Quality of Life Counts - 国立環境研究所Quality of Life Counts Indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom 2004 Update Updating the baseline

Quality of Life Counts

Indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom

2004 Update

Updating the baseline assessments made in 1999

Quality of Life Counts

Indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom

2004 Update

Updating the baseline assessments made in 1999

March 2004 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

A National Statistics publication National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the National Statistics Code of Practice. They undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure they meet customer needs.

QoLC — Update 2004 Introduction

Introduction: 4

Introduction The 1999 sustainable development strategy for the UK ‘A better quality of life’ identified a set of headline and core indicators to be used to report on progress. In December 1999 the UK Government published ‘Quality of Life Counts’ (QoLC 1999) – Indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom to provide a baseline assessment from which progress might be judged. A key feature of these indicators was the 15 headline indicators of sustainable development. Making up a ‘quality of life barometer’ of issues such as employment, education, health, crime, air quality, road traffic and waste these indicators were intended ‘to provide a high level overview of progress, and be a powerful tool for simplifying and communicating the main messages for the public’. They lie at the centre of the Government’s Annual Reports on progress ‘Achieving a better quality of life’ and have been updated regularly on the sustainable development website. They provide a means of holding the Government and the country as whole to account in making progress towards sustainable development, and on their establishment the Government pledged: ‘the Government’s aim is for all the headline indicators to move in the right direction over time, or, where a satisfactory level has been reached, to prevent a reversal. Where a trend is unacceptable, the Government will adjust policies accordingly, and will look to others to join it in taking action.’ Since 1999, QoLC has become a model and resource for a considerable number of other indicator initiatives at local, regional, national and international levels, and the indicators have been adopted in many other indicator sets. Through the publication of QoLC and the establishment of the set of headline indicators the UK is considered to be one of the leading countries in terms of indicator development. For further information on the background to QoLC please refer to ‘Indicators and the sustainable development strategy’ in 1999 report. The wider core indicators in QoLC were intended to be next brought together to provide a review of progress after five years, rather than be updated together every year. However, many of the indicators were based on others already used across Government for policy monitoring, and so have continued to be reported and updated more frequently elsewhere. Many of the indicators have also been adopted as part of other more recent indicator sets developed for other purposes. In this updated compilation of the indicators, as many of the original QoLC indicators as possible have now been updated and brought together again. They are intended to provide a more comprehensive assessment of our progress towards sustainable development since the 1999 Strategy than can be provided by the headline indicators alone.


Introduction: 5

This update of all the QoLC indicators complements the Government’s final Annual Report under the 1999 Strategy, ‘Achieving a better quality of life – Government annual report 2003’, and is intended to feed into the establishment of a new framework for sustainable development in the UK. Geographic coverage The indicators in the original QoLC were intended to monitor progress in the UK as a whole where data availability and comparability allow. However, in some cases, indicators are presented for Great Britain, England and Wales or England only, if consistent data are not available for the UK. In addition, the devolved administrations have developed indicators to monitor priorities and progress in their respective countries:

• The Scottish Executive has developed its own indicators to monitor progress as part of its ‘Meeting the needs…’ statement on sustainable development. These are available at:

www.scotland.gov.uk/about/eraden/scu/00017108/home.aspx.

• The Welsh Assembly has also developed indicators to monitor progress as part of its ‘Learning to live differently’ Sustainable Development Scheme for Wales. These are available at:

www.wales.gov.uk

• Northern Ireland is in the process of developing a set of indicators, which take account of recent consultations with non-governmental organisations and Local Authority representatives.

The choice of indicators reflects the priorities of the devolved administrations but they are in many cases consistent with the UK set of indicators, either directly with the headline indicators or the wider core indicators in QoLC. However, there are some indicators used by the devolved administrations that are not included in QoLC. Updates to indicators As far as possible, the indicators in this compilation are based on updated data consistent with each indicator as they appeared in the original QoLC (1999). The exceptions are where the indicators were based on one-off surveys, or the original data series have since been discontinued, or the basis of measurement has changed. Data sources and National Statistics Most of the data used to compile this updated compendium have come from Governmental sources and are National Statistics. In some cases, through necessity, data come instead from reputable outside organisations. All of the indicator updates, the assessments of progress and the compilation of the compendium have been undertaken by statisticians in Defra, in collaboration with statisticians and other colleagues in other government departments.


Introduction: 6

All the data behind the indicators are available on the sustainable development website for more detailed scrutiny (www.sustainable-development.gov.uk) References

• ‘A better quality of life: a strategy for sustainable development in the United Kingdom’, DETR May 1999

• ‘Quality of life counts – Indicators for sustainable development for the United Kingdom: a baseline assessment’, DETR, December 1999

• Achieving a better quality of life – Review of progress towards sustainable development – Government annual report 2003’, Defra, March 2004


Introduction: 7

Indicator framework The original structure of QoLC, dividing the indicators into families and linking them to the objectives in the 1999 Strategy, has been maintained. The indicators are structured within six themes and 18 families: 1. Assessing overall progress and priorities

H - Headline Indicators

2. A sustainable economy A - Doing more with less: improving resource efficiency B - Economic stability and competitiveness C - Developing skills and rewarding work D - Sustainable production and consumption

3. Building sustainable communities E - Promoting economic vitality and employment F - Better health for all G - Travel J - Access K - Shaping our surroundings L - Involvement and stronger institutions

4. Managing the environment and resources M - An integrated approach N - Climate change and energy supply P - Air and atmosphere Q - Freshwater R - Seas, oceans and coasts S - Landscape and wildlife

5. Sending the right signals T - Sending the right signals

6. International co-operation and development U - International co-operation and development

In addition there are a further sixteen indicators providing further analysis of the relationship between economic, social and environmental issues. Annex A lists all the indicators along with their associated objectives in the 1999 Strategy. Annex B provides a list of key words to help identify the indicator that covers a particular issue. For further information on the establishment of the indicators and the QoLC structure please refer to ‘Criteria for sustainable development – framework and models’ and ‘Consultation to develop the indicators’ in the 1999 report.


Introduction: 8

Assessments of progress The original QoLC (1999) established a system of traffic lights to show the baseline assessments for each indicator. This updated compilation uses a similar traffic light system. For each indicator, where possible, an updated assessment of progress has been made by comparing the latest data with the position at three baselines:

• Since 1970 • Since 1990 • Since strategy baseline

For the third assessment, the ‘strategy baseline’ is the year for which data were available for the baseline assessment in QoLC in 1999, which in most cases was 1998 or 1997, but varies from indicator to indicator. The traffic light assessments are as follows:

= significant change, in direction of meeting objective (improvement) = no significant change (little or no change)

= significant change, in direction away from meeting objective (deterioration) = insufficient or no comparable data na = not applicable revised = method of assessment has changed since QoLC (1999) † = Indicator has been developed since QoLC (1999)

Some indicators are for contextual purposes only and assessments of progress have not been made. In a few cases indicators that were to be developed following QoLC (1999) have not yet been developed or in some cases the way an indicator has been assessed has been changed since QoLC (1999). In these instances ‘na’ (not applicable) will be shown instead of a traffic light assessment as appropriate. Indicators that were included in QoLC (1999)

The assessments of progress are made without reference to policytargets or other strategies put in place to tackle the issues behindthe indicators. The assessments are not therefore based on thesuccess or otherwise of such targets or strategies. The assessments only relate to changes in the indicators since the baseline assessments made in QoLC (1999) taking into account the objectives in the 1999 Strategy. It should be noted that a green ‘traffic light’ does not signify that the situation is now “sustainable”, merely that progress has been made since the baseline. An amber ‘traffic light’ may reflect that progress was made prior to the baseline and can indicate that this level has been maintained, though this is not to say that further progress should not be expected.


Introduction: 9

only in outline and have since been developed are highlighted with the † symbol. For most indicators it is very clear whether or not progress has been made, but in some cases it is difficult to judge whether the change is significant. For example, where there have been large year-to-year fluctuations, or where the indicator is at a very high level (e.g. 95 per cent) with little room for large improvement, or where the data have large margins of error. In general an increase or decrease of 3 per cent or more compared with baselines has been assessed as significant. However, this is not a fixed rule, because in making each ‘traffic light’ assessment, consideration has been given to the nature of the indicator and data variability and reliability. Presentation of the indicators A summary of progress is provided which highlights the main messages taken from the indicators for each indicator family. This is followed by a table showing ‘traffic light’ assessments for each indicator as they appeared in the original QoLC together with the updated assessments based on the latest data available. The fifteen headline indicators are presented as a family of their own, but the assessments for them are also included the summary tables of the indicator family to which they most closely relate. Following each family summary, each individual indicator is presented in a chart, along with the objective to which it relates in the 1999 Strategy. Accompanying each indicator chart are the traffic light assessments and a short statistical commentary to support them. Commentary on each indicator has been kept to the minimum necessary to explain the trends, with very little reference to its policy context. For the background and policy relevance for each indicator please refer to the indicator as it appeared in QoLC (1999). For more detailed information on the indicator’s relevance and background reference should be made to the indicator as it appeared in QoLC (1999). The data behind each indicator are available on the sustainable development website (www.sustainable-development.gov.uk).

QoLC — Update 2004 The headline indicators (H)

H: 1

H: Headline Indicators The fifteen headline indicators aim to show what progress is being made across the three pillars of sustainable development: economic (three indicators), social (five indicators), and environmental (seven indicators), and are intended to be considered together as a package. The complexity of the issues means that although there are fifteen indicators, four of them have split assessments to reflect separate trends and so there are nineteen assessments. The headline indicators show:

• Between 1990 and 2003, GDP grew in real terms by 35 per cent.

• Total investment in real terms grew relative to GDP between 1990 and 1998, and has since remained relatively stable. Social investment (railways, hospitals, schools) was around 2.0 per cent of GDP in 1990, and was 1.7 per cent in 2002.

• In 2003, the percentage of working age people in work was 74.7 per cent, the same level as in 1990.

• In recent years the proportions of the population affected by poverty and social exclusion have been reduced.

• The percentage of 19 year-olds with ‘level 2’ qualifications was 76.1 per cent in 2003 compared with 52.0 per cent in 1990.

• Average life expectancy has increased, but healthy life expectancy has increased more slowly, so an increasing proportion of those extra years are in poor health.

• In 2001, 33 per cent of dwellings were non-decent, compared with 46 per cent in 1996.

• Both the British Crime Survey and recorded crime show reductions in vehicle thefts and domestic burglary over the last decade, whilst recorded robberies have increased - but robberies were lower in 2002-3 than the previous year.

• Emissions of the 'basket' of six greenhouse gases are provisionally estimated to have fallen by 14 per cent between the 1990 baseline and 2003

• Urban air quality has generally improved significantly since 1993, but in 2003 the hot summer and a number of significant pollution episodes earlier in the year led to an unusually high number of pollution days.

• Road traffic volumes have more than doubled since 1970, but road traffic intensity (vehicle kilometres per GDP) fell by 11 per cent between 1990 and 2003 — which demonstrates some uncoupling of road traffic and economic growth since 1990.

• The biggest improvements in both chemical and biological river quality since 1990 have been in English rivers, bringing more of them up to the standard seen in the rest of the UK.

• Farmland bird populations fell by 42 per cent between 1970 and 2002, and woodland bird populations fell by 15 per cent, though there are now signs that populations are stabilising.

• The percentage of new dwellings built on previously developed land or through conversion of existing buildings increased from 54 per cent in 1990 to 64 per cent in 2002.

• In 2000-1, around 220 million tonnes of controlled waste were produced by households, commerce and industry (including construction and demolition). Just under half was disposed of in landfill sites. Household waste accounts for about one sixth of all controlled waste. The amount not recycled or composted increased from 417 to 454 kilograms per person, or 9 per cent, between 1991-2 and 2001-2, even though proportionally more was recycled.


H: 2

QOLC 1999 QOLC Updated Assessment Change since Change since Ref.

no. Indicator 1970 1990 1970 1990 Strategy

H1 Economic Output: GDP and GDP per head

H2 Investment: Total and social investment relative to GDP

H3 Employment: Proportion of people of working age who are in work

H4 Poverty & social exclusion: Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion

H5 Education: Qualifications at age 19

H6 Health: Expected years of healthy life

H7 Housing: Households living in non-decent housing

Violent crime Revised Revised Revised Vehicles and burglary

H8 Level of crime

Robbery na na

H9 Climate change: Emissions of greenhouse gases

H10 Air quality: Days when air pollution is moderate or higher

Traffic volume H11 Road traffic

Traffic intensity

H12 River water quality: Chemical and biological river quality

Farmland birds

H13 Wildlife: Populations of wild birds Woodland birds

H14 Land use: New homes built on previously developed land

Household waste

H15 Waste

Waste arisings & management


H: 3

Indicator: Economic output H1

GDP and GDP per head: 1970 to 2003 Change since

1970 baselineGDP per headGDP

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)1

020406080

100120140160180200220

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: ONS

Note: 1. Chained volume measures rebased to 1970 = 100.

Objective: Our economy must continue to grow

• Between 1990 and 2003, GDP grew in real terms by 35 per cent. Output has increased steadily since the early 1990s, with a 13 per cent rise between 1998 and 2003.

• Output per head has increased at a slightly slower rate, by 27 per cent between 1990 and 2002 and just 9 per cent from 1998 to 2002, reflecting the fact that the population has also increased.

Indicator: Investment H2

Total investment and social investment relative to GDP: 1970 to 2002 Change since

Social investment current prices (Index 1977 = 100)Total investment in chained volume measures,reference year 2000 (Index 1970 = 100)

Inde

x va

lue

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1970 baseline

1970 1990 Strategy1

1. 1992 (social investment), 1998 (total investment) United Kingdom Source: ONS

Objective: Investment (in modern plant and machinery as well as research and development) is vital to our future prosperity

• Total investment in real terms grew by 5 per cent relative to GDP between 1990 and 1998, and has since remained relatively stable.

• Social investment (railways, hospitals, schools) in current prices was around 2.0 per cent of GDP in 1990, and was 1.7 per cent in 2002.


H: 4

Indicator: Employment H3

Percentage of people of working age1 who are in work2: 1970 to 2003 Change since

WomenAll personsMen

Per c

ent

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 200240

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990

1999 United Kingdom Source: DWP, ONS

Notes: 1. From 1959-71 working age was 15-59/64; from 1972 onwards, 16-59/64. 2. Rate as in May-July quarter each year (seasonally adjusted).

Objective: Maintain high and stable levels of employment so everyone can share greater job opportunities

• In 2003, the percentage of working age people in work was 74.7 per cent, the same level as in 1990, but an increase from 73.9 per cent in 1999.

• There was a reduction in the proportion of working age men in employment between 1970 and 2003, from 90.7 per cent to 79.5, but a small increase was seen from 78.9 per cent in 1999. The proportion of women in employment continues to increase.

Indicator: Poverty and social exclusion H4

Selected indicators for working age people, children and the elderly: 1990 to 2003 Change since

Working age people in workless householdsWorking age people with no qualifications

Percentage of children living in low-income households (after housing costs)

Single elderly households experiencing fuel poverty (before housing benefitand income support for mortgage interest)1

Per c

ent

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990

Strategy2 2. 1996 (single elderly households experiencing fuel poverty), 1996-7 (Children in low-income households), 1998 (working age people in workless households), 1999 (working age people with no qualifications). Great Britaini Source: DWP, DTI

Note: 1. England.

Objective: Tackle poverty and social exclusion

• The proportion of working age people who live in households where no-one works has fallen gradually since the mid-1990s. There has been steady progress in reducing the proportion of working age people without a qualification, which has fallen from 26.4 per cent in 1993 to 14.8 per cent in 2003.

• The proportion of single elderly households experiencing fuel poverty fell from 77 per cent in 1991 to 28 per cent in 2001. The proportion of children living in households with relative low-incomes fell between 1996-7 and 2001-2, from 34 per cent to 30 per cent.


H: 5

Indicator: Education H5

Qualifications at age 19: 1984 to 2003 Change since

Perc

enta

ge o

f 19

year

-old

s

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1999

United Kingdom Source: DfES

Notes: Spring quarter each year. Percentage with level 2 qualifications, for example 5 GCSEs at grade C or above.

Objective: Equip people with the skills to fulfil their potential • The percentage of 19 year-olds with level 2 qualifications (e.g. five GCSEs at

grades C or above, NVQ level 2 or equivalent) was 76.1 per cent in 2003 compared with 52.0 per cent in 1990.

• At present, just under a quarter of young people do not achieve qualifications equivalent to level 2 by the age of 19, and a small minority, 7.4 per cent, achieve no qualifications at all by this age.

Indicator: Health H6

Expectancy at birth of years lived in good or fairly good general health: 1981 to 1999

Change since

Healthy life expectancyLife expectancy

Men Women

Year

s

1981 1985 1990 1995 1999 1981 1985 1990 1995 199950

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

1970 1990 1995

Great Britain Source: ONS, Government Actuary’s Department

Objective: Improve health of the population overall

• Between 1981 and 1999, average life expectancy increased from 70.9 to 75.1 years for men (by 4.2 years) and from 76.8 to 80.0 years for women (by 3.2 years). Over the same period healthy life expectancy increased from 64.4 to 66.6 years for men (by 2.2 years) and from 66.7 to 68.9 for women (by 2.2 years). Therefore, whilst overall life expectancy has increased, an increasing proportion of those extra years are in poor health.


H: 6

Indicator: Housing - conditions H7

Percentage of households living in non-decent housing: 1996 to 2001 Change since

Per

cen

t20011996

All stock Social sector Private sector05

10152025303540455055

1970 1990 1996

England Source: ODPM

Objective: Improve the condition of housing stock (revised)

• Between 1996 and 2001 there was an improvement in the overall condition of housing in England. 45 per cent of households lived in non-decent dwellings in 1996, compared with 33 per cent in 2001.

• This improvement was seen in both the private and social sectors - 51 per cent of households in the social sector lived in non-decent housing in 1996 compared with 37 per cent in 2001, and in the private sector 31 per cent of households lived in non-decent dwellings in 2001, falling from 44 per cent in 1996.


H: 7

Indicator: Crime H8

British Crime Survey trends in burglary and vehicle related theft: 1981 to 2002-3

BurglaryVehicle related thefts

Milli

on

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002-3*0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Note: * 2001-2 and 2002-3 data are interview-based.

Total numbers of crimes recorded by the police1: 1970 to 2002-3

RobberyBurglary in dwellingsTheft of or from vehicles

Num

ber o

f crim

es re

cord

ed b

y th

e po

lice

(milli

on)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000-10.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Vehicles and burglary

Change since 1970

1990 1998-9

Robbery

Change since 1970 1990 1998-9

England and Wales Source: Home Office England and Wales Source: Home Office

Note: 1. 1970 to 1998-9 data are for the number of crimes recorded in that financial year using the coverage and rules in use until 31st March 1998. After 1998-9, data are for the number of crimes recorded in that financial year using the expanded coverage and revised counting rules which came into effect on 1st April 1998.

Objective: Reduce both crime and fear of crime

• British Crime Survey (BCS) data show that vehicle thefts fell by 38 per cent and burglary fell by 29 per cent between 1991 and 2002-3. Recorded vehicle crime fell by 23 per cent, and burglary in dwellings fell by 17 per cent between 1990 and 2002-3.

• Between 1999 and 2002-3, the BCS shows that vehicle thefts fell by 20 per cent and domestic burglary fell by 23 per cent. Over the same period recorded vehicle crime fell by 9 per cent and recorded domestic burglaries fell by 8 per cent.

• The number of robberies recorded by the police increased from about 36,000 in 1990 to 67,000 in 1998-9 and 108,000 in 2002-3. However, 2002-3 represented a fall of 11 per cent from 2001-2 (equating to a 14 per cent fall once adjusted for the National Crime Recording Standard).


H: 8

Indicator: Climate change H9

Emissions of greenhouse gases: 1990 to 2012 Change since

domestic carbon dioxide target by 2010Kyoto target by 2008-2012carbon dioxidebasket of greenhouse gases

Milli

on to

nnes

(car

bon

equi

vale

nt)

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 20110

50

100

150

200

250

1970 1990 Strategy1

1. 1997 (basket of greenhouse gases), 1998 (carbon dioxide) United Kingdom Source: NETCEN, Defra, DTI

Note: 2003 estimates are provisional

Objective: Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases now, and plan for greater reductions in the longer term

• Emissions of the 'basket' of six greenhouse gases are provisionally estimated to have fallen by 14 per cent between the 1990 baseline and 2003.

• Between 1997 and 2003, they are provisionally estimated to have fallen by about 6 per cent.

• Carbon dioxide emissions were about 7 per cent lower in 2003 than in 1990, following a rise of about 1.5 per cent between 2002 and 2003.

Indicator: Air quality H10

Days when air pollution was moderate or higher: 1987 to 2003 Change since

Urban sitesRural sites

Aver

age

num

ber o

f day

s pe

r site

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 20030

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1990

1998 United Kingdom Source: Defra, NETCEN

Objective: Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality continues to improve through the longer term

• Urban air quality has generally improved significantly since 1993, while rural air pollution, caused largely by ozone, has shown no overall trend.

• Shorter term trends can be masked by variation caused by the weather. The hot summer and other pollution episodes in 2003 led to an unusually high number of pollution days. The assessment reflects the high 2003 figures rather than being a conclusion about the underlying trend, which remains unclear.


H: 9

Indicator: Road traffic H11

Total road traffic volume: 1970 to 2003* Traffic volume

Billio

n ve

hicl

e ki

lom

etre

s

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

100

200

300

400

500

600

Change since 1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: DfT

Note: * 2003 figure is provisional

Road traffic intensity (traffic volumes per unit of GDP): 1970 to 2003*

1970 baselineRoad trafic intensity (vehicle km per unit of GDP)In

dex

(197

0 =

100)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 200060

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Traffic intensity Change since

1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: ONS, DfT

Note: * 2003 figure is provisional.

Objective: Improve choice in transport; improve access to education, jobs, leisure and services; and reduce the need to travel

• Total road traffic in 2003 was provisionally estimated to be 20 per cent higher than in 1990, and 7 per cent higher than in 1998. It has more than doubled since 1970.

• Road traffic intensity (vehicle kilometres per GDP), however, fell by 11 per cent between 1990 and 2003 and by 5 per cent between 1998 and 2003, therefore showing some ‘decoupling’ between road traffic and economic growth since 1990.


H: 10

Indicator: River water quality H12

Rivers of good or fair chemical quality: 1990 to 2002 Change since

EnglandNorthern Ireland2Scotland1Wales

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

ified

rive

r len

gth

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 200280

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

Notes: 1. Scottish river classification network changed in 2000 2. Northern Irish network expanded significantly in 2002

Biological river quality: 1990 to 2002

England

'General Quality Assesment' classification

Northern IrelandWales

Oldclassification

New

Fair Good

Scotland

Perc

enta

ge o

f cla

ssifi

ed ri

ver l

engt

hs

1990

1995

2000

2002

1990

1995

2000

2002

1991

1995

2000

2000

2001

2002

1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

Moderate FairGood Good

0102030405060708090

100

Combined length oftested river lengths

<2,500 km 5,000 kmOld New

River network

1970 1990 Strategy3

3. 1998 (chemical water quality), 1995 (biological water quality) United Kingdom Source: EA, SEPA, EHS United Kingdom Source: EA, SEPA, EHS

Objective: Improving river quality

• The biggest improvements in both chemical and biological river quality since 1990 have been in English rivers, bringing more of them up to the quality seen in the rest of the UK.

• In 2002, 94 per cent of English rivers were of good or fair chemical quality, compared with 89 per cent in 1998. The chemical quality of rivers in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland has been maintained at high levels over this period.


H: 11

Indicator: Wildlife H13

Populations of wild birds: 1970 to 2002 Farmland birds

1970 baselineFarmland species (19)Woodland species (33)All species (106)

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 200250

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Change since 1970 1990

1998

Woodland birds Change since

1970 1990

1998

United Kingdom Source: Defra, RSPB, BTO

Note: Figures in brackets give the number of species included in each category

Objective: Reverse long-term decline in populations of farmland and woodland birds

• The overall population of British breeding birds has increased since 1970, but farmland and woodland birds have declined significantly.

• Farmland bird populations fell by 42 per cent between 1970 and 2002, and woodland bird populations by 15 per cent.

• Farmland bird populations increased by 5 per cent between 1998 and 2002. Woodland birds decreased by 3 per cent over the same period.

Indicator: Land use H14

Percentage of new dwellings built on previously developed land: 1989 to 2002

Change since

Per c

ent

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 200130

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1970 1990 1997


Note: Includes conversions which are estimated to add 3 percentage points

Objective: Re-using previously developed land, in order to protect the countryside and encourage urban regeneration

• The percentage of new dwellings built on previously developed land or through conversion of existing buildings increased from 54 per cent in 1990 to 64 per cent in 2002.


H: 12

Indicator: Waste H15

Household waste and recycling: 1983-4 to 2001-2 Household waste

Kilo

gram

mes

per

per

son

per y

ear

Waste not recycled/compostedWaste recycled/composted

1983

-4

1991

-2

1993

-4

1995

-6

1997

-8

1999

-00

2001

-2

0

100

200

300

500

600

400

Change since 1970 1990 1997-8

England and Wales Source: EA, Defra

Waste arisings and management of controlled waste from households, commerce and industry: 1998-9 and 2000-1*

Waste arisings and management

LandfillOther disposal

Other recovery

Energy recovery

Recycling

51%

Estimated total195 million tonnes

12% 2%

32%

2%

Estimated total220 million tonnes

39%

2%12%2%

45%

Milli

on to

nnes

1998-9 2000-10

50

100

150

200

250


1998

United Kingdom Source: Defra et ali

Note: * Includes estimated figures for industrial and commercial waste

Objective: Move away from disposal of waste towards waste reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery

• In 2000-1, around 220 million tonnes of controlled waste were produced by households, commerce and industry (including construction and demolition). Just under half was disposed of in landfill sites (lower chart).

• The increase in total arisings from 1998-9 to 2000-1 is not statistically significant.

• Household waste (upper chart) accounts for about one sixth of all controlled waste. The amount generated that was not recycled or composted increased from 417 to 454 kilograms per person, or 9 per cent, between 1991-2 and 2001-2.

i Defra, EA, ODPM, SEPA, WAG, NIEHS

QoLC — Update 2004 A sustainable economy (A)

A: 1

A: Doing more with less: improving resource efficiency The amount of natural resources and products consumed by the UK economy has decreased by 10 per cent since 1970. Between 1990 and 2002 the output of the economy increased by 31 per cent whilst energy consumption only increased by about 6 per cent. Household energy use has increased broadly in line with household growth. Over the last few years, household waste has grown by 2 to 3 per cent per year. In 2001-2, over half a tonne was generated per person. The proportion recycled has risen from 9 per cent in 1998-9 to 12 per cent in 2001-2. A total of 75 million tonnes of waste was generated by industry and commerce in England and Wales in 1998-9. Industry recycled 45 per cent of its waste and commerce recycled around a quarter. Between 1990 and 2001, aluminium can recycling increased from 5 per cent to over 40 per cent of cans consumed. The rate of paper recycling increased from 32 per cent to 37 per cent of consumed material.

QOLC 1999 QOLC Updated AssessmentChange since Change since Ref.


A1 UK resource use†

A2 Energy efficiency of economy

A3 Energy use per household

H15 Waste (headline)

Waste arisings & management

A4 Waste by sector†

Waste arisings

A5 Household waste and recycling Recycling

Scrap metal

Paper & board

A6 Materials recycling

Glass

A7 Hazardous waste


A: 2

Indicator: UK resource use† A1

Direct Material Consumption, total imports and total exports per capita: 1970 to 2001

Change since To

nnes

per

cap

ita

Total exports per capitaTotal imports per capitaDMC per capita

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1970 1990

1997 † New since QoLC (1999) United Kingdom Source: ONS

Objective: Greater resource efficiency

• Direct material consumption (DMC) measures the amount of natural resources and products directly consumed by the UK economy by adding together the mass of materials used. It includes all renewable and non-renewable natural resources (except water) extracted domestically or abroad and imported for UK consumption, but excludes exported goods.

• Since 1970, despite fluctuations DMC has decreased by about 10 per cent. Imports have remained roughly constant, while exports have tripled over the same period.

Indicator: Energy efficiency of economy A2

Primary energy consumption, GDP and the energy ratio: 1950 to 2002 Change since

Inde

x (1

950

= 10

0)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Primary energy consumption(temperature corrected)

Energy ratio1950 baseline

GDP

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: DTI, ONS

Objective: Energy efficiency of the economy

• Between 1990 and 2002, the output of the economy increased by 31 per cent whilst energy consumption only increased by about 6 per cent.

• Energy consumption per unit of GDP (the energy ratio) has fallen over the same period by 19 per cent.

• In 2002 the Energy ratio was 10 per cent lower than its level in 1998.


A: 3

Indicator: Energy use per household A3

Domestic energy consumption and number of households: 1950 to 2002 Change since HouseholdsDomestic energy consumptionEnergy consumption per household1970 baseline

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 200080

90

100

110

120

130

140

1970 1990 1997

United Kingdom Source: DTI, ODPM, BRE

Note: Estimates for households for 2001 and 2002 are based on mid-year population estimates that take into account 2001 Census results. Estimates for 1982 onwards are subject to revision following revisions to population estimates, hence the apparent fall in numbers of households

Objective: Energy efficiency of the economy

• Energy use per household has fluctuated between +4 and -10 per cent of the 1970 level, and there has been no clear change. Household energy use has therefore increased broadly in line with household growth.

• Temperature changes from year to year cause variations in household energy use. For example, energy use per household was 8 per cent lower in 1997 than in 1996 (which had a colder winter).

Indicator: Waste by sector† A4

Methods of waste disposal by sector: 1998-9 Change since

Recycled

Not recycled

Industrial waste

Commercial waste

Millions of tonnes0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Miscellaneous

Textiles, wood, paper

Other manufacturing

Coke, oil, gas, electricity, water

Food, drink and tobacco

Chemicals, rubber, mineral products

Metals, metal products

Education

Wholesale

Hotels and catering

Retail

Other business and public admin

Transport, storage and communications

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999) England and Wales Source: Environment Agency


• A total of 75 million tonnes of waste was generated by industry and commerce in England and Wales in 1998-9.

• Industry produced about twice as much waste as commerce but it also recycled more; industry recycled 45 per cent of the estimated 50 million tonnes of waste it generated, while commerce recycled about a quarter of its estimated 25 million tonnes.


A: 4

Indicator: Household waste and recycling A5

Household waste and recycling: 1983-4 to 2001-2 Waste arisings

Waste not recycled/compostedWaste recycled/composted

Kg p

er p

erso

n pe

r yea

r

1983-4 1991-2 1993-4 1995-6 1997-8 1999-00 2001-20

100

200

300

400

500

600

Change since 1970 1990 1997-8

Recycling Change since

1970 1990 1997-8

England and Wales Source: Defra, EA


• Recently, household waste has grown by 2 to 3 per cent per year. In 2001-2, over half a tonne was generated per person. Whilst the total has increased, so has the proportion recycled; from 9 per cent in 1998-9 to 12 per cent in 2001-2.

• Despite the fact that non-recycled waste represents a decreasing proportion of all waste, overall increases in waste generation mean that the actual amount still increased by about 4 per cent between 1998-9 and 2001-2. The majority of this was disposed to landfill.

Indicator: Materials recycling A6

Materials recycled as a percentage of consumption: 1984 to 2002 a) Metals Scrap metal

Per c

ent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

LeadZincCopperFerrous

Aluminium

Change since 1970

1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: British Steel et ali


• Trends in recycling rates vary with scrap metal type. The recycling rate for copper increased by about a fifth between 1998 and 2001, but recycling rates for both zinc and lead fell (1998 – 2002: by nearly a quarter and 7 per cent respectively).


A: 5

Indicator: Materials Recycling (continued) A6 Materials recycled as a percentage of consumption: 1984 to 2001

b) Other materials Paper and board

Per c

ent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Paper & boardGlass containersAluminium cansPlastic

1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002

Change since 1970

1990 1998

Glass Change since

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: Defra et alii


• Between 1990 and 2001, aluminium can recycling increased from 5 per cent to over 40 per cent of cans consumed. The rate of paper recycling increased from 32 per cent to 37 per cent of consumed material.

Indicator: Hazardous waste A7

Special waste arisings: 1986-7 to 2001 Change since

Milli

on to

nnes

1986-7 1988-9 1990-1 1992-3 1994-5 1996-7* 1998-9 20010

1

2

3

4

5

6

1970 1990

1997-8 United Kingdom Source: Environment Agency

Note: * The definition of special waste changed in October 1996.


• Prior to 1997-8, the amount of hazardous waste generated was between 2 and 3 million tonnes per year.

• The definition of hazardous waste was extended in 1996 to include further waste types such as waste oil. Since then the level of waste generation has stayed roughly constant at between 5 and 5.5 million tonnes per year.


A: 6

Additional Notes

i. World Bureau of Metal Statistics, Iron and Steel Statistics Bureau,

Aluminium Federation ii. Paper Federation of Great Britain Ltd, British Glass Manufacturers

Confederation & British Glass, Aluminium Can Recycling Association; British Plastics Federation

QoLC — Update 2004 A sustainable economy (B)

B: 1

B: Economic stability and competitiveness Since 1999, inflation has been relatively stable, remaining within 1.4 to 3.1 per cent. The current rate for 2003 is 2.6 per cent. Borrowing rose to 8 per cent of GDP in the early 1990s, became negative in 1998 and rose slightly in 2002 to around 1 per cent of GDP. Labour productivity in other G7 countries was on average 14 per cent higher than the UK in 2001. Labour productivity in the UK has improved since 1992 in comparison with France, the United States and Japan, but worsened compared with Germany. UK exports and imports both grew strongly in almost every year between 1970 and 2002, even though exports fell slightly in real terms in 2002. Social investment (railways, hospitals, schools etc.) at current prices was around 2.0 per cent of GDP in 1990 and was 1.7 per cent of GDP in 2002.



H1 Economic Output: GDP and GDP per head (headline)

B1 Rate of inflation

Net borrowing B2 Public sector

net borrowing and net debt

Net debt

B3 Labour productivity

Export growth

B4

UK imports, exports and trade balance

Balance of payments

H2 Investment: Total and social investment relative to GDP (headline)

B5 Social investment as a per cent of GDP


B: 2

Indicator: Rate of inflation B1

Retail Price Index excluding mortgage interest payments: 1976 to 2003 Change since

Per c

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

200320001976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997

1970 1990 1999


Objective: Deliver low inflation

• After periods of high, volatile inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s, when inflation topped 20 per cent, the Retail Price Index has since remained in single figures.

• Since 1999, inflation has remained low, within 1.4 to 3.1 per cent. • The current rate for 2003 is 2.6 per cent. Indicator: Public sector net borrowing and debt B2

Public sector net borrowing and net debt as per cent of GDP: 1970 to 2002 Net debt

Per c

ent

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80Net public sector debt as a percentage of GDPPublic sector net borrowing as a percentage of GDP

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Change since 1970

1990 1998

Net borrowing Change since

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: ONS, Bank of England

Objective: Government borrowing at stable and prudent level

• Borrowing and debt, relative to GDP in current market prices, have both fluctuated substantially over the last 30 years.

• Borrowing rose to 8 per cent of GDP in the early 1990s, became negative in 1998 and rose slightly in 2002 to around 1 per cent of GDP.

• Net debt fell from 73 per cent of GDP in 1970 to 26 per cent in 1991, rose to 44 per cent in 1997 and has since declined to 30 per cent of GDP in 2002.


B: 3

Indicator: Labour productivity B3

Labour productivity - GDP per worker: 1997 to 2001 Change since

Inde

x (U

K =

100)

G7GermanyJapan

UKUSAFranceG7 excluding UK

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 200280

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

1970 1990

1997 Selected countries Source: National Statistics

Labour productivity - GDP per hour: 1997 to 2001

G7GermanyJapan

UKUSAFranceG7 excluding UK

Inde

x (U

K =

100)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 200280

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Selected countries Source: National Statistics

Objective: Promote UK competitiveness

• In 2001, labour productivity in the other G7 countries was on average about 14 per cent higher than in the UK, based on output per hour worked. It was 15 per cent higher in 1997 and 17 per cent higher in 1992.

• Labour productivity in the UK has improved since 1992 in comparison with France, the United States and Japan, but worsened compared with Germany.


B: 4

Indicator: UK imports, exports and trade balance B4

UK imports, exports and trade balance: 1970 to 2002 Export growth

Total exportsTotal importsBalance

£ th

ousa

nd m

illio

n (c

onst

ant 2

000

pric

es)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


1998 Balance of payments



Objective: Promote UK competitiveness

• UK exports and imports both grew strongly in almost every year between 1970 and 2002, even though exports fell slightly in real terms in 2002.

• There was an increasingly negative trade balance between 1998 and 2002, reaching the equivalent of over 10 per cent of imports for the first time in 2002.

Indicator: Social investment as a per cent of GDP B5

Social investment as percentage of GDP: 1970 to 1992 Change since

Per c

ent

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5 Health and social workEducationRoadsBusesRail transportSewage and refuse disposalWater

1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

1970 1990 1992

Not updated since QoLC (1999) United Kingdom Source: ONS

Objective: Investment (in modern plant and machinery, as well as research and development) is vital to our future prosperity

• Social investment (railways, hospitals, schools etc.) at current prices was around 2.0 per cent of GDP in 1990, decreasing to 1.7 per cent of GDP in 2002 (see Headline indicator H2).

• Estimates of social investment disaggregated by asset type for 1993 and later years are not available, so this chart has not been updated since the last publication.

QoLC — Update 2004 A sustainable economy (C)

C: 1

C: Developing skills and rewarding work The percentage of 16 year-olds in England achieving no qualifications has decreased to 5.2 per cent in 2002-3, compared with 6.8 per cent in 1990-1. In the 2002 National Adult Learning Survey, 24 per cent of respondents had done no learning in the previous 3 years. 12 per cent of working age people lived in workless households in 2003. The proportion of people of working age out of work (unemployed) for more than two years has decreased steadily over the last decade. In 2003, 22 per cent of people in employment were working over 45 hours per week, down from 26 per cent in 1990. Fatal injury rates at work have declined by approximately 20 per cent since 1998-9, but major injury rates have shown a slight increase in recent years.



H5 Education: Qualifications at age 19 (headline)

C1 16 year-olds with no qualifications

C2 Adult literacy/numeracy

C3 Learning participation

C4 Businesses recognised as Investors In People

H3 Employment: Proportion of people of working age who are in work (headline)

C5 Proportion of people of working age in workless households

C6 Proportion of people of working age out of work for more than two years

C7 Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and disabled people who are economically active

C8 People in employment working long hours

C9 Low pay†

C10 Work fatalities and injury rates; working days lost through illness

C11 UK companies implementing ethical trading codes of conduct


C: 2

Indicator: Sixteen year-olds with no qualifications C1

Percentage of 16 year-olds achieving no GCSE passes: 1988-9 to 2002-3 Change since

Per c

ent

BoysTotalGirls

1988-9 1990-1 1992-3 1994-5 1996-7 1998-9 2000-1 2002-30

2

4

6

8

10

12

1970 1990 1998-9

England Source: DfES

Objective: Raise educational standards at all levels and close the widening gap between high and low achievers

• The percentage of 16 year-olds in England achieving no qualifications has decreased to 5.2 per cent in 2002-3, compared with 6.1 per cent in 1998-9 and 6.8 per cent in 1990-1. However, a 2 percentage point gap between the sexes has persisted, with more boys achieving no qualifications than girls.

• Overall, 94.8 per cent of 16 year olds gained at least one GCSE at grade A* to G or equivalent.

Indicator: Adult literacy/numeracy C2

Adult literacy and numeracy levels: 2002-3 Change since

Perc

enta

ge o

f 16

- 65

year

old

s

Level 2 orabove

Level 1

Entry level 3

Entry level 2

Entry level 1 orbelow (lowest)

Literacy Numeracy0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1996


Note: The definitions used here are not directly comparable with those used in 1996


• Figures from a 2002-3 survey of adult literacy and numeracy in England show that about 16 per cent of respondents were assessed to have a relatively low level of literacy (entry level 3 or below). The proportion assessed to have relatively low numeracy was 47 per cent.


C: 3

Indicator: Adult literacy/numeracy (continued) C2

Adult prose, document and quantitative literacy levels: 1996

Level 4/5

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1(lowest)

Per c

ent

Quantitative Document Prose0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Percentage of those at prose level 1 and 2 who 'often' or 'sometimes' required help with different tasks: 1996

Level 1 (lowest)Level 2

50Per cent

0 10 20 30 40 60 70 80 90 100

Filling out forms

Reading info from govdepts, businesses etc

Doing basic maths

Writing notes and letters

Reading newspapers

Reading instructions onmedicine bottles

Reading packagedgoods in shops



• In a one-off survey in 1996, over a fifth of all adults of working age in the UK were estimated to have low literary and numeracy skills. Prose, document and quantitative literacy were measured. The two surveys are not comparable so it has not been possible to make an assessment of progress.


C: 4

Indicator: Learning participation C3

Percentage doing no learning in the past 3 years: 1997, 2001 and 2002 Change since

200220011997

By economic activity status

By age group

By gender

Per cent of those aged 16-69 no longer in full-time education0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Long term sickRetired

UnemployedIn paid work

60-6950-5940-4930-3920-2916-19

FemaleMale

All

Looking after home and family

1970 1990

1997 England and Wales Source: DfES

Objective: To become a learning society – in a rapidly changing world people need the skills to adapt, and opportunities to update them throughout their lives

• In the 2002 National Adult Learning Survey, 24 per cent of respondents had done no learning in the previous 3 years. In 1997, the figure was 26 per cent.

• Although non-participation rates decreased by 8 percentage points for retirees over this period, non-participation rates were the same as those in 1997 for younger respondents (those aged 16 – 29), the long-term sick and the unemployed.

Indicator: Businesses recognised as Investors

in People C4

Numbers of organisations recognised as Investors in People: 1993 to 2003 Change since

Num

ber o

f org

anis

atio

ns(th

ousa

nds)

Organisations with 50 or more employeesOrganisations with 10 - 49 employees

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1970 1990 1999

United Kingdom Source: Investors in People

Note: Figures at 31st March each year.

Objective: Boost workplace learning

• By March 2003, 16,080 organisations with 50 or more employees had been recognised as Investors in People, increasing from 6,269 in 1999.

• 14,200 organisations with between 10 and 49 employees had also been recognised, increasing from 3,117 in 1999.


C: 5

Indicator: Proportion of people of working age in

workless households C5

Proportion of working age people in workless households: 1990 to 2003 Change since

Per c

ent

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1970 1990

1998 United Kingdom Source: ONS

Note: Rate for the spring quarter of each year


• The proportion of working age people in workless households fell slightly from 13 per cent in 1998 to 12 per cent in 2003.

• Owing partly to an increase in single adult households, the proportion of working age adults in workless households was higher in 2003 than in 1990.

Indicator: Proportion of people of working age out of

work for more than two years C6

Proportion of working age people out of work for more than 2 years: 1992 to 2003

Change since

Per c

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

1970 1990 1999

Great Britain Source: ONS


• The proportion of people of working age out of work (unemployed) for more than two years has decreased steadily over the last decade.

• In 2003, the proportion was just over 10 per cent, compared with 17 per cent in 1999, 26 per cent in 1994 and 17 per cent in 1992.


C: 6

Indicator: Proportion of lone parents, long term ill and disabled people who are economically active

C7

Proportion of lone parents and disabled people who are economically active: 1984 to 2003

Change since Ac

tivity

rate

(%)

Overall rate for GBLone parents1

People with disabilities1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

1970 1990 1999


Notes: 1. Data have not been adjusted to reflect 2001 census population data. Disability data up to 1996 are not compatible with rates for 1997 onwards due

to definitional changes.


• Between 1999 and 2003, economic activity rates (employed or unemployed seeking work) have remained at a fairly constant level overall for Great Britain, while those for lone parents have risen from 56 to 58 per cent and those for people with disabilities have risen from 51 to 54 per cent.

Indicator: People in employment working long hours C8

Percentage of people in employment working long hours: 1984 to 2003

Change since

Per c

ent

Over 45 hours per weekOver 50 hours per weekOver 60 hours per week

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

1970 1990 1999


Note: Data have not been adjusted to reflect 2001 census population data

Objective: Fairness at work

• Between 1999 and 2003, the proportion of people in employment working over 45 hours per week fell from 24 per cent to 22 per cent, down from 26 per cent in 1990. The proportion of those working over 50 hours per week fell from 14 per cent in 1990 to 13 per cent in 1999 and 11 per cent in 2003.

• The proportion of those working over 60 hours per week fell steadily from 5 per cent in 1990 to 3 per cent in 2003.


C: 7

Indicator: Low pay† C9

Percentage of jobs paid at less than the National Minimum Wage (NMW) rates: 1998 to 2003

Change since

Per c

ent o

f job

s fo

r age

gro

up 18 - 2122 and over

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

1970 1990

1999 † New since QoLC (1999)


Note: Rate for the spring quarter of each year

Objective: Fairness at work

• The National Minimum Wage (NMW) was introduced in 1999 and several years will be needed to assess the full effects.

• In 1998, 7.3 per cent of 18 - 21 years olds were in jobs paying less than the NMW, this fell to 2.3 per cent in 1999 and was 2.2 per cent in 2003.

• Of those aged 22 years old or more, 5.9 per cent were in low paying jobs in 1998, falling to 2.2 per cent in 1999 and down to 1.0 per cent in 2003.

Indicator: Work fatalities and injury rates; working

days lost through illness C10

Major and fatal injury rates for workers1: 1986-7 to 2002-3 Change since

Major injury rates for workersFatal injury rates for workers

Inde

x (1

986-

7 =

100)

1988-9 1990-1 1992-3 1994-5 1996-7 1998-9 2000-1 2002-31986-70

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1970

1990 1998-9

Great Britain Source: HSE

Note: 1. Definitions of major and fatal injury were changed in 1996-7, and data for earlier years are not directly comparable.

Objective: Maintain a safe and healthy environment for workers

• Fatal injury rates have declined by approximately 20 per cent since 1998-9, from 1.0 per 100,000 workers to 0.8 per 100,000 workers in 2002-3.

• Major injury rates have shown a slight increase in recent years - from 108.3 per 100,000 workers in 1998-9 to 113.0 in 2002-3.


C: 8

Indicator: Work fatalities and injury rates; working days lost through illness (continued)

C10

Estimated prevalence rates of self-reported illness caused or made worse by work, by type of illness, for people working

in the last 12 months: 1990, 1995, 1998-9 and 2001-2 R

ate

per 1

00,0

00

Stress and related conditionsMusculoskeletal disordersAll illnesses

1990 1995 1998-9 2001-20

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

England and Wales Source: HSE

Note: Bone, joint or muscle problems are referred to as musculoskeletal disorders.

Objective: Maintain a safe and healthy environment for workers

• The overall rate of self-reported work-related all illness prevalence has fallen from 5,900 per 100,000 workers in 1990 to 5,000 in 2001-2.

Indicator: UK companies implementing ethical

trading codes of conduct C11

Objective: Raise quality of life of workers in global supply chains of companies importing into the UK

Information is available on the number of corporate members of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) who reported on performance in evaluating the compliance of suppliers and the corrective actions taken. However, an indicator which reflects the implementation of ETI codes of conduct across the whole supply chain still needs to be developed.

QoLC — Update 2004 A sustainable economy (D)

D: 1

D: Sustainable production and consumption Forty five per cent of all consumer spending in 2002 was on recreation and transport (mainly spending on the purchase and running of cars). Water consumption per head in households increased by 7 per cent between 1992 and 2002 in England and Wales. However average demand, as measured by water put into public supply, was 4 per cent lower in 2002 than in 1993, partly as a result of a reduction in leakage. New refrigerators in 2002 consumed on average 36 per cent less electricity than new models bought in 1989. Pesticide residues in food have continued to fall. Overseas flights by UK residents more than quadrupled between 1980 and 2002, and visits to the UK by air more than doubled. Total freight movement increased by 81 per cent between 1970 and 2001. In 2001, 64 per cent of freight transport was by road, similar to the proportion in 1970, whilst the proportion moved by rail fell from 18 per cent to 8 per cent.


D: 2

QOLC 1999 QOLC Updated Assessment Change since Change since Ref.


D1 Consumer information †

D2 Consumer expenditure na na na na na D3 Energy and water consumption

by sector/Waste and hazardous emissions by sector †

D4 Adoption of environmental management systems (ISO 14001) and the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

D5 Corporate environmental engagement

D6 Environmental reporting

Peak water demand

Revised Revised Revised

Average water demand na na

D7 Household water use and peak demand

Household water consumption

D8 Thermal efficiency of housing stock

D9 Primary aggregates per unit of construction value

D10 Construction and demolition waste going to landfill

D11 Energy efficiency of new appliances

D12 Pesticide residues in food

D13 Area under agreement under the Environmentally Sensitive Area and Countryside Stewardship agri-environment schemes

D14 Area converted to organic production

D15 Energy efficiency of road passenger travel

Average fuel consumption of new cars

D16 Sustainable tourism

D17 Leisure trips by mode of transport

D18 Overseas travel

D19 Chemical releases to the environment

D20 Freight transport by mode

D21 Heavy goods vehicle mileage intensity


D: 3

Indicator: Consumer information† D1

Adherence to Green Claims Code: 2001 Change since

Fail

Borderline

PassN

umbe

r of p

rodu

cts

test

ed fo

rco

mpl

ianc

e w

ith th

e G

reen

Cla

ims

Cod

e

Finishedwood

productsand

sawntimber

Growingmedia

Householdbagsand

containers

Householdcleaningproducts

Paints,varnishes

andwood

preserves

Paperproducts

White(electrical)

goods

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999)

United Kingdom Source: ECOTEC

Objective: Give consumers better information and encourage purchasing initiatives which help to move the market

• In 2001, 25 per cent of the 609 products tested were assessed as not complying with the Green Claims Code. A further 6 per cent were assessed as borderline.

• Over 60 per cent of the paints, varnishes and wood preservers covered by the survey were reported as failing to adhere to the code.

Indicator: Consumer expenditure D2

Consumer expenditure per household: 1989 to 2002 Contextual indicator

Inde

x (1

989

= 10

0)

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 20018090

100110120130140150160170180190 Recreation

Home furnishingsFuelFoodTransport & communicationTotal expenditure1989 baseline

United Kingdom Source: ONS, ODPM

• 45 per cent of all consumer spending in 2002 was on recreation and

transport (mainly spending on the purchase and running of cars).


D: 4

Indicator: Consumer expenditure (continued) D2

Consumer expenditure per household: 1989 to 2002 Contextual indicator

Inde

x (1

989

= 10

0)

8090

100110120130140150160170180190

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Clothing and footwearOther goods and servicesHousing and waterAlcohol and tobaccoTotal expenditure1989 baseline

United Kingdom Source: ONS, ODPM

• Between 1998 and 2002, spending in all areas except alcohol and tobacco and fuel increased in real terms.

• Growth in spending in real terms between 1998 and 2002 has been greatest in clothing and footwear (35 per cent) and home furnishing and appliances (35 per cent).

Indicator: Energy and water consumption by sector;

waste and hazardous emissions by sector†D3

Energy use and Gross Value Added (GVA) by sector: 2001 Change since

Energy useGVA

Percentage of total0 20 40 60 80

Service industries

Construction

Electricity, gas andwater supply1

Manufacturing

Agriculture

Mining and quarrying

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999) United Kingdom Source: ONS

Note: 1. Does not include energy supplied to customers but includes conversion losses from electricity generation

Objective: Take-up of best practice in key sectors

• The service sector generates 72 per cent of GVA, the manufacturing sector 17 per cent and the electricity, gas and water supply sector 2 per cent. They each account for around one third of energy use.


D: 5

Indicator: Energy and water consumption by sector; waste and hazardous emissions by sector (continued)

D3

Water use and Gross Value Added (GVA) by sector: 1997

Water useGVA


Service industries

Construction

Electricity, gas andwater supply1

Manufacturing

Agriculture



Note: 1. Does not include water put into public supply except for leakage

Waste and Gross Value Added (GVA) by sector: 1998

WasteGVA


Service industries

Construction

Electricity, gas andwater supply

Agriculture1

Manufacturing


United Kingdom Source: EA, Defra

Note: 1. Agricultural waste includes both natural and non-natural waste

Objective: Take-up of best practice in key sectors

• The electricity and water supply sectors accounts for more than half of water use (mainly cooling water for power stations, much of which is returned, and leakage from water supply) but only 2 per cent of GVA.

• The manufacturing and agricultural (mostly fish farming) sectors each account for about one fifth of water use. Manufacturing contributes about one fifth of GVA and agriculture one per cent.

• The service industry generates under 10 per cent of waste but over two thirds of total GVA. Mining and agriculture generate over half of total waste but only 3 per cent of GVA.

• QoLC (1999) also proposed an indicator for hazardous emissions by sector. A suitable aggregate measure for hazardous emissions has not been developed.


D: 6

Indicator: Adoption of environmental management systems (ISO 14001) and the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

D4

Adoption of environmental management system (ISO14001) and the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): 1995 to 2003 Change since

ISO 14001 Total ISO 14001 ManufacturingISO 14001 Other sectors EMAS

Num

ber o

f com

pani

es (t

hous

ands

)

1995 1996 1997 1998 20030.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: IEMA

Objective (revised):

Encourage businesses to assess environmental impacts, set targets, commit to a programme of continuous improvement and report publicly on progress

• In 2003, approximately 3,000 organisations had achieved certification for ISO14001, increasing from 387 in 1998. EMAS registrations increased from 21 in 1998 to 80 in 2003.

• There are no data available for the number of EMAS registrations or the take-up of ISO14001 by UK organisations for the period 1999 to 2002.

Indicator: Corporate environmental engagement D5

FTSE 350 companies reporting on corporate environmental engagement: 1999 and 2002 Change since

20021999

Number of BiE Index participants(FTSE 350 companies) having:

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Environmental responsibilities injob descriptions

Regular environmentaldialogue withstakeholders

Organisational andperformance

environmental targets

Internal environmentalaudit process

Publicly availableenvironmental objectives

1970 1990

1998 United Kingdom Source: Business in the Environment

Objective: Encourage businesses to assess environmental impacts and settargets and produce environmental reports

• In 1999, 133 participants from the FTSE 350 companies in the Business in the Environment (BiE) index reported on corporate environmental engagement. This rose to 206 in 2002.

• The number of participants with publicly available environmental objectives more than doubled over this period. Those with environmental targets, internal environmental audit processes and environmental responsibilities in job descriptions also increased significantly.


D: 7

Indicator: Environmental reporting D6

Objective: Encourage businesses to assess environmental impacts and set targets, and produce environmental reports

• Progress against the reporting elements of this indicator can be assessed through reference to a variety of information sources. These include research by Defra which showed that by the end of 2001:

• 99 companies were reporting on their environmental performance including at least some data on their key impacts

• 140 companies fell short of full reporting but had, at the least, a publicly available statement about their environmental engagement

• 71 companies had signalled their intention to either start reporting, or improve their current reporting.

• An independent survey by consultants Salterbaxter & Context showed that, of the FTSE 250 companies, 132 companies reported on environmental performance in 2002-3 compared with 105 in 2001-2.

• A recent report by NextStepConsulting showed that 42 per cent of the FTSE350 companies published a full stand-alone report in Spring 2004, compared with 33 per cent in Spring 2003.

• Data sources for reviewing progress against this indicator will continue to be monitored, particularly in the light of the Government’s intention to introduce regulations in 2004 to require company directors to report annually on all issues relevant to achieving business objectives, including the environment, through a new operating and financial review (OFR).

Indicator: Household water use and peak demand D7

Household water consumption per head and peak and average demand for public water supply: 1992 to 2002

Average Water Demand

Water consumptionAverage demandPeak demand

125

150

175

200

225

250 Household consum

ption (litres per person per day)Publ

ic w

ater

sup

ply

(thou

sand

meg

alitr

es p

er d

ay)

Public water supply

Households

20021992 1994 1996 1998 200010

12

14

16

18

20

Change since 1970

1990 1997

Household water consumption Change since

1970 1990

1997 England and Wales Source: OFWAT

Objective: Need housing which is more energy efficient, uses fewer resources and creates less waste

• Water consumption per head in households increased by 7 per cent between 1992 and 2002 in England and Wales.

• Average demand, as measured by water put into public supply, was 4 per cent lower in 2002 than in 1993, partly as a result of a reduction in leakage.

• In 2002, average demand was 2 per cent lower than in 1997, while water consumption per head was one per cent higher.


D: 8

Indicator: Thermal efficiency of housing stock D8

Insulation of housing stock: 1987 to 2002 Change since

Perc

enta

ge o

f pot

entia

l hou

seho

lds

Loft insulation - 4 inches plusDouble glazing - 80 per cent plusCavity wall insulationFull insulationNo insulation

1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002*0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: BRE

Note: * Provisional data for no insulation and for full insulation.

Objective: Need housing which is more energy efficient and uses fewer resources

• Fifteen per cent of houses were fully insulated in 2002, compared with 3 per cent in 1987 and 10 per cent in 1998.

• The percentage of houses with no insulation fell from 18 per cent in 1987 to 12 per cent in 1998 and 7 per cent in 2002.

• By 2002, 47 per cent of houses had at least 80 per cent of windows double-glazed, compared with 14 per cent in 1987.

Indicator: Primary aggregates per unit of construction

value D9

Primary aggregates output and value of construction: 1972 to 2001 Change since

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Construction value in 1995 prices Aggregates output

£ billion

Milli

on to

nnes

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 20000

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: ODPM

Objective: Greater use of sustainable construction materials

• Prior to 1994, aggregate output and construction value trends largely mirrored each other. Since then they have diverged, with construction values increasing while aggregate outputs fell and then stabilised.

• Between 1998 and 2001, the value of construction increased by 7 per cent to £60 billion. However, the amount of aggregates quarried increased by only 2 per cent to around 220 million tonnes. This represents a fall from 3.9 to 3.7 million tonnes per £billion construction value.


D: 9

Indicator: Construction and demolition waste going to landfill

D10

Inactive waste going to landfill1,2: 1997 to 2003 Change since

Mill

ion

tonn

es p

er q

uarte

r yea

r

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030

2

4

6

8

10

12

1970 1990

1999 United Kingdom Source: HM C&E

Note: 1. Also includes some unidentified inactive industrial waste 2. From 1st October 1999 excludes waste used to restore landfill sites or backfill

quarries

Objective: Greater use of sustainable construction materials

• Landfill Tax was introduced in October 1996 and since then the amount of construction and demolition waste disposed to landfill has fallen considerably.

• In the third quarter of 2003 around 3.3 million tonnes of construction, demolition and other inert waste was sent to landfill - about a third less than in the final quarter of 1999 (when changes were made to the coverage of the tax).

Indicator: Energy efficiency of new appliances D11

Relative electricity consumption of new appliances: 1989 to 2002 Change since

Rel

ativ

e el

ectri

city

con

sum

ptio

n in

dex

(198

9 =

100)

Beforeenergylabelling

Afterenergylabelling

Chest freezerFridge-freezerUpright freezerRefrigerator1989 baseline

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 200160

70

80

90

100

110

120

1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: MTP, ECI

Objective: Need more efficient appliances

• New cold appliances continue to show improvements in efficiency since 1998, particularly on the introduction of EU-wide minimum efficiency performance standards in 1999.

• The greatest improvements among cold appliances were for refrigerators, with new models in 2002 consuming on average 36 per cent less electricity than new models in 1989.


D: 10

Indicator: Pesticide residues in food D12

Pesticide residues in food: 1990 to 2002 Change since

0

MRL exceedences aspercentage of samples

Number of MRLs

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Num

ber of MR

Ls (thousands)

MR

L ex

ceed

ence

s as

per

cent

age

of s

ampl

es

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: Defra

Objective: Minimise the impact of pesticides on human health

• In 2002, 1.0 per cent of assessed samples exceeded the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) for pesticides, down from 1.8 per cent in 1990 and 1.3 per cent in 1998

• The proportion of exceedences has fallen despite an increase in the number of MRLs, from 1,000 in 1990 to 10,500 in 1998 and over 18,000 in 2002.

Indicator: Area under agreement under the

Environmentally Sensitive Area and Countryside Stewardship Agri-Environment schemes

D13

Area of environmentally managed agricultural land in England: 1987 to 2002

Change since

Thou

sand

hec

tare

s

1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 20020

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

CSS scheme²ESA scheme¹

1970 1990 1998

England Source: Defra

Notes: 1. Number of thousand hectares agreed and paid for in the same year 2. Number of thousand hectares paid for in the financial year following the

agreement year

Objective: Encourage environmentally sensitive land management by farmers

• Since the introduction of the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and Countryside Stewardship (Agri-Environment) schemes, 934,000 hectares of land in England have agreements and funds.

• Since 1998, 315,000 hectares of land have been agreed and funded.


D: 11

Indicator: Area converted to organic production D14

Area of land converted or in conversion to organic farming: 1995 to 2003 Change since

Organically farmedIn conversion to organic farming

Thou

sand

hec

tare

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1970 1990 1999


Note: Figures as at April each year

Objective: Organic production methods

• The area of land converted or in conversion to organic production has dramatically increased since 1999.

• In 2003, 537,000 hectares were organically farmed and a further 204,000 hectares were in conversion to organic farming – a total of 741,000 hectares, compared with 276,000 hectares in 1999 and just 55,000 hectares in 1998.

Indicator: Energy efficiency of road passenger

travel/Average fuel efficiency of new cars D15

Passenger transport fuel consumption, passenger miles and their ratio: 1970 to 2002

Energy efficiency of road passenger travel

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

Road passenger milesFuel consumption for road passenger transportFuel consumption per passenger mile1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


United Kingdom Source: DfT, DTI

Objective: Encourage production, marketing, purchase and use of vehicles that are more fuel efficient

• Between 1970 and 2002, the distance travelled by road passengers increased by 89 per cent and fuel use increased by 76 per cent. Fuel consumption per road passenger mile has historically remained fairly constant but in 2002 was 7 per cent lower than in 1970.

• Between 1998 and 2002, fuel consumption per road passenger mile decreased by 2 per cent.


D: 12

Indicator: Energy efficiency of road passengertravel/Average fuel efficiency of new cars(continued)

D15

Average fuel efficiency of new cars1: 1978 to 2002

Average fuel efficiency of new

cars

Mile

s pe

r gal

lon

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 200225

27

29

31

33

35

37

39



Note: 1. Excludes diesel and four wheel drive cars

Objective: Encourage production, marketing, purchase and use of vehicles that are more fuel efficient

• The average fuel efficiency of new cars improved from 29 miles per gallon in 1978 to 37 miles per gallon in 2002, the highest it has been.

• Between 1998 and 2002, average fuel efficiency improved by 6 per cent. Indicator: Sustainable tourism D16

Objective: UK tourism industry to grow significantly in ways which are economically, socially and environmentally friendly

A set of national sustainable tourism indicators for England was developed by the English Tourism Council (ETC) in 2001. Produced annually, these were an initial attempt to measure long-term progress towards tourism becoming more sustainable. Since April 2003, the remit of VisitBritain (ETC’s successor) has changed. Therefore, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport is currently considering how sustainable tourism indicators fit in with its wider review of tourism statistics.


D: 13

Indicator: Leisure trips by mode of transport D17

Leisure trips by mode of transport and car leisure trips by type: 1985-6 to 2002*

Change since

2002*1999-20011996-981992-941989-911985-86

All leisure trips by mode Car leisure trips by typeTr

ips

per p

erso

n pe

r yea

r

Visitingfriends

Sportor

entertainment

OtherBicycleRailandbus

WalkCar Holiday/day trip

0

50

100

150

200

250

1970 1990

1996-8


Note: * 2002 figures are provisional

Objective: Address transport issues; integrate tourism with public transport

• Leisure trips by car rose by about 16 per cent in the second half of the 1980s, but then levelled off in the 1990s.

• Leisure trips by public transport have fallen by about 31 per cent since 1985-6, but have changed very little since 1996-8.

• Since 1996-8, journeys by bicycle and by foot have dropped by 23 per cent and 19 per cent respectively.

Indicator: Overseas travel D18

Air and sea visits by UK and overseas residents: 1982 to 2002 Change since

Milli

on v

isits

Air travel by UK residentsAir travel to the UK by overseas residentsSea travel by UK residents1

Sea travel to the UK by overseas residents1

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 20000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: ONS, DfT

Note: 1. Sea travel includes the Channel Tunnel from 1995.

Objective: Address transport issues

• Overseas flights by UK residents more than quadrupled between 1980 and 2002, and visits to the UK by air more than doubled.

• Although air travel by UK residents has continued to increase significantly since 1998, the number of overseas visitors to the UK by air was 2 per cent lower in 2002 than in 1998, partly due to the aftermath of the 11th September terrorist attacks.


D: 14

Indicator: Chemical releases to the environment D19 Objective: Reduce environmental impact of chemicals

The UK Chemicals Strategy included a commitment to develop a set of indicators as a way of measuring the strategy’s aims. The Chemicals Stakeholder Forum, set up under the strategy, has overseen a project which proposed a set of indicators and suggested ways in which they might be taken forward. The project report, “Performance Indicators for the UK Chemicals Strategy” is available from the Defra web site (www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/csf/papers.htm).

The UK chemicals strategy is, however, currently under review together with the Stakeholder Forum and further development of the indicators will be dependant on the outcome of this. Nevertheless, the project report offers suggestions for indicators that could be more widely used for measuring the effectiveness of chemicals policy.

The incidence of certain chemicals in the environment is covered by other indicators in QoLC, including: persistent organic pollutants (M1); dangerous substances in water (M2); selected air pollutants (P1, P2); sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions (P3). Indicator: Freight transport by mode D20

Freight moved by mode: 1970 to 2002 Change since

Billio

n to

nne

kilo

met

res

1970* 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002**

All modes

Pipeline

Water

RailRoad

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1970 1990

1998 Great Britain Source: DfT, SRA, DTI

Notes: * Water data from 1972 onwards are not comparable with earlier information. ** Water data are not available.

Objective: Develop distribution systems which support economic growth, protect the environment and benefit society

• Total freight moved increased by 81 per cent between 1970 and 2001. • In 2001, 64 per cent of freight transport was by road, similar to the 1970

share, whilst the proportion moved by rail fell from 18 per cent to 8 per cent. • Between 1998 and 2002, rail freight increased by 8 per cent while road

freight remained fairly constant.


D: 15

Indicator: Heavy goods vehicle mileage intensity D21

Heavy goods vehicle kilometres, GDP and their ratio: 1953 to 2002 Change since

Inde

x (1

980

= 10

0)

1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 2001

HGV kms/GDPHGV kms

1980 baselineGDP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1970 1990 1998

Great Britain Source: ONS, DfT

Objective: Develop distribution systems which support economic growth, protect the environment and benefit society

• Although road freight has shown a strong increase, road freight intensity as measured by Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) kilometres per GDP has tended to decline since the mid 1960s.

• This is in part due to a shift towards the use of larger articulated vehicles carrying a greater payload.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (E)

E: 1

E: Promoting economic vitality and employment Since 1990, Gross Value Added (GVA) per head, a measure of economic activity, has been increasing relative to the UK average in the East of England, London, the South East and Northern Ireland, but decreasing in the rest of the UK. Between 1998 and 2001, growth in new businesses net of closures was strongest in London and the South East of England and weakest in Wales. Between 1999 to 2003, the employment rate for ethnic minorities remained below the overall rate. However, over the last 10 years the unemployment rate for ethnic minorities has decreased by 7 percentage points.



E1 Regional variations in GDP

E2 Index of local deprivation

H4 Poverty: Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion (headline)

Teenage pregnancies

E3

Truancies and exclusions from school

E4 New business start-ups net of closures

E5 Ethnic minority employment and unemployment


E: 2

Indicator: Regional variations in GDP E1

Regional gross value added per head: 1990 to 2001 Change since

Per c

ent a

bove

or b

elow

UK

aver

age

2001

1996

1990

London Rest ofSouthEast

Eastof

England

Scotland EastMidlands

SouthWest

WestMidlands

NorthWest

Yorkshireand theHumber

Wales NorthernIreland

NorthEast

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1970 1990 1996


Objective: Improve economic performance and enhance regional competitiveness

• Since 1990, Gross Value Added (GVA) per head has been increasing relative to the UK average in the East of England, London, the South East and Northern Ireland, but decreasing in the rest of the UK.

• In 2001, the North East, Wales and Northern Ireland had per capita GVAs which were more than 20 per cent below the UK average while GVAs for the South East and London were more than 20 per cent above average.

Indicator: Index of local deprivation E2

The 2000 deprivation ranks of the 50 most deprived unitary authorities/local authority districts in 1998: 1998 and 2000

Change since

2000

Ext

ent R

ank M

ore

depr

ived

Less

dep

rived

180

1998 Extent RankMore deprivedLess deprived

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1970 1990 1998

England Source: OPDM

Objective: Closing the gap between the poorest communities and the rest

• Differences in data and formulation mean that the 1998 and 2000 indices of deprivation are not readily comparable.

• The chart indicates that only 13 (26 per cent) of the unitary authorities/local authority districts which were identified as being amongst the 50 most deprived in 1998 were no longer amongst the 50 most deprived in 2000. However, it is not clear whether the changes in status shown are due to better data or represent real changes in the status of authorities, and the extent rank measure shown here is only one way (of several) of measuring deprivation.


E: 3

Indicator: Truancies and exclusions from school; Teenage pregnancies

E3

Teenage pregnancies: 1971 to 2001 Change since R

ate

per 1

,000

wom

en in

the

age

grou

p

1971* 1981* 1991 1996 20010

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1990 1997

Great Britain Source: ONS, Scottish Executive

Note: * Data for 1971 and 1981 are not strictly comparable with those for later years

Percentage of pupils excluded from school: 1994-5 to 2001-2

Per c

ent

1994-5 1995-6 1996-7 1997-8 1998-9 1999-2000 2000-1 2001-20.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Change since 1970

1990 1997-8


Objective: Tackling poverty and social exclusion

• In 2001 there were around 43 conceptions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17, but around 4 fewer than in 1997 and 5 fewer than in 1990.

• The percentage of pupils excluded from school fell by a quarter (from 0.16 to 0.12 per cent) between 1997-8 and 2001-2.

• Truancies have been roughly stable since records began in the early 1980s at 0.7 per cent of half days missed per year through unauthorised pupil absence (not shown).


E: 4

Indicator: New business start-ups net of closures E4

New business start-ups net of closures1, by region: 1998 to 2001 Change since

2001200019991998

Per 1

00,0

00 re

side

nt p

opul

atio

n

Wal

es

Nor

thE

ast

York

shire

and

the

Hum

ber

Scot

land

Eas

tM

idla

nds

Wes

tM

idla

nds

Sout

hW

est

Nor

thW

est

Eas

t of

Engl

and

Nor

ther

nIre

land

Sout

hE

ast

Lond

on-5

0

5

10

15

20

New business start-ups net of closures1, by sector: 1998 to 2001

Perc

enta

ge o

f sta

rt-ye

ar re

gist

ered

sto

ck

Agric

ultu

re,

fishi

ngM

inin

g, e

nerg

y,w

ater

Man

ufac

turin

g

Con

stru

ctio

n

Who

lesa

le,

reta

il

Hot

els,

rest

aura

nts

Tran

spor

t

Fina

ncia

l

Oth

er b

usin

ess

Educ

atio

n,he

alth

Oth

erse

rvic

es

2

4

68

10

-8

-6-4-2

0

2001200019991998

1970 1990

1998 United Kingdom Source: DTI United Kingdom Source: DTI

Note: 1. 2001 rates are based on the 2000 resident population

Objective: Promoting local business diversity

• Between 1998 and 2001, growth in new businesses net of closures was strongest in London and the South East of England and weakest in Wales. This compares with 1984 when all regions saw overall net closures (not shown).

• For the UK as a whole, growth was concentrated in the hotel, restaurant and other services sectors, with losses in the more industrial sectors and in retailing.


E: 5

Indicator: Ethnic minority employment and unemployment

E5

Employment and unemployment rates - overall working age population and ethnic minorities: 1984 to 2003

Change since

Employment

Unemployment

Per c

ent

Overall working age populationEthnic minorities

Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q4 Q41992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1999

Great Britain Source: DWP

Objective: Reducing disproportionate unemployment among ethnic minorities

• Between 1999 to 2003, the employment rate for ethnic minorities remained 17 percentage points below the overall rate. The unemployment gap has remained at 4 percentage points.

• Over the last 10 years the unemployment rates for ethnic minorities and the overall working age population have decreased by 7 and 4 percentage points respectively.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (F)

F: 1

F: Better health for all Life expectancy for people of all social classes has increased but differences for different social groups remain. In 1997-9, a professional woman could expect to live an average of 5.7 years longer than an unskilled woman, whilst the equivalent gap for men was 7.4 years. Death rates from circulatory diseases (people under 75) and accidents have halved since the 1970s and death rates from cancer and suicides have fallen during and since the 1990s. However, overall healthy life expectancy has not increased to the same extent as life expectancy so a higher proportion of the extra years of life are spent in poor health.



H6 Health: Expected years of healthy life (headline)

F1 Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease, accidents and suicides

F2 Respiratory illness

Life expectancy for women

F3 Health inequalities

Life expectancy for men

F4 NHS hospital waiting lists


F: 2

Indicator: Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease, accidents and suicides

F1

Death rates - cancer, circulatory disease, accidents, suicides: 1970 to 2001 Change since

Rat

es p

er 1

00,0

00 (i

ndex

ed 1

970

= 10

0)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Suicide and undeterminedCancerCirculatory diseasesAccidents1970 baseline

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1970 1990 1996

England & Wales Source: ONS

Objective: Deliver key health targets

• Death rates from circulatory diseases (people under 75) and accidents have halved since the 1970s and death rates from cancer and suicides have fallen during and since the 1990s.

• In 2001, death rates per 100,000 were 520 for circulatory diseases, 399 for cancer, 18 for accidents and 32 for suicides and undetermined deaths.

Indicator: Respiratory illness F2

Prevalence of wheezing in last year: 1995-6 and 2001 Change since

Per c

ent

Men

2-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ All ages0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Per c

ent

Women

2-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ All ages0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Per c

ent

All persons

2-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ All ages0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1970 1990

1995-6 England Source: DH

Objective: Environmental factors affecting health

• Overall, the prevalence of severe wheezing was almost unchanged between the 1995-96 and 2001 health surveys. In 2001, 11.7 per cent of people surveyed had experienced severe wheezing in the last year.

• Changes in wheezing prevalence varied for men and women, and differed significantly with age.

1995-96 health surveys

2001 health survey


F: 3

Indicator: Health inequalities F3

Life expectancy for women: 1972-6 to 1997-9 Women

Year

s

Managerial & technical / intermediateSkilled manualUnskilled

ProfessionalSkilled non-manualPartly skilled

1972-76 1977-81 1982-86 1987-91 1992-96 1997-9970

75

80

85

Change since

1970 1990

1992-6

England and Wales Source: ONS

Life expectancy for men: 1972-6 to 1997-9 Men ProfessionalManagerial & technical / intermediateSkilled non-manualSkilled manualPartly skilled

Unskilled

1972-76 1977-81 1982-86 1987-91 1992-96 1997-9965

70

75

80

Year

s

Change since 1970

1990 1992-6

England and Wales Source: ONS

Objective: Address major factors leading to health inequalities

• Life expectancy for people of all social classes increased between 1972-6 and 1997-9 but differences between life expectancy for different social groups remain.

• In 1997-9 a professional woman could expect to live an average of 5.7 years longer than an unskilled woman, whilst the equivalent gap for men was 7.4 years.


F: 4

Indicator: NHS Hospital waiting lists F4

Number of people waiting admission at NHS hospitals: 1993 to 2002 Change since

19981996

Milli

on

1993 1994 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 200220030.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1970 1990 1999

England Source: DH

Objective: Provide people with access to effective healthcare, based on patients’ needs, and not on where they live or their ability to pay

• Waiting lists fell by 121,000 between June 1999 and September 2003. • In September 2003 there were nearly 974,000 people on NHS waiting lists

– slightly fewer (21,000) than in March 1993.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (G)

G: 1

G: Travel The average journey lengths for leisure, commuting, shopping and education have all increased. The number of trips per person per year by car increased by 20 per cent in the second half of the 1980s, but by only a further 5 per cent in the last decade. Between 1985-6 and 2002, the percentage of children aged 5 - 16 travelling to school by car doubled from 16 to 32 per cent. Walking is still the main way for children to get to school even though the percentage walking fell from 56 per cent in 1985/86 to 44 per cent in 2002. Distances travelled increased for all income groups, with the largest increase being for the lowest income group. However, those in the highest income group still travelled more than 3 times as far as those in the lowest.



Traffic volume H11 Road traffic

(headline) Traffic intensity

G1 Passenger travel by mode

G2 How children get to school

G3 Average journey length by purpose

G4 Traffic congestion

G5 Distance travelled relative to income


G: 2

Indicator: Passenger travel by mode G1

Journeys per person per year by mode of transport: 1985-6 to 2002* Change since

2002*1999-20011996-981992-941989-911985-86

Jour

neys

per

per

son

per y

ear

Car Walk Rail and bus Bicycle Other0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1970 1990 1996-8


Note: * Provisional data.


• Between 1985-6 and 2002, the number of trips that were mainly on foot fell by 31 per cent and the number of bicycle trips fell by 40 per cent.

• The number of trips per person per year by car increased by 20 per cent in the second half of the 1980s, but by only 5 per cent more in the last decade.

• The percentage of journeys per person per year by car increased from 61 per cent in 1996-8 to 64 per cent in 2002.

Indicator: How children get to school G2

Mode of travel by children aged 5 - 16 years: 1985-6 to 2002* Change since

2002*1999-20011996-981992-941989-911985-86

Per

cen

t

Walk Car/vanpassenger

Bus Bicycle Other0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1990 1996-8




G: 3

Indicator: How children get to school (continued) G2


• Between 1985-6 and 2002, the percentage of children aged 5 - 16 travelling to school by car doubled from 16 to 32 per cent. The percentage walking or cycling fell commensurately.

• Walking is still the main way for children to get to school even though the percentage walking fell from 56 per cent in 1985-6 to 44 per cent in 2002.

• Between 1996-8 and 2002, the percentage of children walking to school decreased by 10 per cent while the percentage taken by car increased by 13 per cent.

Indicator: Average journey length by purpose G3

Average trip length by purpose: 1985-1986 to 2002* Change since

2002*1999-20011996-981992-941989-911985-86

Mile

s

Leisure Commuting Shopping Education0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1970 1990 1996-8




• Between 1985-6 and 2002, the average distances travelled by people for commuting, education and shopping all increased by between a third and a half.

• Between 1996-8 and 2002, the average journey lengths for leisure, commuting, shopping and education increased by 8 per cent, 6 per cent, 12 per cent and 16 per cent respectively.


G: 4

Indicator: Traffic congestion G4

Percentage of network at 100 per cent stress or more: 1996 and 1998

Change since Pe

r cen

t

Total 1998length: 2,800 km 11,700 km 22,000 km

Motorway Built-up* major Non built-up* major0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

19981996

1970 1990 1998

England Source: DfT

Note: 1. Built-up roads have a speed limit of 40 mph or less.

Objective: The cost of traffic congestion

• The Department for Transport is developing new data sources and new indicators of congestion as part of the current review of the 10 Year Plan for Transport.

Indicator: Distance travelled relative to income G5

Distance travelled relative to household income band: 1985-1986 to 1999-2001 Change since

1985-861989-911992-941996-981999-2001

Mile

s pe

r per

son

per y

ear (

thou

sand

s)

Real income band

Lowestfifth

Secondlowest fifth

Middlefifth

Secondhighest fifth

Highestfifth

All realincomes

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1970 1990

1996-8 Great Britain Source: DfT

Objective: The link between rising prosperity and increased travel must bebroken

• Between 1989-91 and 1999-2001, distance travelled increased for all income groups, with the largest increase being for the lowest income group (20 per cent), and the smallest increase being for those with the highest incomes (2 per cent). However, those in the highest income group still travelled more than 3 times as far as those in the lowest.

• There was relatively little change, and no clear pattern of change, in distances travelled for different income groups between 1996-8 and 1999-2001.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (J)

J: 1

J: Access In a 2001-2 survey, more households without a car reported access difficulties to amenities than those who had a car - 47 per cent had difficulty getting to a hospital, compared with 26 per cent with a car. By 2000, 86 per cent of rural parishes had no GP based in the parish, 71 per cent had no general store, 46 per cent no post office and 76 per cent no daily bus service. In a 2001 survey of disabled people, 16 per cent had difficulty going shopping, and 10 per cent difficulty going to a cinema, pub or restaurant. The proportions with difficulty accessing goods and services had changed little since 1996. The number of households in temporary accommodation in England had risen to 94,000 by 2003. The number of ‘fuel poor’ households fell by around 60 per cent between 1996 and 2001.



J1 People finding access difficult

J2 Access to services in rural areas

J3 Access for disabled people

J4 Participation in sport and cultural activities

H7 Housing: Households living in non-decent housing(headline)

Temporary accommodation

J5

Rough sleepers

J6 Fuel poverty


J: 2

Indicator: People finding access difficult J1

Percentage of people finding access to amenities difficult: 1997-8 to 2001-2

Change since

a) With a car Pe

rcen

tage

hav

ing

diffi

culty

Corner shop Post office Doctor Supermarket Hospital 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1997-82001-2

b) Without a car

Perc

enta

ge h

avin

g di

fficu

lty

Corner shop Post office Doctor Supermarket Hospital 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1997-82001-2

1970 1990 1997-8

England Source: ODPM England Source: ODPM

Objective: Need better access to services

• In a 2001-2 survey, more households without a car reported access difficulties to amenities than those who had a car - 47 per cent had difficulty getting to a hospital, compared with 26 per cent with a car.

• Compared with 1997-8, 9 per cent more households said that access to hospitals was difficult, with or without a car, and households with difficulties accessing supermarkets without a car increased from 17 to 23 per cent.


J: 3

Indicator: Access to services in rural areas J2

Percentage of English rural parishes without key services: 1991 to 2000 Change since

Perc

enta

ge w

ithou

t ser

vice

Key serviceGP (based inthe parish)

General store Post office Daily bus service0

102030405060708090

100

2000199719941991

1970 1990 1997

England Source: Countryside Agency

Objective: Need better access to services

• Between 1991 and 2000, 4 per cent of rural parishes lost their post office (3 per cent since 1997); 2 per cent lost their GP (3 per cent since 1997, after a 1 per cent gain); 4 per cent lost a daily bus service (1 per cent since 1997).

• By 2000, 86 per cent of rural parishes had no GP based in the parish, 71 per cent had no general store, 46 per cent no post office and 76 per cent no daily bus service.

Indicator: Access for disabled people J3

Percentage of disabled people having difficulties in accessing particular goods and services: 1996 to 2001

Change since

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Other

Using a bank or building society

Using a public telephone

Arranging insurance

Going to a private club

Going to a sporting event

Going to the library

Going to a pub or restaurant

Going to the cinema

Going shopping

Arranging hotel etc. accommodation

Percentage having difficulties

20011996

1970 1990

1996 Great Britain Source: DWP

Objective: Ensure that disabled people have access to a wider range of goods, services and facilities

• In a 2001 survey of disabled people, 16 per cent had difficulty going shopping, 10 per cent going to a cinema, pub or restaurant. The proportions with difficulty accessing goods and services had changed little since 1996.


J: 4

Indicator: Access for disabled people (continued) J3 Percentage of disabled people having particular difficulties

in accessing goods and services: 1996 and 2001

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Getting information

Communication

Facilities lacking

Getting into place

Getting there

Getting around place

Percentage having difficulties

20011996


Objective: Ensure that disabled people have access to a wider range of goods, services and facilities

• Of those disabled people having particular difficulties accessing goods and services in 2001, 27 per cent had difficulty getting there (down 5 percentage points since 1996), 19 per cent had difficulties getting around the place and 15 per cent had difficulties getting into the place. There were improvements in facilities, communication and information compared with 1996.

Indicator: Participation in sport and cultural activities J4

Participation in sport1 and cultural activities: 1987 to 2002 and 2000 Change since

Perc

ent

Men Women0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000

Sport CulturalActivities

20021996199319901987

Men Women

1970 1990 1996


Note: 1. People aged 16 and over participating in at least one activity (excluding walking) in a 4-week period.

Objective: Arts and sport should be accessible to everyone

• Participation in sport and games decreased between 1990 and 2002 among men, with relatively little change for women. However, a difference in participation rates between men (50 per cent in 2002) and women (37 per cent in 2002) remained.

• Data on cultural activities from the 2000 Time Use Survey show the opposite gender split, with 55 per cent of women and 51 per cent of men participating, although the difference is smaller than for sports.


J: 5

Indicator: Temporary accommodation/ Rough sleepers

J5

Homeless households in temporary accommodation: 1982 to 2003 Change since Th

ousa

nd h

ouse

hold

s

UK1

GBEngland

1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 20030

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: ODPM, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Housing Executive, Scottish Executive

Note: 1. Northern Ireland data available from 1990 only

Rough Sleepers: 1992 to 2002

Num

ber o

f rou

gh s

leep

ers Central London1

WestminsterAll London

Mar 92 Nov 93 May 95 Nov 96 Jun 99 Jun 020

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Change since 1970

1990 1998

London Source: ODPM

Note: 1. Selected areas of Central London only (west End, Victoria, Waterloo, and South Camden).

Objective: Ensure that everyone has the opportunity of a decent home

• The number of households in temporary accommodation in England in 2003 was 94,000, having risen by 40,000 since 1998, and 31,000 since 1992.

• In 1992 there were 254 rough sleepers in selected areas of Central London. The number of rough sleepers in the whole of London has fallen from 621 in 1998 to 267 in 2003.


J: 6

Indicator: Fuel poverty J6

Households in fuel poverty1: 1991 to 2001 Change since

Milli

on h

ouse

hold

s

Excluding housing costs in thecalculation of household income

Including housing costs in thecalculation of household income

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2001199819961991

1970 1990 1996

England Source: ODPM, Defra, DTI

Note: 1. Households are fuel poor if they need to spend more than 10 per cent of their income to keep warm

Objective: Improving significantly the energy efficiency of all residential accommodation

• In 2001, 1.7 million households in England were ‘fuel poor’, needing to spend more than 10 per cent of their income on fuel to keep warm.

• The number of fuel poor households fell by around 60 per cent between 1996 and 2001.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (K)

K: 1

K: Shaping our surroundings The overall population of the UK had increased to 59.1 million by 2001 and is projected to rise to 65.4 million by 2051. The number of households in Great Britain was estimated to be 24.1 million in 2001 and is projected to rise to 26.2 million by 2011. Household numbers are driven by population growth, changes in the age structure of the population, and changes in family structures and lifestyles. In 1990, 34 per cent of new retail floorspace was created in town centres. By 2000 this had increased to 51 per cent of the total each year. In 2003, 3.6 per cent of grade I and II* listed buildings in England were considered to be at risk through neglect or decay.

In the 2002-3 British Crime Survey, 15 per cent of people were very worried about physical attack, down from 18 per cent in 1998. 22 per cent of women said they were very worried, down from 27 per cent, but there was little change amongst men.



H14 Land use: New homes built on previously developed land(headline)

Vacant dwellings

K1 Vacant land and properties and derelict land

Derelict land

K2 New retail floor space in town centres and out of town

K3 Population growth na na na na na

K4 Household growth na na na na na

K5 Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay

K6 Quality of surroundings

K7 Access to local green space†

K8 Noise levels

Violent crime Revised Revised Revised Vehicles and burglary

H8 Level of crime (headline)

Robbery na na

Physical attack

K9 Fear of crime Burglary/

theft of car


K: 2

Indicator: Vacant land and properties and

derelict land K1

Vacant dwellings as a percentage of stock by stock type: 1981 to 2003 Vacant dwellingsVa

cant

dw

ellin

gs a

s a

perc

enta

ge o

f sto

ck TotalLocal authorityRegistered social landlordAll other tenures1

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 20020

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Change since 1970

1990 1998


Note: 1. Includes a small amount of publicly-owned properties.

Derelict land stock: 1974 to 2002 Derelict land

1974 1982 1988 1993 1998 2001 20020

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Hec

tare

s (th

ousa

nds)

Derelict land (NLU-PDLdefinition )2

Of which: reclaimed sinceprevious survey

Of which: justifyingreclamation

Derelict land



Note: 2. National Land Use Database of Previously Developed Land

Objective: Bring empty homes back into use and convert buildingsto new uses

• In 2003 there were nearly 720,000 vacant dwellings (3.4 per cent of stock), virtually unchanged from 1990 but 4.4 per cent less than the 1998 figure of more than 750,000.

• Vacant social stock was just under 15 per cent of total vacant dwellings in 2003.

• The definition of derelict land changed in 1998 and it is not possible to compare recent data with the older series.


K: 3

Indicator: New retail floor space in town centres and out of town

K2

New retail floor space in town centres and out of town: 1965 to 2000 Change since

New

floo

rspa

ce, g

ross

letta

ble

area

(thou

sand

squ

are

met

res)

Retail parksNon-town centreTown centre

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20001,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

200

400

600

800

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: Experian, Oxford Institute of Retail Management

Objective: Shopping leisure and entertainment, offices and other key centreuses should, wherever possible, be located withinexisting centres

• In 1990, 34 per cent of all new retail floor space was in town centres. By the year 2000 this had increased to 51 per cent. Between 1998 and 2000, the proportion of new retail floor space created in town centres increased more than 2 and a half times - from 15 per cent to 51 per cent of the total each year.

• In 2000, the proportion of new retail floor space in town centres was 29 percentage points lower than in 1970. At that time, 85 per cent of all new retail floor space was created in town centres.

Indicator: Population growth K3

UK population estimates and projections, by age group: 1971 to 2051 Contextual indicator

65+15 - 640 - 14

Projections

Milli

on

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 20510

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

United Kingdom Source: Government Actuary's Department

• The overall population of the UK was estimated to be 59.1 million in 2001, up from 57.8 million in 1991, and is projected to rise to 65.4 million by 2051.

• Those aged 65 and over currently account for 16 per cent of the population. This is projected to rise to 26 per cent by 2051.


K: 4

Indicator: Household growth K4

Household estimates and projections: 1971 to 2016 Contextual indicator

ScotlandWalesEngland

ProjectionsM

illion

1971 1977 1979 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Great Britain Source: ODPM, National Assembly for Wales, Scottish Executive

• The number of households in Great Britain was estimated to be 24.1 million in 2001, up from 22.4 million in 1991, and is projected to rise to 26.2 million by 2011.

• Household numbers are driven by population growth, changes in the age structure of the population, and changes in family structures and lifestyles. Single person households have increased substantially in recent decades.

Indicator: Buildings of grade I and II* at risk of decay K5

Percentage of Grade I and II* listed buildings at risk: 1999 and 2003 Change since

Per c

ent

20031999

Region

NorthEast

EnglandEastMidlands

NorthWest

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

EastSouthWest

SouthEast

Yorks &Humber

WestMidlands

London

1970 1990

1999 England Source: English Heritage

Objective: Ensure that development takes account of history and look for opportunities to conserve local heritage

• In 2003, 3.6 per cent of grade I and II* buildings in England were considered to be at risk through neglect or decay, compared with 3.8 per cent in 1999.

• The percentage at risk was lowest in the East of England, the South West and the South East, and highest in the North East.


K: 5

Indicator: Quality of surroundings K6

Percentage of householders saying that there are problems in their area: 1992 to 2001-2

Change since

Noise

Graffiti

Litter andrubbish

Vandalism andhooliganism

CrimePe

r cen

t

1994

-519

97-8

1999

-200

020

01-2

1992

1994

-519

97-8

1999

-200

020

01-2

1992

1994

-519

97-8

1999

-200

020

01-2

1992

1994

-519

97-8

1999

-200

020

01-2

1992

1994

-519

97-8

1999

-200

020

01-2

Problem, but not seriousSerious problem

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1990 1997-8


Objective: Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces, and community safety

• In general, the percentage of householders saying there were problems in their area has decreased steadily since the early 1990s.

• Since 1997-8, the percentage of householders identifying non-serious problems has decreased for all problem types except litter and rubbish. In 2001-2, the percentage of householders identifying serious litter problems in their area increased, and those identifying a serious graffiti problem was the same as in 1997-8.

Indicator: Access to local green space† K7

Frequency of visits to local green space or countryside without using a car or other transport: 2001

Change since

Most days16%

At leastonce a week

19%

At leastonce a month

14%

Occasionally24%

Not at all11%

No access16%

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999) England Source: Defra

Objective: Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces, and community safety

• In a 2001 survey, 84 per cent of people said they had access to local green space or countryside without using a car or other transport.

• Excluding visits that just involved passing through or for work, 16 per cent visited their local green space or countryside most days and a further 19 per cent did so at least once a week. 11 per cent of people did not visit their local green space or countryside even though they had access.


K: 6

Indicator: Noise levels K8

Population exposure to different noise levels outside the home: 1990 and 2000

Change since

a) Noise level exceeded for 10 per cent of the 16 hour period (L 10, 16 H) P

er c

ent o

f pop

ulat

ion

expo

sed

to m

ore

than

thes

e no

ise

leve

ls1

40 dB 50 dB 60 dB 70 dB0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 19902000

1970 1990 Strategy

England and Wales Source: BRE

Note: 1. Measured over 16 hour period (17:00 – 23:00) 1 metre from the dwelling

b) Noise level exceeded for 90 per cent of the 16 hour period (L 90, 16 H)

19902000

Per

cen

t of p

opul

atio

n ex

pose

dto

mor

e th

an th

ese

nois

e le

vels

1

40 dB 50 dB 60 dB0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

England and Wales Source: BRE

Note: 1. Measured over 16 hour period (17:00 – 23:00) 1 metre from the dwelling

Objective: Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces

• The proportion of the population exposed to noise levels exceeding 50 decibels for more than 10 per cent of a sixteen hour period increased from 81 per cent in 1990 to 85 per cent in 2000.

• The proportion of the population exposed to 40 decibels or more of background noise (noise exceeded for more than 90 per cent of a sixteen hour period) increased from 64 per cent in 1990 to 70 per cent in 2000.


K: 7

Indicator: Fear of Crime K9

Fear of crime: 1984 to 2001-2 Physical attack

Physical attack

BurglaryTheft of car1

Per c

ent '

very

wor

ried’

1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2001-2 2002-30

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Note: 1. Based on car owners only

Concern about crime, men: 1998 to 2002-3

Per

cent

'ver

y w

orrie

d’

1998 2000 2001 2001-2 2002-30

5

10

15

20

25

30Theft of carBurglaryPhysical attack

Concern about crime, women: 1998 to 2002-3

Perc

ent '

very

wor

ried’

1998 2000 2001 2001-2 2002-3

Theft of carBurglaryPhysical attack

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


1998 Burglary/theft of

car Change since

1970 1990 1998

England and Wales Source: Home Office England and Wales Source: Home Office

England and Wales Source: Home Office

Objective: Reduce both crime and fear of crime

• In the 2002-3 British Crime Survey 15 per cent of people were very worried about physical attack, down from 18 per cent in 1998. 22 per cent of women said they were very worried, down from 27 per cent, but there was little change amongst men.

• The proportions of people very worried about car theft and burglary fell for both men and women, and have done so since the early 1990s.

QoLC — Update 2004 Building sustainable communities (L)

L: 1

L: Involvement and stronger institutions The percentage of households that had participated in voluntary activity in the last year decreased by a quarter between 1996-7 and 2001-2. Household participation rates tend to increase with an area’s level of affluence. In England in 1997-98, 46 per cent of all households thought that their area had a lot of community spirit.



L1 Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies

L2 Voluntary activity

L3 Community spirit


L: 2

Indicator: Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies

L1

Local authorities and LA21/BVPI 1 strategies: 1994 to 2002-3 Change since

LA21 strategyBVPI 1 strategy

BVPI 1new definition

Perc

enta

ge o

f loc

al a

utho

ritie

s th

at h

adpr

oduc

ed a

stra

tegy

1994 1996 1998 2001-2* 2002-3*0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom (LA 21) and England (BVPI 1) Source: IDeA, ODPM, Audit Commission

Note: * 2001-2 and 2002-3 data are for England only.

Objective: All local communities to have sustainable development strategies in place by 2000

• An LA21 strategy is a local action plan for sustainable development. In 2001-2 LA21 strategies became absorbed into the Best Value Performance Indicator scheme as BVPI 1.

• The guidance for framing BVPI 1 strategies changed between 2001-2 and 2002-3. The revision meant that between 2001-2 and 2002-3 there was an apparent fall in the percentage of English authorities with BVPI 1 strategies – from 81 per cent to 56 per cent.

Indicator: Voluntary activity L2

Voluntary activity: 1996-7 to 2001-2 Change since

2001-21999-20001996-7

Per cent of households that have participated in the last 12 months

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Council estatesand low income areas

New home owning areas

Mature home owningareas

Affluent urban areas

Affluent family areas

Affluent suburbanand rural areas

All households

1970 1990 1996-7


Objective: Voluntary and community activity can promote social inclusion and cohesion

• The percentage of households that had participated in voluntary activity in the last year decreased by a quarter between 1996-7 and 2001-2.

• Household participation rates tend to increase with an area’s level of affluence. In 2001-2, 6 per cent of households in council estates and low income areas participated in voluntary activity compared with 16 per cent of households in affluent suburban and rural areas.


L: 3

Indicator: Community Spirit L3

Percentage of householders who thought their area had a lot of community spirit: 1992 to 1997-8

Change since

1997-8

1992

1994-5

1997-8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

New home owning areas

Mature home owningareas

Affluent urban areas

Affluent family areas

Affluent suburban andrural areas

Council estates andlow income areas

All areas

Per cent

1970 1990

1997-8 Not updated since QoLC (1999)


Objective: Help build a sense of community by encouraging and supporting all forms of community involvement

• The question on which these data are based has not been asked since 1997-98.

• In England in 1997-8, 46 per cent of all households thought that their area had a lot of community spirit, similar to the proportions reported in earlier surveys in 1992 (46 per cent) and in 1994-5 (45 per cent).

QoLC — Update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (M)

M: 1

M: Managing the environment and resources In 2001, estimated dietary intakes of dioxins and PCBs were under one tenth and under one twentieth of their respective 1982 levels, whilst concentrations in air have decreased significantly since the early 1990s. In 2001, UK stocks of high level radioactive waste were 9 per cent higher than they were in 1998 and 16 per cent higher than in 1991. UK aerial radioactive emissions and emissions to water have continued to fall, by 41 per cent and 19 per cent respectively since 1990.



M1 Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants

Lindane, Cadmium

Revised Revised Revised

Mercury, DDT Revised Revised Revised HCH, DDT na na

Cadmium na na

M2 Dangerous substances in water

Mercury na na

High level

M3 Radioactive waste stocks Intermediate

level

Discharges to air

M4 Discharges from the nuclear industry

Discharges to water


M: 2

Indicator: Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants M1

Annual concentrations of dioxins in air: 1991 to 2002 Change since

fg(T

EQ)m

³*ManchesterMiddlesbroughLondonHazelrigg

1991 1993 1995 1997-98** 1999 20010

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1970 1990 Strategy1

1. 1998-9 (dioxins), 1995 (PCBs), 1992 (dietary intakes) England and Wales Source: NETCEN

Note: * Congeners which were not detected have been included as if they were present at the detection limit.

** Q2-Q1 inclusive (e.g. 1996-97 included Q2-Q4 1996 and Q1 1997).

Annual average concentrations of PCBs in air: 1991 to 2001

pg/m

³

LondonManchesterMiddlesbroughHazelrigg

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 20010

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

England and Wales Source: NETCEN

Note: Data not available between 1996 and 1999 Estimated dietary intakes of dioxins and PCBs by average adult UK consumers: 1982 to 2001

PCBsDioxins

pg W

HO

-TEQ

s/kg

bod

y w

eigh

t/day

1982 1992 1997 20010.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

United Kingdom Source: Food Standards Agency, Defra

Objective: Must not store up pollutant problems for the future

• Annual concentrations of dioxins in air have decreased substantially since the early 1990s, while showing relatively little change since the late 1990s.

• From 1995 to 2002, annual average concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air fell by between 40 and 90 per cent at the four available monitoring sites.

• In 2001, estimated dietary intakes of dioxins and PCBs were under one tenth and under one twentieth of their respective 1982 levels.


M: 3

Indicator: Dangerous substances in water M2

Exceedences of Enviromental Quality Standards for selected List 1 Substances: 1995 to 2002 a) Heavy metals

Sites below discharge points National Network Reference sites

Cadmium

42 1

5 22 1 3

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

4 2

2 1 31 1

1

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Mercury

33 3

23 3 4

4

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 0

0 0 00 0

0

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

b) Pesticides

HCH 2

00

14

46

10

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2

32 0 0

04

6

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

DDT

0 0 1

0

0

0 0 0

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10

2 1 0 0

00

Num

ber o

f site

s

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Key

Less than 10% of the EQS

Between 10% of EQS and the EQS

Greater than the EQS(number also shown above bar on chart)

England and Wales Source: Environment Agency


M: 4

Indicator: Dangerous substances in water (continued) M2

Cadmium Mercury HCH, DDT Change since Change since Change since

1970 1970 1970

1990 1990 1990 1997 1997 1997*

* No HCH in QoLC (1999)


• This indicator is assessed in terms of the number of EQS (Environmental Quality Standard) failures. Only a very small proportion of sites show failures of EQSs. In the charts, the number of failures is also shown above the bar for clarity.

• Exceedences of HCH (including lindane) and DDT have reduced to the point where there are not normally any exceedences of EQSs.

• Most failures for mercury below discharge points reflect the legacy of past industrial activityi. There have been no failures at National Network Reference sites.

• The trend for cadmium failures is unclear. There have been fewer at National Reference Network sites, but there were three below discharge points in 2002.

Indicator: Radioactive waste stocks M3

High, intermediate and low level radioactive waste stocks: 1986 to 2001 High level

High level wasteIntermediate level wasteLow level waste

1986 1989

Thou

sand

s of

cub

ic m

etre

s

Date (at 1 January)1987 1988 1991 1994* 1998* 2001*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Change since 1970 1990 1998 Intermediate level


United Kingdom Source: Electrowatt Ekono (UK) Ltd

Note: * stocks as at 1st April


• In 2001, UK stocks of high level radioactive waste were 9 per cent higher than in 1998 and 16 per cent higher than in 1991.

• Stocks of intermediate level waste were 6 per cent higher than in 1998 and 46 per cent higher than in 1991.


M: 5

Indicator: Discharges from the nuclear industry M4

Nuclear power generation and discharges from the nuclear industry: 1983 to 2001 Discharges to air

Inde

x (1

985

= 10

0)

Nuclear power generationDischarges to airDischarges to water

1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 20010

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Change since 1970

1990 1998

Discharges to water

Change since 1970

1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: DTI, MOD et alii


• UK aerial radioactive emissions fell by 29 per cent between 1998 and 2001, and by 41 per cent since 1990. Emissions to water fell by 2 per cent between 1998 and 2001 and by 19 per cent since 1990.

• Over the longer term, since 1983, aerial emissions have fallen by 47 per cent and water emissions by 93 per cent. At the same time electricity production from nuclear sources has increased by 89 per cent.

Additional Notes

i. 2 sites below discharge points failing EQS have been added to the data for 1995-7 for consistency with the more recent data. They were not shown in the original edition of QoLC. These reflect the effect of mercury still in the sediment of the Trent & Mersey Canal from historic discharges.

ii. FSA, SEPA, CEFAS, BNFL, UKAEA, British Energy Generation,

Amersham plc. Figures have been revised owing to methodological change.

QoLC — Update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (N)

N: 1

N: Climate change and energy supply The average global surface temperature has risen by more than 0.6 °C since the late 19th Century. The ten hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990. Overall carbon dioxide emissions have decreased by 18 per cent since 1970, but there has been little change since 1998. Transport emissions have doubled since 1970, but have remained relatively static since 1998 - due mainly to improved fuel efficiency. Non-transport emissions fell by a third since 1970, owing to reductions by industry and power generators, but have changed little since 1998. In 2002, around 3.0 per cent of the electricity available in the UK was generated from renewable sources, compared with 2.5 per cent in 1998. Estimated oil and gas reserves have both dropped by about one quarter since 1998.



N1 Rise in global temperature

N2 Sea level rise

H9 Climate change: Emissions of greenhouse gases (headline)

Transport

N3 Carbon dioxide emissions by end user

Non-transport

N4 Electricity from renewable sources

N5 Depletion of fossil fuels


N: 2

Indicator: Rise in global temperature N1

Average surface temperature: 1772 to 2002 Change since

Central EnglandGlobal

Anom

aly

in d

egre

es C

(from

196

1-19

90 a

vera

ge)

1812 1852 1892 1932 19721772 2002-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1970 1990 1998

Central England and Global Source: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

Objective: Climate change must be kept within limits to which global societycan accommodate

• The average global surface temperature has risen by more than 0.6 °C since the late 19th Century. The ten hottest years on record have all occurred since 1990.

• It is expected that global temperatures will rise by between 1.5 and 6 °C by the end of the 21st Century.

• Since the late 19th century, the annual mean central England temperature has risen by about 1.3 °C. Six of the seven warmest years since 1772 have occurred since 1990.

Indicator: Sea level rise N2

Sea level rise: 1850 to 2002

Aberdeen Liverpool

Milli

met

res

1850 1900 1950 2000-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Milli

met

res

20001850 1900 1950-200

-100

0

100

200

300

North Shields Newlyn

Milli

met

res

1850 1900 1950 2000-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Milli

met

res

1850 1900 1950 2000-200

-100

0

100

200

300


N: 3

Indicator: Sea level rise (continued) N2

Sea level rise: 1850 to 2002

Sheerness M

illim

etre

s

1850 1900 1950 2000-200

-100

0

100

200

300

Change since

1970 1990 1997

Great Britain Source: NERC Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory

Objective: Assess vulnerability to changed weather patterns andhigher sea levels and develop adaptation strategies

• All the sites shown indicate a rise in historic mean sea level, ranging from 0.6 mm per year at Aberdeen to 2.0 mm per year at Sheerness.

• This reflects a real sea level rise of approximately 1 mm per year combined with geographical differences due to long-term geological movements (these are causing the south and east to sink and the north to rise).

Indicator: Carbon dioxide emissions by end user N3

Carbon dioxide emissions by end user: 1970 to 2001 Transport

Milli

on to

nnes

(car

bon

equi

vale

nt) Industry

DomesticTransportOther

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


1997

Non-transportChange since

1970 1990

1997

United Kingdom Source: NETCEN

Objective: Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases now,and plan for greater reductions in longer term

• Overall carbon dioxide emissions have decreased by 18 per cent since 1970, but there has been little change since 1998.

• Transport emissions have doubled since 1970, but have remained relatively static since 1998 - due mainly to improved fuel efficiency.

• Non-transport emissions fell by a third since 1970, owing to reductions by industry and power generators, but have changed little since 1998.


N: 4

Indicator: Electricity from renewable resources N4

Percentage of electricity generated by renewable sources1: 1989 to 2002 Change since

Perc

enta

ge o

f ele

ctric

ity g

ener

ated Total renewables

Non-hydro power

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 20010.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Note: 1. The falls in generation in 1993, 1996 and 2001 were due to periods of drier

than average weather which resulted in less power from hydro sources.

Renewable sources: 1998, 2002

Other, including solar

Municipal solidwaste combustion

Sewage sludgedigestion

Landfill gasHydro powerWind

Elec

trici

ty g

ener

ated

(GW

h)

1998 20020

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: DTI United Kingdom Source: DTI

Objective: In the longer term more energy will have to come from new and renewable sources

• Total electricity generated from renewable resources increased by about 60 per cent between 1990 and 2002, while that generated from non-hydro renewables increased eight-fold.

• In 2002, around 3.0 per cent of the electricity available in the UK was generated from renewable sources, compared with 2.5 per cent in 1998, and a UK target of 5 per cent in 2003.


N: 5

Indicator: Depletion of fossil fuels N5

Discovered recoverable reserves and cumulative production Change since

a) Oil: 1980 to 2002

Remaining reserves(proven plus probable)

Remaining reserves (possible)Cumulative production

Thou

sand

mill

ion

tonn

es

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 20010.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: DTI

b) Gas: 1980 to 2002

Remaining reserves(proven plus probable)

Remaining reserves (possible)Cumulative production

Thou

sand

bill

ion

cubi

c m

etre

s

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 20010.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5


Objective: Fossil fuel resources managed in an environmentallyacceptable way

• Estimated oil and gas reserves have both dropped by about one quarter since 1998.

• In earlier years, estimates of remaining reserves had stayed at broadly similar levels despite the large increase in oil and gas extracted, due to new discoveries being made and new technology allowing exploitation of discoveries previously regarded as not viable.

QoLC — update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (P)

P: 1

P: Air and atmosphere With decreases in emissions, concentrations of pollutants other than ozone have been falling since 1990, and in most cases have continued to decrease over more recent years, although some trends may be levelling off. However, ground level rates of ozone formation are subject to fluctuation as they are heavily dependent on the weather. There have been significant reductions in emissions of nitrogen dioxides, carbon monoxide and particulates from urban road transport. There have also been significant reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions and an associated reduction in acid deposition. Chlorine loading of ozone depletors in the stratosphere has fallen since 1994.



Urban

H10 Air quality: Days when air pollution is moderate or higher (headline)

Rural

SO2, CO

NO2, Particulates

P1 Concentrations of selected air pollutants Ozone

CO NOX

P2 Emissions of selected air pollutants

Particulates

P3 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions

Sulphur deposition

P4 Acidification in the UK

Sensitive lakes

Chlorine loadings from ozone depletors

P5 Ozone depletion

Ozone levels


P: 2

Indicator: Concentrations of selected air pollutants P1 Concentrations of selected air pollutants: 1987 to 2002

Nitrogen dioxide urban peak levels (national standard 200 µg/m3)

Nitrogen dioxide urban annual average levels (national standard 40 µg/m3)

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 20031987

National standard

Range

Average

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

20031987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

National standard

Range

Average

Sulphur dioxide urban peak levels

(national standard 266 µg/m3) Sulphur dioxide urban annual average levels

(WHO guideline 20µg/m3)

National standard

Range

Average

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

20022000199819961994199219900

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

WHO Guideline

Range

Average

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)1998 2000 20021990 1992 1994 1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Carbon monoxide urban peak levels

(national standard 10 µg/m3) Particle (PM10) urban peak levels

(national standard 50 µg/m3)

National standard

Range

Average

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

illigr

amm

es p

er c

ubic

met

re)

1996 1998 2000 20021990 1992 19940

5

10

15

20

National standard

Range

Average

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

50

100

150

200

Ozone urban peak levels

(national standard 100 mg/m3) Ozone rural peak levels

(national standard 100 mg/m3)

National standard

Range

AverageCon

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

1996 1998 2000 20021988 1990 1992 19940

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

National standard

Range

AverageCon

cent

ratio

n(m

icro

gram

mes

per

cub

ic m

etre

)

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


NO2, Particulates SO2, CO Ozone

Change since Change since Change since 1970 1970 1970

1990 1990 1990 1998 1998 1998


P: 3

Indicator: Concentrations of selected air pollutants (continued)

P1


• Pollutants other than ozone have been reducing since 1990, and in most cases have also decreased since 1998, although some trends may be levelling off.

• Ground level ozone formation is heavily dependent on the weather. As a result it varies greatly from year to year and there is no clear trend.

• The hot summer in 2003 caused high ozone levels, and also contributed to higher particulate pollution.

Indicator: Emissions of selected air pollutants P2

Urban road transport emissions and projections: 1970 to 2025 Change since

Projections

Uni

ts: s

ee fo

otno

te

2005 2010 2015 2020 20251970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Particulates (PM )10

Carbon monoxide (CO)Nitrogen oxides (NO )x

1970 1990 1997


Note: Units: CO = 100,000 tonnes; NOx = 10,000 tonnes; PM10 = 1,000 tonnes


• Between 1990 and 2001 urban road transport emissions of nitrogen oxides fell by 36 per cent, emissions of particulates fell by 52 per cent and emissions of carbon monoxide fell by 55 per cent.

• New 2001-based projections have been made for all three pollutants since the Strategy; those for carbon monoxide and particulates have been revised significantly downwards.


P: 4

Indicator: Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions

P3

Sulphur Dioxide emissions and UNECE targets: 1970 to 2001 Change since

Milli

on to

nnes

SO2

NOx

UNECE Targets for SO2

EU NEC Directive for NOx

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1970 1990 1997


Objective: Ensure that polluting emissions do not cause harm to human health or the environment

• Between 1970 and 2001, sulphur dioxide emissions fell by 83 per cent and nitrogen oxides emissions by 33 per cent.

• Between 1998 and 2001, sulphur dioxide emissions fell by 30 per cent, and nitrogen oxides emissions by 12 per cent.

Indicator: Acidification in the UK P4

Sulphur emissions and deposition: 1987 to 2001 Sulphur deposition

UK emissionsTotal deposition

1987 baseline

Wet deposition

Dry depositionInde

x (1

987

= 10

0)

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 20010

20

40

60

80

100

120

Change since

1970 1990 1997

United Kingdom Source: NETCEN, CEH

Thousand tonnes of sulphur 1987 2001

UK emissions 1,937 563 Total deposition 523 205


P: 5

Indicator: Acidification in the UK (continued) P4

Lake acidification: 1989 to 2002 Sensitive lakes

Blue LoughScoat TarnLochnagar

Round Loch of GlenheadLlyn LlagiLoch Coire nan Arr ('control' site)

More acidic

Less acidicA

cid

neut

ralis

ing

capa

city

(AN

C) (

µeq/

l)*

1993 1995 1997 1999 20011989 1991

0

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Change since 1970

1990 1998


Note: * For individual sites the greater the negative value the more severe the acidification; damage to fish populations is unlikely to occur above an ANC of 20

Objective: Ensure that polluting emissions do not cause harm to humanhealth or the environment

• In response to a fall of 71 per cent in sulphur dioxide emissions between 1987 and 2001, dry sulphur deposition fell by 74 per cent and wet sulphur deposition by 45 per cent.

• Recent sulphur emissions reductions have been accompanied by improvements in lake water chemistry, although it is too soon to be sure if this represents a sustained trend.

Indicator: Ozone depletion P5

Chlorine-equivalent ozone depleting substances: 1970 to 2002

Chlorine loadings from ozone depletors

Parts

per

billi

on

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Methyl chloride1Methyl bromide1

CFCsHalonsHCFCsOther

Change since 1970

1990

1998 Northern Hemisphere Source: Defra, Meteorological Office

Notes: 1. Natural emissions of methyl chloride and methyl bromide account for around 30 per cent of the total loadings.

Estimates have been revised back to 1995. Data for 1994 and earlier may therefore not be exactly comparable with more recent estimates.


P: 6

Indicator: Ozone depletion (continued) P5

Column ozone levels at Lerwick (Shetland) and at Camborne (Cornwall): 1979 to 2002 Ozone levels

Dob

son

Uni

ts

1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000

Lerwick (Shetland)Camborne (Cornwall)

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

Change since 1970

1990 1998

Source: Meteorological Office

Objective: Controls on ozone depleting substances

• The chlorine loading in the stratosphere more than doubled from 1974 to a peak in 1994. It then started to decline.

• Column ozone measurements in the UK have fluctuated, but have generally decreased since the early 1980s. It appears that this trend may have levelled off in recent years.

QoLC — update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (Q)

Q: 1

Q: Freshwater There have been significant improvements in both chemical and biological river quality in English rivers since 1990, bringing more of them up to the standard found in the rest of the UK. In 2001, abstractions for public water supply were 8 per cent lower than in 1991. In 2002-3, 30 per cent less of the water put into the supply by water companies in England and Wales was lost through leakage than in 1994-5.



H12 River water quality: Chemical and biological river quality (headline)

Phosphates

Q1 Nutrients in water Nitrates

Q2 Water demand and availability

Q3 Water affordability

Q4 Water leakage

Public water supply

Q5 Abstractions by purpose

Other

Q6 Sites affected by water abstraction


Q: 2

Indicator: Nutrients in water Q1

Phosphate concentrations in rivers: 1990 to 2002 Phosphates

Percentage of river length with average phosphateconcentrations greater than 0.1 mg P/l

10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

South WestSouthernThamesAnglian

MidlandsNorth East2

North West Northern Ireland2

Scotland2

WalesEngland

200219951990

English regions

Change since 1970

1990 1995

United Kingdom Source: EA, SEPA, EHS

Notes: 1. Three year averages ending in the year shown. Annual average for Scotland. 2. No comparable data for Scotland in 1990 or 1995; or for either Northern

Ireland or the North East region in 1990.

Nitrate concentrations in rivers: 1995 to 2002 Nitrates

20021995

Percentage of river length with average nitrate1

concentrations greater than 30mg NO /l3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

South WestSouthernThamesAnglian

MidlandsNorth EastNorth West

Northern Ireland2

Scotland3

Wales2

England

English regions


1995

England, Wales, Scotland Source: EA, SEPA

Notes: 1. Three year averages ending in the year shown. Annual average for Scotland. 2. Wales had no river length above 30 mg nitrate/litre in 2002, Northern Ireland

had none in 1995 or 2002. 3. No comparable data for Scotland in 1995.

Objective: Improving river quality

• Higher levels of nitrate and phosphate tend to be in central and eastern England, reflecting pressures due to geology, sewage effluent and agriculture.

• Between 1995 and 2002, the percentage of river length with more than 0.1 mg phosphorus per litre increased overall in England, and increased slightly in Northern Ireland, but fell in Wales.

• There was relatively little change in the percentage of river length with nitrate concentrations above 30 mgNO3/l in most regions between 1995 and 2002.


Q: 3

Indicator: Water demand and availability Q2

Water demand and supply1: 1997-8 -based predictions and actual demand Change since

Predicted supplyPredicted demand

Actual demand 1997-98 supply 1997-98 demand

1997-8 2000-1 2004-5 2009-10 2014-5 2019-20 2024-5

Thou

sand

meg

alitr

es p

er d

ay

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1970 1990 1997-8

England and Wales Source: Environment Agency, Ofwat

Note: 1. Supply = Water Available For Use (WAFU); demand = distribution input.

Objective: Safeguarding resources and ensuring affordable supplies

• Projections for England and Wales show a decreasing margin between supply and demand up to 2024-5, even allowing for planned demand management methods, and before allowing for climate change. New projections taking account of updated demand management plans are being made as part of the current periodic review of the water industry. These will be available later in 2004.

• Actual demand fell by 4.4 per cent between 1997-8 and 2000-1, since when it has increased slightly. In 2002-3, demand was 1.8 per cent below 1997-8 levels.

Indicator: Water affordability Q3

Percentage of households spending more than 3 per cent of income on water charges: 1995-6 to 2002-3

Change since

Per c

ent

1995-6 1997-8 1999-2000 2001-20

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1996-7 1998-9 2000-1 2002-3

1970 1990 1997-8


Objective: Safeguarding resources and ensuring affordable supplies

• Between 1997-8 and 2002-3, the proportion of households spending more than three per cent of their income on water charges fell by 6 percentage points - from 15 per cent to 9 per cent.

• Prior to 1999, the proportion of households spending more than three per cent of income on water charges was fairly constant at around 15 per cent.


Q: 4

Indicator: Water leakage Q4

Water leakage and target: 1992-3 to 2002-3 Change since

Thou

sand

meg

alitr

es (M

I) pe

r day

1992-3* 1993-4* 1994-5 1995-6 1996-7 1997-8 1998-9 1999-00 2000-1 2001-2** 2002-3**0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Target leakage

Distribution losses

Supply pipe losses

1970 1990

1998-9

England and Wales Source: Ofwat

Notes: * Figures for 1992-3 and 1993-4 are on a different basis from subsequent years and slightly understate leakage.

** Targets were not set for all regions in these years.

Objective: Avoiding waste of water

• In 2002-3, 3,623 mega litres (Ml) per day of water put into the supply by water companies in England and Wales were lost through leakage. This compares with 5,112 Ml per day in 1994-5, a fall of 30 per cent.

• In 2002-3, total leakage was at a similar level to total leakage in 1998-9 but was 12 per cent higher than in 2001-2.

Indicator: Abstractions by purpose Q5

Actual abstractions from non-tidal surface water and groundwater by use: 1971 to 2001

Public water supply

Public water supplyOther industry Fish farming etc.OtherElectricity supply industry

Thou

sand

meg

alitr

es p

er d

ay

1991

1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 20010

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Change since 1970

1990 1997

Other Change since 1970

1990

1997

England and Wales Source: Defra

Note: Data collected before 1991 are not strictly comparable with those for later years.

Objective: Avoiding waste of water

• In 2001, abstractions for public water supply were 13 per cent higher than in 1971 but 8 per cent lower than in 1991.

• Electricity supply industry abstractions have varied greatly since 1990, but recently seem to have been increasing, and in 2001 were very similar to the 1971 level.

• Total abstractions for all other purposes decreased during the 1970s, but have since increased again.


Q: 5

Indicator: Sites affected by water abstraction Q6

Objective: Ensure that abstraction controls play a full part in protecting the best wildlife and amenity sites.

The Environment Agency has been working with others to identify and catalogue abstractions contributing to unacceptably low flows in rivers and the drying out of wetlands, and where necessary to identify solutions. At present, approximately 780 possible sites in England and Wales have been identified. However, on investigation not all of these will necessarily be found to be unacceptable or to require remedial action. It is not currently possible to construct a suitable indicator from this list.

QoLC — update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (R)

R: 1

R: Seas, oceans and coasts Over 95 per cent of the estuaries in Great Britain were classified as having good or fair water quality in 2000. The last decade has seen a substantial decline in most marine inputs of metals, nutrients and organic substances via rivers and direct coastal discharges. Between 1998 and 2002 there was a slight improvement in the proportion of reported fish stocks around the UK assessed to be within safe biological limits, from 24 per cent to 29 per cent. However, the proportion of fish resources considered to be fully- or over- exploited has steadily increased over the last fifty years.



Estuarine water quality

R1 Estuarine

water quality, marine inputs

Marine inputs

R2 Compliance with Bathing Water Directive

R3 Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas†

R4 Fish stocks around the UK fished within safe limits

R5 State of the world's fisheries


R: 2

Indicator: Estuarine water quality, marine inputs R1

Estuarine water quality - percentage of estuaries classed as good or fair: 1980 to 2000

Estuarine water quality

Perc

enta

ge o

f est

uaria

l len

gth

1980 1985 1990 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

England and WalesScotlandNorthern Ireland

75

80

85

90

95

100

Change since

1970

1990

1997

United Kingdom Source: Environment Agency, SEPA, DoE(NI)

Marine inputs - metals: 1990 to 2002 Marine inputs

Inde

x (1

990

= 10

0)

100

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

LeadCopperZincMercuryCadmium1990 baseline

0

20

40

60

80

120

Change since 1970

1990 1997


Marine inputs - nutrients and organic substances: 1990 to 2002

Inde

x (1

990

= 10

0)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

NitrogenRiverine flow rateOrthophosphatesLindane1990 baseline

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Objective: Reduce or eliminate inputs of hazardous and radioactive substances of most concern

• Over 95 per cent of estuaries in Great Britain were classified as good or fair in 2000, with the England and Wales proportion up from 90 per cent in 1990.

• The last decade has seen a substantial decline in most marine inputs of metals, nutrients and organic substances via rivers and direct coastal discharges.

• Between 1997 and 2002 there has been an increase in some marine inputs, reflecting a corresponding increase in riverine flows.


R: 3

Indicator: Compliance with Bathing Water Directive R2

Percentage of coastal bathing waters meeting EC Bathing Water Directive mandatory and guideline standards: 1988 to 2003

Change since

Per

cent

age

com

plyi

ng Mandatory standardGuideline standard

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 20030

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1990 1999

United Kingdom Source: Environment Agency, SEPA, EHS

Objective: Aim to raise consistent compliance with European Bathing Water Directive

• Compliance with the mandatory coliform standards of the European Bathing Water Directive at coastal waters in the UK was 98 per cent in 2003 compared with 77 per cent in 1990 and 91 per cent in 1999.

• The Directive’s tougher, non-mandatory, guideline standards were met at 75 per cent of UK coastal bathing beaches in 2003 compared with 23 per cent in 1990 and 42 per cent in 1999.

Indicator: Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas† R3

Status of coastal and marine priority species: 2002 Change since

Declining(slowing)

8%

Fluctuating/No clear trend

13%Stable15%

Increasing2%

Unknown39% Declining

(continuing/accelerating)

8%

Lost (pre-BiodiversityAction Plan publication)

15%

Total numberof species: 52

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999) England Source: English Nature, JNCC


R: 4

Indicator: Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas† (continued)

R3

Status of coastal and marine priority habitats: 2002

Unknown15

Stable1

Declining (continuing/accelerating)

1

Total numberof habitats: 17

† New since QoLC (1999) England Source: English Nature, JNCC

Objective: Protection of marine habitats and species

• Only one priority species was assessed as increasing in 2002 with 8 declining. The trend was either fluctuating or unknown for 27 species (52 per cent), so an overall assessment of progress has not been made.

• In 2002, 15 out of the 17 priority coastal and marine habitats had a status reported as unknown.

Indicator: Fish stocks around the UK fished within

safe limits R4

Fish stocks around the UK fished within safe biological limits: 1998 to 2002 Change since

Per c

ent

1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1970 1990

1997 United Kingdom Source: CEFAS

Note: Data shown in this chart are not consistent with those shown in the last publication due to a redefinition of “biologically safe limits”.

Objective: Improve the management and conservation of fish stocks

• Between 1998 and 2002 there was a slight increase in the proportion of reported fish stocks around the UK assessed to be within safe biological limits, from 24 per cent to 29 per cent. However, the absolute number of stocks assessed to be within safe limits has not changed and it is uncertain whether the apparent improvement in the percentage represents a long-term trend.


R: 5

Indicator: State of the world’s fisheries R5

Percentage of major marine fish resources in various phases of fishery development: 1951 to 2000

Change since

Per c

ent

Phase 1 UndevelopedPhase 2 Developed

Phase 3 MaturePhase 4 Senescent

Phase 5 Recovering

1951-5 1956-60 1961-5 1966-70 1971-5 1976-80 1981-5 1986-90 1991-5 1996-2000

0

20

40

60

80

100

1970 1990 1994

Global Source: FAO

Objective: Work with other countries to achieve effective management and conservation of fish stocks

• The proportion of fish resources considered to be fully- or over-exploited has steadily increased over the last fifty years.

• By 2000, approximately 60 per cent of major world fish resources were considered to be in urgent need of management action (mature or senescent) to halt increases in fishing capacity or to allow resources to recover.

QoLC — update 2004 Managing the environment and resources (S)

S: 1

S: Landscape and wildlife Between 1990 and 1998, significant decreases were identified in plant species diversity in infertile and fertile grassland habitats and in tall grass and herb vegetation types. In Great Britain in 2003, nearly half of lower plants and a third of vascular plants were ‘threatened’ or nationally scarce, whilst 16 per cent of vertebrates were considered ‘threatened’. Although the overall area of woodland has increased over the last century, the area of ancient semi-natural woodland has declined and such woodlands have become increasingly fragmented. The proportion of aggregates used that come from recycled material has increased from 10 per cent in 1989 (UK) to nearly a quarter in 2001 (England).



S1 Net loss of soils to development

S2 Concentrations of organic matter in agricultural top soils

All species

Woodland birds

H13 Wildlife: Populations of wild birds (headline) Farmland birds

S3 Trends in plant diversity

S4 Biodiversity action plans

Hedges

Walls, banks, etc

S5 Landscape features

Ponds

Extent

S6 Extent and management of SSSIs Management

S7 Countryside quality

S8 Access to the countryside†

S9 Native species at risk na na na na na S10 Area of woodland in the UK

S11 Area of ancient semi-natural

woodland in GB

S12 Sustainable management of

woodland†

S13 Number of countries with

national forest programmes

S14 Amount of secondary/recycled

aggregates used compared with virgin aggregates†

S15 Mineral working site land covered by restoration and aftercare conditions


S: 2

Indicator: Net loss of soils to development S1

Net loss of land to developed uses: 1992 to 1997* Change since

Agriculture Forestry, Open Land & WaterOutdoor Recreation Urban land not previously developed

Previous land uses:

Hec

tare

s (th

ousa

nds)

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 19970

2

4

6

8

1970 1990

1992


Note: * 5-year moving averages.

Objective: Minimise the loss of soils to new development

• There are considerable fluctuations in the annual figures reported during 1990 to 1999, so five-year moving averages have been used.

• In England, this measure indicates that the net change of land to developed uses fell from 6,450 hectares in 1992 to 5,000 hectares in 1997.

• A majority of the land becoming developed was previously used for agricultural purposes.

Indicator: Concentrations of organic matter in arable

and rotational grass topsoils S2

Concentrations of carbon in arable and rotational grass topsoils: 1979 to 1996 Change since

Num

ber o

f site

s in

eac

h ca

rbon

cla

ss

0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 >10% carbon

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1979-811994-96

1970 1990 1995

England and Wales Source: NSRI

Objective: Soil protection

• In the fifteen year period up to 1996, there was an increase in the proportion of arable and rotational grass topsoils found to have ‘low’ carbon concentrations.


S: 3

Indicator: Trends in plant diversity S3

Changes in mean species numbers within major vegetation groups: 1978 to 1998Change since

Percentage change 1978-90 & 1990-98

1990-981978-90

0 5 10 15-25 -20 -15 -10 -5

Tall grass/herb

Fertile grassland

Infertile grassland

Lowland wooded

Upland wooded

Heath/bog

Moorland grass

Crops/weeds

1970 1990 1978-90

Great Britain Source: Defra, CS2000

Note: * statistically significant changes.

Objective: Reverse the decline in UK wildlife and habitats

• Between 1978 and 1990, there were significant declines in plant species diversity in moorland grass, infertile grassland and upland woodland habitats, and an increase in diversity in heath and bog vegetation types.

• Between 1990 and 1998, significant decreases were identified in plant species diversity in infertile and fertile grassland habitats and in tall grass and herb vegetation types.

Indicator: Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs) S4

Status of priority species: 2002 (per cent of species) Change since

Declining(slowing)

8%Increasing/Improving

7%

Unknown30%

Lost (pre-BAPpublication)

9%

Stable19%Total number of species: 347

Fluctuating/no clear trend

10%

Declining(continuing/accelerating)

17%

1970 1990

1999 England Source: English Nature, JNCC


S: 4

Indicator: Biodiversity Action Plans (BAPs)(continued)

S4

Status of priority habitats: 2002 (per cent of habitats)

Unknown47%

Stable16%

Increasing/improving12%

Declining(slowing)

14%

Fluctuating/no clear trend

2%

Declining(continuing/accelerating)

9%

Total number of habitats: 43

England Source: English Nature, JNCC


To reduce the proportion of priority habitats and species for which status is unknown. To halt and ultimately to reverse the decline in England’s priority species and habitats.

• The information for this indicator now reflects an assessment of the current status of priority species and habitats covered by Biodiversity Action Plans.

• In 2002, 34 per cent of priority species and 42 per cent of priority habitats were found to be increasing/improving, stable or declining (slowing).

• About 17 per cent of priority species and 9 per cent of priority habitats were assessed as being in continuing or accelerating decline in 2002.

Indicator: Landscape features – hedges, stone walls

and ponds S5

Changes in characteristic countryside features: 1984 to 1998 Hedges

a) Hedges and walls Change since

198419901998

Kms

of b

ound

ary

(thou

sand

s)

Hedges Relict Hedges Landscape feature

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1970 1990 Strategy1

1. 1993 (hedges), 1990 (relict hedges)

England and Wales Source: Defra


S: 5

Indicator: Landscape features – hedges, stone walls and ponds (continued)

S5

b) Walls, banks/strips and ponds Walls, banks etc.K

ms

of b

ound

ary

and

pond

num

bers

(tho

usan

ds) 1984

199019961998

Walls Banks/strips Ponds Landscape feature

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Change since 1970

1990 1990

Ponds Change since

1970 1990 1996

Great Britain Source: Defra

Objective: Protection for individual landscape features, such as hedges, dry stone walls and ponds

• The length of hedges and walls in Great Britain reduced between 1984 and 1990, but has since stabilised.

• The length of banks and strips has remained fairly constant throughout the period, whereas between 1996 and 1998 the number of ponds increased by 6 per cent.

Indicator: Extent and management of SSSIs S6

Number and area of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs*): 1984 to 2003 Extent

Num

ber(thousands)

0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Area

(milli

on h

ecta

res)

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 20020

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Change since

1970

1990

1999

United Kingdom Source: English Nature, CCW, SNH, DOE(NI), JNCC

Note: * In Northern Ireland SSSIs are known as ASSIs.


S: 6

Indicator: Extent and management of SSSIs (continued)

S6

Condition of SSSIs by area: March 2003 Management

Favourable/recovering

57%

Declining/destroyed

17%

Unfavourable/no change

26%

Change since

1970 1990 1997-8

England Source: English Nature


To increase the proportion of SSSI designated land in favourable condition.

• Since 1999, the number of SSSIs in the UK has increased by 2 per cent, from 6,625 to 6,782 in 2003.

• The total area of land designated as SSSIs has risen from 2,263 thousand hectares in 1999 to 2,427 thousand hectares in 2003, an increase of 7 per cent.

• Based on information available as at March 2003, just over half of English SSSIs were assessed as being in a “favourable/recovering” condition. However, there is insufficient information to make an assessment of overall progress.

Indicator: Countryside quality S7

Objective: Protecting the wider landscape

This indicator is still under development. The research project Countryside Quality Counts, which relates to England, is due to report later in 2004.


S: 7

Indicator: Access to the countryside† S8

Frequency of visits for pleasure to the countryside, including the use of a car or other transport1: 2001

Change since

Most days2% At least once

a week14%

At least oncea month

23%Occasionally

41%

Not at all20%

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999) England Source: Defra

Note: 1. Excluded trips to the countryside for proper holidays, to play golf or use other sporting facilities and trips to the beach.

Objective: Promoting public access and enjoyment of the landscape

• In a 2001 survey, 80 per cent of respondents said they had visited the countryside for pleasure in the last 12 months. Ranging from most days to less frequently, 39 per cent had visited at least once a month.

• The most commonly mentioned reasons for visiting the countryside were tranquillity (58 per cent), scenery (46 per cent), open space (40 per cent), fresh air (40 per cent) and plants and wildlife (36 per cent).

Indicator: Native species at risk S9

Native species at risk: 2003

Contextual Indicator

Vascular Plants2

11%23%

66%

Lower Plants3

11%

38%51%

Species assessed : 3,0001

Mammals (non-marine) and birds4

16%

84%Species assessed: 577

Invertebrates

72%

16%12%

Reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish4

84%

16%

ThreatenedNationally scarceOthers



Species assessed: 77

Great Britain Source: JNCC

Note: 1. Numbers are estimated for invertebrates, vascular plants, and lower plants. 2. Nationally scarce includes nationally threatened and nationally rare. 3. Mosses, liverworts, lichens and stoneworts. 4. Reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds have not been formally assessed

against IUCN criteria.

• In Great Britain in 2003, 16 per cent of mammals and birds, and 16 per cent of reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fish, were assessed as ‘threatened’.

• Nearly half of lower plants, and a third of vascular plants were assessed as threatened or nationally scarce in 2003.


S: 8

Indicator: Area of woodland in the UK S10

Area of woodland in the UK: 1924 to 2003 Change since

Milli

on h

ecta

res

1924 1947 1965 1980 1998 2000 2002 20030.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

EnglandScotlandWalesN. Ireland

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: Forestry Commission

Objective: Continuing expansion of UK woodland area

• The area of woodland in the UK has increased over the last century. • In 1998, the area of woodland in the UK was 2,758 thousand hectares. By

2003, this had risen by 2 per cent to 2,807 thousand hectares. • Northern Ireland has seen a six-fold increase in the area of woodland since

1924. Indicator: Area of ancient semi-natural woodland S11

Concentrations of ancient and semi-natural woodland: 1999 Change since

2 per cent or more

1-2 per cent0-1 per cent

Key

1970 1990 1999

Not updated since QoLC (1999) England Source: English Nature

Note: Excludes woodlands smaller than 2 hectares.

Objective: Protecting and expanding ancient and semi-natural woodlands

• Updated data for this indicator are not available. • The area of ancient semi-natural woodland has declined over the last

century and the woodlands have become increasingly fragmented. • In 1999, the area of ancient semi-natural woodland in GB was around

300,000 hectares, 1.4 per cent of total land area.


S: 9

Indicator: Sustainable management of woodland† S12

Area of woodland under Forest Stewardship Council-certified management: 2001

Change since

Woo

dlan

d ar

ea (M

illion

hec

tare

s)

England Scotland Wales NorthernIreland

UK0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

FSC certifiedNot certified

76%

24%

55%

45% 56%

44%

7%

93%

61%

39%

1970 1990 Strategy

† New since QoLC (1999)

United Kingdom Source: Forestry Commission

Note: Certified areas are as recorded at the time of certification and can include some non-woodland areas.

Objective: Better management of existing woodlands

• Forest certification is a process of inspecting woodland to see if it is being managed according to an agreed set of standards. It is still possible for woodland to be sustainably managed without being certified.

• In 2001, 291 thousand hectares in England, 590 thousand hectares in Scotland, 126 thousand hectares in Wales and 77 thousand hectares of the total woodland area in Northern Ireland were FSC certified.

Indicator: Number of countries with national forest

programmes S13

Number of countries with national forest programmes: 1998 Change since

No programme/noinformation available

Programme stalled Programme ongoing

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Latin America andthe Caribbean

Near East

Countries witheconomies in transition

OECD member countries

1970 1990

1998 Not updated since QoLC (1999) Global Source: FAO

Objective: Sustainable forestry management overseas

• “National forest programme” is a general term for a wide range of national approaches to the achievement of sustainable forest management.

• Of the 190 countries surveyed, 77 per cent (146) had a national forest programme adopted by the intergovernmental panel on forests, of which 25 per cent (37) had stalled.


S: 10

Indicator: Amounts of secondary/recycled aggregatesused compared with virgin aggregates†

S14

Amount of secondary/recycled aggregates used compared with virgin aggregates: 1989 to 2001

Change since

Recycled aggregatesVirgin aggregates

Milli

on to

nnes

1989* 2001**0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1970 1990

Strategy † New since QoLC (1999)

United Kingdom/England Source: ODPM

Notes: * UK. ** England.

Objective: Aim to maximise efficient use of materials and greater use of recycled and waste materials

• Figures for 1989 show that around 330 million tonnes of aggregates were used in the UK of which about 10 per cent were recycled materials. 2001 figures for England only show that nearly a quarter of the approximately 220 million tonnes of aggregates used in England in 2001 were recycled materials.

• Construction and demolition waste make up more than two thirds of recycled aggregates. The remaining recycling is from the use of secondary material and asphalt planings.

Indicator: Mineral working site land covered by

restoration and aftercare conditions S15

Land covered by restoration and aftercare conditions: 2000 Change since

Perc

enta

ge o

f lan

d in

volv

ed

Land covered by restoration conditions Land covered by aftercare conditions0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1990 1994


Objective: All mineral working sites are restored to a standard suitable for a specific beneficial afteruse

• In 2000, 62 per cent of the land permitted for mineral extraction working was covered by restoration conditions, and 44 per cent was covered by aftercare conditions.

• Information for earlier years about the conditions attached to permissions for mineral working sites is not available on a consistent basis.

QoLC — update 2004 Sending the right signals (T)

T: 1

T: Sending the right signals

Public transport fares rose by about 75 per cent in real terms between 1974 and 2002. In contrast, the real cost of motoring has remained virtually unchanged despite an increase in the real cost of fuel over the last decade. Although understanding of sustainable development issues has increased, the proportion of people who had heard of the term “sustainable development” remained the same in 2001 as in 1996-7, at around a third. The proportion of women in public appointments and senior positions has increased significantly. However, there is still some way to go before parity with men is reached. Between 1990-91 and 1999-00, energy efficiency in the UK government‘s non-devolved estate improved by 17.8 per cent.



T1 Greening government operations

Public appointments

Senior civil servants

Senior police

T2 Women in public appointments and senior positions

Secondary school head-teachers

Industrial/ domestic na na na na na T3 Prices of key

resources - fuel Petrol/diesel na na na na na

T4 Real changes in the cost of transport

T5 Expenditure on pollution abatement

Water

Noise

T6 Enforcement of regulations

Wildlife

T7 Public understanding and awareness

T8 Awareness in schools

T9 Individual action for sustainable development


T: 2

Indicator: Greening government operations T1

Energy efficiency and carbon emissions in the non-devolved government estate and targets: 1994-5 to 2001-2

Change since

New target

Old targetCarbon emissions reduction relative to 1999-2000

Energy consumption reduction relative to 1990-1Pe

rcen

tage

redu

ctio

n

1994-5 1995-6 1996-7 1997-8 1998-9 1999-00 2000-1 2001-20

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1990 1997-8

UK (non-devolved departments only) Source: ODPM, BRE

Objective: Integrating the environment into each Department’s policies and operations

• Between 1990-1 and 1999-00, energy efficiency in the UK government‘s non-devolved estate improved by 17.8 per cent which, although a significant improvement, missed the Government target of 20 per cent.

• Between 1999-00 and 2001-2, carbon emissions from the non-devolved government estate reduced by 6.4 per cent, meeting the Government target of a 2 per cent reduction by 2001-2.

Indicator: Women in public appointments and senior

positions T2

Women in public appointments and senior positions: 1970 to 2003

Perc

enta

ge o

f all

empl

oyee

s Senior civil service

Secondary school headteachers¹Public appointments²

Senior police officers¹

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

England and Wales, UK, Great Britain Source: Cabinet Office: Mandate; DfES; Home Office

Notes: 1. England and Wales 2. United Kingdom

Public Appointments

Senior civil servants

Senior police Secondary school head-teachers

Change since Change since Change since Change since 1970

1970 1970 1970

1990

1990 1990 1990

1998

1998 1999 1997


T: 3

Indicator: Women in public appointments and senior positions (continued)

T2

Objective: Help promote women’s interests and fairness at work

• The proportion of women in public appointments and senior positions has increased significantly since 1970, since 1990 and since the strategy. However, there is still some way to go before parity with men is reached.

• In 2002, 31 per cent of secondary school head teachers were female, while in 2003 24 per cent of senior civil servants, 8 per cent of senior police officers and 36 per cent of public appointees were women.

Indicator: Prices of key resources – fuel T3

Industrial and domestic fuel prices: 1970 to 2002 Industrial/domestic

Real terms industrial pricesReal terms domestic prices1990 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Cur

rent

pric

es, i

ndex

(199

0 =

100)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Contextual indicator


Petrol and diesel prices: 1980 to 2003 Petrol/diesel

Pen

ce p

er li

tre, c

onst

ant 1

995

pric

es

Excl. taxes and duty dieselExcl. taxes and duty unleaded

Excl. taxes and duty four star

Pump prices four star (LRP from Oct 1990)Pump prices dieselPump prices unleaded

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 20010

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Contextual indicator


• Industrial and domestic fuel prices fell in real terms between 1984 and 2002 by 60 per cent and 30 per cent respectively.

• Petrol and diesel prices rose steadily in real terms between 1990 and 2000, then fell by over 10 per cent by 2003.


T: 4

Indicator: Real changes in the cost of transport T4

Real changes in the cost of transport and disposable income: 1974 to 2002

Change since Pr

ice

inde

x (1

974

= 10

0)

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250Bus

Petrol/oil

Rail

All motoring

Disposable Income1974 baseline

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: ONS, DfT

Objective: Explore the scope for using economic instruments to deliver more sustainable development, and avoid "perverse subsidies"which work against sustainable development

• Public transport fares rose by about 75 per cent in real terms between 1974 and 2002. In contrast, the real cost of motoring has remained virtually unchanged despite an increase in the real cost of fuel over the last decade.

• Between 1998 and 2002, rail and bus fares increased by 4 per cent and 7 per cent respectively, while motoring costs decreased by 3 per cent. In the same period disposable income rose by 19 per cent.


T: 5

Indicator: Expenditure on pollution abatement T5

Environmental expenditure by industry: 1997 Change since

8%

19%

40%

33%Capital expenditure - cleanprocesses

Capital expenditure - add onequipment

Current expenditure - ownaccount and R&D

Current expenditure - paymentsto others

1970 1990

1997 United Kingdom Source: Defra

Environmental expenditure by industry: 2001

16%

13%

34%

37%

Capital expenditure - cleanprocesses

Capital expenditure - add onequipment

Current expenditure - ownaccount and R&D

Current expenditure - paymentsto others


Objective: Cost-effective ways to comply with pollution abatement and aim to move to cleaner processes in the long term

• About £4 billion is spent on environmental protection by UK industry each year.

• Between 1997 and 2001, the proportion spent investing in clean processes increased from 8 per cent in 1997 to 16 per cent in 2001. Over the same period, the proportion spent on end-of-pipe investments fell from 16 per cent to 13 per cent.


T: 6

Indicator: Enforcement of regulations T6

Major and significant water pollution incidents and prosecutions: 1993 to 2002 Change since

ProsecutionsIncidents

Num

ber o

f pro

secu

tions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400N

umbe

r of i

ncid

ents

(tho

usan

ds)

20021997 1998 1999 2000 20011993 1994 1995 19960

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1970 1990 1997

England and Wales Source: Environment Agency

Noise complaints and prosecutions: 1976 to 2001-2 Change since

Num

ber (

thou

sand

s)

ComplaintsNuisances confirmedNuisances remedied informallyAbatement noticesProsecutions

1976 1981 1986-7 1991-2 1996-7 2001-20

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1970 1990 1997-8

England and Wales Source: CIEH

Wildlife crime: 1990 to 2002 Change since

Seizures of CITES¹-listed specimens Bird-related incidentsBird-related prosecutions

Num

ber

1994 1996 1998 2000 20021990 19920

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1970 1990 1998

United Kingdom Source: HM customs and Excise

Note: 1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora


T: 7

Indicator: Enforcement of regulations (continued) T6

Objective: Where new regulation is used it will conform to the government’sprinciples of better regulation and be enforced effectively

Water • Between 1997 and 2002, the number of major and significant water

pollution incidents almost halved while the number of prosecutions more than trebled.

• The proportion of incidents that led to prosecutions increased from 4 per cent in 1993 to 27 per cent in 2002.

Noise • Complaints about noise rose by 46 per cent between 1997-8 and 2001-2. • The number of confirmed nuisances increased by 9 per cent and, of those,

the number of prosecutions increased by 38 per cent and the number of abatement notices increased by 45 per cent.

Wildlife • Between 1998 and 2002, the number of cases of seizures under CITES

increased by 8 per cent. • In 2002, the number of bird-related incidents and prosecutions were 20 per

cent and 35 per cent lower than their respective 1998 levels.

Indicator: Public understanding and awareness T7

Knowledge of major factors contributing to climate change: 1993 to 2001 Change since

Per

cen

t

Emissions from transport Use of gas/electricity in the home0

10

20

30

40

50

60

701993*1996-97*2001

1970 1990 1996-7


Note: * England and Wales

Objective: Improve awareness of sustainable development

• In a 2001 survey, 65 per cent of people identified transport emissions as a contributor to climate change, up from 42 per cent in 1996-7; and 20 per cent identified domestic gas and electricity, up from 12 per cent in 1996-7.

• Although understanding of sustainable development issues has increased, the proportion of people who had heard of the term “sustainable development” remained the same in 2001 as in 1996-7, at around a third.


T: 8

Indicator: Awareness in schools T8

Percentage of school leavers recalling topics covered in lessons: 1999 Change since

Per cent0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Poverty in Britain

The relationship between growthof economy and environment

Economic growth within this country

Global economic issuese.g. third world debt

Sustainable food production

Conservation of wildlife habitats

Poverty in the developing world

Reduction, re-use and recycling of waste

Sustainable use of natural resources

Cause and effects of pollution

1970 1990 1999

Not updated since QoLC (1999)


Objective: Improve awareness of sustainable development

• In a 1999 survey, most students recalled studying the cause and effects of pollution and the sustainable use of natural resources. The social and economic elements of sustainable development, and the relationship between economic growth and the environment were less well covered.

• The survey on which this indicator is based has not been repeated since 1999.

Indicator: Individual action for sustainable

development T9

Personal action taken on a regular basis: 1989 to 2001 Change since

2001

1996-7*

1993*

1989*

Per c

ent o

f res

pond

ents

Made sure yournoise did notdisturb others

Avoided usingpesticides inthe garden

Recycledcans

Reduced use ofcars for short

journeys

Used low-energylight bulbs in

the home

0102030405060708090

100

1970 1990 1996-7


Note: * England and Wales

Objective: Encourage individuals to do their bit

• In a 2001 survey, around 30 per cent of people had regularly reduced the use of their car for short journeys, or regularly recycled cans or used low-energy light bulbs. 54 per cent regularly avoided using garden pesticides and 74 per cent regularly made sure their noise did not disturb others.

• Generally, there were increases in the proportions of people regularly taking environmental actions compared with earlier surveys.

QoLC — update 2004 International co-operation and development (U)

U: 1

U: International co-operation and development The percentage of people living in extreme poverty (on less than $1 per day) is projected to decline to around 22 per cent by 2008. The world’s population had reached 6 billion by the year 2000. Fertility rates are declining globally but the planet’s population is projected to be close to 9 billion by 2050. The UK is one of relatively few countries to have reduced carbon dioxide emissions per head since 1990. UK emissions per head in 1999 were similar to the EU average, just under half those of the United States, and 2.3 times the average for the world as a whole.



U1 Global poverty

U2 Net Official Development Assistance (ODA)

U3 Global population na na na na na

U4 UK public expenditure on global environment protection

U5 Implementation of multilateral environmental agreements

U6 International emissions of carbon dioxide per head na na na na na

U7 World and UK materials consumption levels per head na na na na na


U: 2

Indicator: Global poverty U1

Global poverty - share of population in absolute poverty in world regions: 1990 to 2015

Change since

East Asiaand

Pacific

China Rest ofEast Asia

andPacific

Europeand

CentralAsia

LatinAmericaand the

Caribbean

MiddleEast and

NorthAfrica

SouthAsia

Sub-Saharan

Africa

Total

1990

2008

2015

$1 p

er d

ay h

eadc

ount

inde

x (p

er c

ent)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1990 1993

Global Source: World Bank

Objective: Work with others to eliminate global poverty and raise livingstandards in developing countries

• The percentage of people living in extreme poverty (on less than $1 per day) is projected to decline between 1990 and 2008, from 28.3 to 21.6 per cent. Thereafter it is projected to reduce further to 12.5 per cent of the world’s population.

• Poverty reduction rates are projected to vary considerably across the globe. Absolute poverty is projected to decline relatively rapidly in Asia but more slowly in other regions. Indeed, poverty rates are projected to rise in Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East and Africa by 2008.

Indicator: Net Official Development Assistance U2

Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) as per cent of Gross National Income (GNI): 1970 to 2002

Change since

Per c

ent

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

ODA as percentage of GNIDAC average¹0.7 per cent of GNI - UN target

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1970 1990 Strategy1

1. 1998 (ODA as percentageof GNP), 1997 (ODA) United Kingdom Source: DFID

Note: 1. Donor countries of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee

Objective: Work with others to eliminate global poverty and raise living standards in developing countries

• ODA as a percentage of GNI rose by 15 per cent between 1998 and 2002 to 0.31 per cent of GNI. However, this figure is lower than those of the 1970s and it is also lower than the UN target of 0.7 per cent.


U: 3

Indicator: Net Official Development Assistance

(continued) U2

UK Net Official Development Assistance (ODA): 1964 to 2002 £m

in C

onst

ant 2

001-

02 p

rices

UK multilateral odaBilateral net oda to other countriesBilateral net oda to low income &least developed countries

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 20000

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

United Kingdom Source: DFID

Objective: Work with others to eliminate global poverty and raise living standards in developing countries

• The majority of UK ODA is direct country-to-country assistance (bilateral ODA): in 2002, 71 per cent of all ODA was of this type.

Indicator: Global Population U3

Global population estimates and projections: 1950 to 2050 Contextual indicator

Projections

More developed regionsLess developed regionsWorld

Billi

on

1970 1990 2010 2030 20501950

1

0

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Global Source: UN

• The world’s population had reached 6 billion by the year 2000. Although fertility rates are declining globally and numbers of older people are rising significantly, current projections suggest that the planet’s population will be close to 9 billion by 2050.

• Population growth is concentrated in less developed regions: populations in more developed regions are projected to reach a peak in 2025 – 2035 and then decline slightly.


U: 4

Indicator: UK public expenditure on global environment protection

U4

Public expenditure on global environmental protection: 1991-2 to 2002-3 Change since

£ m

illion

(con

stan

t 199

7-98

pric

es)

Global Environmental Assistance1

Global Environment FacilityMontreal Protocol

1991-92 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-2000 2001-020

5

10

15

20

25

30

1970 1990 1997-8

United Kingdom Source: DfID

Note: 1. sum of GEF & Montreal Protocol expenditure

Objective: Work with others to tackle global pressures on the environment and resources

• UK public spending on global environmental assistance under the Montreal Protocol and the Global Environment Facility increased five fold in real terms between 1991-2 and 2002-3.

• In 2002-3, the UK committed £27.3m to global protection, approximately 45 per cent more than in 1997-8 when £18.7m was committed.

Indicator: Implementation of multilateral

environmental agreements U5

Objective: International conventions aimed at protecting the environment:UK commitment to Multilateral Environmental Agreements

This indicator needs to be considered further. An indicator which simply counts all agreements to which the UK is a party would not reflect the level or extent of implementation, nor the impacts and costs in the UK.


U: 5

Indicator: International emissions of carbon dioxideper head

U6

International emissions1 of carbon dioxide per head for selected countries: 1990 and 1999

Contextual Indicator

World average 199919991990

Tonn

es p

er c

apita

Ethi

opia

Nig

eria

Indi

aIn

done

sia

Braz

ilC

hina

Arge

ntin

aIra

n, Is

lam

ic R

epPo

rtuga

lH

unga

ryIta

ly

Sout

h Af

rica

Japa

nU

nite

d K

ingd

omG

erm

any

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion2

Aust

ralia

Uni

ted

Stat

es

0

5

10

15

20

25

Selected countries Source: World Research Institute

Notes: 1. Emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacture 2. Russian Federation’s 1992 figure is shown in place of 1990

• The UK is one of relatively few countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions per head since 1990.

• The UK, with 1.0 per cent of the world’s population, emitted 2.3 per cent of global CO2 in 1999.

• UK emissions per head in 1999 were similar to the EU average, just under half those of the United States, and 2.3 times the average for the world as a whole.

Indicator: World and UK materials consumption

per head U7

Global consumption of grain per head 1995 to 1996 Contextual Indicator

19951996

Kilograms0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

North America

Western Europe

Central & Eastern Europe

United Kingdom

Latin America/Caribbean

Middle East/Central Asia

Asia/Pacific

Africa

World


Global Source: WWF


U: 6

Indicator: World and UK materials consumptionper head (continued)

U7

Global consumption of cement per head: 1995 to 1996

19951996

Kilograms0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Western Europe

Middle East/Central Asia

North America

Asia/Pacific

United Kingdom

Central & Eastern Europe

Latin America/Caribbean

Africa

World


Global Source: WWF

Objective: Contextual indicator

• The data this indicator is based on have not been updated since 1996. • The data were chosen to be indicative of renewable and non-renewable

resources (grain and cement respectively). • There was greater per capita consumption of grain in the UK than the

global average, and less consumption of cement. UK consumption was less than other developed parts of the world such as Western Europe and North America.

QoLC — update 2004 Further analysis

Further analysis: 1

Indicators providing further analysis In addition to the 147 headline and core indicators there are 16 indicators that provide further analysis by looking at relationships between issues and examines whether they have been uncoupled. In particular, the indicators look more closely at the inter-play between economic, social and environment trends.

Energy Between 1970 and 2002, GDP increased by 107 per cent while energy consumption only increased by 11 per cent. In general, energy consumption has risen much more slowly than GDP. There has been some success in uncoupling energy consumption from carbon dioxide emissions, mainly because of a switch from coal and oil to gas and nuclear power in power stations.

Households Between 1970 and 2002, domestic energy consumption rose by 30 per cent, roughly in line with the number of households which rose by 34 per cent. Between 1990 and 2001, household numbers increased by 9 per cent, while household waste increased by 26 per cent and household water use decreased by 8 per cent.

Industry Since 1970, output (Gross Value Added) from the industrial sector has risen by almost 50 per cent, while its energy use, water use, CO2 emissions and NOx emissions have all fallen by between 40 and 55 per cent and its SO2 emissions have fallen by 85 per cent. Employment in the sector fell by about 50 per cent. Since 1998, the number of employees in the industrial sector has fallen by 14 per cent while output has increased by about 1 per cent.

Services Between 1978 and 2002, service sector Gross Valued Added increased by 92 per cent while employment increased by 42 per cent. Since 1998, service sector GVA and employment have experienced increases of 13 per cent and 8 per cent respectively, while energy consumption and CO2 emissions have both decreased by 7 per cent.

Transport Between 1970 and 2002, road traffic increased by 142 per cent and GDP by 107 per cent. Carbon dioxide emissions from road transport had increased by 130 per cent by 2001.


Further analysis: 2

Since 1974, car passenger travel has almost doubled, while the cost of travelling by car has changed relatively little. The total weight of goods carried by road has changed relatively little since 1970, but freight traffic (tonne kilometres) has risen by 85 per cent and the energy consumed in transporting goods by 144 per cent. This reflects transportation over greater distances, and of bulkier, but less dense goods - offsetting efficiencies such as the use of large articulated vehicles.

Agriculture Farmland bird populations fell by 50 per cent between 1974 and 1998, while output rose by 23 per cent and fertiliser use by 44 per cent. Fertiliser use, volume output and employment have fallen since the mid-1990s, while hedgerow loss has been halted and farmland bird populations have shown signs of stabilising.

Poverty and social exclusion There has been a steady rise in the proportion of people earning less than average income since the late 1970s. By 2001 about 65 per cent of people fell into this category. The proportion of people with low incomes (those with less than 40 - 60 per cent of average income) increased markedly during the latter half of the 1980s but has remained roughly constant since 1990. In 2001, 29 per cent of people earned less than 60 per cent of average income, 19 per cent earned less than half of average income, and 9 per cent earned less than 40 per cent of average income.


Further analysis: 3

Indicator: Uncoupling economic growth from energy consumption and environmental impacts

a

GDP, energy use and selected gaseous emissions: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)GDPEnergyCO2

NOx

SO2

1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: DTI, ONS, NETCEN

• Between 1970 and 2002, GDP increased by 107 per cent while energy consumption only increased by 11 per cent. In general, energy consumption has risen much more slowly than GDP.

• There has been some success in uncoupling energy consumption from carbon dioxide emissions, mainly because of a switch from coal and oil to gas and nuclear power in power stations.

Indicator: Sectoral final energy consumption/output1 b

Final energy consumption/output by sector: 1970 to 2002

More efficient

Less efficient

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

Industry (24 per cent)Services (14 per cent)

1970 baseline

Road freight (10 per cent)Road passengers (19 per cent)Households (33 per cent)

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Notes: 1. Road freight output is freight tonne kms; road passenger output is passenger kms; output for services and

industries are the value added by that sector; household “efficiency” is domestic energy consumed per household.

Percentage in brackets is percentage share of total energy consumption.

Coverage: United Kingdom, except road passengers and road freight which are Great Britain

Source: DfT, DTI, ONS, BRE

• Between 1970 and 2002, there were large improvements in energy efficiency in both industrial (62 per cent) and service (62 per cent) sectors.

• Over the same period, road freight energy efficiency declined by 32 per cent. • Since 1998, only the service sector has shown a significant change in energy

efficiency; an improvement of 18 per cent.


Further analysis: 4

Indicator: Environmental impacts of households c

Household numbers, domestic water and energy consumption, domestic waste arisings and CO2 emissions: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Water consumptionHousehold numberEnergy consumption

WasteCO2

1970 baseline50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: DTI, ODPM, Ofwat, NETCEN

• Between 1970 and 2002, domestic energy consumption rose by 30 per cent, roughly in line with the number of households which rose by 34 per cent.

• Between 1990 and 2001, household numbers increased by 9 per cent, while household waste increased by 26 per cent and household water use decreased by 8 per cent.

Indicator: Household energy use and efficiency d

Household temperature, energy used and efficiency savings: 1970 to 2001

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998

1970 baseline

Actual energy used (per household)Estimated energy savings from improvedinsulation and efficiency¹

Average internal temperature

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Degrees

centigrade

Note: 1. Calculated as actual energy use divided by the energy that would have been used if 1970 insulation

efficiency standards had been maintained.

Coverage: Great Britain Source: BRE

• Between 1970 and 2001, the average internal temperature of a household has increased from 13 ºC to 19 ºC.

• In the same period there have been improvements in insulation and efficiency that have meant that the actual energy used per household remained relatively constant.


Further analysis: 5

Indicator: Domestic energy prices and real income e

Domestic energy prices and real income: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)Household disposable income (real terms)Domestic fuel prices (real terms)Energy consumptionFuel poverty¹1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250

Note: 1. Index for fuel poverty (1996 = 100)

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: DTI, ONS

• Energy prices have fallen in real terms since the early 1980s, while real incomes have on average been rising.

• The number of households in fuel poverty has fallen from 5.5 million in 1996 to 3.0 million in 2001.

Indicator: Industrial sector: output, employees, energy consumption and environmental impacts

f

Gross Value Added, employee numbers, energy consumption, water usage and selected gaseous emissions: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

GVANOx

WaterCO2

Energy

EmployeesSO2

1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: ONS, DTI, OFWAT, EA, NETCEN

• Since 1970, output (GVA) from the industrial sector has risen by almost 50 per cent, while its energy use, water use, CO2 emissions and NOx emissions have all fallen by between 40 and 55 per cent and its SO2 emissions have fallen by 85 per cent. Employment in the sector fell by about 50 per cent.

• Since 1998, the number of employees in the industrial sector has fallen by 14 per cent while output has increased by about 1 per cent.


Further analysis: 6

Indicator: Services sector: output, employment, energy consumption and CO2

g

Productivity, employment, energy use and CO2 emissions in the service sector: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

GVAEmployment (1978 = 100)EnergyCO2

1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 200260

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: DTI, ONS, NETCEN

• Between 1978 and 2002, service sector Gross Valued Added (GVA) increased by 92 per cent, whilst employment in the sector increased by 42 per cent.

• Since 1998, service sector GVA and employment have experienced increases of 13 per cent and 8 per cent respectively, while energy consumption and CO2 emissions have both decreased by 7 per cent.

Indicator: Uncoupling road traffic from economic growth

and environmental impacts h

GDP, motor vehicle kilometres and selected gaseous emissions: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x (1

970

= 10

0)

Motor vehicle kmsCO2

NOx

GDPPM10

1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250

300

Coverage: United Kingdom, except motor vehicle kms (Great Britain) Source: DfT, ONS, NETCEN

• Between 1970 and 2002, road traffic increased by 142 per cent and GDP by 107 per cent. Carbon dioxide emissions attributable to road transport had increased by 130 per cent by 2001.

• Both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate (PM10) emissions attributable to road transport have decreased since the late 1980s. In 2001, NOx emissions were still 7 per cent above their 1970 level but PM10 emissions were 8 per cent below their 1970 level.


Further analysis: 7

Indicator: Personal travel (cars) j(i)

Disposable income, car passenger costs and car passenger kilometres: 1974 to 2002

Inde

x (1

974

= 10

0)Passenger milesDisposable incomeReal prices1974 baseline

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250

Coverage: United Kingdom, except car passenger kilometres (Great Britain)Source: ONS, DfT

• Since 1974, car passenger travel has almost doubled, while the cost of travelling by car has changed relatively little.

• There has been little change in either car passenger travel or its cost since 1998, but disposable incomes have risen by 19 per cent.

Indicator: Personal travel (buses) j(ii)

Bus passenger costs and passenger kilometres: 1974 to 2002

Inde

x (1

974

= 10

0)

Real pricesBus passenger miles1974 baseline

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002*0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Note: * 2002 figure for passenger miles is provisional

Coverage: United Kingdom (real prices) and Great Britain (bus passenger kilometres)

Source: ONS, DfT

• The real cost of travelling by bus has increased by 69 per cent since 1974 and by 7 per cent since 1998.

• Bus passenger travel declined between 1974 and 1992, since when there has been a modest increase. In 2002, passenger mileages were 25 per cent below the 1974 level, compared with 30 per cent below in 1992 and 26 per cent below in 1998.


Further analysis: 8

Indicator: Personal travel (rail) j(iii)

Rail passenger costs and passenger kilometres: 1974 to 2002* In

dex

(197

4 =

100)

Real pricesRail passenger miles1974 baseline

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Note: * Financial years. Includes National Rail, urban metros and modern trams.

Coverage: United Kingdom (real prices) and Great Britain (rail passenger kilometres)

Source: ONS, DfT

• The real cost of travelling by train increased by 87 per cent between 1974 and 2002, but rose by only 4 per cent between 1998 and 2002.

• Rail passenger travel has increased by 33 per cent since 1974, and by 10 per cent since 1998.

Indicator: Road freight: volumes and energy consumption

k

Road freight and energy consumption: 1970 to 2002

Inde

x 19

70 =

100

(per

cen

t for

arti

cs)

EnergyTonne kilometresTonnesPercentage of tonne kilometres byarticulated vehicles over 33 tonnes1970 baseline

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

50

100

150

200

250

300

Coverage: United Kingdom energy, Great Britain tonnes and tonne kilometres Source: DfT, DTI

• The total weight of goods carried by road has changed relatively little since 1970, but freight traffic (tonne kilometres) has risen by 85 per cent and the energy consumed in transporting goods by 144 per cent. This reflects transportation over greater distances, and of bulkier, but less dense goods - offsetting efficiencies such as the use of large articulated vehicles.

• Since 1998, there has been relatively little change in the energy, tonne kilometres, tonnes lifted and percentage share of articulated vehicles over 33 tonnes.


Further analysis: 9

Indicator: Size of agricultural enterprises in the United Kingdom

l

Size of agricultural enterprises in the United Kingdom: 1978 to 2002

19781988199820002002

Aver

age

size

(hec

tare

s or

ani

mal

s)

Cereals Potatoes Sugar beet Dairy cows Beef cows0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Size of agricultural enterprises in the United Kingdom: 1978 to 2002

19781988199820002002

Aver

age

size

(num

ber o

f ani

mal

s)

Fattening pigs Laying fowl0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: Defra

• The size of dairy and cereal farming enterprises continued to grow between 2000 and 2002.

• Enterprises with laying fowl and fattening pigs decreased in size between 1998 and 2002.


Further analysis: 10

Indicator: Agricultural yields and output m

Yields of wheat, barley and milk: 1984 to 2002 In

dex

(198

4 =

100)

Wheat (tonnes/hectare)Barley (tonnes/hectare)Milk (litres/cow)1984 baseline

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 200260

80

100

120

140


• Between 1984 and 2003, barley and milk yields increased by 6 and 39 per cent respectively while wheat yields showed little change (up 1 per cent).

Indicator: Agriculture: output volume, employment, inputs of fertilisers and environmental impacts

n

Agriculture: output volume, employment, inputs of fertilisers and environmental impacts: 1974 to 2003

1974 baselineEmploymentFarmland birdsHedgesVolume of outputFertiliser input

Inde

x (1

974

= 10

0)

1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 20020

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180


• Farmland bird populations fell by 50 per cent between 1974 and 1998, while output rose by 23 per cent and fertiliser use by 44 per cent.

• Fertiliser use, volume output and employment have fallen since the mid-1990s, while hedgerow loss has been halted and farmland bird populations have stabilised.


Further analysis: 11

Indicator: Percentage of people whose income is

below various fractions of average incomep

Membership of low income groups: 1961 to 2001-2 Pe

r cen

t

Below average incomeBelow 60 per cent of average incomeBelow half average incomeBelow 40 per cent of average income

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 20010

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Coverage: United Kingdom Source: Institute of Fiscal Studies

• There has been a steady rise in the proportion of people earning less than average income since the late 1970s. By 2001 about 65 per cent of people fell into this category.

• The proportion of people with low incomes (those with less than 40 - 60 per cent of average income) increased markedly during the latter half of the 1980s but has remained roughly constant since 1990. In 2001, 29 per cent of people earned less than 60 per cent of average income, 19 per cent earned less than half of average income, and 9 per cent earned less than 40 per cent of average income.

QoLC — update 2004 Annex A

Annex A: 1

Annex A Complete list of objectives and indicators within the 1999 Strategy

Objective and 1999 Strategy

paragraph reference Refno Indicators

H Headline indicators

Maintaining high and stable levels of economic growth and employment Our economy must continue to grow (3.12) H1 Total output of the economy (GDP and

GDP per head) Investment (in modern plant machinery, as well as research and development) is vital to our future prosperity (3.14)

H2 Total and social investment as a percentage of GDP

Maintain high and stable levels of employment so everyone can share greater job opportunities (Box after 1.8)

H3 Proportion of people of working age who are in work

Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone

Tackling poverty and social exclusion (7.17) H4 Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion

Equip people with the skills to fulfil their potential (3.16) H5 Qualifications at age 19

Improve health of the population overall (3.17) H6 Expected years of healthy life

Reduce the proportion of unfit housing stock (3.18) H7 Homes judged unfit to live in

Reduce both crime and fear of crime (3.19) H8 Level of crime

Effective protection of the environment Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases now, and plan for greater reductions in the longer term (3.20)

H9 Emissions of greenhouse gases

Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality continues to improve through the longer term (3.21)

H10 Days when air pollution is moderate or higher

Improve choice in transport; improve access to education, jobs, leisure and services; and reduce the need to travel (7.29)

H11 Road traffic

Improving river quality (8.30) H12 Rivers of good or fair quality Reverse the long-term decline in populations of farmland and woodland birds (3.24)

H13 Populations of wild birds

Re-using previously developed land, in order to protect the countryside and encourage urban regeneration (3.25)

H14 New homes built on previously developed land

Prudent use of natural resources Move away from disposal of waste towards waste reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery (box after 6.11)

H15 Waste arisings and management


Annex A: 2

Objective and 1999 Strategy paragraph reference

Refno Indicators

A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY A Doing more or less: improving resource efficiency Greater resource efficiency (6.5) A1 UK resource use

A2 Energy efficiency of economy Energy efficiency of the economy (6.13) A3 Energy use per household

H15 Waste arisings and management A4 Waste by sector A5 Household waste and recycling A6 Materials recycling

Move away from disposal of waste towards waste reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery (box after 6.11)

A7 Hazardous waste

B Economic stability and competitiveness Our economy must continue to grow (3.12) H1 Total output of the economy (GDP and

GDP per head) Deliver low inflation (6.16) B1 Rate of inflation Government borrowing at stable and prudent level (6.16)

B2 Public sector net borrowing and net debt

B3 Labour productivity Promote UK competitiveness (6.18) B4 UK imports, exports, trade balance

Investment (in modern plant and machinery, as well as research and development) is vital to our future prosperity (3.14)

H2

Total and social investment as a percentage of GDP

Also invest in social assets (3.14) B5 Social investment as a per cent of GDP C Developing skills and rewarding work Equip people with the skills to fulfil their potential (3.16)

H5 Qualifications at age 19

C1 16 year-olds with no qualifications Raise educational standards at all levels and close the widening gap between high and low achievers (6.26)

C2 Adult literacy/numeracy

To become a learning society - in a rapidly changing world people need the skills to adapt, and opportunities to update them throughout their lives (6.22)

C3 Learning participation

Boost workplace learning (6.29) C4 Businesses recognised as Investors In People

H3 Proportion of people of working age who are in work

C5 Proportion of people of working age in workless households

C6 Proportion of people of working age out of work for more than two years

Maintain high and stable levels of employment so everyone can share greater job opportunities (Box after 1.8)

C7 Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and disabled people who are economically active

C8 People in employment working long hoursFairness at work (6.34) C9 Low pay

Maintain a safe and healthy environment for workers (6.36)

C10 Work fatalities and injury rates; working days lost through illness

Raise quality of life of workers in global supply chains of companies importing into the UK (6.40)

C11 UK companies implementing ethical trading codes of conduct


Annex A: 3


paragraph reference Refno Indicator

D Sustainable production and consumption Give consumers better information and encourage purchasing initiatives which help to move the market (6.42)

D1 Consumer information

Contextual indicator D2 Consumer expenditure Take-up of best practice in key sectors (6.47) D3 Energy and water consumption by

sector/Waste and hazardous emissions by sector

D4 Adoption of environmental management systems (ISO 14001) and the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

D5 Corporate environmental engagement

Encourage businesses to assess environmental impacts and set targets, and produce environmental reports (6.47)

D6 Environmental reporting D7 Household water use and peak demand Need housing which is more energy-efficient,

uses fewer resources and creates less waste (6.50)

D8 Thermal efficiency of housing stock

D9 Primary aggregates per unit of construction value

Greater use of sustainable construction materials (6.52)

D10 Construction and demolition waste going to landfill

Need more efficient appliances (6.55) D11 Energy efficiency of new appliances Minimise the impact of pesticides on human health (6.63)

D12 Pesticide residues in food

Encourage environmentally sensitive land management by farmers (8.56)

D13 Area under agreement under the Environmentally Sensitive Area and Countryside Stewardship agri-environment schemes

Organic production methods (6.62) D14 Area converted to organic production Encourage production, marketing, purchase and use of vehicles that are more fuel efficient (Box after 6.69)

D15 Energy efficiency of road passenger travel/Average fuel consumption of new cars

UK tourism industry to grow significantly in ways which are economically, socially and environmentally beneficial (6.71)

D16 Sustainable tourism

D17 Leisure trips by mode of transport Address transport issues; integrate tourism with public transport (6.71) D18 Overseas travel Reduce environmental impact of chemicals (Box after 6.72)

D19 Chemical releases to the environment

D20 Freight transport by mode Develop distribution systems which support economic growth, protect the environment and benefit society (Box after 6.72)

D21 Heavy goods vehicle mileage intensity

BUILDING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES E Promoting economic vitality and employment Improve economic performance and enhance regional competitiveness (7.6)

E1 Regional variations in GDP

Closing the gap between the poorest communities and the rest (7.13)

E2 Index of local deprivation

H4 Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion

Tackling poverty and social exclusion (7.17)

E3 Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage pregnancies

Promoting local business diversity (7.11) E4 New business start-ups net of closures Reducing disproportionate unemployment among ethnic minorities (7.16)

E5 Ethnic minority employment and unemployment


Annex A: 4



F Better health for all Improve health of the population overall (3.17)

H6 Expected years of healthy life

Deliver key health targets (7.23) F1 Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease, accidents and suicides

Environmental factors affecting health (7.20) F2 Respiratory illness Address major factors leading to health inequalities (7.22)

F3 Health inequalities

Provide people with access to effective healthcare, based on patients' needs, and not on where they live or their ability to pay (7.21)

F4 NHS hospital waiting lists

G Travel

H11 Road traffic G1 Passenger travel by mode G2 How children get to school

Improve choice in transport; improve access to education, jobs, leisure and services; and reduce the need to travel (7.29) G3 Average journey length by purpose The cost of traffic congestion (7.26) G4 Traffic congestion The link between rising prosperity and increased travel must be broken (7.28)

G5 Distance travelled relative to income

J Access

J1 People finding access difficult Need better access to services (7.28) J2 Access to services in rural areas

Ensure that disabled people have access to a wider range of goods, services and facilities (7.34)

J3 Access for disabled people

Arts and sport should be accessible to everyone (7.39)

J4 Participation in sport and cultural activities

Reduce the proportion of unfit (housing) stock (3.18)

H7 Homes judged unfit to live in

Ensure that everyone has the opportunity of a decent home (7.53)

J5 Temporary accommodation/rough sleepers

Improving significantly the energy efficiency of all residential accommodation (7.49)

J6 Fuel poverty

K Shaping our surroundings Re-using previously developed land, in order to protect the countryside and encourage urban regeneration (3.25)

H14 New homes built on previously developed land

Bring empty homes back into use and convert buildings to new uses (7.56)

K1 Vacant land and properties and derelict land

Shopping, leisure and entertainment, offices and other key town centre uses should, wherever possible, be located within existing centres (7.57)

K2 New retail floor space in town centres and out of town

K3 Population growth Contextual indicators K4 Household growth


Annex A: 5



K Shaping our surroundings (continued) Ensure that development takes account of history and look for opportunities to conserve local heritage (7.70)

K5 Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay

K6 Quality of surroundings K7 Access to local green space

Attractive streets and buildings, low levels of traffic, noise and pollution, green spaces, and community safety (7.54) K8 Noise levels

H8 Level of crime Reduce both crime and fear of crime (3.19) K9 Fear of crime

L Involvement and stronger institutions All local communities to have sustainable development strategies in place by 2000 (7.79)

L1 Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies

Voluntary and community activity can promote social inclusion and cohesion (7.95)

L2 Voluntary activity

Help build a sense of community by encouraging and supporting all forms of community involvement (7.96)

L3 Community spirit

MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES M An integrated approach

M1 Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants

M2 Dangerous substances in water M3 Radioactive waste stocks

Must not store up pollutant problems for the future (8.6)

M4 Discharges from the nuclear industry N Climate change and energy supply Climate change must be kept within limits which global society can accommodate (8.8)

N1 Rise in global temperature

Assess vulnerability to changed weather patterns and higher sea levels and develop adaptation strategies (8.17)

N2 Sea level rise

H9 Emissions of greenhouse gases Continue to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases now, and plan for greater reductions in the longer term (3.20)

N3 Carbon dioxide emissions by end user

In the longer term more energy will have to come from new and renewable sources (8.14)

N4 Electricity from renewable sources

Fossil fuel resources managed in an environmentally-acceptable way (8.15)

N5 Depletion of fossil fuels

P Air and atmosphere

H10 Days when air pollution is moderate or higher

P1 Concentrations of selected air pollutants

Reduce air pollution and ensure air quality continues to improve through the longer term (3.21)

P2 Emissions of selected air pollutants P3 Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

emissions Ensure that polluting emissions do not cause harm to human health or the environment (8.19) P4 Acidification in the UK Controls on ozone depleting substances (8.28)

P5 Ozone depletion


Annex A: 6



Q Freshwater H12 Rivers of good or fair quality Improving river quality (8.30) Q1 Nutrients in water Q2 Water demand and availability Safeguarding resources and ensuring

affordable supplies (8.29) Q3 Water affordability Q4 Water leakage Avoiding waste of water (8.30) Q5 Abstractions by purpose

Ensure that abstraction controls play a full part in protecting the best wildlife and amenity sites (8.30)

Q6 Sites affected by water abstraction

R Seas oceans and coasts Reduce or eliminate inputs of hazardous and radioactive substances of most concern (8.35)

R1 Estuarine water quality, marine inputs

Aim to raise consistent compliance with the European Bathing Water Directive (Box after 8.46)

R2 Compliance with Bathing Water Directive

Protection of marine habitats and species (8.40)

R3 Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas

Improve the management and conservation of fish stocks (8.44)

R4 Fish stocks around the UK fished within safe limits

Work with other countries to achieve effective management and conservation of fish stocks (8.46)

R5 State of the world's fisheries

S Landscape and wildlife Minimise the loss of soils to new development (8.50)

S1 Net loss of soils to development

Soil protection (8.50) S2 Concentrations of organic matter in agricultural topsoils

H13 Populations of wild birds Reverse the long-term decline in populations of farmland and woodland birds (3.24) S3 Trends in plant diversity Reverse the decline in UK wildlife and habitats (8.53)

S4 Biodiversity action plans

Protection for individual landscape features such as hedges, dry stone walls and ponds (8.56)

S5 Landscape features - hedges, stone walls and ponds

Strengthen protection for special sites (8.57) S6 Extent and management of SSSIs Protecting the wider landscape (8.56) S7 Countryside quality Promoting public access and enjoyment of the landscape (8.56)

S8 Access to the countryside

Contextual indicator S9 Native species at risk Continuing expansion of UK woodland area (8.60)

S10 Area of woodland in the UK

Protecting and expanding ancient and semi-natural woodlands (8.60)

S11 Area of ancient semi-natural woodland in GB

Better management of existing woodlands (8.60)

S12 Sustainable management of woodland

Sustainable forestry management overseas (8.60)

S13 Number of countries with national forest programmes

Aim to maximise efficient use of materials and greater use of recycled and waste materials (8.62)

S14 Amount of secondary/ recycled aggregates used compared with virgin aggregates

All mineral working sites are restored to a standard suitable for a specific beneficial afteruse (8.62)

S15 Land covered by restoration and aftercare conditions


Annex A: 7



SENDING THE RIGHT SIGNALS T Sending the right signals Integrating the environment into each department's policies and operations (5.2)

T1 Greening government operations

Help promote women's interests (box after 5.6) and fairness at work (6.34)

T2 Women in public appointments and senior positions

Contextual indicator T3 Prices of key resources - fuel Explore the scope for using economic instruments to deliver more sustainable development, and avoid perverse subsidies which work against sustainable development (5.7, 5.9)

T4 Real changes in the cost of transport

Cost-effective ways to comply with pollution abatement and aim to move to cleaner processes in the long term (5.10, 5.13)

T5 Expenditure on pollution abatement

Where new regulation is used it will conform to the government's principles of better regulation and be enforced effectively (5.10)

T6 Enforcement of regulations

T7 Public understanding and awareness Improve awareness of sustainable development (5.14) T8 Awareness in schools Encourage individuals to do their bit (5.14) T9 Individual action for sustainable

development

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT U International co-operation and development

U1 Global poverty Work with others to eliminate global poverty and raise living standards in developing countries (Box before 9.1)

U2 Net Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Contextual indicator U3 Global population Work with others to tackle global pressures on the environment and resources (Box before 9.1)

U4 UK public expenditure on global environment protection

International conventions aimed at protecting the environment: UK commitment to Multilateral Environmental Agreements (9.21)

U5 Implementation of multilateral environmental agreements

U6 International emissions of carbon dioxide per head

Contextual indicators

U7 World and UK materials consumption levels per head

QoLC — update 2004 Annex B

Annex B: 1

Annex B Index of all the indicators by key word

Key word Indicator

Access difficulties People finding access difficult J1 Access, countryside Access to the countryside S8 Access, disabled people Access for disabled people J3 Access, local green space Access to local green space K7 Access, rural services Access to services in rural areas J2 Accidents, death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,

accidents and suicides F1

Accommodation, temporary Temporary accommodation/rough sleepers J5 Acidification Acidification in the UK P4 Action, individual Individual action for sustainable development T9 Adult literacy/numeracy Adult literacy/numeracy C2 Aggregates, primary Primary aggregates per unit of construction

value D9

Aggregates, secondary/recycled Amount of secondary/recycled aggregates used compared with virgin aggregates

S14

Air pollutants, concentrations Concentrations of selected air pollutants P1 Air pollutants, emissions Emissions of selected air pollutants P2 Air pollution Days when air pollution is moderate or higher H10 Appliances, energy efficiency Energy efficiency of new appliances D11 Authorities with LA21 strategies Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies L1 Awareness and understanding Public understanding and awareness T7 Awareness in schools Awareness in schools T8 Bathing water Compliance with Bathing Water Directive R2 Biodiversity, action plans Biodiversity action plans S4 Biodiversity, coastal/marine areas Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas R3 Birds, wild Populations of wild birds H13 Borrowing, public sector Public sector net borrowing and net debt B2 Buildings, Grade I and II* Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay K5 Business start-ups New business start-ups net of closures E4 Businesses, Investors in People Businesses recognised as Investors In People C4 Cancer, death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,


Carbon dioxide emissions, international

International emissions of carbon dioxide per head

U6

Carbon dioxide emissions, UK Carbon dioxide emissions by end user N3 Cars, fuel consumption Energy efficiency of road passenger

travel/Average fuel consumption of new cars D15

Chemical releases Chemical releases to the environment D19 Circulatory disease, death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,


Closures, business New business start-ups net of closures E4 Coastal/marine biodiversity Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas R3 Community spirit Community spirit L3 Competitiveness/productivity Labour productivity B3 Concentrations, air pollutants Concentrations of selected air pollutants P1 Concentrations, organic matter Concentrations of organic matter in agricultural

topsoils S2

Concentrations, persistent organic pollutants

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants M1

Congestion, traffic Traffic congestion G4 Construction waste Construction and demolition waste going to

landfill D10

Consumer expenditure Consumer expenditure D2


Annex B: 2

Key word Indicator

Consumer information Consumer information D1 Consumption of materials World and UK material consumption levels per

head U7

Contaminants, inputs into the sea Estuarine water quality, marine inputs R1 Cost of transport Real changes in the cost of transport T4 Countryside quality Countryside quality S7 Countryside Stewardship Scheme Area under agreement under the

Environmentally Sensitive Area and Countryside Stewardship agri-environment schemes

D13

Countryside, access to Access to the countryside S8 Crime Level of crime H8 Crime, fear of Fear of crime K9 Cultural activities Participation in sport and cultural activities J4 Dangerous substances in water Dangerous substances in water M2 Death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,


Decay risk of listed buildings Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay K5 Depletion, fossil fuels Depletion of fossil fuels N5 Depletion, ozone Ozone depletion P5 Deprivation, index of local Index of local deprivation E2 Derelict land Vacant land and properties and derelict land K1 Development assistance Net Official Development Assistance (oda) U2 Development, loss of soils Net loss of soils to development S1 Disabled people, access Access for disabled people J3 Disabled people, economically active Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and

disabled people who are economically active C7

Discharges, nuclear industry Discharges from the nuclear industry M4 Distance travelled Distance travelled relative to income G5 Diversity, plant Trends in plant diversity S3 Economically active groups Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and


Electricity from renewable resources Electricity from renewable sources N4 Emissions, air pollutants Emissions of selected air pollutants P2 Emissions, carbon dioxide, international

International emissions of carbon dioxide per head

U6

Emissions, carbon dioxide, UK Carbon dioxide emissions by end user N3 Emissions, greenhouse gases Emissions of greenhouse gases H9 Emissions, sulphur dioxide/nitrogen oxides

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions P3

Employment, days lost through illness, etc.

Work fatalities and injury rates; working days lost through illness

C10

Employment, long hours worked People in employment working long hours C8 Employment, overall Proportion of people of working age who are in

work H3

Energy consumption Energy and water consumption by sector/Waste and hazardous emissions by sector

D3

Energy efficiency, economy Energy efficiency of economy A2 Energy efficiency, new appliances Energy efficiency of new appliances D11 Energy efficiency, road passenger travel

Energy efficiency of road passenger travel/Average fuel consumption of new cars

D15

Energy use, household Energy use per household A3 Enforcement of regulations Enforcement of regulations T6 Environment, chemical releases to Chemical releases to the environment D19 Environmental agreements Implementation of multilateral environmental

agreements U5

Environmental engagement Corporate environmental engagement D5


Annex B: 3

Key word Indicator

Environmental management systems Adoption of environmental management systems (ISO 14001) and the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

D4

Environmental protection expenditure UK public expenditure on global environment protection

U4

Environmental reporting Environmental reporting D6 Environmentally Sensitive Area schemes

Area under agreement under the Environmentally Sensitive Area and Countryside Stewardship agri-environment schemes

D13

Estuarine water quality Estuarine water quality, marine inputs R1 Ethical trading UK companies implementing ethical trading

codes of conduct C11

Ethnic minority, employment/unemployment

Ethnic minority employment and unemployment E5

Expenditure, consumer Consumer expenditure D2 Expenditure, pollution abatement Expenditure on pollution abatement T5 Exports UK imports, exports, trade balance B4 Fatalities, work Work fatalities and injury rates; working days

lost through illness C10

Fish stocks, UK Fish stocks around the UK fished within safe limits

R4

Fish stocks, world State of the world's fisheries R5 Floorspace, retail New retail floorspace in town centres and out of

town K2

Food, pesticides residues Pesticide residues in food D12 Forest programmes Number of countries with national forest

programmes S13

Freight transport Freight transport by mode D20 Fuel consumption Energy efficiency of road passenger

travel/Average fuel consumption of new cars D15

Fuel poverty Fuel poverty J6 Fuel prices Prices of key resources - fuel T3 Fuels, fossil, depletion Depletion of fossil fuels N5 GDP and GDP per head, total economy

Total output of the economy (GDP and GDP per head)

H1

GDP, regional variations Regional variations in GDP E1 Global temperature rise Rise in global temperature N1 Green housekeeping Greening government operations T1 Green space, access Access to local green space K7 Greenhouse gases, emissions Emissions of greenhouse gases H9 Hazardous emissions Energy and water consumption by sector/Waste

and hazardous emissions by sector D3

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste A7 Health inequalities Health inequalities F3 Health, death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease,


Health, hospital waiting lists NHS hospital waiting lists F4 Health, respiratory illness Respiratory illness F2 Healthy life expectancy Expected years of healthy life H6 Heavy goods vehicle mileage Heavy goods vehicle mileage intensity D21 Hedges Landscape features - hedges, stone walls and

ponds S5

Homes unfit Homes judged unfit to live in H7 Homes, new New homes built on previously developed land H14 Hospital waiting lists NHS hospital waiting lists F4 Household growth Household growth K4


Annex B: 4

Key word Indicator

Household waste Household waste and recycling A5 Household water use Household water use and peak demand D7 Houses, vacant Vacant land and properties and derelict land K1 Housing, thermal efficiency Thermal efficiency of housing stock D8 Illness, working days lost Work fatalities and injury rates; working days


Imports UK imports, exports, trade balance B4 Inequalities, health Health inequalities F3 Inflation Rate of inflation B1 Injuries, work Work fatalities and injury rates; working days


Investment, social Social investment as a per cent of GDP B5 Investment, total Total and social investment as a per cent of

GDP H2

Investors In People Businesses recognised as Investors In People C4 Journey lengths by purpose Average journey length by purpose G3 LA21 strategies Number of local authorities with LA21 strategies L1 Land , vacant and derelict Vacant land and properties and derelict land K1 Land, restoration and aftercare Land covered by restoration and aftercare

conditions S15

Landscape features Landscape features - hedges, stone walls and ponds

S5

Leakage, water Water leakage Q4 Learning participation Learning participation C3 Leisure trips, mode of transport Leisure trips by mode of transport D17 Life expectancy Expected years of healthy life H6 Listed buildings Buildings of Grade I and II* at risk of decay K5 Literacy/numeracy Adult literacy/numeracy C2 Local deprivation Index of local deprivation E2 Lone parents, economically active Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and


Long hours, people working People in employment working long hours C8 Long-term ill people, economically active

Proportion of lone parents, long-term ill and disabled people who are economically active

C7

Long-term unemployment Proportion of people of working age out of work for more than two years

C6

Low pay Low pay C9 Management of woodland Sustainable management of woodland S12 Marine biodiversity Biodiversity in coastal/marine areas R3 Marine inputs Estuarine water quality, marine inputs R1 Material consumption World and UK material consumption levels per

head U7

Materials recycling Materials recycling A6 New business start-ups New business start-ups net of closures E4 New homes New homes built on previously developed land H14 Nitrogen oxide emissions Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions P3 Noise levels Noise levels K8 Nuclear industry discharges Discharges from the nuclear industry M4 Nutrients in water Nutrients in water Q1 Organic matter concentrations Concentrations of organic matter in agricultural

topsoils S2

Organic production areas Area converted to organic production D14 Output Total output of the economy (GDP and GDP per

head) H1


Annex B: 5

Key word Indicator

Overseas development assistance Net Official Development Assistance (oda) U2 Overseas travel Overseas travel D18 Ozone depletion Ozone depletion P5 Participation in sport/cultural activities Participation in sport and cultural activities J4 Participation, learning Learning participation C3 Passenger travel Passenger travel by mode G1 Pay, low Low pay C9 Persistent organic pollutants Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants M1 Pesticide residues in food Pesticide residues in food D12 Plant diversity Trends in plant diversity S3 Pollutants, air/concentrations Concentrations of selected air pollutants P1 Pollutants, air/emissions Emissions of selected air pollutants P2 Pollutants, persistent organic Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants M1 Pollution abatement expenditure Expenditure on pollution abatement T5 Ponds Landscape features - hedges, stone walls and

ponds S5

Population growth, UK Population growth K3 Population, global Global population U3 Poverty and social exclusion Indicators of success in tackling poverty and

social exclusion H4

Poverty, fuel Fuel poverty J6 Poverty, global Global poverty U1 Prices of fuel Prices of key resources - fuel T3 Primary aggregates Primary aggregates per unit of construction

value D9

Production, organic Area converted to organic production D14 Public appointments of women Women in public appointments and senior

positions T2

Public awareness and understanding Public understanding and awareness T7 Public sector net borrowing and debt Public sector net borrowing and net debt B2 Qualifications, 16 year-olds without 16 year-olds with no qualifications C1 Qualifications, at age 19 Qualifications at age 19 H5 Quality of surroundings Quality of surroundings K6 Radioactive waste stocks Radioactive waste stocks M3 Recycled/secondary aggregates Amount of secondary/recycled aggregates used

compared with virgin aggregates S14

Recycling Materials recycling A6 Recycling and household waste Household waste and recycling A5 Regional GDP Regional variations in GDP E1 Regulation enforcement Enforcement of regulations T6 Renewable sources, electricity Electricity from renewable sources N4 Residues, pesticides in food Pesticide residues in food D12 Resource use UK resource use A1 Respiratory illness Respiratory illness F2 Restoration and aftercare Land covered by restoration and aftercare

conditions S15

Retail floorspace New retail floorspace in town centres and out of town

K2

River quality Rivers of good or fair quality H12 Road traffic Road traffic H11 Rough sleepers Temporary accommodation/rough sleepers J5 Rural services Access to services in rural areas J2 School exclusions Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage

pregnancies E3

School trips How children get to school G2


Annex B: 6

Key word Indicator

School truancy Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage pregnancies

E3

Sea level rise Sea level rise N2 Secondary/recycled aggregates used Amount of secondary/recycled aggregates used

compared with virgin aggregates S14

Semi-natural/ancient woodland Area of ancient semi-natural woodland in GB S11 Senior positions, women Women in public appointments and senior

positions T2

Sites affected by water abstraction Sites affected by water abstraction Q6 Sites of Special Scientific Interest Extent and management of Sites of Special

Scientific Interest S6

Social exclusion Indicators of success in tackling poverty and social exclusion

H4

Social investment Social investment as a per cent of GDP B5 Soils, loss Net loss of soils to development S1 Soils, organic matter concentrations Concentrations of organic matter in agricultural

topsoils S2

Species at risk Native species at risk S9 Sport Participation in sport and cultural activities J4 Start-ups, business New business start-ups net of closures E4 Stone walls Landscape features - hedges, stone walls and

ponds S5

Suicide, death rates Death rates from cancer, circulatory disease, accidents and suicides

F1

Sulphur dioxide emissions Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions P3 Surroundings Quality of surroundings K6 Sustainable development action Individual action for sustainable development T9 Teenage pregnancies Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage

pregnancies E3

Temperature, rise Rise in global temperature N1 Temporary accommodation Temporary accommodation/rough sleepers J5 Thermal efficiency Thermal efficiency of housing stock D8 Tourism Sustainable tourism D16 Trade balance UK imports, exports, trade balance B4 Traffic congestion Traffic congestion G4 Traffic, road Road traffic H11 Transport costs Real changes in the cost of transport T4 Transport, freight Freight transport by mode D20 Transport, HGV mileage intensity Heavy goods vehicle mileage intensity D21 Travel, distance relative to income Distance travelled relative to income G5 Travel, journey lengths Average journey length by purpose G3 Travel, leisure trips Leisure trips by mode of transport D17 Travel, overseas Overseas travel D18 Travel, passenger Passenger travel by mode G1 Travel, school trips How children get to school G2 Travel, traffic congestion Traffic congestion G4 Truancies and exclusions Truancies and exclusions from school/teenage

pregnancies E3

Understanding and awareness Public understanding and awareness T7 Unemployment, ethnic minority Ethnic minority employment and unemployment E5 Unemployment, long-term Proportion of people of working age out of work

for more than two years C6

Unemployment, workless households Proportion of working age people in workless households

C5

Unfit homes Homes judged unfit to live in H7 Vacant properties Vacant land and properties and derelict land K1 Voluntary activity Voluntary activity L2


Annex B: 7

Key word Indicator

Waste Waste and hazardous emissions by sector/Energy and water consumption by sector

D3

Waste arisings Waste arisings and management H15 Waste by sector Waste by sector A4 Waste, construction and demolition Construction and demolition waste going to

landfill D10

Waste, hazardous Hazardous waste A7 Waste, household Household waste and recycling A5 Waste, radioactive stocks Radioactive waste stocks M3 Waste, recycling Household waste and recycling A5 Water abstraction, sites affected Sites affected by water abstraction Q6 Water abstractions by purpose Abstractions by purpose Q5 Water affordability Water affordability Q3 Water consumption Energy and water consumption by sector

/Waste and hazardous emissions by sector D3

Water consumption Household water use and peak demand D7 Water demand and availability Water demand and availability Q2 Water leakage Water leakage Q4 Water, Bathing Water Directive compliance

Compliance with Bathing Water Directive R2

Water, estuarine, quality Estuarine water quality, marine inputs R1 Water, nutrients in Nutrients in water Q1 Water, river, quality Rivers of good or fair quality H12 Wild birds Populations of wild birds H13 Women, public appointments Women in public appointments and senior

positions T2

Woodland area Area of woodland in the UK S10 Woodland, ancient semi-natural Area of ancient semi-natural woodland in GB S11 Woodland, management Sustainable management of woodland S12 Work, people in Proportion of people of working age who are in

work H3

Workless households Proportion of working age people in workless households

C5

Documents

Quality of Life Counts - 国立環境研究所Quality of Life Counts Indicators for a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom 2004 Update Updating the baseline