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Quality of Ground Water and Quality of Ground Water and Finished Water of Community Finished Water of Community
Water SystemsWater Systems – – Preliminary FindingsPreliminary Findings
U.S. Department of InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Jessica A. HoppleJessica A. HoppleMay 11, 2006May 11, 2006
San Jose, CaliforniaSan Jose, California
Focus of Today’s TalkFocus of Today’s Talk
• Source Water Quality Assessment Source Water Quality Assessment (SWQA) Design(SWQA) Design
• Occurrence of Compounds in Source Occurrence of Compounds in Source Water WellsWater Wells
• Quality of Source and Finished Water and Quality of Source and Finished Water and Comparison to Human-Health Comparison to Human-Health BenchmarksBenchmarks
SWQA DesignSWQA Design• Phase 1Phase 1
– 260 compounds 260 compounds analyzedanalyzed
– 214 source water wells 214 source water wells sampledsampled
• Phase 2Phase 2– Frequently occurring Frequently occurring
compounds in Phase 1 compounds in Phase 1 analyzedanalyzed
– 86 source and finished 86 source and finished water sites sampledwater sites sampled
Twelve SWQAs Completed Twelve SWQAs Completed
Study area2
2
• Largest Largest producing producing Community Community Water Supply Water Supply wells wells
• Important Important aquifers for aquifers for drinking water drinking water supplysupply
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of Compounds
Number in group
Number withhuman-health benchmarks
Herbicides and Herbicide DegradatesHerbicides and Herbicide Degradates
FungicidesFungicides
Manufacturing AdditivesManufacturing Additives
Insecticides and Insecticide DegradatesInsecticides and Insecticide Degradates
Organic Synthesis CompoundsOrganic Synthesis Compounds
Personal Care and Domestic Use ProductsPersonal Care and Domestic Use Products
SolventsSolvents
Gasoline, Oxygenates, and DegradatesGasoline, Oxygenates, and Degradates
Fumigant Related CompoundsFumigant Related Compounds
Pavement- and Combustion-derived CompoundsPavement- and Combustion-derived Compounds
Plant- or Animal-derived BiochemicalsPlant- or Animal-derived Biochemicals
Disinfection By-productsDisinfection By-products
Refrigerants and PropellantsRefrigerants and Propellants
Compounds Monitored Have Compounds Monitored Have Different UsesDifferent Uses
Occurrence of Compounds in Occurrence of Compounds in Source Water Wells (Phase 1)Source Water Wells (Phase 1)
• 260 compounds 260 compounds analyzedanalyzed
– 134 were not detected134 were not detected
– 57 were detected 3 or 57 were detected 3 or more timesmore times
Compounds Detected in Compounds Detected in Source Water WellsSource Water Wells
Most Frequently DetectedMost Frequently Detected(11 – 37 % detection frequency)(11 – 37 % detection frequency)
Emerging contaminants (ECs)Emerging contaminants (ECs)(1 – 6 % detection frequency)(1 – 6 % detection frequency)
AtrazineAtrazine
TetrachloroetheneTetrachloroethene
TrichloroetheneTrichloroethene
DeethylatrazineDeethylatrazine
PrometonPrometon
MetolachlorMetolachlor
DeisopropylatrazineDeisopropylatrazine
MTBEMTBE
SimazineSimazine
Chloroform
4-tert-Octylphenol
CaffeineDiethoxy octylphenolMenthol
Methyl salicylate
Monoethoxy octylphenol
TributylTributyl phosphatephosphate
TriphenylTriphenyl phosphatephosphate
AHTN
Quality of Source and Finished Quality of Source and Finished Water and Comparison to Human-Water and Comparison to Human-
Health Benchmarks (Phase 2)Health Benchmarks (Phase 2)
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)—Regulated Compounds
Health-Based Screening Levels(HBSLs)—Unregulated Compounds
Frequency of Detection Similar in Frequency of Detection Similar in Source and Finished WaterSource and Finished Water
AtrazineAtrazine
TetrachloroetheneTetrachloroethene
TrichloroetheneTrichloroethene
DeethylatrazineDeethylatrazine
PrometonPrometon
MetolachlorMetolachlor
DeisopropylatrazineDeisopropylatrazine
MTBEMTBE
SimazineSimazine
0 20 40 60 80 100
Source waterFinished water
Frequency of detection, in percent
- - Most Frequently DetectedMost Frequently Detected
AtrazineAtrazine
TetrachloroetheneTetrachloroethene
TrichloroetheneTrichloroethene
DeethylatrazineDeethylatrazine
PrometonPrometon
MetolachlorMetolachlor
DeisopropylatrazineDeisopropylatrazine
MTBEMTBE
SimazineSimazine
Concentrations Tend to be Less in Concentrations Tend to be Less in Finished Than Source WaterFinished Than Source Water
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Concentration in source water, in micrograms per liter
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
fin
ish
ed w
ater
,
i
n m
icro
gra
ms
per
lite
r
- - Most Frequently DetectedMost Frequently Detected
Frequency of Detection Not Always Frequency of Detection Not Always Similar for Emerging ContaminantsSimilar for Emerging Contaminants
4-tert-Octylphenol4-tert-Octylphenol
CaffeineCaffeine
Diethoxy octylphenolDiethoxy octylphenol
MentholMenthol
Methyl salicylateMethyl salicylate
Monoethoxy octylphenolMonoethoxy octylphenol
Tributyl phosphateTributyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphateTriphenyl phosphate
AHTNAHTN
0 10 20 30 40 50
Source waterFinished water
Frequency of detection, in percent
Concentration of ECs Typically Not Concentration of ECs Typically Not Similar in Source and Finished WaterSimilar in Source and Finished Water
4-tert-Octylphenol4-tert-Octylphenol
CaffeineCaffeine
Diethoxy octylphenolDiethoxy octylphenol
MentholMenthol
Methyl salicylateMethyl salicylate
Monoethoxy octylphenolMonoethoxy octylphenol
Tributyl phosphateTributyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphateTriphenyl phosphate
AHTNAHTN
0.001 0.01 0.1 10.001
0.01
0.1
1
Concentration in source water, in micrograms per liter
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
fin
ish
ed w
ater
,
i
n m
icro
gra
ms
per
lite
r
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Source water Finished water
Concentration, in micrograms per liter
Concentrations in Finished Water Concentrations in Finished Water Below Human-Health BenchmarksBelow Human-Health Benchmarks
MCLsMCLs
HBSLsHBSLs
No No MCLs MCLs or or HBSLsHBSLs
AtrazineAtrazine
TetrachloroetheneTetrachloroetheneTrichloroetheneTrichloroethene
DeethylatrazineDeethylatrazine
PrometonPrometonMetolachlorMetolachlor
DeisopropylatrazineDeisopropylatrazine
MTBEMTBE
SimazineSimazine
ConclusionsConclusions• ~ ½ of the compounds analyzed were not ~ ½ of the compounds analyzed were not
detected in source water wellsdetected in source water wells
• Frequently detected compounds – Frequently detected compounds – usually present in both source and usually present in both source and finished water wellsfinished water wells
• Emerging contaminants – not always Emerging contaminants – not always present in both source and finished water present in both source and finished water wellswells
• Concentrations usually were orders of Concentrations usually were orders of magnitude below human-health magnitude below human-health benchmarksbenchmarks
Information on NAWQA:Email: [email protected] Wide Web: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa
Information on SWQAs: Name: Greg DelzerEmail: [email protected] Phone: (605) 394-3230
Information on NAWQA:Email: [email protected] Wide Web: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa
Information on SWQAs: Name: Greg DelzerEmail: [email protected] Phone: (605) 394-3230
