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Quality and the Art of Homebrewing
By Stephen StanleyCSSBB
Homebrewer
Hoppy Thoughts….
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.-Sophocles' philosophy of a moderate diet
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.-Sophocles' philosophy of a moderate diet
Give beer to those who are perishing, wine to those who are in anguish; let them drink and forget their poverty and remember their misery no more. –Proverbs 31:6-7
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.-Sophocles' philosophy of a moderate diet
Give beer to those who are perishing, wine to those who are in anguish; let them drink and forget their poverty and remember their misery no more. –Proverbs 31:6-7
Beer is proof God loves us and wants us to be happy. -Benjamin Franklin
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.-Sophocles' philosophy of a moderate diet
Give beer to those who are perishing, wine to those who are in anguish; let them drink and forget their poverty and remember their misery no more. –Proverbs 31:6-7
Beer is proof God loves us and wants us to be happy. -Benjamin Franklin
Give a man a beer, he’ll waste an afternoon. Teach a man to brew and he’ll waste a lifetime. -Anonymous
Hoppy Thoughts….He was a wise man who invented beer. -Plato
[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.-Sophocles' philosophy of a moderate diet
Give beer to those who are perishing, wine to those who are in anguish; let them drink and forget their poverty and remember their misery no more. –Proverbs 31:6-7
Beer is proof God loves us and wants us to be happy. -Benjamin Franklin
Give a man a beer, he’ll waste an afternoon. Teach a man to brew and he’ll waste a lifetime. -Anonymous
…And destroy the entire kitchen. -Anonymous’s Spouse
A Brief History of Beer
A Brief History of Beer• Beer first documented in Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 4000 BC
A Brief History of Beer• Beer first documented in Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 4000 BC• Rome preferred wine
A Brief History of Beer• Beer first documented in Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 4000 BC• Rome preferred wine• Medieval Times:
• Monks were primary brewers• Hops first used in 9th Century• Water was unsafe to drink, so they
drank beer!
A Brief History of Beer• Beer first documented in Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 4000 BC• Rome preferred wine• Medieval Times:
• Monks were primary brewers• Hops first used in 9th Century• Water was unsafe to drink, so they
drank beer!• The Reinheitsgebot: allein Gersten,
Hopfen und Wasser…• World’s first food purity law!
A Brief History of Beer• Beer first documented in Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 4000 BC• Rome preferred wine• Medieval Times:
• Monks were primary brewers• Hops first used in 9th Century• Water was unsafe to drink, so they
drank beer!• The Reinheitsgebot: allein Gersten,
Hopfen und Wasser…• World’s first food purity law!
• Modern Times• Mass production• Prohibition and consolidation• Microbrewery revolution
Great Brewing Traditions• Bohemian (Czech/Bavarian)
• Lagers (Pilsner, Helles, Dunkeles• German
• Lagers (Pils, Export)• Ales (Dusseldorfer, Koelsch)• Sours (Berliner Weisse)
• Belgian• Disneyland of beers
• British• Ales (Mild, Bitter, ESB)
• American• Mass-market pils• Craft beers
Us vs. Them: Quality
Considerations
Repeatable, consistent productExact colorControl through measurementMass appealConsistencyIndustrial process
Repeatability between recipesPleasing colorControl through processAppeal to individuals/small groupsExperimentationCraft process
Microbrewery Macrobrewery
The Beer Making Process• Recipe formulated• Sugars extracted from malted grains
and adjuncts (Mashing)• Wort boiled with hops, other spices• Wort chilled and transferred to
fermenter• Yeast added (Wort is now beer)• Primary fermentation• Conditioning• Packaging• Drinking
The Beer Making ProcessPrimary Measurements• Temperature (Thermometer)
• Mash temperature• Wort temperature• Fermentation/Lagering
temperature• Time
• Boil• Fermentation, etc.
• Specific Gravity (Hydrometer, proxy for fermentable sugar content)• Initial gravity• Final gravity
• Volume (Measuring cups)• Bitterness (NA to homebrewer)• Color (NA to homebrewer)
Recipe Formulation
Process: I use a computer program to formulate the recipes and make the calculations. Sources and ideas abound on the Web.Quality Considerations: Style, flavor and color desired, bitterness desired, adequacy of record for reproduction.
Objectives: Determine style and flavor factors. Calculate grain bill, hops required, water required.
Process Notes
Predictions
Grain Bill
Hops and Times
Mash stepsYeast
Priming method
Notes
Name
Recipes: DOE vs. OFAT
• Changes to any of these factors affects final outcome• Outcome is separated from change in time and space• Manipulating multiple levels is not feasible and exact control is not possible with homebrewing equipment
Problem: How do changes to a recipe affect the final quality of the beer?
Predictions
Grain Bill
Hops and Times
Mash stepsYeast
Priming method
Notes
Mashing
Process: Add water at appropriate temperature to grains, mix, and let soak for 1 hour, then rinse with hot water to extract remaining sugars.Quality Considerations: Temperature, time, change in temp with time.
Objective: Convert starches to fermentable sugars
Mash Tun
Combination timer and thermometer
Assistant
Run-off tube and receptacle
Mashing and Temperature Control
• Higher mash temperature produces more non-fermentable sugars• Precise temperature control is not possible with homebrewing equipment• Solution: Use an insulated vessel and allow temperature to “drift” through desired mash temp.
Problem: “Body” and final alcohol content are affected by mash temperature.
Mash Tun
Combination timer and thermometer
Assistant
Run-off tube and receptacle
Boiling
Process: Boil wort and hops 45-90 minutes. Add additional hops as required. Note some processes add sugars/syrups after flameout.
Objective: Isomerize hops and pasteurize wort
Quality Considerations: Amount of hops, volume of wort, gravity of wort, boil time, type of heat source, temperature at addition of syrups/sugars.
Kettle
Wort
Spoon
Heat Source
Chemical Reactions during the BoilProblem: Heat, particularly direct heat, can adversely affect sugars but boiling is required for desired bittering.• Syrups can “brown” during the boil or scorch on the bottom of the kettle. Sugars also decrease hop utilization • Boil temperature is a
function of altitude• Solution: Add sugars or syrups at flameout• Changes hop utilization, requires recalculation
Kettle
Wort
Spoon
Heat Source
Chilling and Pitching Yeast
Process: Place kettle in ice bath and allow to chill. Transfer to fermenter using ladle, top off with water, measure gravity, add yeast, cover fermenter opening.
Objective: Bring hot wort down to pitch temperature as quickly as possible, transfer to fermenter and add yeast
Quality Considerations: Pitch temperature, time to pitch temperature, amount of yeast pitched, initial gravity of wort, oxygenation of wort.
Ice Bath
Covered kettle
Thermometer Cable
Quickly Chilling Wort
• Hot wort contains a lot of heat• Once wort is below 170° F, sanitation required to prevent infections of the wort
Problem: Bring wort to pitch temperature as quickly as possible to allow a good “cold break”.
• Solutions:• Sanitize everything that
comes in contact with wort• Use ice bath to chill• Use cooling coils to
chill (not shown)
Ice Bath
Covered kettle
Thermometer Cable
Primary Fermentation
Process: Place fermenter in a dark location with proper temperature, allow to ferment until active fermentation is over (Krauesen collapse)
Objective: Convert sugars to alcohol and other flavor compounds, avoid infection
Quality Considerations: Fermentation temperature, darkness, avoidance of agitation, avoiding messes
Fermenter
Blow-off Tube
Thermometer
Receptacle
Trub Layer
Krauesen Layer
Preventing Infection in Primary Fermentation
Problem: Preventing bacteria and wild yeast from making swamp water of your wort
• Bacteria and wild yeast are everywhere and they love wort• Sterility is not possible• Solutions:• Pasteurization of wort• Sanitation• Pitch enough yeast to
overwhelm any invader (next slide)
Fermenter
Blow-off Tube
Thermometer
Receptacle
Trub Layer
Krauesen Layer
Yeast Population in Primary Fermentation
• Implications to every system dependent on a finite resource (sustainability)• Pitch rate affects curve
Problem: Sustainability of a population given a finite supply of a resource
Yeasts consume the finite amount of oxygen, then switch to anaerobic respiration to consume remaining sugars
Secondary Fermentation
Process: Place fermenter in a dark location with proper temperature, allow to ferment until taste testing indicates the beer is ready to bottle
Objective: Clean up unwanted fermentation by-products, clarify beer, add additional flavors
Quality Considerations: Fermentation temperature, darkness, avoidance of agitation, avoiding messes, taste
Fermenter
Airlock
Trub Layer
Dry hop sack
Temperature Probe
Temperature Control in Secondary Fermentation
• Lager vs. Ale – Temperature control required• Off-flavors• Balance• Solution: Ferment at mostly controlled temperatures• Controlled refrigerator• Back corner of the basement• Moist towels and a fan• Water bath• Etc.
Problem: Yeasts produce and consume different amounts of off-flavors at different temperatures
Fermenter
Airlock
Trub Layer
Dry hop sack
Temperature Probe
Packaging
Process: Add priming sugar to beer, dispense beer into bottles, cap and crimp caps. Label bottles. Store in a dark, room-temperature location
Objective: Protect beer for storage, drinking, carbonate beer, final clean-up of unwanted fermentation by-products
Quality Considerations: Protection of beer from light, spills, breakage, identification of beer, easy dispensing of beer
Pressure-tight Seal
Light resistance
Easy to clean, sanitize
Resistant to breakage
Identifies contents
Sufficient volume to be useful
Resists tipping
Sanitation in Packaging
• Unwanted microorganisms can metabolize alcohol• Result is “soured” beer or “gushers”• Sanitation:• Heat-sterilize the bottles• Use sanitizing rinses on clean
botles
Problem: Fermentable sugar is added to beer at packaging, allowing unwanted microorganisms to grow
Pressure-tight Seal
Light resistance
Easy to clean, sanitize
Resistant to breakage
Identifies contents
Sufficient volume to be useful
Resists tipping
ConsumptionObjective: Enjoy a clean, attractive, well-made homebrew, preferably with friends or someone you care about a lot
Quality Considerations: Color, head, serving temperature, mouth feel, flavor, carbonation, size and shape of glass, stability (yours after a few….)
Process: Hold glass at a 45° angle and slowly pour homebrew into it. Raise glass, admire foam and color, slowly taste the first sip, noting the aroma and complexity…
The Yeast LayerProblem: Bottle-conditioned homebrew has a layer of yeast and other debris at the bottom that some react badly to
• Pasteurization and filtering are impractical in a homebrew environment• Solution: The pour (leave the debris at the bottom of the bottle)
• Bottle-conditioned beer is not filtered nor is it Pasteurized, so live yeast settle to the bottom of the bottle (and improve the beer over time)
Conclusions
• Homebrewers measure when they can• When we can’t, we use process controls• We control the process when we can• When we can’t, we rely on the process to
produce a quality result• And in the end….
Zum Wohl!
Questions?
Please keep in mind that questions are delaying you from getting to the beer at the back of the room so feel free to muzzle the overly-talkative guy next to you asking all the questions.
Prost!
Thanks and Credits• Mark Denny: Froth! The Science of Beer• Charlie Papazian: The Complete Joy of
Homebrewing, Third Edition• John Palmer: How to Brew• Ray Daniels: Designing Great Beers• Deborah Stanley: For starting me on this
journey, for putting up with my experiments and tasting the results, and for more things than I can name.