NS placement:
NS service request:
Robust Optimization and VNF placement Example 3
23/24
Conclusions
• Towards 5G – NFV/SDN, CUPS, whatever…
• Transition between 4G => 5G • Multiple optimization posibilities
– Complex ecosystem – Multiple criteria – Centralised vs. Distributed
• CRAN vs. SON
24/24
Fidel Liberal, Jose Oscar Fajardo, Bego Blanco, Rubén Solozabal, Ianire Taboada
QoX oriented management mechanisms in towards-5G cloud enabled RANs