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Quality of Densified Organic Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners for Organic Horticulture Production
Published: Pangga, G.V., Cedillo N.O. and V.S. Punzalan. 2015. Quality
of Densified Organic Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners for Organic
Horticulture Production. Horticulturae. Special Issue. Quality
Management of Organic Horticulture Produce 2015. MDPI AG, Klybeckstrasse, Basel, Switzerland. pp 277-285.
Introduction
The swine and poultry sub-sectors are among the top economic contributors of the agriculture industry in the Philippines. As such, the ‘wastes’ generated from these animals and the potential damaging effects to the environment should be given priority considerations.
The risks associated with animal manure are complex in nature and when not handled properly can cause damages to human and environment.
o Eutrophication
o Bacterial leaching
o Groundwater/surface water contamination
o Blue-baby syndrome
o Gastro-intestinal diseases
o Heavy metals accumulation..etc…
Manure Production for Lucban, Quezon, Philippines
PM- 54-105 kg/day SM– 31-66 kg/day
PM- 327-525 kg/day SM-148-318 kg/day
Introduction
There are specific food quality and safety issues related to organic food production and they are greatly affected by farm agricultural inputs such as organic fertilizers and other soil conditioners.
An increase in the quality of the composting products and quality control (absence of pathogenic microorganisms) would make animal manures more competitive with chemical fertilizers.
Introduction
Compost made from animal manure is an effective material for improving the physical and chemical properties of soil.
However, pathogens hazardous to human health can be introduced to compost when animal manures are used as raw materials.
The quality of compost and its varying nutrient composition also limit its efficient use.
With these concerns, it is necessary to design an environmentally recycling system for animal manures.
The production of high-quality compost and the densification or pelletizing technology are solutions to these concerns.
Densification of compost or pelletizing could reduce the costs of transportation, handling and storage and adjusting the nutrient content by adding required materials.
Pellet fertilizer provided also a gradual nutrient supply for a long period of time, which improves N fertilizer use efficiency and reduces N (N-nitrate) leaching losses.
An effective solution is to apply densification technology.
Objectives To study the major issues associated in the utilization of animal wastes as organic fertilizer;
Produce ‘Quality’ organic fertilizers from livestock and poultry wastes which are safe for agricultural use.
To demonstrate the application of densified organic fertilizers in an organic horticulture production system.
Composting and densification
technology
Pot experiment
Preparation of raw materials
Mix all materials with animal manure with known proportion
Water compost and turn at specified time
Check temperature regularly
Check maturity of the compost after 6-8 wks
Get samples for laboratory analysis
PRODUCTION OF MATURED ‘QUALITY’ COMPOST
Steps in composting of animal manure.
soya meal
Gliricidia sepium
Carbonized rice hull
Rice ash
Alumino-silicate
material
Molasses
Rice bran
Poultrymanure
Swine manure
Flow chart of pelletized organic fertilizer production
Properties Organic
Fertilizer
Compost/Soil
Conditioner
Total NPK 5-7% (5-10%) 2-<5%
C:N 12:1-20:1 12:1-20:1 (10:1)
Organic Matter > 20% > 20%
Moisture Content 30-35% 30-35%
Color Brown to Black Brown to Black
Consistency Friable Friable
Odor No-foul odor No-foul odor
Philippine National Standards for Organic Fertilizer (BAFPS, 2013)
Pot Experiments The treatments were as follows:
T1- Control, no fertilizer (C);
T2- Raw Swine Manure, dried (SM);
T3- Raw Poultry Manure, dried (PM);
T4- Densified Swine Manure-based organic fertilizer (DSM);
T5- Densified Poultry Manure-based organic fertilizer (DPM);
T6- Densified Vermicompost (DV);
T7- Gliricidia sepium, fresh leaves (GS);
T8- Chemical Fertilizer, Recommended Rate (RR).
Animal manures differed in nutrient content.
This variation is expected because they came from different farms with different diet/food supplements and management.
The rate of the manure nutrient content to be applied depends on the size and species
of the animal, housing, feeding ration, manure storage, and climate
Materials pH
OC N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg Fe Zn Cu Mn
% ppm
Chicken Manure
7.6 16.16 2.10 3.76 3.74 5.8 0.41 7762 1371 54 571
Hog Manure
7.1 17.35 2.13 5.60 0.84 0.53 0.11 10262 442 535 502
Chemical composition of swine and poultry manures used in the preparation of organic fertilizers.
Raw Mat
pH
N
OC P K Ca Mg SO4 Fe Zn Cu Mn
% ppm
Alumino-*silicates
6.5 0.04 1.94 0.05 0.06 1356 814 1555 7121 16 5 142
Soybean oil cake
5.9 0.49 21.2 0.11 0.42 799 206 ND 167 19 ND 171
Carbonized rice hull
9.5 0.18 2.08 0.45 0.90 2415 384 ND 1466 56 8 222
Rice Ash 10.2 0.03 0.37 0.28 0.93 1168 233 ND 139 10 ND 86
Chemical characteristics of organic materials used in organic fertilizer production.
* CEC = 21.19 cmoles (+)/100 g soil)
Materials
pH
Total
N
OC P K Ca Mg SO4 Fe Zn Cu Mn
% ppm
CRhull 8.0 0.15 2.94 0.11 0.04 0.37 0.01 ND 218 42 5 118
Rice Bran 5.4 1.05 37.49 0.41 3.22 0.08 0.11 ND 122 58 8
221
Chemical characteristics of organic materials used in organic fertilizer production.
Swine Manure-Based
N P K OM OC pH
Total NPK
% %
Batch 1 0.93 3.09 1.32 28.80 14.40 7.30 5.34 Batch-2 0.60 3.64 0.83 8.56 4.28 7.20 5.07 Batch-3 0.86 5.13 0.87 10.96 5.48 6.90 6.86 Batch 4 0.72 3.46 1.38 15.36 7.68 6.92 5.56 Batch 5 0.89 3.96 1.26 33.74 16.87 7.52 6.11 Batch 6 still in progress (waiting for laboratory analysis) Batch 7 still in progress..compost curing Poultry Manure-Based Batch 1 1.44 4.27 1.18 26.38 13.19 7.20 6.89
Batch 2 0.56 2.60 2.75 7.74 3.87 9.30 5.91
Batch 3 1.00 3.26 3.36 9.54 4.77 8.00 7.62
Batch 4 0.71 2.48 4.02 11.28 5.64 7.91 7.21
Batch 5 1.04 3.99 3.31 19.72 9.86 9.25 8.34
Batch 6 still in progress (waiting for laboratory analysis) Batch 7 still in progress..compost curing
Quality of Organic Fertilizers Produced from Animal Wastes
in combination with other raw materials
Effect of fertilizer treatments on herbage dry matter
weight of corn (Zea mays L.).
d
b b
c cc c
a
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
He
rba
ge
dry
we
igh
t (g
/po
t)
Treatments
Treatments Number of Pods
Pods Fresh Weight
(g/pot)
T1 Control 25c 144.6c
T2 Dried Raw Swine manure 43ab 235.8ab
T3 Dried Raw Poultry Manure 37b 206.3b
T4 Densified Swine-based OF 46a 244.5a
T5 Densified Poultry-based OF 46a 267.4a
T6 Densified Vermicompost 36b 206.8b
T7 Fresh G. sepium 37b 205.7b
T8 Chemical Fertilizer 46a 246.0a
Effect of fertilizer treatments on the yield of bush sitao
(Vigna sesquipedalis x Vigna unguiculata).
Effect of fertilizer treatment on pechay (Brassica rapa chinensis L) fresh weight.
d
bc
ab
abcab
c
bc
a
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Fre
sh w
eig
ht (
g)/
plo
t
Treatments
Soil Amendment OM (%) CEC (cmol(+)/kg soil) pH
Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 1 Crop 2
T1- Control 2.85 2.80 31.23 32.53 5.80 6.46
T2- Dried Swine Manure 2.88 2.85 30.04 31.39 5.91 6.52
T3 Dried Poultry
Manure 2.85 2.77 31.33 30.26 5.83 6.54
T4 Densified Swine
Manure-based OF 2.93 2.91 29.31 29.53 5.73 6.60
T5 Densified Poultry
Manure-based OF 3.15 3.07 31.25 32.39 5.67 6.53
T6 Densified
Vermicompost 2.90 2.88 30.32 32.91 5.73 6.38
T7 Fresh Gliricidia
sepium 2.87 2.83 33.00 33.23 5.71 6.54
T8 Chemical Fertilizer 2.85 2.75 31.34 28.56 5.73 6.43
Organic Matter, Cation Exchange Capacity and pH of Alipit
Clay (Typic Tropudalfs) after corn- bush sitao croppings
Molding composted livestock wastes into pellets can solve problems such as:
(a) high moisture content,
(b) high volume per
unit of weight
(c) low density
(c) changing nutrient
composition
• It allows for a more uniform and efficient application.
• It releases nutrients slowly over time as plants need them.
• More stable aggregates.
Benefit of using pelletized compost
Benefits of densified organic fertilizers
Raw compost (a) and pelletized organic fertilizer (b).
Simple Aggregate Stability Test
Potential Impact to Organic Agriculture
Promotes the recycling of animal and plant wastes and the use of pelletized organic fertilizer to avoid soil NO3-N pollution and eutrophication.
The ‘products’ developed can be used as a method for slow-release of N fertilizer that reduces leaching losses and enhanced nitrogen uptake, as well
as positive effects on both health and soil nutrient levels.
Introduced methods of fertilizing crops which takes into account human health and the needs of the environment.
Established technology for producing high-quality organic fertilizer from animal farms which meets the crop requirement and demand of farmers.
Improvement of Soil Quality leading to better Soil Health, Plant Health and Ecosystem Health
SUSTAINABILITY---- Thru Improvement of Soil Quality
The role of erosion on sustainability
TOPSOIL is the capital reserve of every farm.
Ever since mankind started agriculture, erosion of topsoil has been the single largest threat to a soil's productivity—and, consequently, to FARM PROFITABILITY.
31
The surface soil: Farmer’s capital
When bacterial populations and SOM decrease,
aggregation declines, and no other glues are
being produced, hence, soil
degradation follows.
Protecting soil from erosion is the first step
toward a sustainable agriculture.
To sustain agriculture means to
sustain soil resources,
because that's the source of a
farmer's livelihood.
32
Conclusion The study showed the role of densification technology in producing a good quality organic fertilizers from animal wastes.
At the same time it highlighted the application of these fertilizers to different crops and takes into account the used of soil as receiver of wastes.
Results such as these suggest that densified organic fertilizers may be used as alternative to chemical fertilizers in an organic horticulture production systems.
Manure(s) Chemical Composition (%)
pH Total N P K OC
Poultry Manure 1 7.6 2.60 5.09 3.77 18.12
Poultry Manure 2 7.8 1.75 3.51 1.30 21.14
Poultry Manure 3 7.5 2.10 3.76 3.74 16.16
Swine Manure 1 7.4 2.42 3.43 0.75 34.25
Swine Manure 2 7.1 2.13 5.60 0.84 17.35
Sludge Manure 1 7.0 1.09 4.14 0.22 24.60
Chemical composition of swine and poultry manures
collected from selected farms.
Compost/Organic
Fertilizer N P205 K2O
Organic
Matter
Organic
Carbon
Moisture
Content pH
%
Hog manure-based
(5.34 NPK) 0.93 3.09 1.32 18.60 14.40 32 7.30
Poultry Manure-based
(6.89 NPK)
(bin container) 1.44 4.27 1.18 28.80 13.19 35 7.20
Poultry Manure-based
(6.75 NPK)
(Berkley composting
in screenhouse) 1.07 3.31 2.37 21.40 16.87 30 7.60
Chemical Characteristics of compost/soil conditioner and
organic fertilizer (1st batch)
(2nd batch)
Compost/Organic
Fertilizer
N P205 K2O
OM OC Moisture
Content Total
NPK
%
Hog manure-based 0.60 3.64 0.83 4.28 >20
Poultry Manure-based 0.56 2.6 2.75 11.2 3.87 20 5.91
Chemical Characteristics of compost/soil conditioner and organic fertilizer
(3rd batch)
Compost/Organic
Fertilizer
N P205 K2O OM OC
Moisture
Content Total
NPK
%
Hog manure-based 0.86 5.13 0.87 5.48 20
Poultry Manure-based
1.11
1.00
3.98
3.26
3.41
3.36
22.2
20.0
4.73
4.77 20
8.50
7.62