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International Forum on Migration Statistics, Paris, France, 15-16
January 2017
QUANTIFYING DIVERSITY
OF MIGRANTS IN OBOR
COUNTRIES Evi Nurvidya Arifin University Respati Indonesia, and
University of Indonesia
OBOR
One Belt, One Road,
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put
forward the strategic concept of the OBOR
initiatives: a “Silk Road Economic Belt” in Sept 2013, in
Kazakhstan
“21st Century Maritime Silk Road”, Oct 2013, in
Indonesia,
Silk Road Economic Belt
The Silk Road Economic Belt focuses on
bringing together China, Central Asia, Russia
and Europe (the Baltic);
21st-Century Maritime Silk Road
The 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road is designed
to span from China's coast to Europe through the
South China Sea and the Indian Ocean in one
route, and from China's coast through the South
China Sea to the South Pacific in the other.
to promote maritime cooperation, establishing the
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) to
finance infrastructure construction and promote
regional interconnectivity and economic
integration.
Source: Cay (2017)
OBOR can be BIG
OBOR will connect Asia, Africa and Europe
involving 65 countries, 4.5 billion people.
Include 9 OECD countries (Czech, Estonia,
Hungary, Israel, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia,
Slovenia, and Turkey)
5 Major OBOR Goals
Coordination of policies,
Coordination of infrastructure projects,
Guarantee of free trade,
Financial coordination,
Strengthening people-to-people ties.
OBOR initiatives consists of roads, railways,
ports, pipelines and everything in between
Cultural diversity can be a liability
or asset for development
OBOR can be a new driver of mobility
in the future
In 2016: More Outflow than Inflow FDI
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Inflow and Outflow of Foreign Direct Investment: China: 2010-2016
Netflow Outflow Inflow
Increasing
outflow of FDI
from China
Infrastructure
Economic
Growth
OBOR
Initiatives
Investment Trade
Population
Mobility/
migration
Aims
It is still difficult to predict the impacts of OBOR
initiatives and precise future trend of migration.
This paper aims to understand the current
pattern and diversity of migrants in OBOR
countries.
It also quantifies the diversity of migrants
among OBOR Countries
Data
Trends in International Migrant Stock :
The 2015 Revision
International Migrant Stock = foreign
born or foreign citizens
3 Measurements of Diversity
1. Number of Countries :
by Destination
by Origin
2. The largest share of Migrants
by Destination
by Origin
3 Measurements of Diversity
3. Diversity Index
by Destination
by Origin
It is adopted from Herfindal index, also known as Fractionalization index
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖2
𝑛
𝑖=1
Where si is the proportion of migrants from / to country i
How many migrants are in OBOR
Countries?
94.2 millions
Migrants in OBOR
Countries in 2015. OBOR,
38.6
Non OBOR,
61.4
Increasing number of migrants in OBOR
Countries with an increasing rate of Growth
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1990-95 1995-00 2000-05 2005-10 2010-15
Accelerating Growth Rate of Migrants
71.5 69.3
70.7 73.4
84.7
94.2
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
In m
illio
ns
Increasing Number of International Migrant Stock in OBOR countries
A sign of returning increased share of Migrants to
the World's International migrant stock
A rapid decline of share
from 1990-2005.
A sign of increasing
share since 2005
46.84
43.10
40.93
38.38 38.20 38.64
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
48.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
In m
illio
ns
OBOR Countries’ Share to the World's International migrant stock
DIVERSITY
When they live in different countries of birth,
where are they now?
1. Number of Destinations
Number of Destinations
Rank Origin
# of Desti-
nations
1 China 143
2 India 128
3 Russia 102
4 Philippines 100
5 Pakistan 98
6 Lebanon 90
7 Indonesia 87
8 Rep. of Korea 86
9 Egypt 82
10 Turkey 82
11 Syria 79
12 Poland 78
13 Thailand 77
14 Ukraine 76
15 Bangladesh 75
16 Iran 75
17 Romania 71
18 Sri Lanka 71
19 Malaysia 70
20 Iraq 69
21 Israel 68
22 Jordan 67
23 Bulgaria 66
Rank Origin
# off Desti-
nations
24 Viet Nam 66
25 Saudi Arabia 65
26 Afghanistan 64
27 Hungary 63
28 Czech Republic 59
29 Armenia 57
30 Kazakhstan 57
31 Singapore 57
32 Belarus 55
33 Nepal 55
34 Croatia 54
35 Lithuania 53
36 Uzbekistan 53
37 Palestine 52
38 Albania 51
39 Estonia 51
40 Kuwait 51
41 Moldova 51
42 Slovakia 51
43 Georgia 49
44 Latvia 48
45 UAE 48
46 Azerbaijan 47
Rank Origin
# of Desti-
nations
47
Bosnia&
Herzegovina 47
48 Serbia 47
49 Slovenia 47
50 Macedonia 47
51 Myanmar 45
52 Yemen 45
53 Kyrgyzstan 43
54 Tajikistan 43
55 Turkmenistan 43
56 Bahrain 40
57 Cambodia 40
58 Hong Kong 39
59 Lao PDR 37
60 Qatar 37
61 Mongolia 34
62 Oman 33
63 Montenegro 31
64 Brunei 24
65 Bhutan 23
66 Maldives 22
67 Macao 12
68 Timor-Leste 11
Chinese are ubiquitous
They migrate out to 143 countries out of 232
countries in the world (61.6%) in 2015 ranging
from as large as 2.1 million in the US to as
small as 11 Chinese in Greenland.
Note: 2.3 million live in Hong Kong
Where are the Chinese?
Hong Kong 24%
USA 22%
Rep of Korea
8%
Canada 7%
Japan 7%
Australia 5%
Singapore 5%
Macao 3%
Italy 2%
UK 2%
Bangladesh 2%
Spain 2%
France 1% Germany
1%
Thailand 1%
Others 9%
Migrants from China
In 2015, they are
mostly in non-OBOR
OECD countries
22% of the out-
migrants from China
live in the US
Chinese in OECD Countries
OBOR
1. Czech,
2. Estonia,
3. Hungary,
4. Israel,
5. Latvia,
6. Poland,
7. Slovakia,
8. Slovenia,
9. Turkey
Non-OBOR
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. France
4. German
5. Italy
6. Japan
7. Korea
8. Spain
9. UK
10. USA
1. Number of Origins
Share of In-migrants
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
UA
EQ
ata
rK
uw
ait
Ma
ca
oB
ahra
inS
ing
apo
reO
ma
nJord
an
Ho
ng K
on
gLe
ban
on
Saud
i A
rabia
Ma
ldiv
es
Isra
el
Bru
nei
Kazakhsta
nE
sto
nia
Cro
atia
La
tvia
Mo
nte
neg
roS
loven
iaB
ela
rus
Ukra
ine
Ukra
ine
20 Countries + Macao and HK: The IM accounts for more than 10% in 2015
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Se
rbia
Ma
laysia
Russia
Bh
uta
nA
rmenia
Ma
cedonia
Th
aila
nd
Pa
lestin
eS
yria
Lith
uania
Hungary
Georg
iaU
zb
ekis
tan
Cze
ch
Tu
rkey
Tu
rkm
enis
tan
Mo
ldova
Iran
Kyrg
yzsta
nS
lovakia
Ta
jikis
tan
Azerb
aija
nA
lban
iaP
akis
tan
Nepal
Po
lan
dB
ulg
aria
Ye
men
Afg
hanis
tan
Rom
ania
Iraq
Tim
or-
Leste
Bo
snia
&H
erz
egovin
aB
angla
desh
Mo
ngolia
Eg
ypt
Cam
bodia
India
Lao P
DR
Ph
ilippin
es
Sri L
anka
Myanm
ar
Indonesia
Vie
t N
am
Chin
a
Feminization & Masculinization
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Nepal
Mo
ldova
Latv
iaH
ong K
on
gE
sto
nia
Kyrg
yzsta
nA
rmenia
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Po
lan
dM
acedonia
Lith
uania
Ukra
ine
Ta
jikis
tan
Georg
iaS
erb
iaS
inga
pore
Pa
lestin
eIs
rael
Ma
cao
Be
laru
sB
ulg
aria
Tu
rkm
enis
tan
Uzb
ekis
tan
Cro
atia
Slo
vakia
Bo
snia
&H
erz
egovin
aA
zerb
aija
nLebano
nR
ussia
Hungary
Ka
zakhsta
n
Sex Ratio Below 1
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Th
aila
nd
Jord
an
Afg
hanis
tan
Alb
an
iaT
urk
ey
Pa
kis
tan
Syria
India
Ph
ilippin
es
Sri L
anka
Ye
men
Rom
ania
Iran
Lao P
DR
Cam
bodia
Eg
ypt
Myanm
ar
Bru
nei
Slo
venia
Cze
ch
Indonesia
Vie
t N
am
Iraq
Tim
or-
Leste
Ma
laysia
Chin
aK
uw
ait
Sa
udi A
rabia
Ma
ldiv
es
Ba
hra
inM
ongolia
UA
EO
ma
nB
huta
nQ
ata
rB
angla
desh
Sex Ratio Above 1
Number of Origins
No. Country
# of
origins
1 Bulgaria 180
2 Czech 176
3 Hungary 159
4 Russia 150
5 Estonia 147
6 Egypt 134
7 Poland 119
8 Turkey 111
9 Latvia 101
10 Slovakia 95
11 Philippines 92
12 Jordan 84
13 Slovenia 80
14 Serbia 78
15 Croatia 73
16 Romania 62
17 Belarus 60
18 Israel 59
19 Lithuania 59
20 Sri Lanka 50
21 Thailand 47
22 India 38
23 Tajikistan 37
No. Country
# of
origins
24 Bahrain 35
25 Kuwait 35
26 Qatar 35
27 UAE 35
28 Lebanon 34
29 Mongolia 32
30 Ukraine 32
31 Hong Kong 31
32 Montenegro 31
33 Cambodia 28
34 Bhutan 26
35 Kyrgyzstan 25
36 Iraq 24
37 Kazakhstan 24
38 Malaysia 24
39 Maldives 24
40 Viet Nam 24
41 Georgia 23
42 China 22
43 Brunei 21
44 Indonesia 21
45 Moldova 21
46 Macedonia 21
No. Country
# of
origins
47 Bangladesh 20
48 Oman 20
49 Saudi Arabia 19
50 Azerbaijan 18
51 Singapore 17
52 Timor-Leste 17
53 Armenia 16
54 Palestine 16
55
Bosnia&
Herzegovina 15
56 Uzbekistan 12
57 Yemen 12
58 Turkmenistan 11
59 Pakistan 10
60 Iran 9
61 Lao PDR 9
62 Albania 8
63 Macao 8
64 Nepal 8
65 Myanmar 7
66 Syria 7
67 Afghanistan 6
Other North 3%
Other South 14% Hong Kong
28%
Rep of Korea 19%
Brazil 8%
Philippines 7%
Indonesia 4%
Viet Nam 3%
USA 3%
Macao 2%
Thailand 2%
Peru 1%
UK 1%
India 1%
Canada 1% Japan
1% Malaysia 1%
Sri Lanka 1%
Australia 1%
Pakistan 0%
Bangladesh 0% Russia
0%
Migrants in China
Who are Migrants in China?
Migrants in China =
978 thousands in
2015
Who are Migrants in Hong Kong?
Other North 0%
Other South 1%
[CATEGORY NAME]
[PERCENTAGE]
Indonesia 5%
Philippines 4%
Macao 3%
Thailand 1%
India 1%
UK 1%
Malaysia 1% Canada
1% Japan 0%
USA 0%
Viet Nam 0%
Singapore 0%
Nepal 0%
Australia 0%
Pakistan 0%
Rep of Korea 0%
New Zealand 0%
France 0%
Germany 0%
Netherlands 0%
Sri Lanka 0%
Switzerland 0%
Ireland 0%
Italy 0% Bangladesh
0% Spain
0% Portugal
0% Russia
0%
Migrants in Hong Kong
Migrants in Hong
Kong = 2.84 million
in 2015
2838665
2. Largest Nationality
The largest share of Out-migrants by Destination
79.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Ru
ssia
Ru
ssia
Ru
ssia
Tha
iland
Tha
iland
Tha
iland
Ru
ssia
Ne
pal
Ru
ssia
Sin
gapo
reJord
an
Indon
esia
Germ
any
Ru
ssia
Saud
i A
rabia
Ru
ssia
Ru
ssia
India
Bang
lad
esh
Ru
ssia
Germ
any
Serb
iaR
ussia
US
AH
ong K
on
gIr
an
Sri L
anka
India
Pale
stine
Germ
any
Turk
ey
Ita
lyU
SA
Pale
stine
Ru
ssia
US
AS
aud
i A
rabia
India
UA
ER
ussia
US
AS
erb
iaT
urk
ey
Ukra
ine
Ita
lyR
ussia
Germ
any
UA
EG
erm
any
Turk
ey
US
AR
ussia
Saud
i A
rabia
Ch
ina
Czech
Ma
laysia
Cro
atia
Saud
i A
rabia
Ho
ng K
on
gU
SA
UA
EU
KA
ustr
iaS
aud
i A
rabia
Kuw
ait
Syri
aU
SA
Tajik
ista
nK
yrg
yzsta
nT
urk
men
ista
nLa
o P
DR
Myan
ma
rC
am
bo
dia
Aze
rbaija
nB
huta
nK
azakhsta
nM
ala
ysia
Pale
stine
Tim
or-
Leste
Czech
Uzbe
kis
tan
Yem
en
Arm
enia
Ukra
ine
Bru
nei
Bahra
inG
eo
rgia
Turk
ey
Mo
nte
neg
roB
ela
rus
Vie
t N
am
Ma
ca
oA
fgha
nis
tan
Ma
ldiv
es
Bang
lad
esh
Om
an
Pola
nd
Bulg
aria
Alb
ania
Isra
el
Qata
rM
ongo
liaP
hili
ppin
es
Indon
esia
Ne
pal
Kuw
ait
Mo
ldova
Iran
Cro
atia
Syri
aR
ussia
Ro
man
iaE
sto
nia
Hu
nga
ryE
gypt
Slo
ven
iaM
ace
don
iaT
ha
iland
La
tvia
Jord
an
Ho
ng K
on
gS
lovakia
Sin
gapo
reB
osnia
&H
erz
eS
ri L
anka
Ch
ina
Saud
i A
rabia
India
Lithu
ania
Serb
iaP
akis
tan
UA
EIr
aq
Le
ban
ono
r
i
g
i
n
Desti-
nation
The largest share of In-migrants by Origin
91.11
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Pa
kis
tan
India
Russia
India
Afg
ha
nis
tan
Chin
aC
hin
aR
ussia
So
ma
liaR
ussia
Bo
sn
ia&
Herz
Syria
Pa
lestin
eR
ussia
Russia
Russia
Syria
Gre
ece
Ba
ng
lade
sh
Ba
ng
lade
sh
Arm
en
iaIn
dia
Russia
Russia
Chin
aS
yria
Vie
t N
am
Russia
Alb
an
iaM
ya
nm
ar
Czech
Indo
nesia
Vie
t N
am
Ma
laysia
Chin
aA
zerb
aija
nR
om
an
iaU
kra
ine
Bo
sn
ia&
Herz
Ma
laysia
Russia
Uzbe
kis
tan
India
India
Indo
nesia
India
Bo
sn
ia&
Herz
Bo
sn
ia&
Herz
India
India
Mo
ldova
Ukra
ine
Cro
atia
Pa
lestin
eIr
aq
Ukra
ine
Hon
g K
on
gIn
dia
Isra
el
Ukra
ine
Chin
aR
ussia
India
Chin
aM
ala
ysia
Th
aila
nd
Mo
rocco
Afg
ha
nis
tan
Bh
uta
nT
ajik
ista
nN
ep
al
Ira
nM
acao
Ho
ng K
on
gU
zbe
kis
tan
Ye
me
nE
sto
nia
Cro
atia
Ira
qJord
an
Ukra
ine
Ka
za
kh
sta
nB
ela
rus
Leb
an
on
Alb
an
iaIn
dia
Ma
ldiv
es
Azerb
aija
nP
akis
tan
Ge
org
iaK
yrg
yzsta
nM
on
golia
Tu
rke
yL
ao
PD
RL
atv
iaM
aced
on
iaT
haila
nd
Slo
va
kia
Tim
or-
Le
ste
Cam
bo
dia
Bru
ne
iM
ya
nm
ar
Arm
en
iaH
un
ga
ryM
old
ova
Slo
ve
nia
Sin
ga
pore
Lith
uan
iaT
urk
me
nis
tan
UA
EB
ahra
inM
ala
ysia
Om
an
Se
rbia
Mo
nte
ne
gro
Qa
tar
Ku
wait
Rom
an
iaP
ola
nd
Bo
sn
ia&
Herz
Eg
yp
tS
yria
Russia
Ch
ina
Sri
La
nka
Pa
lestin
eC
zech
Indo
nesia
Bu
lga
ria
Sa
ud
i A
rab
iaP
hili
pp
ines
Ba
ng
lade
sh
Vie
t N
am
Isra
el
Desti-
nation
Origin
Out-migrants
In-migrants
3. Diversity Index
Diversity Index of Out-migrants ranges from
0.367 (Tajikistan) to 0.920 (Iraq)
0.367
0.920
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Tajik
ista
nK
yrg
yzsta
nT
urk
men
ista
nLa
o P
DR
Myan
ma
rC
am
bo
dia
Aze
rbaija
nK
azakhsta
nB
huta
nT
imor-
Leste
Ma
laysia
Pale
stine
Yem
en
Uzbe
kis
tan
Czech
Arm
enia
Afg
ha
nis
tan
Bru
nei
Bahra
inU
kra
ine
Ma
ca
oA
lba
nia
Geo
rgia
Turk
ey
Mo
nte
neg
roB
ela
rus
Ma
ldiv
es
Vie
t N
am
Om
an
Bang
lad
esh
Mo
ngo
liaP
ola
nd
Isra
el
Qata
rB
ulg
aria
Indon
esia
Syri
aN
epal
Ho
ng K
on
gM
old
ova
Cro
atia
Esto
nia
Ru
ssia
Ro
man
iaP
hili
ppin
es
Kuw
ait
Iran
Egypt
Sin
gapo
reJord
an
Bosnia
&H
erz
Slo
vakia
Ma
ce
don
iaS
loven
iaLa
tvia
Ch
ina
Hu
nga
ryP
akis
tan
India
Saud
i A
rabia
Serb
iaT
ha
iland
Sri L
anka
Lithu
ania
UA
ELe
ban
on
Iraq
Positive relationship between number of
destinations and Diversity Index of Out-migrants
y = -1E-05x2 + 0.0046x + 0.5306 R² = 0.1997
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
0 40 80 120 160
Number of Destinations
Diversity Index of Destinations
Negative association between Number of
destination and share of the largest out-migrants
y = 1E-05x2 - 0.0048x + 0.6488 R² = 0.1914
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Number of Destinations
Share of out-migrants (%)
Diversity Index of In-migrants
0.167
0.932
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Afg
ha
nis
tan
Bhuta
nT
ajik
ista
nN
epal
Iran
Ma
ca
oH
ong K
on
gU
zbe
kis
tan
Yem
en
Jord
an
Esto
nia
Cro
atia
Pakis
tan
Iraq
Ukra
ine
Le
ban
on
Kazakhsta
nB
ela
rus
India
Ca
mbo
dia
Alb
ania
Ma
ldiv
es
Mo
ldova
Aze
rbaija
nT
ha
iland
Myan
ma
rG
eo
rgia
Syri
aK
yrg
yzsta
nLa
o P
DR
La
tvia
Ma
ce
don
iaT
urk
ey
Mo
ngo
liaS
erb
iaT
urk
men
ista
nT
imor-
Leste
Arm
enia
Slo
vakia
Lithu
ania
Bru
nei
Slo
ven
iaM
onte
neg
roS
ing
apo
reO
ma
nU
AE
Hu
nga
ryB
ahra
inM
ala
ysia
Bosnia
&H
erz
Egypt
Kuw
ait
Qata
rR
om
an
iaP
ola
nd
Ru
ssia
Ch
ina
Pale
stine
Czech R
epu
blic
Phili
ppin
es
Isra
el
Sri L
anka
Bang
lad
esh
Indon
esia
Saud
i A
rabia
Vie
t N
am
Bulg
aria
Association between number of origin and
Diversity Index of Origin (DIO)
y = 0.0013x + 0.5996 R² = 0.0968
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Number of Origins
DIO
Association between number of origin and
Diversity Index of Origin
y = -0.1199x + 54.684 R² = 0.0722
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Number of Origins
Share of the Largest In-migrants
Association between Diversity Index of
Origin and the Largest In-migrants
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Diversity Index of Origin
The largest Share of In-migrants
Diversity Index of Destination and Origin
y = 0.3029x + 0.4358 R² = 0.0519
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
DID
DIO
Number and Rate of Migrants
More sending countries than receiving
countries
-12,000,000
-8,000,000
-4,000,000
0
4,000,000
8,000,000
12,000,000
India
Chin
aB
angla
desh
Ph
ilippin
es
Afg
hanis
tan
Syria
nP
ola
nd
Indonesia
Pa
lestin
eR
om
ania
Myanm
ar
Eg
ypt
Vie
t N
am
Pa
kis
tan
Bo
snia
an
d H
erz
egovin
aS
ri L
anka
Lao P
DR
Iraq
Cam
bodia
Nepal
Bu
lga
ria
Alb
an
iaR
ep. of
Kore
aU
kra
ine
Azerb
aija
nU
zb
ekis
tan
Arm
enia
Mo
ldova
Georg
iaY
em
en
Kyrg
yzsta
nK
azakhsta
nC
ze
ch R
epublic
Lith
uania
Be
laru
sM
acedonia
Ta
jikis
tan
Cro
atia
Slo
vakia
Se
rbia
Tu
rkey
Hungary
Latv
iaM
onte
ne
gro
Tu
rkm
enis
tan
Mo
ngolia
Tim
or-
Leste
Esto
nia
Bh
uta
nB
runei
Ma
ldiv
es
Slo
venia
Ma
cao
Ba
hra
inM
ala
ysia
Russia
Lebano
nIr
an
Qata
rIs
rael
Hong K
on
gO
ma
nS
inga
pore
Jord
an
Ku
wait
Th
aila
nd
UA
ES
audi A
rabia
Net migrants
Sending
Receiving
More sending countries than
receiving countries
-70.6
86.9
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Pa
lestin
eB
osn
ia&
Herz
eA
lba
nia
Arm
en
iaS
yria
Lao
PD
RM
aced
on
iaM
old
ova
Ge
org
iaR
om
an
iaB
ulg
aria
Lith
uan
iaA
fgha
nis
tan
Po
lan
dK
yrg
yzsta
nA
zerb
aija
nM
on
ten
eg
roS
ri L
an
ka
Cam
bo
dia
Cro
atia
Mya
nm
ar
Ph
ilipp
ines
Czech
Be
laru
sN
ep
al
Latv
iaT
ajik
ista
nB
ang
lade
sh
Ira
qE
gyp
tS
lova
kia
Ka
za
kh
sta
nU
zbe
kis
tan
Vie
t N
am
Ye
me
nT
imo
r-Le
ste
Ukra
ine
Se
rbia
Hun
ga
ryM
on
golia
Indo
nesia
Pa
kis
tan
Tu
rkm
en
ista
nIn
dia
Chin
aT
urk
ey
Esto
nia
Russia
Bh
uta
nIr
an
Ma
laysia
Th
aila
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Bru
ne
iL
eb
an
on
Isra
el
Hon
g K
on
gM
ald
ives
Sa
ud
i A
rab
iaJord
an
Ma
cao
Sin
ga
pore
Om
an
Ba
hra
inK
uw
ait
Qa
tar
UA
E
Net Migration Rate
Relationship with Economic Growth
GDP Growth & Net migration Rate
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
-35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0
GDP Growth Rate
Net Migration Rate
Net Migration Rate & Net Remittances/capita
-20,000.0
-15,000.0
-10,000.0
-5,000.0
0.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
-60.00 -40.00 -20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00Net Migration Rate
Net remittances per capita
Receiving migrants
Receiving remittance
Sending migrants
Receiving remittance
Sending migrants
Sending remittance
Receiving migrants
Sending remittance
QAT
BIH
ALB
KWT
CHN
No correlation between GDP Growth and Diversity
Index of Destination (DID)
y = 0.001x + 0.7409 R² = 0.0017
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0
GDP Growth Rate
DID
Positive correlation between GDP growth and
Diversity Index of Origin (DIO)
y = 0.0103x + 0.6449 R² = 0.0986
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-35.0 -30.0 -25.0 -20.0 -15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0
GDP Growth Rate
DIO
Concluding Remarks
Diversity Index among OBOR countries varies significantly
The three measurements of diversity of migrants provide more insight of heterogeneity
China has the most diverse destinations worldwide
It is still difficult to understand more about the socio-economic status of the migrants, how they will integrate, and how the host will accept them.
More migrants data are needed through collaboration with destination country
Need to establish method to estimate and capture the non-permanent mobility
