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QUANTUM THEOLOGY

PROF. M.M.NINAN

Chapter One

Observable and State Functions – Seen and Unseen

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Knowing Through Interaction

1.3 How Do We Know God? 1.4 Incomprehensible and Comprehensible

1.5 Why God Cannot be Simple

Chapter Two

Summary Development of Quantum Theory 2.1 Discovery of Electron 2.2 Discovery of Neutron

2.3 Black Body Radiation

2.4 Photoelectric Effect 2.5 Hydrogen Spectrum

2.6 Compton Effect 2.7 Wave-Particle Duality

2.8 Schrodinger Equation

2.9 Operators and Quantum Mechanics 2.10 Quantum Wave Functions and State Vectors

2.11 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 2.12 Quantum Non-locality

Chapter Three

State of a System

3.1 By Their Fruits 3.2 Observables, non-Observables and Hermeticity

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Chapter Four

Statistical Interpretation and Wave Function

4.1 The Statistical Interpretation of Born

Chapter Five

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and Copenhagen Interpretation

5.1 The Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg

5.2 Conjugate Observables

5.3 The Complementarity Concept of Bohr 5.4 Heisenberg Identifies the State Vector with the "Knowledge of the System"

5.5 Distinct Yet forms Part. 5.6 Time Evolution

5.7 Sovereignty of God and Free Will of Man

5.8 Time Evolution, Determinism and Prophecy

Chapter Six

Quantum Potential Interpretation and Many Body Problem

6.1 Quantum Potential Interpretation

6.2 The Hartree Fock Approximation

6.3 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation

Chapter Seven

Many World Interpretation

7.1 Manifold Worlds

7.2 Schroedinger’s Cat in the Box Paradox 7.3 Involvement of the Observer.- an alternative way of looking at it.-

Creation through sentient involvement.

7.4 Immortality, Resurrection, Continuity of life

Chapter Eight

Transactional and the Consistent Histories Interpretation

8.1 Transactional Interpretation 8.2 Consistent Histories Interpretation

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Chapter Nine

Quantum Cosmology

9.1 Wavefunction of Universe

9.2 Stephen Hawking's Universe as a Quantum Particle (Hawking/Hartle theory)

9.3 Fine Tuning and The Weak Anthropic Principle 9.4 Observer-Created or Participatory Universe – Strong Anthropic Principle

9.5 The Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorem. 9.6 The Future of the Universe.

Chapter Ten

Quantum Field Theory

10.1 Fundamental Forces and Intermediaries 10.2 Vacuum Zero Point Sea

10.3 Vacuum Fluctuations, Virtual Particles and the Origin of the Universe 11.4 String, Superstring and M-Theory

11.5 The Word became flesh

Chapter Eleven

Quantum Non-locality and Coherence

11.1 EPR Paradox

11.2 Holistic Theology 11.3 Consciousness of Ego and Seperateness

11.4 Macroscopic Quantum Coherence 11.5 Quantum Brain Dynamics

11.6 De-coherence and Death

11.7 Coherence and Faith in Action

QUANTUM THEOLOGY

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PROF. M.M.NINAN

Chapter One

Observable and State Functions – Seen and Unseen

1.1 Introduction

The subject matter of Physics is matter in motion, and the subject matter of theology is

man in motion. Though the realms of interactions and dimensions of space of their

existences are different, there are many similarities. While Physics has developed into an exact science, theology is not even viewed as a science. Very few have ever tried to tap

this similarity to get better understanding of each other.

Recent advances in Physics have led to the boundaries of knowledge that the theoretical

physicists assert that what is seen are made up of what is not seen. Theoretical Physicists

have been trying to develop a unified field theory to explain all known phenomena in terms of abstract models whereby the unseen could be made to account for what is seen.

Heb. 11:3 By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God's command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible.

As such both the fields have common grounds. As far as I know very few have tried to do

this comparative study to get further insight into theology. As I grappled with the problems of soteriology, I was compelled to find explanations for the conflicting

propositions in terms of Quantum situations where such conflicts are effectively removed. I was therefore forced into this study. These are only initial thought patterns

that may require extensive studies. I am several years outdated in terms of Quantum

Mechanics and related Theoretical advances. There may be others who could pick up the thread and add to these strings. I believe that this could open up a new field of vision, not

only for the theologians but also for the theoretical physicists.

1.2 Knowing through Interaction

To begin with, we should note that quantities such as justification, sanctification,

salvation, good etc are not directly observable quantities – things not seen. These are moral realities and are very much like the state functions of the Quantum Mechanics. It is

the fundamental assumption here that there exists a Real State (represent able as a function or as a Vector) from which these observable can be deduced. Though all the

relevant properties are inherent in the state function, - in the state of the person and that

includes God - we cannot actually measure or observe it directly. All measurable parameters can be deduced only by the action of proper operators on the state function.

(In Dirac’s matrix formulation the state functions are replaced with state vectors. Here the operators are matrices as opposed to differential operators of Schrödinger. The principle

behind both is identical. Only the mathematical formalism is different.) That is to say, the

state (the person or object) is expressed and determinable only in terms of its reaction to a concrete historical situation and in the relationship of the person with the rest of the

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world – material, people and situations. These reactions and relations are observable. The

measurable or observable in human life are simply the actions of the people– generally referred to as "works".

This is also true regarding the nature of God. We have to deduce the non-observable quantities (the state) from the observable. Moses wanted to know God. He asked God in

the mount of Sinai for a revelation of his name. In the Hebrew, thought knowing a name

meant knowing the properties. However, God refused to give him a name or a definition and simply said, "I am that I am". The implication simply was that no man could know

God in His absolute state. Nevertheless, we may know God in God’s action through history. If God does not act, we have no means of knowing God. In other words, God was

enunciating the principle that properties are determined in terms of the measuring

equipment – in experience.

We shall see that this is a reality the Physicists learned with pain. If we need an answer to

a question, we have to ask that question in terms of a given situation to get an answer for that situation. In Biblical hermeneutics, we insist that the Word of God should not be

interpreted outside of the context of the bible. This is usually given by the dictum "A text

taken out of context is a pretext". . This is also true of any person. In fact, this is also true of everything. The property of a substance is nothing but the collection of its reaction

with other substances. In Chemistry, we tabulate the reaction of the element or chemical with others. These observables constitute the properties of the element or chemical. In

Physics, we tabulate the reaction of the particle in the presence of various fields and

forces. These reactions are observed as movement in space and time. In Life sciences, we look at the response of the life form in various environments. Even extensions and

movement are relational. What we really observe in nature of matter is its reactions to other matter around it and its relative variations. The absolute nature of matter is

understood only in terms of the observed. In Advaita this has led to a proposition that

external realities do not exist or they are Maya or Midhya meaning unreal. We cannot arrive at that conclusion in Physics. The correct statement should be “While the external

realities are real we cannot understand it except in terms of our relation with it. The knowing decides what property of the known is knowable in that context.”

On the judgment day, God uses the observables to differentiate the Righteous from the

Unrighteous

(Property) P =>∑∑∑∑ Relations

The sum of the properties defines the state. However, the State is not equal to the sum of

the properties

Mat. 25:34' Come, you, who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the

kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. 35 For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a

stranger and you invited me in,

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36 I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in

prison and you came to visit me.'

In this case the external visible actions leads to the conclusion that these indeed are the

“blessed of the Father.” But these actions alone are not the complete definition of the state. Though they are two these actions are the consequence of the fundamental state.

1.3 How do we know God?

We often conceive God as existing before all creation as a Person, alone. The Christian argument is however that even though we can reason back to a monadic (single person )

self existent Brahman, such a Brahman, even though Omnipotent, will have no reason to act. He is without any property because properties arise only in relation to others. The

pure Non-Being, or the unmanifest is the First principle Of the Ancient of days, the one

without a beginning and without an end and the one without a second, the alpha and the omega, very littlecan be known. Yes He is Eternal, Imperishable, and the unchangeable

principle. Can I say “He”? We are only creating more confusion in trying to clarify. There the mind does not go, nor the senses, nor our understanding. We cannot even

describe this First Principle as existing or as a being. It is simply non-existence and non-

Being. It is doubtful whether any one can really experience something which does not exist or which is simply non-existence or non-Being or even describe.

1.4 Incomprehensible and Comprehensible

If there are no others beside him, these properties are not even potentially defined.

Further, this Nirguna Brahman (Brahman without properties) will have no purpose

beyond himself. (Calvinism, which defines an Omni God therefore, has to define God as an egoistic, self-centered God - a concept that is directly in conflict with the character of

God as seen in the Bible and in itself are indefinable properties without external beings in existence) The egg in mythical symbolism in all ancient religions usually represents this

stage. A monadic God can have no purpose, as purposes are to be something, which is

not realizable within him. Therefore, even if such a monotheistic God exists, he cannot initiate a creation process outside of him. We will then simply fall back to a Nirguna

Brahman, which is totally inactive and purposeless, and no information of such Godhead can ever be obtained by us. We have at our hands a mathematical black hole.

Information on such a state of God will be totally inaccessible. He certainly cannot be the

God of creation.

When we refer to God or as Father in Heaven we are actually referring to this eternal

principle. However we need to go beyond this monadic God into an active creative God which is Iswara. Being divine consciousness, who ever immerses himself in it becomes

immortal. It is eternal because it is the highest consciousness. This the ultimate, human

beings are capable of experiencing – God who has qualities, who can be experienced. When God wakes up from His sleep and become aware of himself - He becomes Iswara.

In His awakened state He exercises His creative will and sets in motion the creative process. Thus Iswara is the creative Spirit, the Being, the awakened Non-Being, the

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Saguna Brahman, the Brahman with qualities, who exercising His will, His Power and

His wisdom creates the cosmos. He is the Consciousness, the combination of Will, Word and Wisdom , the directing and causative aspect of the comprehensible God . In the early

Indian Christian throught the creative aspect – the Word was called Purusha the Person – the Primal Conscious Being. This emergence of Purusha from the Father (Primal

unknowable Brahman is described in the lotus.

In the beginning was the Word

The Word was with God The Word was God

The Word became flesh.

If Iswara has to have any property He needs to have a knower beside himself with whom

he can relate. This being beside him must be uncreated for he/she/it will need a creator otherwise. Thus we come to the concept of God as a Trinity who emerged out of the

Absolute Non-Existent, Non Being Father. In descriptive process we begin with the

Trinity of Father and Son and the Holy Spirit. The word Father God has actually two connotations – The Primal Nirguna Brahman, and the One within the Saguna Brahman

(Trinity) known as Father.

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1.5 Why God cannot be simple

There is an inherent assumption in the monadic concept of God that God has to be

simple. However, this is a self-defeating concept. If God created what we see, he himself

has to be more complex than us if not in the domain of our existence, but in some other at least. This is very similar to the theoretical physicist's attempt to create a unified field

theory. As we try to unify various fields into one, the theory becomes more complex. It has to be, because it has to resolve into the complex fields we see in nature. Thus, God

has to be a unity, while being complex within him, if we have a God who created the

visible cosmos and all the consciousness therein. An organic unity is the solution to this enigma.

Just as a point cannot exist in reality, a monadic God cannot exist in our real world or in any real world whatever dimension it may be as an entity. It needs extensions and

uncertainty in its properties. A monadic God is an imaginary God, an abstraction. It is

essentially a singularity of which we cannot guess or know. The only God we can know must be a real non-singular God. God has to be complexity within him.

Consider a single particle (in Physics terms) before everything. Will that particle be White? Black? Good? Evil? We cannot assign any property to it. In other words, a single

particle or an element alone cannot exist by itself. Properties are defined in terms of

relationships. There has to be at least two particles to define a relationship. The same applied to God. God has to be complex within him in order that he may have property

and be active.

Objects, molecules, atoms etc have properties because they are complex within

themselves.

Scientifically therefore it will not make sense to talk about a monad God existing before anything. Such a God cannot have any properties and is nonexistent for all purposes. We

cannot say God exists, because existence implies a space in which to exist. Therefore, a real God will have to coexistent with a complex structure within himself, which gives

God his characteristics including existence.

A Real God will have properties and this can come only through relations. This is probably the strongest argument against monism. So there has to be at least two persons

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(I will leave out the aspect why God has to be a Person for now) in Godhead and they

have a basic relation, which defines God. The early Christian Fathers conceived Father and Son as the two persons in the Godhead within God with a relationship which they

called Divine Energy or Divine Emanation which when quantized gives the third Person – the Holy Spirit. This relationship is what we call as Love. This is a binding “Force”

and exists as a quantum exchange between the First and the Second Person. (Remember

filoque controversy?) Thus one of the defining statements in the bible about God is, “God is Love” We will take up this concept later

According to Leibniz, monads are the ultimate indivisible units or "true atoms" of all existence. Monads are not material: each monad is a self-activating, unique, center of

"purpose" and "perception." Monads cannot interact, but are in a "pre-established

harmony" with each other.

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Chapter Two

Summary Development of Quantum Theory

Here is a summary revision of the development of Quantum Theory from its inception so that the reader may know the steps in the evolution of the theory. I have avoided all rigor

and derivations. Interested readers can check any textbook for the details. This is intended only as an outline. It is not necessary that one understand all the mathematical

formalism to take up the conclusions. Do not be disheartened if you do not understand

the equations or derivations.

2.1 Discovery of Electron

In April 30, 1897, Joseph John Thomson announced that cathode rays were negatively

charged particles, which he called 'corpuscles’. Thomson proposed the existence of elementary charged particles, which is now called electrons, as a constituent of all atoms.

2.2 Discovery of Neutron

In 1932 Chadwick proposed the existence of Neutron as a result of his studies in alpha

particle collisions.

2.3 Black Body Radiation

1859 Gustav Kirchhoff’s studies in blackbody radiation showed that the energy radiated by a black body depended on the temperature of the body. Attempts to explain this shape

of the energy and the wavelength at which the maximum energy occur continued for several decades

In 1879 Josef Stefan found that the total energy radiated by the black body per unit area

is given by:

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In 1884, Ludwig Boltzmann derived Stefan’s Law theoretically

In 1896, Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (1864-1928) Prussia-Germany derived a distribution law of radiation.

In 1900 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Germany 1858-1947), who was a colleague

based his quantum hypothesis to explain the fact that Wien's law, while valid at high

frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.

“Moreover, it is necessary to interpret UN [the total energy of a blackbody radiator] not as

a continuous, infinitely divisible quantity, but as a discrete quantity composed of an integral number of finite equal parts”

Planck. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Max Planck.

Annalen der Physik 4 (1901): 553.

In 1900, Planck devised a theory of blackbody radiation, which gave good agreement for

all wavelengths. In this theory the molecules of a body cannot have arbitrary energies but instead are quantized - the energies can only have discrete values. The magnitude of these

energies is given by the formula

E = nhf

where n = 0,1,2,... is an integer, f is the frequency of vibration of the molecule, and h is a constant, now called Planck's constant:

h = 6.63 x 10- 34

J s Furthermore, he postulated that when a molecule went from a higher energy state to a

lower one it emitted a quanta (packet) of radiation, or photon, which carried away the excess energy.

With this photon picture, Planck was able to successfully explain the blackbody radiation curves, both at long and at short wavelengths. Using statistical mechanics, Planck

derived an equation similar to the Rayleigh-Jeans equation, but with the adjustable

parameter h. Planck found that h = 6.63 x 10-34

J·s, fitted the data. As we can see, h is a very very small number. Thus the electromagnetic waves (light) consists not of a

continuous wave but discrete tine packets of energy E = hf where f is the frequency of the light.

2.4 Photoelectric Effect

1905 when Einstein extended the photon picture to explain, another phenomenon called

photoelectric effect. In this effect when light is allowed to fall on a metal and electrons are released. However there is a lower cut off frequency below which every electron

stopped. Einstein was able to explain this assuming that photons are particles of energy

E=hf.

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2.5 Hydrogen Spectrum

1913 Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was able to explain the discrete spectrum of hydrogen atom with the assumption that there are possible stable energy levels where electrons can stay

without emitting any wave and the light is emitted when it falls from a higher level to a

lower level. The frequency of the light so emitted was given by Energy of the difference in levels = hf.

2.6 Compton Effect

In 1923, Arthur Compton showed that he could explain the collision of a photon with

electrons at rest using the same idea. These phenomena came to be known as Compton Effect

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2.7 Wave-Particle Duality

Thus, it appears that light could behave like a wave some time (to explain reflection, refraction and polarization, interference) while at other times (Photoelectric effect,

Compton effect) it behaved like a particle. The wave-particle duality of electromagnetic

wave is a fact of experience and seemed mutually exclusive without compromise.

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In 1924 in his doctoral thesis, Prince Louis de Broglie argued that if light waves

exhibited the particle properties, particles might exhibit wave properties. The experiment to test was done on a stream of electrons as particles at a double slit and single slit and

the pattern exhibited fitted the interference pattern for a wave given by h/(mv) where m= mass v = speed of the electron thus: mv = momentum of the electron

2.8 Schrodinger Equation

In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger introduced operators associated with each dynamical

variable and the Schrodinger equation, which formed the foundation of modern Quantum Theory. A partial differential equation describes how the wave function of a physical

system evolves over time. In the Schrodinger picture differential calculus was used.

The time-independent one-dimensional Schrödinger equation is given by

The solution for the value of E gives us a spectrum of values for the Energy of the system.

Using the spherical coordinates, this equation gives:

And using the separable form of the wavefunction in terms of the radial, angular parts in

three dimensions

And using the potential energy as:

It gave the correct energy levels and correct spectral frequencies because of transitions.

This indeed was the greatest success of Quantum Theory and which gave it the impetus.

2.9 Operators and Quantum Mechanics

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In quantum mechanics, physical observables (e.g., energy, momentum, position, etc.) are

represented mathematically by operators. For instance, the operator corresponding to energy is the Hamiltonian operator

Where i is an index over all the particles of the system.

Later Dirac developed the Matrix method and is known as Dirac Bracket formalism.

In this mechanism the operators are replaced by matrices and the wave equation then

reduce to a matrix equation

2.10 Quantum Wave Functions and State Vectors

While operators represent the observables, the operand – the function on which the

operators act is known as the wavefunction , which is a function of the position for stationary solutions.

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics were developed later as below:

Postulate 1. The state of a quantum mechanical system is completely

specified by a function that depends on the coordinates of the

particle(s) and on time. This function, called the wave function or state

function, has the important property that is the

probability that the particle lies in the volume element located at at

time t.

Postulate 2. All observables are associated with a hermitian operator. In

any measurement of the observable associated with operator , the only values that will ever be observed are the eigenvalues a, which satisfy the

eigenvalue equation

The solution to the eigenvalue problem given above will give a spectrum of possible

values for a corresponding to a spectrum of eigenfunctions . These eigenfunctions form a set of linearly independent functions. At any point in time, we could assume that

the state of the system will be a linear combination of these functions.

Some commonly used operators are given below:

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Postulate 3. If a system is in a state described by a normalized

wave function , then the average value of the observable corresponding

to is given by

Postulate 4. The time evolution of system is given by

The postulates of quantum mechanics, written in the bra-ket notation, are as follows:

1. The state of a quantum-mechanical system is represented by a unit ket vector | ψ>,

called a state vector, in a complex separable Hilbert space. 2. An observable is represented by a Hermitian linear operator in that space.

3. When a system is in a state |ψ1>, a measurement of an observable A produces an eigenvalue a :

A| ψ1> = a | ψ1> so that < ψ|A| ψ1> = a < ψ| ψ1> = a since the wavefunctions

are orthogonal The probability of getting this value in any measurement is

|< ψ |ψ1>|2

where | ψ1 > is the eigenvector with eigenvalue a. After the measurement is

conducted, the state is | ψ1 >.

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4. There is a distinguished observable H, known as the Hamiltonian, corresponding

to the energyof the system. The time evolution of the state vector |ψ(t)> is given by the Schrödinger equation:

i (h/2π) d/dt |ψ(t)> = H |ψ(t)>

2.11 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

1927 Heisenberg discovered that there is an inherent uncertainty if we try to measure two conjugate observables. This is known as Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

The simultaneous measurement of two conjugate variables (such as the momentum and position or the energy and time for a moving particle) entails a limitation on the precision

(standard deviation) of each measurement. Namely: the more precise the measurement of

position, the more imprecise the measurement of momentum, and vice versa. In the extreme case, absolute precision of one variable would entail absolute imprecision

regarding the other.

” The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is

known in this instant, and vice versa.”

“I believe that the existence of the classical "path" can be pregnantly formulated as

follows: The "path" comes into existence only when we observe it.”

“In the sharp formulation of the law of causality-- "if we know the present exactly, we

can calculate the future"-it is not the conclusion that is wrong but the premise. “

--Heisenberg, in uncertainty principle paper, 1927 http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/

In 1929, Robertson proved that for all observables (self-adjoint operators) A and B

Where [A,B] = AB – BA

In 1928, Dirac introduced his Bracket notation and QT in terms of matrix algebra

In 1932, von Neumann put quantum theory on a firm theoretical basis on operator algebra.

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2.12 Quantum Non-locality

In 1935 Einstein, with his collaborators Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, published a

list of objections to quantum mechanics, which has come to be known as "the EPR paper" One of this was the problem of nonlocality. The EPR paper argued that "no real change"

could take place in one system because of a measurement performed on a distant second

system, as quantum mechanics requires because it will violate the relativity principles. Einstein, B. Podolsky, N. Rosen: "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical

reality be considered complete?" For example, consider a neutral-pi meson decaying into electron – positron pair. The

spin of Pi meson is zero. Therefore, the total spin of electrons must be zero. Hence one

of the electron will have spin (1/2) and the other spin (- ½). If the electron pair moves apart a million light years and we measure the spin of the electron on earth as ½, QM

requires that the other should have a spin (-1/2) if someone measures it in his or her galaxy at the same time. How would they know which spin should it be since

Relativistically it is impossible to transfer any information with a speed greater than that

of light. This is the “spooky action-at-a-distance” paradox of QM

There are two choices. You can accept the postulates of QM as is without trying to explain it, or you can

postulate that QM is not complete, that there was more information available for the

description of the two-particle system at the time it was created, and that you just didn't know it because QM does not properly account for it.

So, EPR requires that there are hidden variables in the system, which if known could

have accounted for the behavior. QM theory is therefore incomplete, i.e. it does not

completely describe the physical reality. In 1952, David Bohm introduced the notion of a "local hidden variable" theory, which tried to explain the indeterminacy in terms of the

limitation of our knowledge of the complete system.

In 1964, John S. Bell, a theoretical physicist working at the CERN laboratory in Geneva proposed certain experimental tests that could distinguish the predictions of quantum

mechanics from those of any local hidden-variable theory These involved the use of entangled photons – photons which interacted together at some point before being

separated. These photon pair can be represented by one wave function. In 1982, Aspect,

Grangier and Roger at the University of Paris experimentally confirmed that the “preposterous” effect of the EPR Paradox, the "spooky action-at-a-distance" is a physical

reality. All subsequent experiments established the existence of non-locality as predicted by Quantum Theory..

In 1986, John G Cramer of University of Washington presented his Transactional

Interpretation for Quantum Mechanics.

In 1991, Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) sharpened Bell's result by considering

systems of three or more particles and deriving an outright contradiction among EPR's

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assumptions. They showed a situation involving three particles where after measuring

two of the three, the third becomes an actual test contrasting between locality and the quantum picture: a local theory predicts one value is inevitable for the third particle,

while quantum mechanics absolutely predicts a different value. Bell-GHZ showed that wave functions "collapse at a distance" as surely as they do locally.

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Chapter Three

State of a System

3.1 ”By Their Fruits”

“Actually - so they say - there is intrinsically only awareness, observation, measurement.

If through them I have procured at a given moment the best knowledge of the state of the physical object that is possibly attainable in accord with natural laws, then I can turn

aside as meaningless any further questioning about the "actual state", inasmuch as I am

convinced that no further observation can extend my knowledge of it - at least, not without an equivalent diminution in some other respect.”

The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics, Erwin Schrödinger, Proceedings of the

American Philosophical Society, 124, 323-38

This assumes that behind these observed facts, there is an objective reality that causes

these special observable relations that we call the state of existence (State Function or State Vector). This is expressed in Quantum Mechanics as a relation between Wave

function (State) and observables. As we associate a property from each reactive relationship, we arrive at the compendium of the state of existence – the State Ket Vector

or State Function. Thus in Dirac’s Ket notation we have

where means “represented by”

The components of the matrix are the possible states. In all religions, God is defined in terms of his properties. Islam defines Allah with 101 names. All Jewish Patriarchs found

and defined God in terms of what he was to them. Thus God is a Provider (Yhvh Jireh),

God my healer (Yhvh Rophe) and so on. For a list of Names of God, see http://www.acns.com/~mm9n/names/name.htm

The state of a system is fully described by the wavefunction ψ(r1, r2,...;t). The coordinates of the location of all particles in the system and the time uniquely define the state of the

system at any given instant. We must of course include any internal coordinates such as

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spin, color, charm, truth, beauty, taste or whatever in this definition, but once specified,

the system is uniquely defined. Notice that all interactive coordinates of all properties must be defined if the state function is to be complete.

3.2 Observables, non-Observables and Hermeticity

For every observable, there is an associated operator which operating on the State

function extracts the observable. This extracted value will be one of the possible values

of the system.

There is a special class of operators that are called Hermitian operators. They are of

particular importance in quantum mechanics because they have the property that all of their eigenvalues are real (and does not contain an imaginary part). This is convenient for

the measurement outcome of any experiment must be a real number. There are non-

Hermitian operators, but they do not correspond to observable properties. All observable properties are represented by Hermitian operators, but not all Hermitian operators

correspond to an observable property. The presence of the imaginary terms will indicate that there are other dimensions involved and we are observing only a projection of the

state into the real world. Unless we have the complete picture in all dimensions, our

understanding will be only partial.

In soteriology, also the only measurable quantities are the "works". Though Christians would say that the salvation is independent of the "good works", good works are

dependent on salvation – or the state function of the person concerned. That is why Paul asserts:

Eph.2: 10 For we are God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works,

which God prepared in advance for us to do.

James asserts

James 2: 14 What good is it, my brothers, if a man claims to have faith but has no deeds? Can such faith save him?15 Suppose a brother or sister is without clothes and daily

food.16If one of you says to him, "Go, I wish you well; keep warm and well fed," but

does nothing about his physical needs, what good is it?17 In the same way, faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead.18 But someone will say, "You have faith; I

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have deeds." Show me your faith without deeds, and I will show you my faith by what I

do.19 You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that--and shudder.20You foolish man, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless?

One false argument that is often portrayed is that good works can be the result of a self-motivated sinful nature It may be a ruse for a while. They are then pseudo good works.

Nevertheless, taken over a period it simply cannot be true. A bad person cannot bring

forth-good fruit. Any such argument will be simply contrary to Jesus’ statements.

Mat. 7: 18 A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, and a bad tree cannot bear good fruit.19 ….

20 Thus, by their fruit you will recognize them.

I had several people asking me "How do we know that someone is saved?" Put it that

way it looks impossible to answer. The question is "How do we know the state function

of the person?" The answer simply is "by their fruit." John gives the same rule.

1John 3: 10 This is how we know who the children of God are and who the children of

the devil are: Anyone who does not do what is right is not a child of God; nor is anyone who does not love his brother.

Again, it is evident from the argument that occasionally an evil person can produce an

apparent good work. He can indeed have an ulterior motive. Therefore, a single measurement of the event will not give us the state of the person. On the other hand, his

real state betrays the motive and will explain the outcome. In the same way, a saved person will also do evil. However, in the end by repeated measurements over a period of

time over a given space the result should be evident. It is not necessarily the mistake of

the measuring instrument but it is because the measuring instrument itself is built into our system. Any attempt to present good works, as the result of evil heart is certainly a

mistaken -scriptural as well as practically.

Mat: 12: 24 But when the Pharisees heard this, they said, "It is only by Beelzebub, the

prince of demons, that this fellow drives out demons."25 Jesus knew their thoughts and

said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself will be ruined, and every city or household divided against itself will not stand.26 If Satan drives out Satan, he is divided

against himself. How then can his kingdom stand?27 And if I drive out demons by Beelzebub, by whom do your people drive them out? So then, they will be your judges.28

But if I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God has come upon

you.

We know that the amount of good works that results from the salvation process varies

with individuals. But certainly the saved should show increased good works in their life.

Though we are yet far from writing a Schrödinger equation for the personality we could

get much out of the basic Quantum mechanical approach to particles. This is what I am

trying to develop in this article. This probably is the first attempt of this kind and

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therefore I have my limitations. But I believe it contains the germs of a scientific logical

approach to several vexing problems in soteriology.

Confronted with apparently difficult situation of relating the unseen and the seen, how

Quantum Theory – in which I include all of its variations such as Quantum Mechanics, Wave Mechanics, Matrix Mechanics, Schrödinger Formalism, Quantum Field Theory

and all Unified Field theory attempts. – and the scientific community handled the

situation is worth following. Understanding the basic difficulties and then accepting what is inevitable had been the result. In contrast in theology we are confronted with a

situation of unbelief and disregard for the conflict. There is no point in assuming that there are no conflicts. Saying it louder and in veiled form will not make it disappear. I

had often come to doubt even my logical ability when people assert, "Absolute

predestination and absolute free will are both consistent and can coexist without conflict. If it does not exist in a fallen creation, it existed in pre-fall Adamic period." I still fail to

understand that. Fact is that one precludes another. The first step is to recognize that some of our assumptions are in direct conflict with observations and with the revealed

Word of God. We need to learn to accept them as they are and see how they can be

reconciled. The scientific world has given us some clue into this mystery.

Even the very existence of God is derived through such observables. Bible is said to be the revelation or unveiling of God. But apart from certain prophetic messages with the

indroduction “Thus says the Lord”, and direct messages with the introduction, “ I am the

Lord your God”, most of the bible especially the Old Testament is simply the history of the world and eventually the history of the nation of Israel. God appears to Moses as “the

God of your fathers”.

Exo 3:6 And he said, "I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of

Isaac, and the God of Jacob."

It is the collective experience of generations that identifies Yhvh.

When Moses asked “What is your name?”, the only answer was “I am that I am” which

simply means that he is a state of existence which cannot be fully explained, but can be known by his dealings with people in history. Yhvh proved himself to be God through

his action through history. Even the validity of Prophetic messages were subject to

validation through history.

Exo 6:7 … you shall know that I am the LORD your God, who has brought you out from

under the burdens of the Egyptians.

Mat 7:16 By their fruits ye shall know them.

God is known only through his faithfulness and personal experience of individuals and

collective experience. Individual experiences are subservient to the collective experience

– because of the Uncertainty Principles, which we will be discussing later. Thus even in

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knowing God and deducing the existence of God there is an uncertainty. That is why

collective experience and national memories are emphasized throughout the bible.

3.3 The statistical interpretation of Born (1926)

In Quantum Physics, states are not observables. But there is a direct relation between the

observables and the non-observables. Some times the unobservables in relation to observables are referred to as virtual variables. Several interpretations explaining the

relation between the two are in existence

Here the wave function is defined as the “Probability Density Amplitude.” The

wording is taken following the waves. is and amplitude. So Squaring it will give the

Probability Density. Since is a complex function squaring will make

P=*

Born’s Statistical interpretation maintains that the absolute square of the wave function represents the probability for observation of a certain result, (For example, the probability

for finding the electron within a given volume in space.) P is the probability density. It

is best explained as P dx will give the probability of finding the particle between x and x+dx.

There is almost complete consensus between physicists with regard to the fact that the predictions, which are obtained from theory applying this rule, match all experiments

perfectly. Physicists extend this assumption to other dimensions of properties as well.

Hence this should be true even in our multidimensional space, which not only includes human physical level but also the mental and the spiritual dimensions. I have discussed

the basis of this assumption in the introduction. Bible abundantly corroborates this assumption.

John 13: 35 By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.

John 15: 13 Greater love has no one than this, that he lay down his life for his friends.

So the measurable aspect of Christian faith is to be seen only in the physical expression

of love to all mankind. The virtual variable of the "God State" is placed within you. Since God is Love it should manifest itself in love. When the world saw the love of the

Christians they deduced that they indeed were special. That changed the world. It was the

difference from the norm that showed the unobservable wave function (the guiding potential) that lay behind the expression. If at anytime in history, the church did not

produce a statistically significant increase of "good works" within it, we should certainly assume that there is something wrong in the state of the Church. If conversion does not

produce a new creature, it is not a rebirth. It should show a fallacy of faith and a falsity

in salvation experience. It is not difficult to identify such periods in the history of both

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the history of Israel and in the history of the Church in various countries. In the history of

Israel prophets were not averse to declaring this. However during the church age, we tend to ignore this reality. The best way to check the state of your church is to measure the

honesty and goodness of its members and compare it statistically with the general population. Is it significantly higher? If not it is time to rebuild the church on better

footing. It is time for a revival. One sad tendency of the evangelical Christians is to play

down the "good works", as though they do not matter. This was a necessary reaction to replacing "good works" instead of faith. But we are keeping it beyond the necessary level

to the detriment of the basic tenet.

Jam 2:18 But some one will say, "You have faith and I have works." Show me your faith

apart from your works, and I by my works will show you my faith.

The world was grappling with the various results and equation of Lorenz, Fitzgerard and

Poincare before it could be explained naturally by the formulation of Relativity. The black body radiation behavior and the photoelectric effect led to the quantum theory. This

is the normal process of growth. We always go back from observed facts to the reality

behind the facts. If we try the other way round it may or may not be correct. This we have seen from the Platonic style of theology starting from the attributes of God. They don’t

tally with actual reality or with all revelations of God without tampering. The monism of Origen condemned by the council of Constantinople was also due to such an approach. A

strict monistic definition of God certainly required a created trinity. This is also the

reason for the Islamic objection for incarnation.

Because the possible internal coordinates are numerous, and since a slight difference in

one coordinate can produce a different outcome, a single observation cannot be used to define the state of the system. This is because that observation is only one of the

eigenvalues of the equation and not the whole answer. Only when we consider the whole

spectrum of eigenvalues (observed facts) we can get a fair idea of the state.

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Chapter Four

Lessons from the Particle Waves

4.1 The Strange Case of an Isolated Particle in unbound universe

Consider the Free particle Schrodinger Equation for a particle of energy

which has the solution of the form

This give a moving wave. If we stop the time at some instant we will get the following

static wave form.

Here we know its energy exactly; but we have no idea where it is and where it came from and which way it is going. It has no defined position. This is due to uncertainty principle

which says

∆p ∆q ≥ h/4π

Since we know the momentum p exactly ( = 0) we have infinite uncertainty in

position ( = infinite). Again for a given value of k both +k and -k, give the same energy .

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It really doesn't know "if it is coming or going?". Taking the probability interpretation

of Born the probability of finding the particle at any one instant is given below

There are many points in the space where it has a probability of 1. The particle is at

several places at the same time. In time this distributes and over half the period of the wave it is everywhere. It is an omnipresent particle. This surprising result is because it is

an isolated particle and is in unbounded space. An isolated particle with definite energy

cannot be localized in an unbound universe!

They have no direction or purpose. They in fact represent the potent (Omni or not), Omnipresent Monad. However when it becomes a composite body it gets meaning and

purpose as we show below. I have actually used this argument in order to indicate that

God the Absolute (Nirguna Brahman as defined in Indian theology) has no purpose and cannot be known. Because of this Nirguna Brahman do not engage in creation or

redemption. Such a God is as good as non-existent.

4.2 Effect of Coherent Particle System

Suppose now we have a large number of particles which are coherent – which means

each wave is in phase with all the others. Then for all practical purposes we still have a multiple particle which act as one particle - Many in One. Thus a number of personalities

that are in coherence, act as one Unit, each enhancing and supporting the other. We still have the same waveform with higher wave amplitude. It is as though we only have

one single particle of a larger mass m. They still do not localize and is in no way different

from a single particle.

Thus even a totally coherent group of gods do not make a difference because they have

no personalities to express.

After all how do we define mass and particle without extensions. They will remain as

mathematical imaginations. Indeterminacy is vital to the reality of existence . At least

for experiencing the particle we need extensions. A point will remain imaginary unless it is a circle of infinitely small radius. This is also seen in the visibility of line spectra. If

the energy levels were discrete and the transitions gave rise to a single discrete frequency in spectra, these will be totally incapable of being seen unless we have a blurring senser.

Fortunately each spectral line is given a width due to Lamb Shift so that we can see it.

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4.3 Effect of Binding the Particle

If we now place this single particle in a bounded box, reflection of the same wave results

in what is known as the standing waves. These waves are quantized. This transformation is a transition from the Nirguna Brahman – the God who is unknown and unknowable to

Saguna Brahman. The unknowable when restricts himself into a boundary become one

with a form. Then this God has properties that are measurable or knowable. Again this is similar to incarnation. The eternal God enters the finite dimensions of human existence

brings along with it its own restriction. Thus the incarnate Jesus had limitations with regard to space and time. While he was capable of superceding these restrictions, Jesus

as incarnate man never seems to have violated this self imposed restriction. “Having

found himself in the form of man, he humbled himself.”

With the probability function as:

This is produced by a self-reflection process at the boundaries. Thus it is the boundaries

that has produced the properties that we can see. Only those quantized waves will sustain

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while all the other modes will decay and vanish. This state will remain without decay as

long as the system is isolated from the rest of the cosmos. The motion is unabated unless external interference occurs.

4.4 Particle in 3D and Degeneracy

When we extend the problem to 3 Dimensions the particle in a 3D box exhibits

degeneracy because of its 3 freedoms of motion. Each possible state has a threefold degeneracy.

If we stretch any one axis this degeneracy is broken. Thus in an unbounded space it

reduces to omnipresence.

God appears in our finite bounded world as degenerate beings and with specific

properties. It is the same Nirguna Brahman appearing as Saguna Brahman by restricting

Himself.

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4.5 Effect of Many non-Coherent Particles

However in the infinite space, if there are several waves that are not in phase or not

coherent, these waves interfere with each other and wave packets are formed.

Look what happens as we add more are more waves with varying phases in the universe

which is still considered unbound.

4 waves 16 waves

32waves 128waves

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If there are an infinite number of particles of varying energies we have a localized

particle.

Localization and individual direction of motion develops when large number (ideally

infinite number) of non-coherent waves fall on each other.

The Motion is as follows:

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Every mathematics students knows how to get these waves given a wave form using

Fourier Analysis

Thus it is the lack of coherence within us that gives us the location – the feeling of I – the

definition of Ego. In reality we are one with the rest of the cosmos. When the creation is in resonance with the creator we in fact part-take of the divinity with Him. But the entry

of sin into the cosmos through the free beings produced a separation – separate beings in

the creation each striving and competing with each other resulting in the decaying world. Competition and survival of the fittest really do not produce more efficient systems but a

decaying dying system.

The purpose of incarnation was to bring back the coherence and oneness of mind in

resonance with the Divine. In other words, it was to bring back Love into the beings.

The plan of Jesus in this regard was to start groups of willing beings to come together in oneness of mind. This was his Church on which he places the whole responsibility of

redeeming the cosmos as a whole. In fact the whole creation is waiting for the appearance of the “Sons of God” so that through them the redemption can be obtained. Church is

essentially is worshipping community.

1Co 10:16 The cup of blessing which we take, does it not give us a part in the blood of Christ? and is not the broken bread a taking part in the body of Christ?

1Co 10:17 Because we, being a number of persons, are one bread, we are one body: for we all take part in the one bread.

1Co 12:12 For as the body is one, and has a number of parts, and all the parts make one body, so is Christ.

1Co 12:13 For through the baptism of the one Spirit we were all formed into one body, Jews or Greeks, servants or free men, and were all made full of the same Spirit.

Eph 4:4 There is one body and one Spirit, even as you have been marked out by God in the one hope of his purpose for you;

Eph 4:5 One Lord, one faith, one baptism,

Eph 4:6 One God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all.

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Chapter Five

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and Copenhagen

Interpretation

5.1 The Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg (1927).

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that no two conjugate properties of a particle (like position and momentum, Energy and time etc.) can be measured with accuracy

greater than value of Planck’s constant. This Principle has been shown to be a built in

reality of the Quantum Model. If we try to pin point the position, the momentum of the particle will be heavily uncertain. This is because they are correlated. The reason for this

uncertainty is that the state of the particle is so changed during the process of the measurement, that we will have changed its conjugate element in that process. The

implication of this statement is that in the phase space of displacement and momentum

minimum size of the pixel is of the order of h. Thus anything within that range cannot be defined properly. The same goes to energy and time.

∆p ∆q ≥ h/4π

∆E ∆t ≥ h/4π

Cartoon by John Richardson for Physics World, March 1998

http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p08c.htm

The full expression for any two observables A and B is given by

A and B are two observables,

and their corresponding operators,

denotes the commutator of and = -

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denotes averaging for the state and

∆X is the Standard Deviation of X given by .

5.2 Conjugate Observables

In general not all the classical physical observables of a system can be simultaneously known with unlimited precision, even in principle. There are several pairs of

observables, which give different, but nonetheless maximal possible descriptions of the

system. These sets are sets are known as "maximal sets of commuting observables." Observables from different sets are "noncommuting observables". These pairs can be

normally known with precision and will depend only on our measuring tool.

In classical physics the errors of the observation are still there. As a result one would get

a probability distribution for the initial values of the conjugate variables and something

very similar to the probability function in quantum mechanics is still obtained.

The disturbing factor is that the state of the system does not have a specific value until a measurement is made. Does it mean that physical world has no independent existence

apart from the observer? If so the two grand foundations of science are at stake – realism

and determinism. Realism is the statement that the external world exist independent of whether someone is there to see or not. Determinism is the statement that there is a law –

whether we know it or not - that links cause to effect in the physical world. If this is known we can predict the future from the present.

This led to the development of what is known as the Hidden Variable Theory. It assumes

that if we had known the whole truth we could retain both realism and predictability. What is lacking in quantum theory is that we have only a part of the information. It is the

hidden variable in our knowledge that causes the crunch. John von Neuman apparently proved through a slight twist in the mathematical formalism that no such theories could

be developed. (This was later proved to be a false alarm based on a mathematical error

by Bell)

So Bohr put forward his complementarity principle, which led to the Copenhagen

interpretation of quantum theory.

5.3 The complementarity concept of Bohr

This proposes that the state of the system is the complete only with the microscopic system plus the macroscopic measurement apparatus. Then the complementary nature of

wave-particle duality, and the character of the uncertainty principle are an intrinsic property of the nature and not a peculiarity of the measurement process.

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In Bohr's Copenhagen interpretation, it does not make any sense to speak about

characteristics of the quantum system in itself explicitly without the rest of the wider system including the measuring devices. It is therefore even more senseless to assign to a

quantum system simultaneously complementary attributes like position or momentum, since the apparatuses, which are needed to measure them, are mutually exclusive. For

example, it is impossible to build an apparatus, which simultaneously measures both

position and momentum to arbitrary precision. So any question related to them cannot be asked intelligently. This interpretation received its crucial test at the Solvay Conference

in 1927 in Brussels. Especially Einstein again and again discussed those experiments, which had always led to the worst paradoxes, in all details. New mental experiments were

invented to trace any possible inconsistency of the theory. It was then seen that the theory

was consistent as far as we can think of and seemed to fit all the experiments known so far.

[See Physics and Philosophy, Werner Heisenberg, 1958; Published by George Allen and Unwin Edition, 1959.]

5.4 Heisenberg identifies the state vector with the "knowledge of the system". The two Einsteinian concepts of locality and seperability are quantum mechanically untenable. Locality principle states that measurements which are made far apart (at

spacelike distances) cannot affect each other. Separability principle states that even

when two systems, which have previously interacted, are separated , the measurements on any one of them should not make a difference in the other.

Quantum Mechanically the system by definition should include itself and also the rest of

the cosmos, which interact with it. You cannot isolate a system nor separate it. This

concept is then used to explain the collapse of the state vector to eliminate simple nonlocality problems. Thus we do not have an isolated particle or isolated person or even

an isolated God. While there is a difference in terms of space and time and quality, all form together into a complete unity. This leads us to the concept of God in the Eastern

Churches. While beings in existence are different from God himself, beings have their

being within Him.

Act 17:28 for in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain even of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring.

5.5 The Minimal Interpretation

In quantum mechanics a system is supposed to be described by its quantum state, sometimes also called as its state vector. Given the state vector, one can derive

probability distributions for all the physical quantities pertaining to the system such as its

position, momentum, angular momentum, energy, etc. using their corresponding operators and evaluating

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or < | A| >

The operational meaning of these probability distributions is that they correspond to the

distribution of the values obtained for these quantities in a long series of repetitions of the measurement. If we make large number of measurements for any A on similar systems,

the result will be portrayed by the probability distribution. This is true of any observable.

Thus the explanation do not assume simultaneous measurements at all. Thus the uncertainty relations are simply statements about the spreads of the probability

distributions of the several physical quantities arising from the same state. Thus in the minimal interpretation the uncertainty as limits on the simultaneous measurements as

proposed by Heisenberg or Bohr, need not be supposed. In this case the uncertainty of

measurement is inherent in all measurements. We cannot know anything with certainty as long as these properties are interrelated in the state. This brings to Bohr’s warned that

the principle of complementarity not only "set a limit to the extent of the information obtainable by measurement, but also set a limit to the meaning which we may attribute to

such information."

5.6 Distinct yet forms Part. The whole creation is part of God. It is the assertion that we are distinct and isolated that

leads to selfishness and egocentric sin. We cannot know an individual without knowing his circumstances, his relation with God and God’s relation with him. Redemption is

when we partake of the divine nature and be in the likeness of His Son. This theology

leads to the concepts of theosis or divinization. The simple statement of this is, that since creation and beings are created by God and since apart from God nothing existed nor can

exist, it implies that creation is simply a part of God – not as an identity but as a part. Just as hands and feet and eyes are part of human body, we form a part of the body of

God. Hence in order to know God or man we need to know the whole. It is a union with

God in his Energies or union by grace making us partake of his divine nature, without our essence becoming one with the essence of God.

In this sense the rest of the cosmos and its relation to the particle creates the particle or

the state of the particle. The very concept of the state of the system is defined only in this

way. While the state contains all information related to the system, we could get the particular information by applying particular operators. Thus in order to know how God

deals with man, we need to look into history. Each event in history provides a part of his character with all the uncertainties that are attached to the event.

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5.7 Time Evolution

“In the sharp formulation of the law of causality-- "if we know the present exactly, we can calculate the future"-it is not the conclusion that is wrong but the premise.”

--Heisenberg, in uncertainty principle paper, 1927

In the Copenhagen interpretation, the wave function is only our way of representing that part of our knowledge about the history of a system, which is needed for calculating

future probabilities for specific measurement results. . To give an example - in the case of the double-slit-experiment, the wave function makes it possible for us to calculate both

the probability of finding the electron passing through a given slit, and the probability

where it will strike on the screen. So it is especially impossible in principle to predict with certainty both through which slit the electron will go and where it will fall on the

screen.

The notion of randomness is a perennial problem. To what extent can we predict the

future? Is out limitation of knowledge that determines our inability to predict future? In the early 19th century Physics known today as Classical Physics was based on

deterministic laws of Isaac Newton. Thus knowing the present state of the Universe, one could predict the future exactly. This is because the laws of nature are immutable and

eternal. Predictability is fundamental to Science. We do use Statistics where such

randomness is assumed as inherent in the system to predict the evolution in time. We have done well in that direction. Within limits of errors statisticians were doing very

well.

Then quantum mechanics came along and it changed our view. Quantum Mechanics

introduced probability and randomness at the basic root level of Physical laws. It is so

disturbing that even Albert Einstein considered it as basically untenable and that it will destroy the foundations of Science. The modern study of nonlinear dynamics - The

Theory of Chaos - revealed that randomness and unpredictability are indeed fundamental even in the Classical Physics. Things got even worse when it turned up even in

Mathematics. G. J. Chaitin of IBM shows that there are theorems connected with number

theory that cannot be proved because when we ask the appropriate questions, we obtain results that are equivalent to the random toss of a coin.

“God not only plays dice in physics but also in pure mathematics. Mathematical truth is

sometimes nothing more than a perfect coin toss. “

Gregory Chaitin A Random Walk in Arithmetic

New Scientist 125, No. 1709 (24 March 1990), pp. 44-46 http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/chaitin/ns.html

In "classical physics,” the future motion of a particle could be exactly predicted, or "determined precisely,” from a knowledge of its present position and momentum and all

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of the forces acting upon it. Stated thus it is the basis of the law of Karma. It is perfectly

logical. The problem is that one cannot know the precise position and momentum of a particle at a given instant. Therefore its future cannot be determined exactly. Since there

is always indeterminacy in the measurement of the particle in the initial state we can only have a range of possibilities for the future motion of the particle.

The implications of this principle in soteriology are direct. We have a lot of conjugate measurements in the field. A few of them are: Sovereignty and Decrees of God; Freedom

of Will of Man and Foreknowledge of God (Predestination); Inability and Responsibility etc. It is evident that if we insist on absolute measurement in one element the certainty of

the conjugate element will correspondingly vanish. Hence there must be a phase space

where there is uncertainty. We should conclude therefore that we would never be able to observe exactly both the conjugate elements simultaneously. However we should

mention that these are not directly measurable observable quantities and the problem arise only when we look into the history (in the Bible) to see the actual working of these

elements.

5.8 Sovereignty of God and Free Will of Man

Thus it seems that even God is bound by the Uncertainty Principle, and cannot know both the position, and the speed, of a particle. So God does play dice with the universe. All the

evidence points to him being an inveterate gambler, who throws the dice on every

possible occasion.

Does God Play Dice? Stephen Hawking

If we make a note of any Sovereign act of God in terms of the Freedom of will of man

involved, we will certainly see an uncertainty. It is in this sense only that we could say

both exist simultaneously. God in his sovereignty permits freedom of will within bounds thus limiting his own sovereign imposition. Man in his Freedom of will creates his own

constraints and limits his own bounds and limits. The decrees of God are not independent of the behavior of Man or the behavior of Man independent of the decrees and laws of

God. It also applies to the purposes of God and direction of history in terms of human

freedom. God predestines in terms of his foreknowledge. This foreknowledge includes the freedom of will of man. Similarly God assigns and demands responsibility in terms of

human ability. Within the phase space of these conjugate elements, there is a volume of uncertain space. This uncertainty says that we will never know the decrees of God

absolutely; we will never know the predestined destinations absolutely. Put it in another

way, God does not decree absolutely nor man’s free will is absolute. The latter is clearly evident, but we are reluctant to admit the former. At least in terms of the visible

observable areas this is certainly true. I was in fact surprised when I came across a book called “God always has a Plan B”

5.9 Time Evolution, Determinism and Prophecy

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The soteriological application to this approach will simply be that though the path taken

by individual persons are not predictable and is totally dependant on the free will of the person; groups, the church, and mankind as a whole will be guided by the wavefunction

directing the course of history to its predetermined culmination. So there is perfect freedom of will for each individual under constraints - which are bound to socio-psychic

and genetic conditions. Yet history is perfectly guided to its predestined end. To put it

directly, each individual is free totally within constraints, but God guides the path of mankind as a whole so that all eventually reach the predestined end according to the will

of God for Mankind. This argument leads to the conclusions of Origen where all mankind will be eventually (not necessarily in this age or in the immediate ages to come. I

certainly do not believe in reincarnation, which defeats the purpose. I believe in

continuation of life and personality through resurrection) saved, but each one has the perfect freedom to take their own trajectory. They can even move back against God’s

direction. It is the constraint that directs the envelope. God’s direction is like a carrier wave.

1 Tim 2: 3 This is good, and pleases God our Savior,4 who wants all men to be saved and

to come to a knowledge of the truth.

2 Peter 3:9 The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness;

but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance.

John 1:9 That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.

Most evangelicals find a threat to the gospel in such an interpretation. But is it there? We should be aware that the gospel of salvation to mankind, which we preach today, is

limited to this age. We are not given any revelation regarding the ages to come, though we are positively guaranteed that they do exist. There indeed will be a separation of the

sheep and the goats, the right and the left, one that goes to eternal heaven and others to

eternal punishment. Eternal is an undefined mathematical concept indicating ignorance. But heaven and punishment are clearly defined. The message is clear that the time of

salvation is now and the result of rejection is unimaginable.

While a particle is localized in a particular volume, its electron still has a finite though

infinitesimal chance of being at the other end of the galaxy. What holds together the

particle in place is the reality that it is only for an infinitesimal period of time? This permits a lot of opportunity for freedom of movement for the electron without losing the

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property of the particle as a whole. Human thinking and the freedom of man are similarly

unbounded. What defines the person is the time average (of conduct), which determines the properties (character) of the person. The choices form a continuous chain of events. It

is in the direction of these ongoing choices that we see as the personality of a person. This is no new teaching or experience. Even the very best of men err and even the worst

of men do well occasionally.

While determinism is totally ousted, there is a probabilistic evolutionary concept. Can we predict future exactly?

The interesting thing about it is that though the trajectories of individual particles are not predictable the probabilities of each motion, and the distribution of many particles

following these motions, could be calculated exactly from Schrödinger wave equation.

How does this translate into soteriology? Even though we cannot predict the action path of each individual, it is still possible to predict the path of a group, a community, a

church, or a nation with almost certainty. For an individual person we can still predict a probability distribution, which inherently defines uncertainty of exactness.

While the enveloping guiding wave moves history towards a predetermined end, the history of nations and communities and families and ultimately of individuals are not that

clearly defined. This will allow predestinations in spite of freedom of will. There is always indeterminacy but it becomes smaller and smaller as the sample gets larger and

larger.

Let me take a historical situation of Nineveh. Even though the prophet declared

unequivocally without a condition that God was going to destroy Nineveh in forty days. God changed his mind. Because of the free will of the people of Nineveh, the prophecy

did not come to pass. The impossible happened: the people of Nineveh believed God,

the greatest of them to the least of them.

Jon 3:4 Jonah began to go into the city, going a day's journey. And he cried; "Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!"

Jon 3:5 And the people of Nineveh believed God; they proclaimed a fast, and put on

sackcloth, from the greatest of them to the least of them.

Jon 3:10 When God saw what they did, how they turned from their evil way, God repented of the evil which he had said he would do to them; and he did not do it.

In most religious traditions God experience is always emphasized as a personal experience. While it is certainly a personal experience the indeterminacy principle makes

each experience only a possible observable among many. The certainty can be attained only in collective experience or repeated experience. This is obviously the scientific

approach. Thus while the God experience is intensely personal, the validity of the

experience is tested only through collective consensus. Thus the reality of Yhvh is based not on Prophetic utterances or on individual experience but on Israel’s experience of the

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Crossing of the Red Sea, The appearance of Yhvh in Mount Sinai and in the Covenant

Dinner when the 72 elders saw the God of Israel.

Exo 24:9 Then Moses and Aaron, Nadir, and Abi'hu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up,

Exo 24:10 and they saw the God of Israel; and there was under his feet as it were a

pavement of sapphire stone, like the very heaven for clearness. Exo 24:11 And he did not lay his hand on the chief men of the people of Israel; they

beheld God, and ate and drank.

All the rest of the revelations got their validity from the Mosaic revelation for which

over a million witnesses were there to vouch. The same is true of the Christian experience. Christ experience is not only based on individual transformation experience

of the believer, but is based essentially and validated by the historical revelation of the resurrected Jesus for which we have massive witness and massive evidence.

1Co 15:17 If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile.

Einstein never accepted Quantum Mechanics. His first objection was the probabilistic aspect of the time evolution operator. This seems to imply that the future is random.

Einstein repeatedly said, "God does not play dice with the universe,” Bohr’s response

was: "Quit telling God what to do!" In other words we cannot define God and use it as an axiom for further logical derivation. It should be the other way round. Our

understanding of God is limited by how God reveals himself to us through history.

Personally I believe that the fact that we are left with a probabilistic aspect for any given

observable is indicative of the reality that we are not really dealing with a materialistic world alone. This cosmos itself is only a subset of a wider set and our space-time is only

a small part of the infinite dimensions of the reality. We can never describe the state with the observables within the real world because there is an unseen world beyond and the

state vector exists in this multi-dimension.

This multidimensional aspect was even present in the elementary Bohr Theory of

Hydrogen where the vector model was successfully employed. Angular momentum quantum numbers and the spin quantum numbers were obtained by projection of a vector

along the magnetic field of reference.

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Chapter Six

Quantum Potential Interpretation and Many Body Problem

6.1 Quantum Potential Interpretation

The same idea is depicted in a slightly different terminology in Quantum Potential Interpretation. Bohm (D. Bohm: A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in

Terms of 'Hidden' Variables, II and I. Phys.Rev. 85 (1952) 166.) and DeBroglie (L.

DeBroglie: "Nonlinear Wave Mechanics" Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1960).) on the other hand assume a causal or ensemble interpretation.

According to Bohm (1892-1987), the wave function supplies an additional potential - the Quantum-Potential. This potential, when inserted into the Hamilton-Jacobi-equation of

classical physics, leads to well-determined trajectories of the individual particles. Thus

there is a second wave that determines a precise position for the particle at any particular time. In this theory, there is some 'hidden variable' that determines the precise position of

the photon.

For the case of the double-slit-experiment, each particle has a well-defined trajectory and

passes through one of the two slits. However the particles do produce interference pattern

because it is guided by the quantum potential. Thus classical trajectory depends on the quantum potential, which is dependent on the external situation. It is not possible, to

predict or to select a specific trajectory for the particle by controlling physical conditions such as the slit width or source distance or screen distance.

This theory was thwarted when John von Neumann (1903-1957) a well-known

mathematician in 1932 proved that this theory was impossible. John Bell (1928-1990) in 1966 discovered that the proof had holes. According to Bell there is a definite possibility

of a quantum guiding potential and possible hidden variables -- but only if particles could communicate faster than light (this is called 'nonlocality').

In 1982 at the University of Paris, Aspect and his team discovered that under certain

circumstances subatomic particles such as electrons are able to instantaneously communicate with each other regardless of the distance separating them. But we cannot

use this method to communicate.

Bohm's theory was that the second wave was indeed faster than light, and moreover it did

not get weaker with distance but instantly permeated the entire universe, acting as a guide

for the movement of the photon. This is why it is sometimes called the 'pilot wave'.

"Classical physics provided a mirror that reflected only the objective structure of the

human being who was the observer. There is no room in this scheme for his mental process that is thus regarded as separate or as a mere 'epiphenomenon' of the objective

processes. ... [Through the] mirror [of quantum physics] the observer sees 'himself' both

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physically and mentally in the larger setting of the universe as a whole. ... More broadly

one could say that through the human being, the universe is making a mirror to observe itself." -- Bohm and Hiley, The Undivided Universe, pg. 389

In this beautiful approach, the trajectory of the path is determined by the state function, which in turn is determined by the situation. Again we are presented with the total unity

of the virtual and the visible. We cannot distinguish God’s decrees and purposes apart

from the unfolding drama of human reaction and history. God changes his plan depending on the historical development and history develops according to God’s plan.

Do we have evidence for this? I believe that the whole Biblical history is just that. If God wanted to implement salvation in his own way without regard to history, it would

have been simple, direct and instantaneous. There would have been no worsening of sin

or suffering nor there was any necessity of cross. It is this intertwining of the Quantum potential with the situation that causes the process development.

Quantum physics tells us the atomic "particles" of which we are made are not the ultimate physical reality. There is an ultimately physical reality with infinite latent

potentialities which are realized in context in interactions. These potentialities are described by the "wavefunction" or "state function"

In the view of Bohm, subatomic particles such as electrons are not simple, structureless

particles, but highly complex, dynamic entities. Their motion is determined not only by the external classical forces, but also by more subtle forces which are not perceptible by

senses. These are the quantum potentials. The quantum potential pervades all space and provides direct connections between quantum systems. In 1959 Aharonov-Bohm (AB)

discovered the where electrons were able to sense the magnetic field of nearby regions

even when they were in the region of zero field. It confirms that we cannot really isolate a system from the rest of the cosmos. We now have sufficient proof for nonlocal effects

in the EPR paradox and subsequent experiments, which we will discuss later.

Jean-Paul Vigier and several other physicists at the Institut Henri Poincaré in France,

explain the quantum potential in terms of fluctuations in underlying ether. He explains it

in terms of a stream with disturbances as follows:

“On this stream, one may see an ever-changing pattern of vortices, ripples, waves,

splashes, etc., which evidently have no independent existence as such. Rather, they are abstracted from the flowing movement, arising and vanishing in the total process of the

flow. Such transitory subsistence as may be possessed by these abstracted forms implies

only a relative independence or autonomy of behavior, rather than absolutely independent existence as ultimate substances. (Page 48). “We must learn to view everything as part of

"Undivided Wholeness in Flowing Movement." (Ibid., p. 11.) “

(David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Routledge & Kegan

Paul, London, Boston, 1980.)

Bohm suggests that the whole universe can be thought of as a kind of giant, flowing hologram, or holomovement. What we notice in mundane world is only a projection from

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higher dimensional levels of reality. Just as a hologram records the entire image in every

part of the film, the image of universe is reflected in every point matter. Bohm suggests that the quantum potential is itself organized and guided by a super quantum potential,

representing a second implicate order, or super implicate order ad infinitum. Higher implicate orders organize the lower ones, which in turn influence the higher.

6.2 The Hartree and Hartree-Fock Approximation

The Hartree Fock Approximation is what is known as a Self-Consistent Field Method

(SCF). The original Hartree method considers the total wavefunction of the system as a product of independent one particle wave function. For the electrons, for example, the

wavefunction is an antisymmetrized determinantal product of one-electron orbitals

known to scientists as the "Slater" determinant. The Hartree method allows us to to change the 3N dimensional equation into a 3 dimensional equation for each electron .

This equation depends on the wavefunctions of the other electrons but can be solved in a self consistent way using the variational principle and iterating. Schrödinger equation is

transformed into a set of Hartree or Hartree-Fock equations. The method of

approximation is to start with the simple superposition principle (use a product wave function of individual particles) without interaction. This is equivalent to totally

independent individuals. One particle is then taken and the potential in which it moves is calculated by freezing the distribution of all other particles and treating their averaged

interaction as potential. The solution to this will give the first approximation. It is then

repeated in sequence for all particles over and over allowing for all forms of interactions.

There are two broad categories of such approaches: those based on perturbation theory

and those based on the variational principle. The main problem of the Hartree-Fock and DFT methods is the underlying treatment of electron correlation.

6.3 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation

The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is the first of several approximations used in

solving Schrödinger equation for manybody systems. In the case of an atom it separates electron and nuclear motion based on the idea that nuclear mass is so much larger than

electron mass that the nuclei are basically "fixed" particles. This equation shows the full

Hamiltonian for a molecular system.

This can then be converted into the corresponding Schrödinger Equation.

Then the Hamiltonian for the nucleus will contain the vibrational energy added to effective potential energy due to the presence of the electronic system surrounding it.

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The translation of this concept into theological terms is direct and straightforward. In theology the fixed factor is God. However in the experiential realm of human existence

the Saguna Brahman (God who is knowable and known) interacts with each of the beings. Thus the behavior of the God in human history is controlled by human reaction

to God and to other beings and to the created cosmos as a whole. The same is true of every being. Every human state is defined not only in terms of the internal state of the

being but also in terms of the interaction of the cosmos, co-created beings in every plane

as well as with God. We can look upon the whole – which includes God, Man, Creatures and Cosmos as a whole in all its dimensions – as one system. We cannot isolate each

individual and attribute an absolute constant property. Even though for convenience we can identify and separate the Ego of each, ultimately we are all bound together

inseparably and that includes God as the major factor.

We are influenced by God. Even the small changes in the nucleus make a lot of changes in the system. But the changes in each of the other particles, however small or weak in

interaction, do produce a change in the overall state of the system. It does not change the nucleus much, but there is a still a change.

God is influenced by the behavior of his independent conscious creation. This is evidenced in the incarnation and the cross. The whole idea of conscious being in the

cosmos seems to be like a network totally interconnected. If one of the strands is made weak or broken the entire strand will readjust to form a new setup.

or as Greek Kaballa portrays it

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Why we can consider nucleus as a point is simply because the nucleons are bound

together with extreme binding forces produced by strong nuclear interaction forces in contrast to weak interaction between electrons.

Thus one of the descriptions of God is “Rock”- something that is heavy and therefore stable and unchanging. Psa 18:31 For who is God, but the LORD? And who is a rock, except our God?-- Psa 19:14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in thy sight, O LORD, my rock and my redeemer.

Many Body Problem in Theology

The problem of many free will consciousness in a cosmos is very much similar to the Many body problem in Quantum theory. Most theological structures agree that Man (and

probably many others like angelic hierarchies) are together in this cosmos with total free

will interacting with each other. Thus in order to set up a solution it will be necessary to build a state function that represent the system. As a first approximation we could

assume that they are separable. In that case we could make the first approximation of the state as a product of the independent state functions of each being. However this does

not take into consideration the interaction between these various beings. I have

developed a graphical method of dealing with these many body functions in 1969 to simplify these Hartree or Hartree Fock equations. This interaction model for four

independent beings can be drawn as follows.

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Replace this with this: As we can see the whole interaction field will be enormously complicated when the number of beings increase. Add to this the societies and clubs with resonant interests forming a group that interact, family, churches etc. The only alternative is to consider the various methods of approximation. One simple method would be to find a single field to represent the interactions. This is the quantum potential interpretation. Second is to develop an average interaction field out of the large interactions. The nearer and more important interactions can be considered or asymptotically approximated. This is the Hartree and Hartree-Fock methods and the Born Openheimer method. In general we assume the important impact of God and the near relations and events to explain our behavior. The general potential thus derived is called society. Thus it is often said, the individual is created by the society. The way we can influence the individual in a mission field is also seen here. It can be a one to one method – a direct evangelistic mission. Door to door evangelism and one to one evangelism falls in this group. There is a more effective evangelism in corporate influence. This is through church groups. Individuals get involved with the small groups where the influence is maximized in the field. There is however a limit to the size of the group depending on the radius of effective interaction. A group bigger than the radius of interaction will be counter productive. In fact factional disharmony can harm the process.

Field

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Chapter Seven

Many World Interpretation

7.1 Manifold Worlds

The manyworld interpretation is a totally different way of solving the same problem. Everett's Relative-State-Interpretation (H. Everett III: 'Relative State' Formulation of

Quantum Mechanics. Rev.Mod.Phys. 29 (1957) 454.), is usually called Many-Worlds

Interpretation. Here all branches of the wave function exist at all times.

According to this interpretation, instead of a superposition of states that collapse on

observation, whenever numerous viable possibilities exist, the world actually splits into many worlds, one world for each different possibility. In each of those branches one

component of the wave function is realized i.e. everything is identical, except for that one different choice. From that point on, they develop independently, and no communication

is possible between them, so the people living in those worlds (and splitting along with

them) may have no idea that this is going on. The observer also exists in each branch in a different state and it therefore also split. The concrete "I" awareness exists in all branches

of the universe so each observer sees only that aspect of the wave function in that branch. Everything that can happen does happen, somewhere in one of the universe. Thus Everett

considers the wavefunction as a real object like any classical deterministic observable.

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Thus Many-world is a return to the classical, pre-quantum view of the universe in which

all the mathematical certainties of the classical physical theory.

Many-worlds comprises of two assumptions and some consequences.

http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm

1) The Objective Reality assumption: That the wavefunction does not merely encode

the all the information about an object, but has an observer-independent objective existence and actually is the object. For a non-relativistic N-particle system the

wavefunction is a complex-valued field in a 3-N dimensional space.

2) The deterministicassumption: The wavefunction obeys the empirically derived

standard linear deterministic wave equations at all times. The observer plays no special

role in the theory and, consequently, there is no collapse of the wavefunction.

Let me take a specific example. The problem is presented in the famous cat in a box paradox.

7.2 Schroedinger’s Cat in the Box Paradox

http://www.emr.hibu.no/lars/eng/cat/

http://www.qtc.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cat.html

" A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following diabolical device

(which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter there is

a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small that perhaps in the course of one hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the

counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer which shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one

would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic

decay would have poisoned it. The Psi function for the entire system would express this by having in it the living and the dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out

in equal parts. It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be

resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naively accepting as valid a

"blurred model" for representing reality. In itself it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a

snapshot of clouds and fog banks." -- Erwin Schrödinger

If the nucleus decays the cat will die. In a quantum mechanical description this might

yield a superposition of a living and a dead cat :

|ψ> = 2-½

(|ψ living> + |ψdead>) Since the cat’s property of life can have only two possible states - a living or a dead cat

state. |ψ> can have either |ψ living> or |ψdead> if the cat is observed. Problems with this interpretation are:

1) What is the physical meaning of the Schrödinger cat state (sometimes called a state of

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"suspended animation")?

ii) How can a mere observation bring about the projection to either |ψ living> or |ψdead>? What would happen to the cat if no observation were performed at all? Will the cat be

live and dead at the same time? The Quantum Mechanical answer is that we will never know until we make that

measurement.

If we could observe the superimposed virtual states we would have had the situation of

tables and chairs being 'both here and there' and cats being 'both alive and dead' (Polkinghorne J.C. (1990) The Quantum World. London: Penguin Books.) Objects

would have had no definite shape of properties. Our choices would be without definiteness and answers will be both yes and no. That would leave us into a phantom

world of non-reality without space or time.

This Experiment is parallel to the case of Salvation of Individual directly. Suppose that the gospel is presented to a person at a particular point in time. He can make a choice of

yes in which case he is saved. He can also make a choice of no in which case he is condemned during any time in his lifetime. How can we make sure that he is saved or not

saved? Until the box is opened – until the judgment when wheat and chaff are separated

we will have no means of knowing. Thus the entire world is split, quite rapidly, into a host of mutually unobservable but equally real worlds. All the possible outcomes of a

quantum interaction are realized. The wave function, instead of collapsing at the moment of observation, carries on evolving in a deterministic fashion, embracing all possibilities

embedded within it. All outcomes exist simultaneously but do not interfere further with

each other. Each branch is completely independent of the others, and no communication can take place between branches.

This experiment was probably first proposed by Jesus in his parable of the tares. Mat 13:24 Another parable he put before them, saying, "The kingdom of heaven may be

compared to a man who sowed good seed in his field;

Mat 13:25 but while men were sleeping, his enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat, and went away.

Mat 13:26 So when the plants came up and bore grain, then the weeds appeared also.

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Mat 13:27 And the servants of the householder came and said to him, 'Sir, did you not

sow good seed in your field? How then has it weeds?' Mat 13:28 He said to them, 'An enemy has done this.' The servants said to him, 'Then do

you want us to go and gather them?' Mat 13:29 But he said, 'No; lest in gathering the weeds you root up the wheat along with

them.

Mat 13:30 Let both grow together until the harvest; and at harvest time I will tell the reapers, Gather the weeds first and bind them in bundles to be burned, but gather the

wheat into my barn.'"

In the Many World Interpretation it is explained as follows: Assuming that the chances of

making them are 50-50 the universe splits into two. In one universe he is saved and in the

other he is condemned. This obviously allows for the total freedom of will of man, and at the same time allows for total predestination. Since we the observer can only be in one

branch we can see either the person as saved or as condemned because we cannot see the other world. But for God who sees both branches has allowed for the free will and at the

same time his eternal decrees are also not violated.

7.3 Involvement of the Observer.- an alternative way of looking at it.-

Creation through sentient involvement. The eigenstates of the Quantum theory and the assumption that any physical

system remains in a superposed state of all possibilities until it interacts with the mind of an observer can be looked upon from another perspective. As soon as an

observer's mind makes contact with a superposed system, all the numerous

possibilities collapse into one particular actuality. As soon a creation of personality capable of making an observation came into existence the act of

observation by this mind chooses and causes the entire superposed multiverse to collapse immediately into one of its numerous alternatives. Thus the choice of

Adam decided and actually created the universe where we live in. From then on,

each individual creates and recreates the world we live in.

If we read the Genesis story of the fall we notice that God did not determine or

curse man or the cosmos. Instead the verse reads thus:

Gen 3:6 So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate; and she also gave some to her husband, and he ate.

Gen 3:7 Then the eyes of both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves aprons.

By the act of eating the fruit of the forbidden tree, they all of a sudden realized a totally

different world of existence.

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Gen 3:8 And they heard the sound of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God among the trees of the garden.

Gen 3:9 But the LORD God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?" Gen 3:10 And he said, "I heard the sound of thee in the garden, and I was afraid, because

I was naked; and I hid myself." Gen 3:11 He said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten of the tree of

which I commanded you not to eat?" Gen 3:12 The man said, "The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me fruit

of the tree, and I ate." Gen 3:13 Then the LORD God said to the woman, "What is this that you have done?"

The woman said, "The serpent beguiled me, and I ate." Gen 3:14 The LORD God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, cursed are

you above all cattle, and above all wild animals; upon your belly you shall go, and dust you shall eat all the days of your life.

The changes that took place after the act was “because you have done this” indicating

that the change was because of the act. The same concept follows all the changes that occurred in this world.

Gen 3:15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her

seed; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel." Gen 3:16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing;

in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you."

Only the pain in the childbearing is given by God. Gen 3:17 And to Adam he said, "Because you have listened to the voice of your

wife, and have eaten of the tree of which I commanded you, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life;

Gen 3:18 thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to you; and you shall eat the plants of the field.

Gen 3:19 In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread till you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; you are dust, and to dust you shall return."

Now the sentient being who collapsed the superposition determined the actualization of the laws of physics. Can we go back on this choice. No. Instead it has to be redirected to

a redeemed state by another choice in the time development of the state. God provides the

options in vast profusion. We make the choices. Yes, all that ever was, ever will be, ever could have been, and ever might still be - are included within God. Their actualization as

experiences depends upon the choices made by sentient beings.

"So man is priest of the creation through his power to give thanks and to offer the

creation back to God; and he is king of creation through his power to mould and fashion,

to connect and diversify." Bishop Kallistos Ware, THE ORTHODOX WAY

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Paul makes this idea clear in his thesis on the redemption of the whole creation.

Rom 8:21 because the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to decay and obtain the glorious liberty of the children of God.

Rom 8:22 We know that the whole creation has been groaning in travail together until now;

Rom 8:23 and not only the creation, but we ourselves, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait for adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies.

Rom 8:24 For in this hope we were saved.

The principle of incarnation itself is to be looked upon on this ground. The presence of

Jesus in human form becomes absolutely essential for the redemption of creation, since it is the sentients that creates the cosmos of their existence and only my

changing the conduct and thought pattern of these sentients the recreation can take

place.

7.4 Immortality, Resurrection, Continuity of life

James Higgo points out that MWI may really imply the immortality of Souls by using the

Quantum Suicide experiment as given by Tegmark:

In this suicide experiment we have a gun, which has a chance of firing 50 percent of the time its trigger is pulled. If it does not trigger the bullet it will only make a click sound.

Now suppose this gun is placed on the forehead of the experimenter and he continue to pull the trigger. If the Many World Interpretation is correct she will hear only audible

clicks and not one single fire. This is because she will not be there in the alternate world

where she had died. Others in 50% of the worlds will notice that he died. But for him he still lives. The moral: One cannot commit suicide at all. This is true not only of suicides

but for every form of death. You are immortal. You will never die.

But the interpretation should not stop there. Life is eternal and will go on. But your

choices make a difference in the quality of your eternal life. If you make bad choices you

will bring upon yourself immense suffering along with all the rest of the cosmos This will bring about a separation of the wheat and the chaff. One group goes from bad to worse

and others from good to better. There are others who can turn around one group to another. The large number of worlds allows for it all. If you continue to choose wrongly

it will lead to more and more decay and suffering. This is hell indeed. If you choose

wisely and continue to choose wisely you will live eternally in heaven with others who did the right choices.

Mat 13:28 He said to them, 'An enemy has done this.' The servants said to him, 'Then do you want us to go and gather them?'

Mat 13:29 But he said, 'No; lest in gathering the weeds you root up the wheat along with them.

Mat 13:30 Let both grow together until the harvest; and at harvest time I will tell the reapers, Gather the weeds first and bind them in bundles to be burned, but gather the wheat into my barn.'"

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Heb 6:12 so that you may not be sluggish, but imitators of those who through faith and patience inherit the promises. Mat 13:43 Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father.

Heaven and Hell depend on our choice. Choose wisely, Choose this day.

Mat 25:46 And they will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."

Joh 5:24 Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears my word and believes him who sent me, has eternal life; he does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life.

Rom 2:7 to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life;

Rom 5:21 so that, as sin reigned in death, grace also might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

Rom 6:22 But now that you have been set free from sin and have become slaves of God,

the return you get is sanctification and its end, eternal life.

Deu 30:19 I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and curse; therefore choose life, that you and your

descendants may live.

Even though a person may not be aware of it, we are judging ourselves every time. There

may be a white throne judgement at critical junctures of transformations. But the continuous judging take place every day . Joh 3:18 He who believes in him is not condemned; he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of God.

In this concept immortality of the soul is a continuation of the living and not reincarnation. The person is not really aware of any transition into the worlds or of

transformation. The person continues in the same body, and if at all anything is changed

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in the body it is resurrection of the same body. The body may have transformed from one

dimension into another. But the same person lives on. Even if there is a gap in the awareness (that is even if the person died), it will not be perceived by the person. A soul

sleep is perfectly permissible. The person is dead as far as the alternate world is concerned. But the person lives on in another world with the same type of body

probably with the characteristics of the matter of that world and is not aware of any time

lag. A resurrection of the body is also perfectly in accordance with the MWI. Thus while it negates all forms of reincarnation it supports resurrection.

Mat 22:32 'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob'? He is

not God of the dead, but of the living." Joh 5:28 Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming when all who are in the tombs will

hear his voice Joh 5:29 and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and

those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment.

The salvation process is not in the continuity of life, but in the quality of life. Thus in the

declaration of the purpose of incarnation Jesus says. Joh 10:10 The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I came that they may have life, and have it abundantly.

It is possible for the person to have a time gap with continuity of life without any

memory of such a gap. This would mean that it is possible for people to die and resurrect and live at the point in their life where they left out in a transformed resurrected body in

another world. While this totally negates reincarnation it supports the existence of ages

after ages. Every point in the age ends up with a judgment and transference into another world. The rewards and punishments are an ongoing process and not necessarily a sharp

defined judgment although such intermittent judgment can take place.

Reference: Does the 'many-worlds' interpretation imply immortality?

http://www.higgo.com/quantum/qti.htm

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Evangelical Interpretation of Many Worlds

Hell – the self centered isolation among a throng of individuals or Heaven – a loving

community. These are the only two choices. The choice of annihilation is not there, for

we are eternal beings.

There are two ways of life, you choose - it's your choice!

1 Peter 1:3-5 "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection

of Jesus Christ from the dead, to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and

undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time."

Matthew 7:13-16 Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: Because strait is the

gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.

Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are

ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or

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figs of thistles?

A Kaballistic Interpretation of Many Worlds

The Kabala is an ancient Hebrew mystical system of thought. It is a symbolic

representation of the path taken by every human being in their journey to eternity. It is usually represented by a tree with interconnecting branches. At the top of it is the Kether

– the crown - to which man can attain and partake of the divinity of Ain Sof – the

unknown God beyond. There are left branches and right branches. You can wander off and get lost in the outer darkness probably never to return and reach the Kether. But

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there are an infinitely paths, if one can retrace the state and interweave from the bottom

to top. As we take our decisions we branch off into one branch to another. With a clear mind and direction of motion it is easier to climb directly to the top. Without direction

one can be totally lost in the outer end. Life never ends. But we can be lost for ever. In a simplified model we have ten sefiroth and 32 pathways to reach the top.

Many-Minds Interpretation The Many Minds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", by Michael Lockwood, British

Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1996, Vol. 47, No. 2. http://www.poco.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjd1014/summary.html

Many-minds interpretation proposes, that an infinity of separate minds or mental states be associated with each single brain state. When the single physical brain state is split into a

quantum superposition by a measurement the associated infinity of minds are thought of as differentiating rather than splitting.

In Everett's many-worlds theory, each ``world'' was a way in which an ``observer''

could be correlated with the rest of the universe, but Everett did not analyse the nature of observers. Here the ``observer'' is taken to be something which has a

``mind'', and different possibilities correspond to different experiences of individual observers. For each observer, life is like a game of chance in which at

any moment, a finite range of possibilities can occur; each possibility having its

own associated probability. It is essential that these choices are finite. It means that the universe is essentially digital in structure and continuous. It need not

necessary to be an yes or no choice i.e. a two path choice. The state of mind of the person is defined by the path taken by the mind to reach this point which includes

all experiences. This makes sure that the mind state is actually an entangled state

with all the universe of experience it went through. The mind may be thought of as having multiple layers. When this state get entangled with a different state

vector – the external world, together they produced an entangled state vector. It is this that produce the multiverse. It can be compared to statistical stochastic

process studies like the one below

The state then depends on the path. Having come across a choice situation the

experience produce a probability of selection based on the past experience.

According to the proposed theory, the time which appears to pass as we live, is

not some absolute observer-independent time, but rather is an aspect of our

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structure as individual observers. Although our manifestations are in spacetime,

our consciousness is not. The patterns of information by which we are characterized are geometrical patterns, but the geometry is abstract. The stochastic

processes of which we are conscious are processes with their own time. The arrow of time is the arrow of these processes. Time is thus defined only in terms of

cause effect relationship to define a sequence.

This proposition is very much like the Jewish multisoul concept. The Egyptian, the Greek, and the Chinese and the Kabbalists conceive man as a multiplicity of

spiritual principles, which separate after death and each go their own way, rather than as a single "soul" or "spirit".

The Kabalistic traditions gives various layers of human consciousness with different

dimensional attributes. They number of soul parts vary with the traditions. They exist at various dimensions of existence. Some of these are: Nefesh - the lower part, or animal

part, of the soul. Ruach – part which has the moral virtues and the ability to distinguish between good and

evil.

Neshamah - the higher soul, or super-soul separates man from all other life forms with its consciousness of God.

Chayyah - The part of the soul that allows one to have an awareness of the divine life force itself;

Yehidad - the highest plane of the soul, in which one can achieve as full a union with

God as is possible. Ruach HaKodesh - a state of the soul that makes prophecy possible.

Neshamah Yeseira - The supplemental soul that a Jew experiences on Shabbat. Neshoma Kedosha, related to the study and fulfillment of the Torah commandments.

Evidently not all these souls are in all men. But all these are acquirable depending on the experience they go through. It is more like the process of Sanctification.

We have a picture of these in the Seven Spirits of God, which actually is one Spirit with seven layers.

In the Jewish mystic teaching on death these parts distribute themselves in various

universes. While one goes to purgatory to be purified, the other spirit goes to heaven, and some even return to earth. Again Kabala does not speak of these happening at the time of

death, because for them life is a continuous process and body is not considered important at all. Sleep time between such occurrences is permissible because time is considered as

only a sequence of cause effect events. These concepts are taught only in some mystical

traditions and should not be considered as a general theology of the jewish religion.

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CHAPTER EIGHT

Transactional and the Consistent Histories Interpretation

8.1 Transactional Interpretation

In Cramer's Transactional Interpretation the wavefunction is taken to be an actual physical wave as opposed to a representation of the probability. When a quantum event

takes place between two quantum objects (observed and the observer), an 'offer wave' of

the state vector is sent out by the observed in all directions which does not carry any observable information When this wave reaches the observer it sends back a

'confirmation wave' as echo. The echo with the original wave produces a standing wave in space-time. It is along this wave that momentum, energy, and other quantities that need

to be conserved are transferred. This wave remains until the transaction is complete. The

wavefunction collapse only when the transaction is complete. Hence we have the name Transactional Interpretation. In this interpretation, the objective reality is the result of

interference of two waves producing a localization. As long as the observer does not reflect the incoming phase wave, the event does not take place,

Here again the individual events are indeterminable. In the Transactional Interpretation

the state vector is considered to be a real physical wave emitted as an "offer wave" based on the preparation procedure of the experiment. The "confirmation wave" is also real so

that a real standing wave is produce, which forms the guiding path. We will never know the process until the transaction is complete. When the transaction is over the input itself

have changed and is totally collapsed beyond its original form to make any consistent

deduction about it. As long as we are able to observe only what we know in history and our own present experience, we only know what is received and can in any reasonable

level understand neither the offer wave nor the process of transaction in any given historic event.

8.2 Consistent Histories Interpretation

In the Consistent Histories Interpretation we have a similar situation because there the

observed event again is a fundamental input in the sense that it determines the set of

possible histories consistent with the observation made. There is no attempt to try to explain why a specific event happened except for the fact that it be consistent with the

observed fact.

Quantum mechanics makes predictions with respect to an ensemble of many individual

events. These predictions are only to give the possible observed values of any situation.

These occur as eigenvalues of the eigenfunction associated with the state. Which specific event in the diagonal density matrix of the system is observed in any experiment cannot

be predicted by the mechanics. This leaves a lot a leeway for freedom of will. God has predetermined the possible outcomes of the event. But which one is the outcome is not

predetermined in individual measurement. We are not able to explain why specific events

happen. It is simply related somehow to the particular coordinate system in multispace. While there is a definite Cause-Effect relationship it is not deterministic.

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So, Pauli, in one of his letters state,

"That which is physically unique cannot be separated from the observer anymore - and therefore falls through the net of physics. The individual case is occasion and not causa. I

am inclined to see in this "occasio" - which includes the observer and his choice of the experimental setup and procedure, -”revenue" of the "anima mundi" (of course in

"changed shape") that was pushed aside in the 17th century. La donna é mobile - also the

anima mundi and the occasio." [Pauli Letter Collection, CERN, Geneva 9992.063, published in K. V. Laurikainen:

Wolfgang Pauli and Philosophy. Gesnerus 41, (1984) 225-227.]

Wheeler[John Archibald Wheeler: Law without Law. In "Quantum Theory and Measurement", eds. J.A. Wheeler and W.H. Zurek, Princeton University Press, Princeton

(1983) 182.] interprets this by assuming that the individual process in quantum

mechanics as an elementary act of creation. If we translate this in soteriological terms it has tremendous implications. Every human decision is a creation ex-nihilo. This is

probably what the statement "In the image of God, created He them " essentially mean. So a person is not making a decision but creating something totally new. We are involved

along with God himself in creating the Universe we live in. We are co-creators with God.

This is exactly why a discordant act of hate on the part of Adam and Eve resulted in a world with thistles and thorns – a world sin and death. This is understandable because

unless the conscience make a choice how can the event takes place in the external world.

The conscience itself is guided by the wave function, which contains all consciousness –

the created and the creator - at all stages. The question of predetermination is totally out of question because the situation has never been. This is the new approach that only the

present exists and not the future. Future is being created by personal involvement of consciousness. God himself has not created any future. He created the conscious beings

that are also involved in the creation process. Thus every intelligent consciousness takes

part in the evolving universe in a continuing process of creation. The quantum phenomenon comprises both the quantum system and the measuring device, Wheeler

states that we as observers are free to decide in which way we will bring a quantum phenomenon to its close. We decide, by choosing the measuring device, which

phenomenon can become reality and which one cannot? Wheeler explicates this by

example of the well-known case of a quasar, of which we can see two pictures through the gravity lens action of a galaxy that lies between the quasar and ourselves. By

choosing which instrument to use for observing the light coming from the quasar, we decide whether the photons act as a wave to produce interference (from rays passing on

both sides of the galaxy) or as particles (traveling at either side in trajectory). In both

cases the individual process contains an element that cannot be controlled. For example if we decide to measure the path of the photon - to let the path become reality - we have

no influence on which of the two possible paths of the photon actually will be observed.

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This is the reason why the individual quantum phenomenon can be considered as an elementary act of creation. We as observers play a significant role in this process since

we can decide by choosing the measuring device to define the quantum phenomenon as realized. Still, we cannot influence the specific value obtained through any such

measurement and since we are part of the universe, the universe creates itself by

observing itself through us. It is the image of God within us that produces this creative power.

Rom. 11:29 for God's gifts and his call are irrevocable.

Yet it is not the kind of creation, which God made, but the reflection of it. Though we cannot completely control the measured value, we do contribute to the final outcome. We

are part of the future not as a passive observer, but as an active involver. The nature of

created reality is a process; a long, long series of events- or occasions- all of which are

interdependent upon each other. It is not a bunch of material realities developed by the Creator. It

is a series of "concrescences," of "coming-into-existence," of which everything in the universe

partakes. We are cocreators with God. Even when the whole cosmos was brought to chaos, God

recreates a new universe out of chaos. He has called and separated a people in order to

bring about this change. Our lives profoundly affect other living and non-living. In this complex web of interdependent processes, we have the options of choosing death or

choosing life.

We have seen that in classical and quantum physics, randomness and

unpredictability are fundamental. I believe that these concepts are also found at the

very heart of pure mathematics.

G. J. Chaitin

“I believe that the existence of the classical "path" can be pregnantly formulated as

follows: The "path" comes into existence only when we observe it. “

--Heisenberg, in uncertainty principle paper, 1927

Deu 30:11 "For this commandment which I command you this day is not too hard for you, neither is it far off.

Deu 30:12 It is not in heaven, that you should say, 'Who will go up for us to heaven, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?'

Deu 30:13 Neither is it beyond the sea, that you should say, 'Who will go over the sea for us, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?'

Deu 30:14 But the word is very near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart, so that you can do it.

Deu 30:15 "See, I have set before you this day life and good, death and evil. therefore choose life.

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http://www.npl.washington.edu/ti

Transactional and the Consistent Histories Interpretation [J.J. Halliwell, "A Review of the Decoherent Histories Approach of Quantum Mechanics" in

"Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory", ed. D.M. Greenberger, A. Zeilinger, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 755 (1995) 726.]

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Chapter Nine

QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

9.1 Wavefunction of Universe

The application of Quantum Theory to Cosmology is a logical extension. Quantum Mechanics was originally developed for atomic particles. Since

particles in a system can be represented by a wave function, it follows that we can indeed have wavefunctions and states for conglomeration of particles. Success of

this was rigorously developed in the solution of Hydrogen atom. Thus it can be

extended even to the universe or universes. It assumes that the whole cosmos could be represented by a wavefunction from which all information regarding it

can be obtained. While the idea is good it was not easy to get there mathematically.

Feynman had developed his Path Integral Techniques to reduce the labor of

cumbersome evaluation of long integrals. This technique was borrowed by cosmologists to evaluate otherwise difficult Cosmological integrals. This method is

known as `sum over histories'. In practice however we can restrict the number of such integrals to a reasonable level because most of the integrals will cancel each other’s

contribution. The path integral can be calculated by just considering a few geometries

that give a particularly large contribution. These are known as instantons. Selecting these instantons are a problem. Depending on the choice of instantons we have differing

models of the universe. We have essentially three types of choices. 1. A flat universe. This is the usual three-dimensional space and time that are independent

of each other – the world we know of

2. A closed Universe. Here the space-time forms a four-dimensional closed system. The volume is finite but the surface are has boundaries - a sphere is a three dimensional

closed universe. The unique 4-dimensional space with constant positive curvature is a 4-dimensional sphere. The cosmological scenario where space has positive constant

curvature is called a closed Universe. In this space-time, space expands from zero volume

in a Big Bang but then reaches a maximum volume and starts to contract back to zero volume in a Big Crunch. We extend this into four dimensions to have the idea of a closed

Universe. Just as the area of the surface is finite but the surface has no boundaries the four-dimensional sphere has a finite volume but no boundaries.

3. An open Universe Here the space and time have no limits . Astronomical evidence

seems to point to this final option.

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Several models have been proposed. Among then are:

- Stephen Hawking and Ian Moss model known as `no boundary' model . -- - Coleman-De Luccia open universe model.

- Stephen Hawking and Neil Turok model with singularities where at some points the curvature becomes infinite.

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_qc.html

9.2 Stephen Hawking's Universe as a Quantum Particle

(Hawking/Hartle theory)

"The Ontological Interpretation of the Wave Function of the Universe'. by Quentin

Smith, The Monist, vol. 80, no.1, pp, 160-185, Copyright 1997, THE MONIST, La Salle. Illinois 61301.

http://www.qsmithwmu.com/the_ontological_interpretation_of_the_wave_function_of_the_universe.htm

Hawking's idea was to treat the entire universe as though it were a quantum

object. Since the universe started as a point by virtue of its creation we have an entangled system and we should expect that the system could be represented by a

wave function. Hawkins idea is to treat it as a particle or rather as a soap bubbles floating in space. It is possible that we have several other parallel universes in

existence. We therefore have a set of all possible universes probably infinite in

number. If We certainly know that there is a high probability density for the position of our universe. If we assume that the probability of existence of other

universes are less we will get a state function of the form:

Probability

Density of Universe

Position

Our Universe

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Then there is a finite possibility that there exist other universes However it is possible

that there are others with equal probability. We should expect them similar to the soap bubbles that float around with possibilities or coalescing together or splitting apart and

other dynamics. Apart from inter-universal tunneling possibility the gravitational nature of black holes and white holes will mean The Hawking/Hartle theory also postulates the

possibility of the existence of wormholes connecting the different universes.

It would then follow that there can a possibility of inter-universal tunneling for personalities from one universe into the other. It is also possible then for a supermind to

impose potential wells over any of the universe to constrain it – a sort of quarantining the universe for some time and allow a selective transmission. Since this is highly

conjectural I will not precede any further. But the implications of the reality of such

possibility are tremendous. If there are other universes, the nonlocality principle assures us that we have a connection with them as well. What other dimensions are there in the

universe. Can we jump dimensions by some tunneling process? Can we build such tunnels? These have tremendous theological implications.

Dr. Michiu Kaku http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/hangar/6929/h_kaku2.html

http://web.uvic.ca/~jtwong/Hartle-Hawking.htm

9.3 Fine Tuning and The Weak Anthropic Principle

“The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally

probable, but they take on values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where

carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so. “

Barrow, John and Tipler, Frank (1986): The Anthropic Cosmological Principle.

Clarendon Press.

Statistically, the chance for obtaining a definite macro-world out of the quantum realm is

practically zero, and so is the chance for setting up the initial condition of the Big Bang to match the Universe we live in -- the accuracy of pinpointing our Universe is one part in

101230

(Penrose R. (1997) The Large, the Small and the Human Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.).

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"The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers (i.e. the constants of physics)

seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life". "For

example," Hawking writes, "if the electric charge of the electron had been only slightly

different, stars would have been unable to burn hydrogen and helium, or else they would

not have exploded. It seems clear that there are relatively few ranges of values for the

numbers (for the constants) that would allow for development of any form of intelligent

life. Most sets of values would give rise to universes that, although they might be very

beautiful, would contain no one able to wonder at that beauty. …. a divine purpose in Creation and the choice of the laws of science (by God)" p. 125).

Stephen Hawking "A Brief History of Time

Thus there is ample evidence to show that the universe we live in are fine tuned for human existence.

"The really amazing thing is not that life on Earth is balanced on a knife-edge, but that the entire universe is balanced on a knife-edge, and would be total chaos if any of the

natural 'constants' were off even slightly. You see," Davies adds, "even if you dismiss

man as a chance happening, the fact remains that the universe seems unreasonably suited to the existence of life -- almost contrived -- you might say a 'put-up job'."

Prof. Paul Davies, Adelaide University

Dr. Gerald Schroeder, "Genesis and the Big Bang" and "The Science of Life

http://www.geraldschroeder.com/tuning.html

Hugh Ross http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/design_evidences/20020502_universe_desi

gn.shtml?main Design and the Anthropic Principle http://mypage.direct.ca/g/gcramer/design.html

I should modify this a little more to include all carbon-based life other than humans.

Human form seems to be only one of the forms. Scripture describes three other forms along with human form in the universe. Eze 10:14 And every one had four faces: the first

face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.

Rev 4:7 the first living creature like a lion, the second living creature like an ox, the third

living creature with the face of a man, and the fourth living creature like a flying eagle

It is quite possible that these are real beings and not just symbolic who share this universe with us or are in other universes similar to ours.

This world certainly fits the need of human life as we know of with a human body of flesh. Very often people seem to assume that life and consciousness are dependent on the

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body. The reality is that it is the other way round. The universe was created by

consciousness or intelligence. It has nothing to do with what type of body the consciousness inhabits. Life is not produced by evolution. Thus Brahman has to be Pre-

existent or Co-existent with Prakriti and never created by evolutionary process. We can of course assume that Consciousness is an elementary particle of Prakriti, which is only a

re-statement of the coexistence principle. It follows that there may be universes where

life exists and inhabits other forms of bodies in other dimensions. The wavefunction for the universe therefore allows for such probability peaks. The only true statement we can

make is that the universe where we live is fine tuned to sustain human life. Other universes are fine tuned for other forms of life and intelligence.

We have also seen that they allow for inter-universe tunneling or travel by wormholes. It

is possible to separate beings based on their choices. This amply allows for the existence of heaven and hell as real universes. The only documentation for inter-universe travel are

found only in religious scriptures and if they can be trusted there had been so many visitors to this world from other worlds. These had been beings with bodies vastly

different from ours. Prophets and Sages of the past have referred to these bodies as

Spiritual Bodies, Astral Bodies , etc.

1Co 15:39 For not all flesh is alike, but there is one kind for men, another for animals, another for birds, and another for fish. 1Co 15:40 There are celestial bodies and there are terrestrial bodies; but the glory of the

celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. 1Co 15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another

glory of the stars; for star differs from star in glory.

We should not be surprised if we come across such beings in out daily life.

When Jesus declared: Joh 14:2 In my Father's house there are many abodes; were it not so, I had told you: for

I go to prepare you a place; Joh 14:3 and if I go and shall prepare you a place, I am coming again and shall receive

you to myself, that where I am ye also may be.

Rev 21:1 Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth. The first heaven and the first earth

disappeared, and the sea vanished

This new universe has new laws: Rev 21:4 “He will wipe away all tears from their eyes. There will be no more death, no

more grief or crying or pain. The old things have disappeared."

The clear teaching of the scripture is that the present universe where we live in is brought

to this state by the willful creation of human will imposed over the creation of God.

Genesis story repeated reminds Adam and Eve that the change in the universe they live

came into existence “because of “ their action Gen 3:17 And to Adam he (God) said, "Because you have listened to the voice of your wife, and have eaten of the tree of which I commanded you, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life;

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Gen 3:18 thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to you; and you shall eat the plants of the field.

Gen 3:19 In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread till you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; you are dust, and to dust you shall return."

As a result the world as we live today is a decaying world. Apparently this universe was quarantined as a result. This quarantine order is inherent in the mention of it in Jude thus:

Jud 1:6 And the angels that did not keep their own position but left their proper dwelling have been kept by him in eternal chains in the nether gloom until the judgment of the

great day;

These angels who violated the quarantine rules into the human realms are now isolated in another universe without any wormholes or connection to ours until the judgment day.

Existence of these universes were taken as granted in the ancient world.

9.4 Observer-Created or Participatory Universe :

Strong Anthropic Principle The fine tuning of our universe for human existence indicates strongly of a designer God

who created it for that particular purpose. An alternative explanation was tried in the

Strong Anthropic argument . In this argument even though there are all possible potentialities in the universal wavefunction, only those that can the universe appears

"designed" for life has the potential for conscious, self aware mine which are needed for the universe to “concretize” or “actualize” or collapse the wavefunction to make it come

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into existence. There is however a self-negating argument in this approach. We need an

external actual observer – not a potential observer – to collapse or actualize the universe into existence. Who is this initial observer who concretized our universe?

9.5 The Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorem

Cosmologists have come up with the notion of the Big Bang. Another term for the Big Bang would be The Creation Moment. The ultimate “In the Beginning”. See Genesis 1:1.

Right at this moment time was born. There was no before this moment, because there was

no time. According to Stephen Hawking in "A Brief History of Time" St Augustine was asked what God did before He created the universe. St Augustine replied that time was a

property of the universe God created, so there was no before He created the universe.

The singularity theorem proved that a "singularity" at time = 0 is inevitable so long as

gravity remains an attractive force and at this singularity the fabric of space and time becomes undefined, non-existent. In 1976 while I was in the Theoretical Physics Center

in Trieste, Italy, an Indian Bengalee Graduate Student showed me his solution to the Einstien’s equation which showed a homogeneous symmetric solution in space and a non

symmetric solution in time. The interpretation was simple. There never was a time

before the beginning of the Big Bang t=0 singularity. This universe was created with time and not in time. Questions like where was God when he created the universe and

what was he doing are simply begging the question. Any attempt to picture God existing in time is a misunderstanding.

9.6 The Future of the Universe Personally, I’m sure that the universe began with a hot Big Bang. But will it go on

forever? If not, how will it end? I’m much less certain about that. The expansion of the

universe spreads everything out, but gravity tries to pull it all back together again. Our destiny depends on which force will win.” —STEPHEN HAWKING

The universe has been expanding since the Big Bang. Gravity is slowing the rate of

expansion. There may be an unknown repulsive force (the "cosmological constant") that is accelerating the expansion since we have evidence for an expanding universe.

In 1920s, Edwin Hubble presented evidence that the universe was not static, but

expanding - fabric of space itself is expanding, stretching like the surface of a balloon. The volume of the universe is increasing.

There are two possible futures for the universe:

If there is enough matter in the universe gravity will stop this present expansion process

and the universe will start contracting and will end up in a Big Crunch - a death by fire (heat death)

If there is not enough matter in the universe expansion wins and the universe will expand

forever. As it expands the energy gets dissipated and the temperature decrease until it

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reaches the absolute zero of temperature when everything comes to a stand still. We have

a freeze death. “..we are driven back . . . to God alone as the basis of final hope, so that our own and the

universe’s destiny awaits a transforming act of divine redemption.” -- John Polkinghorne

2Pe 3:7 But the present heaven and the present earth have been kept for destruction by

fire, which is waiting for them on the day of the judging and destruction of evil men. 2Pe 3:13 But having faith in his word, we are looking for a new heaven and a new earth,

which will be the resting-place of righteousnes

In the heat death as the Big Crunch leads to a big black hole all gathered information will

be lost and it is possible to enter into a new dimension through a white hole that opens

up a new universe somewhere else. It is not a rebound universe but a new creation.

Rev 21:1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth

were gone; and there was no more sea. Rev 21:2 And I saw the holy town, new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from

God, like a bride made beautiful for her husband.

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CHAPTER TEN

Quantum Field Theory

Quantum field theory is the study of the quantum mechanical interaction of elementary particles and fields. Quantum field theory applied to the understanding of

electromagnetism is called quantum electrodynamics (QED), and it has proved

spectacularly successful in describing the interaction of light with matter. The calculations, however, are often complex. They are usually carried out with the aid of

Feynman diagrams, simple graphs that represent possible variations of interactions and provide an elegant shorthand for precise mathematical equations. Quantum field theory

applied to the understanding of the strong interactions between quarks and baryons and

mesons is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD )

10.1 Fundamental Forces and intermediaries

Particles that transmit forces

Name Force

Type

Relative

Strength

Range

(m) Spin

Electric

charge

Mass

(GeV) Observed?

Graviton Gravity

Force between masses

10-41

2 0 0 Not yet

Photon

Electromagnetic Interaction

Between Electric charges

10-3

1 0 0 Yes

Gluon g Strong Interaction

Between quarks

1 10-15

1 0 0 Indirectly

W+ 1 +1 80 Yes

W- 1 -1 80 Yes

Z0

Weak Interaction

between neutrino and nucleus

10

-16

10

-17

1 0 91 Yes

Higgs 0 0 > 78 Not yet

In 1966 Peter Higgs (University of Edinburgh) proposed that the universe was full of a

field called a HIGGS FIELD. Disturbances in this field as particles move through it cause

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objects to have mass. The field consists of countless Higgs Bosons that act like a kind of

cosmic fluid and Higgs particles that 'cling’ to the objects that move through space they drag which is what appear as mass.

As we go up from the gross mass into elementary particles and sub-elementary particles the strength of the force increases rapidly.

10.2 Vacuum Zero Point Sea

One of the early consequences of Quantum physics was the prediction of an underlying sea of zero-point energy at every point in the universe. All of space

must be filled with electromagnetic zero-point fluctuation creating a universal sea of zero-point energy. This is an enormous amount of energy, which cannot be

easily used. One way to avoid this infinite amount of energy in QM calculation

was the renormalization process where this constant energy was subtracted and used as the reference level. The presence of zero-point fluctuations has been

verified experimentally with very accurate measurements of the Lamb Shift (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/lamb.html ), other atomic

energy level shifts, the magnetic moment of the electron, and the recent

measurement of Cassimir force.(http://physicsweb.org/article/world/15/9/6) The energy fluctuations in quantum vacuum are converted into particles of matter

called virtual particles.

10.3 Vacuum Fluctuations, Virtual Particles and the Origin of the Universe “There is a still more remarkable possibility, which is the creation of matter from a state of zero energy. This possibility arises because energy can be both positive and negative.

The energy of motion or the energy of mass is always positive, but the energy of

attraction, such as that due to certain types of gravitational or electromagnetic field, is negative. Circumstances can arise in which the positive energy that goes to make up the

mass of newly created particles of matter is exactly offset by the negative energy of gravity of electromagnetism. For example, in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus the

electric field is intense. If a nucleus containing 200 protons could be made (possible but

difficult), then the system becomes unstable against the spontaneous production of electron-positron pairs, without any energy input at all. The reason is that the negative

electric energy can exactly offset the energy of their masses.

In the gravitational case the situation is still more bizarre, for the gravitational field is

only a space warp - curved space. The energy locked up in a space warp can be converted into particles of matter and antimatter. This occurs, for example, near a black hole, and

was probably also the most important source of particles in the big bang. Thus, matter appears spontaneously out of empty space. The question then arises, did the primeval

bang possess energy, or is the entire universe a state of zero energy, with the energy of all

the material offset by negative energy of gravitational attraction?

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It is possible to settle the issue by a simple calculation. Astronomers can measure the masses of galaxies, their average separation, and their speeds of recession. Putting these

numbers into a formula yields a quantity, which some physicists have interpreted as the total energy of the universe. The answer does indeed come out to be zero within the

observational accuracy. The reason for this distinctive result has long been a source of

puzzlement to cosmologists. Some have suggested that there is a deep cosmic principle at work, which requires the universe to have exactly zero energy. If that is so the cosmos

can follow the path of least resistance, coming into existence without requiring any input of matter or energy at all. (Davies, Paul. 1983. God and the New Physics London: J.M.

Dent & Sons.)

Steven Weinberg of Harvard and Ya. B. Zel'dovich in Moscow suggest that the universe

began as a perfect vacuum and that all the particles of the material world were created from the expansion of space out of the vacuum fluctuation where virtual particles

materialized to form the cosmos we now know as universe.

1.4 String, Super String, and M-Theory

The large number of classifying and unifying the elementary particles with their

properties gave rise to the String Theory. Here the myriad of particle types is replaced

by a single fundamental building block, a `string'.

These strings can be closed, like loops, or open. . As the string moves through time it traces out a tube or a sheet, according to whether it is closed or open in time. The strings

can vibrate freely. In a closed loop however, certain modes can exists without decay

forming real particles. In these systems one mode of vibration, or `note', makes the string appear as an electron, another as a photon and so on. The first great achievement of

String Theory was its ability to explain to quantum gravity.

The original String Theory could explain on the particles with integer spins or Bosons

Hence additional introduction on Supersymemtry gave rise to the Super String Theory with more degrees of freedom ( ten dimensions in all) and hence were able to

accommodate Fermions also. It is also possible to mix up fermions and bosons to produce Heterotic String Theories. A mother of all theories of string could then be

developed called M-theory in eleven dimensions of vacuum from which all other forms

of string theories could be obtained as subsets.

Thus in String theory in the framework of quantum field theory particles are no more

points but strings in multidimensional space. Then all fundamental particles can be considered to be modes of vibrations in the string and the particles' intrinsic charge, mass

and spin arise as features of the world at various dimensions of the existence of the string.

Thus the gross matter is nothing but the conglomeration of modes of vibrations of the vacuum.

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Many people especially the media went ballistic on this “Theory of Everything”. But

those who are involved in the research are aware of its vast limitations.

“The TOE phrase is very misleading on several counts. First of all, the theory is not yet fully formulated, and when it is (which might still take decades) it is not entirely clear

that it will be the last word in fundamental physics.

Furthermore, even if the theory is a complete description of quantum dynamics, it seems

unlikely that it will also provide a theory of initial conditions, which is another key ingredient required to explain why we observe the particular universe that we do.

But even if a theory of initial conditions is also obtained, there will still be much about

this universe that cannot be explained. Many things, such as our very existence, are a consequence of the inherent quantum indeterminacy of nature. I believe that cannot be

overcome. Maybe that is just as well, because if we had old-fashioned classical determinism, the future would be fully determined, which would undermine our

humanity.”

http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/string11.html John Schwarz

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10.5 The Word Became Flesh

To summarize: In Elementary Particle Physics uncertainty offers explanation for reaction

between elementary particles by means of virtual particles. The virtual particles are subatomic particle whose existence violates the principle of conservation of energy but is

allowed to exist for a short time by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. In intense fields

virtual particles will materialize to give real material particles, which have extremely short lives and abnormal properties. These are observed in many cloud chamber and

liquid chamber experiments. Intense reactions are permissible in nature provided they are within the space of uncertainty. The extra energy required for these processes are

available from the vacuum. In fact the modern tendency is to assume that the elementary

particles are the vortices and disturbances in this sea. In this model matter is nothing but the presence of waves, vortices and disturbances in the Vacuum. This reminds us of

creation in Genesis.

Gen 1:1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth

[776 'erets eh'-rets: from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at

large, or partitively a land):--X common, country, earth, field, ground, land, X natins, way, + wilderness, world. Fermi Level?]

Gen 1:2 And the earth

was without form

8414 ;

[8414 tohuw to'-hoo: from an unused root meaning to lie waste; a desolation (of

surface), i.e. desert; figuratively, a worthless thing; adverbially, in vain:--confusion, empty place, without form, nothing, (thing of) nought, vain, vanity, waste, wilderness.]

and void922

[922 bohuw bo'-hoo: from an unused root (meaning to be empty); a vacuity, i.e.

(superficially) an undistinguishable ruin:--emptiness, void. Calmness over the Fermi

Sea?] ; and darkness

was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face

of the waters Gen 1:3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

In the String Theory we have a clear exposition of how vibrations are the root form of creation of particles. Word indeed is foundation of cosmic realities.

Thus the creation was the process of Word becoming flesh. Ongoing creative process were also the vortices being created by the Word within the vaccum and the various

fundamental and higher harmonics of strings form the building blocks of all matter.

Unlike the indication of Sound as Word, the biblical Word is the translated in the New Testament Greek as of Logos and John describes the same as:

Prajapati vai idam asit: In the beginning was God

Tasya vag dvitya asit;

with whom was the Vak (Word)... Vag vai paramam Brahma;

and the Vak (Word) is Brahman"

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"All things were made by him." (John i. 3.)

"By the word of God the heavens were of old." (2 Peter iii. 5.) "By the Word of God were the heavens made, and all the host of them by the Breath of

his mouth." (Ps. 33: 6.)

Thus it is the vibratory consciousness of God that created everything by creating the

vortices and waves in the Fermi Sea and the music of the universe created the universe.

This was the basic teaching of St.Thomas the scientist disciple of Jesus. It was Thomas who wrote AUM the trinity symbol in all the eight churches he established in Kerala. It

has become the center of all Indian tradition even today.

Man being made in the image of God is given the same creative power, which can cause

vibrations and waves in the fermi sea and causes events to be created by collapsing the state function.

All religions recognize these phenomena of coherence of consciousness. The mystics among them particularly concentrate on this effect. In Christianity the creation is entirely

through the Word of God. It is the reverberation of the cosmic vacuum that appears as matter in creation.

History describes such intense periods of activity when abnormal events took place. We

look back into history and wonder at the occurrences of such impossible events. These strange miracles and crisis points are the materialization of the virtual so that it produces

a new situation, which changes the history of mankind. It is not difficult to see such crisis situations described in the Bible. The first crisis situation was the fall. The tower of

Babel, the Universal Flood and finally the Cross-, followed the fall in succession. Other

situations like Sodom and Gomorrah, the liberation of Israel, the Captivity of Israel etc. are of less intense local situations.

Signs, wonders and miracles are therefore possible if one can create a vortex or disturbance in the Fermi Sea. A whole teaching of faith in action follows this line of

argument.

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Vortex Formation in a Fluid

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CHAPTER ELEVEN

Quantum Non-locality and Coherence

11.1 EPR Paradox

Our worldview assumes that cause effect relationships can exists only in proximity. If

before Newton most phenomena were explained by direct contact, the assumption of gravitational field – action at a distance without actual contact was a great step forward.

From then on we progressed to the phenomena electric field and magnetic field and so on through field propagation where something always travels and communicates to produce

and effect. Thus came the concept that events that are separated by time and space needs

to be caused by some form of communication between two parts. With the advent of Einstein’s theory of relativity it came to imply that no influence or meaningful

communication could travel faster than the speed of light.

In 1935 Einstein, with his collaborators Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, published a

paper now known as "the EPR paper" which listed three major objections to quantum

mechanics. [ http://www.drchinese.com/David/EPR.pdf ] One of the major problem was based on a situation where two particles which were essentially together so that they

formed a system with a state | a,b> . If the two particles are then separated very far apart and if there is a change in one particles according to Quantum Mechanics it should affect

the second particle instantaneously because they still form a coherent system and should

be considered as one state |a’, b’>. This spooky action at a distance violates all physical laws because no signals can travel faster than light according to relativity.

In a system where two particles were created by materialization of energy, if particle 1

has a spin of "up," particle 2 will have a spin of "down." Conversely if particle 1 has a

spin of "down," particle 2 will have a spin of "up." to conserve the spin zero of the total system. If after a period when the two particles are separated far, if the measure the spin

of particle 1 we will be able to determine the spin of particle 2 absolutely. No matter how far apart is particle 2 from particle 1, Particle 2 will instantly respond to the state of

particle 1, even if it is on the other side of the universe.

In 1964 John S Bell 9CERN laboratory in Geneva), proved a theorem which demonstrated that certain experimental tests could distinguish the predictions of quantum

mechanics from those of any local hidden-variable theory. In 1982 Alain Aspect performed this experiment in the University of Paris and proved that somehow the

Particle 2 knew exactly what was the state of Particle 1 and responded to it.

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At the instant we perform our measurement on particle 1, particle 2, which may

be thousands of miles away, will acquire a definite spin -- "up" or "down" if we have chosen a vertical axis, "left" or "right" if we have chosen a horizontal axis.

How does particle 2 know which axis we have chosen? There is no time for it to receive that information by any conventional signal. (Capra, 1982, p. 85).

"The two particles are, as it were, entangled with each other in a pure or coherent

state."

Quantum non-locality proves that "particles that were once together in an interaction

remain in some sense parts of a single system which responds together to further interactions" (Gribbin, 1984). Since the entire universe originated in a flash of light

known as the Big Bang, the existence of quantum non-locality points toward a profound

cosmological holism and suggests that

If everything that ever interacted in the Big Bang maintains its connection

with everything it interacted with, then every particle in every star and galaxy that we can see "knows" about the existence of every other particle.

(Gribbin, 1984).

Bell's result showed that EPR's assumption was mistaken. In 1989, Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger (GHZ) sharpened Bell's results further by considering

correlated states with 3 or more entangled particles.

Thus quantum locality places a totally different worldview of the world we are

living in. It can no longer be considered isolated particles or beings. We are a

system taken as a whole.

"That the guiding wave, in the general case, propagates not in ordinary three-space but in

multidimensional-configuration space is the origin of the notorious 'nonlocality' of quantum mechanics...” John Bell

All of a sudden Physics is faced with the reality of a guiding potential beyond the four dimensions of space and time. This reality is all encompassing to the extent that it cannot

but be thought of as a unity – a coherent state as a whole, everything move and have their being in Him.

11.2 Holistic Theology

"We work as if the world could be dissected into small independent pieces. This is an illusion, because, as Bell's theorem shows, the entire world is interdependent. But there is

no other way of working. (...) One may speculate whether, in a complete description of

the whole Universe, including our brains, determinism would be restored." [Asher. Peres, "Existence of "Free Will" as a Problem of Physics", Found. Phys. 16(6) 573 (1986), p.

580].

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In the Classical Newtonian Physics we use the concept of isolating a system as though it

is an isolated universe and study its process. This is the reductionist approach. This is the basic scientific method because that is the only way we can study our world. Even in

Newtonian Physics it was understood that the effect of assuming the isolation involved approximation. Newtonian Physics was essentially macroscopic in nature and studied

matter in bulk. The effect of the extensive universe outside of the system could be

reduced to infinitesimal by moving it far away. Note that we are only making the effect infinitesimal.

11.3 The Consciousness of Ego and Separateness

Why does the world appear to consist of distinct objects occupying distinct

positions in a well-defined space-time? If nature is fundamentally a unity because of

quantum entanglement, why is it possible to know something without knowing

everything? For this we need to look into the concept of wave packets and interference of

waves.

In the wave mechanics or particles, every particle can be considered as a wave, which has

a maximum around the point where the particle is considered to exist. Nevertheless, the

wave itself is infinite in extension. In other words, every particle in the universe fills the cosmos. The appearance of localization comes in only with interference due to

conglomeration. These are called wave packets. When large number of waves of slightly different frequencies fall one on the other we get the localized waves, which can act as a

particle. These are sometimes called solitons. In a non-dispersive media, they can live

indefinitely long period without decay. However, as they enter a dispersive media where the speed depends on the wavelength they begin to dissipate and die out. This is a

classical result. Hence, we should not be surprised at the Wave Mechanical results in tallying with the Quantum Theory.

A Wave packet is produced as a result of superposition of waves

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Phaser diagram showing how coherent beans where = 0 gives the maximum amplitude.

The consciousness that I am a separate independent being is caused by vibrations that are our of phase with others. This selfish individualism can go smooth as long as there is no

conflict of interest. Once that sets in, the brings forth gradual death and disappearance. The cells in the human body do not compete for survival as do single celled animals.

They have a steady supply of food and nearly ideal living conditions. The price they pay

for this is to loose their freedom to reproduce independently of the needs of the body they are part of. As long as they live in harmony things go well and growth will take place. If

they short circuit the safety system of DNA building, then they grow into cancer cells and they destroy the environment that gave them life.

However when there is coherence and resonance this feeling of I, YOU and HE will

vanish and there will be a ONE - WE. The concept of God as One God with many persons is Trinity Theology is based on this.

As we began to study atoms, subatomic matter and particles it became evident that there are dimensions of existence, which we cannot really isolate. Stronger and stronger forces

come into play in the smaller dimensions. This is what led us to the holistic statement,

which states that the whole is not equal to the sum of the parts and the whole cannot be fully understood in terms of its parts alone in the limited dimensions of our realm. These

dimensions extent not only in expanse (in spatial extent) but also in inspanse (in inner space). This was the basis of the Hidden Variable Theories.

This is nothing new. Spinoza, propounded that all the differences and apparent divisions

we see in the world are really only aspects of an underlying single substance, which he called God or nature. Quantum Field Theory follows this concept and tries to describe all

existence as an excitation of the underlying quantum vacuum state. Hegel also held a similar view. Marx in his dialectical materialism also held that new qualities came into

existence due quantitative changes, which he attributed to the nature of matter.

11.4 Macroscopic Quantum Coherence

This typically involves the spaciotemporal organization of the multiparticle system. (This is closely related to what is called 'Bose-Einstein condensation'.)

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"What is quantum coherence? This refers to circumstances when large numbers of

particles can collectively cooperate in a single quantum state..."

Roger Penrose

The term "coherence" connected with the non locality phenomena opens up vistas of opportunities to explain things, which we have thought outside the

purview of science.

Many-particle states may exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence. These have been shown to give rise to strange phenomena like super conductivity, super

fluidity and lasers, which belies classical explanation. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0103/0103293.pdf

http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/ketterle-symp.pdf

The coherence in these phenomena are related to the Bose-Einstein condensation. Theoretically this is a phenomenon where bosons making up a substance merge

into the lowest energy level, into a shared quantum state and acts as a coherent whole. All particles become exactly alike and cannot be distinguished. They

have the same quantum numbers and same energies. You cannot tell one from the

other.

There are two types of particles in Physics known as "bosons" and "fermions" .The dialectic between them describes all physical form. The whole scheme of

quantum field theory (QFD) is based on how fermions interact by exchanging

bosons. All force is mediated by exchange of (gauge) bosons. For example the electromagnetic force is mediated by exchange of photons, the strong force by

exchange of gluons and the weak forces are mediated by exchange of W and Z bosons.

The basic reason for this is the properties of bosons and fermions. : “Bosons are gregarious, and fermions are solitary.” Bosons therefore prefer being together

while fermions isolate themselves and pairs themselves if they are permitted. When fermions pairs, they pairs with one that have opposite spins and the

combination produces a stable system of virtual boson. It is this Cooper Pairs are

composite bosons in Helium, which can cause condensation to produce the superfluidity.

The First created united Adam thus represents the boson and the separated Adam and Eve pair represents the Fermion Cooper Pair. While separated and acting as

an independently the two produces de-coherence and jointly as a Cooper pair

produces the condensation of Family. This idea can be extended beyond individuals to Families, Communities, and Nations and to the whole Mankind and

beyond. Decoherence brings in self as center and eventually brings destruction and death.

"The crucial distinguishing feature of Bose-Einstein condensates is that the many parts

that go to make up an ordered system not only behave as a whole, they become whole;

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their identities merge or overlap in such a way that they lose their individuality entirely.

A good analogy would be the many voices of a choir, which merge to become 'one voice' at certain levels of harmony, or the plucking of the many strings of several violins to

become 'the sound of violins'..." Danah Zohar, The Quantum Self

Quantum coherence has been demonstrated in the brain indicating that consciousness is probably a direct consequence of this quantum coherence.

http://www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff/New/Quantum_coherence/Quantum%20coherence.htm

There is strong evidence that memory storage is delocalized, at least over the whole

brain, and hence is able to survive large brain lesions. This suggests that memory storage is holographic. Perception is also holographic, so that the whole can be reconstructed

from even a small part just as a small portion of the lens can produce a total image on the screen even though the intensity will be less.

11.5 Quantum Brain Dynamics How does the brain maintain dynamical coherence? One idea is that there is a quantum

coherent state underlying this, as has been articulately argued by Ian Marshall.

[Marshall,I.N."Consciousness and Bose-Einstein Condensates." New Ideas in Psychology, v.7, n.1 (1989) ] Even the idea of a Quantum Brain Dynamics (QBD) is

being talked about. See "Quantum Brain Dynamics" [L.M. Ricciardi and H.Umezawa, Kibernetik 4 , 44 (1967)] ; The Emperor's New Mind (1989), and Shadows

of the Mind (1994) Roger Penrose .

http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/quantum.html http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/volume2-1/psyche-96-2-21-cybernetic-1-globus.html

The wholeness of the organism is based on a high degree of quantum coherence. The brain's primary function may be the mediation of coherent coupling of all subsystems.

Strong evidence exists that memory storage is delocalized, at least over the whole brain.

We can actually remove one lobe of the brain and the other lobe can take over all the functions of the other lobe of brain. This exhibits a holographic memory system rather

than localized storage. http://www.i-sis.org.uk/brainde.php

If quantum coherence is characteristic of the organism as conscious being, as a total personality, we can construct wave-function for every being. This wave function is ever

evolving, entangling its environment, transforming and creating itself anew. This dynamic creative process is an ongoing process.

2Co 4:16 So we do not lose heart. Though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed every day.

Studies in the brain waves can give a hint of the processes that are going on in the brain.

http://www.music.gla.ac.uk/HTMLFolder/Research/BrainMus/musicfrombrainwaves.htm

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"The human brain produces a complex, multi-dimensional, pulsating, electromagnetic

field resulting from the electrochemical behaviour of masses of neurons acting in small to very large groups" (Rosenboom, D. 1990. "Extended Musical Interface with the Human

Nervous System." Leonardo, Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences

and Technology. Monograph No.1.). The Electroencephalogram, EEG, is the mixed-

frequency electrical signal produced by this activity, and is measured from electrodes

placed on the scalp.

EEG's can be categorized into four main components:

1. Long-term coherent waves;

Long-term coherent waves are the well known alpha, beta, delta, and theta

rhythms, which range from approximately 1 to 30 Hertz. They are often associated with certain states of consciousness, such as alertness and sleep

short-term transient waves; and complex ongoing waves.

2. Short-term transient waves, These transient was are event-related-potentials (ERP's), reflect the "singular

experience" associated with an external stimulus.

3. Complex ongoing waves. This pattern is expected to be the result of the ongoing,

self-organization of information during ones experience of life. Here the brain

adjusts itself in terms of its interaction with the rest of the world.

4. Random noise background;

The random-seeming background, about which little is known, is the residue observed "after all known methods of waveform decomposition are exhausted."

There are other forms of brain waves that can be used. Magnetoenchephalogram

(MEG), measures the variations of the magnetic fields associated with the discharge of neural action potentials, and electrochemical activity within the brain. Magnetic

Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), provide a mapping of the activation of individual cortical areas, and can contribute to the

understanding of the spatial-temporal activity of the brain under certain conditions.

These wave studies are indicative of the deeper levels of human existence.

11.6 De-coherence and Death

Coherence occurs due to Boson like condensation, which is very similar to the resonance of sound when two sources of same wavelength overlap. Decoherence is originated in the

interaction between the system and its environment. In other words an entanglement between the state of the quantum system and with a wavelength, which are different, or

out of phase produces destructive interference in certain areas. In that sense death is the

result of dissonance or decoherence.

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If coherence produces consciousness it is logical to assume that de-coherence should

mean death of consciousness. Then the estimation of de-coherence time should give an estimate of life expectation. Again we are simply talking about physical life and not

really about life and soul and spirit. In a system with large coherence the life will be very large while in a system with more de-coherence – the tendency to split and separate – is

more will die soon. This is what caused the death and decay in the egoism of Angelic and

Adamic fall. This death is a physical death without affecting the other dimensions also. We are not talking about the vegetable lifetime, but quality of living in human level or as

Jesus put it of “Abundant Life”. Death and decay are the result of de-coherence is basic to Genesis theology. If we can associate death with de-coherence we can extend it to

other dimensions of coherence such as families, communities , mankind as a whole and

beyond. Thus the life expectancy of a community is dependent on both the coherence of the brain and also of the system coherence of the community. Civilizations lasted as long

as the members of the civilizations remain in unison. When selfishness caused individuals to assert their own interests over and above those of others, along with

consequent immorality it resulted in the destruction of that civilization. The message of

the Prophets throughout history was just that. Flood at the time of Noah, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Giving of the land of

Canaan to Israel, Captivity of Judah and Israel and the fall of all the empires of the world testify to this. .

An obvious way of try to prevent decoherence from damaging quantum states should be

by reducing the strength of the coupling between the system and its environment. Nonetheless, it is never possible to reduce this coupling to zero and eliminate

Decoherence totally as long as there is a different wavelength between the two dimensions. Hence we have two choices:

1. reduce the coupling as far as possible

1Jo 2:14 I write to you, fathers, because you know him who is from the beginning. I write

to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word of God abides in you, and you have overcome the evil one.

1Jo 2:15 Do not love the world or the things in the world. If any one loves the world, love for the Father is not in him.

1Jo 2:16 For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life, is not of the Father but is of the world.

1Jo 2:17 And the world passes away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever.

Rom 12:2 Do not be conformed to this world but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that you may prove what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.

The best way to keep the Schrodinger’s cat alive is to decouple the mechanism of cynoid release from the cat’s cage.

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2. Change the environment so that the decoherence is minimized.

It may not be possible to change the whole environment, but it is possible to build a Church so that there will be coherence within the worshipping community. Church is

defined in that way. Phi 1:27 Only let your manner of life be worthy of the gospel of Christ, so that whether I

come and see you or am absent, I may hear of you that you stand firm in one spirit, with one mind striving side by side for the faith of the gospel,

Phi 2:2 complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full

accord and of one mind. Phi 2:3 Do nothing from selfishness or conceit, but in humility count others better than

yourselves. Phi 2:4 Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of

others. Phi 2:5 Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus …., 1Co 12:13 For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body--Jews or Greeks, slaves or

free--and all were made to drink of one Spirit. 1Co 12:14 For the body does not consist of one member but of many. Eph 4:4 There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to the one hope that

belongs to your call, Eph 4:5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism, Eph 4:6 one God and Father of us all, who is above all and through all and in all. Thus the whole church becomes an organism – the bride of Christ causing coherence to form phenomena far greater than any single person can do.

11.7 Coherence and Faith in Action

Apparently the purpose of the church itself seems to be the creation of this coherent force within the universe so that recreation can be achieved through it. The power of the

coherent focused consciousness of many persons joined together with person of

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Godhead (Holy spirit that resides in every believer) far surpasses every other power. If

the early church was able to perform signs, wonders and miracles it was because of this coherence. The power of coherence is clearly stated by Jesus in his faith teachings.

Mat 17:20 He said to them, "Because of your little faith. For truly, I say to you, if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, 'Move from here to

there,' and it will move; and nothing will be impossible to you."

This refers to the coherence within the person itself. While self-coherence itself produces creative forces, it is enhanced by the collective coherence of several.

Mat 18:19 Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven.

Mat 21:21 And Jesus answered them, "Truly, I say to you, if you have faith and never

doubt, you will not only do what has been done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into the sea,' it will be done.

Mat 21:22 And whatever you ask in prayer, you will receive, if you have faith.

Extending this to a church and community of saints the coherence releases unimaginable

creative powers in consonance with that of God. The purpose of the election of the church is essentially for this purpose whereby a recreation and redemption of the universe

could take place.

All through the church history the church emphasized the corporeal worship and prayers

as an essential part of its function. Coherence is attained only through collective worship and prayers. The function of the liturgies, which are often criticized as repetitive and

redundant, is just this. Even the aspect of mystery in the worship adds to this bosonic condensation process.

Because man is the image of God as a Sons of God power to create and destroy ate in the

expressions of human consciousness. Since there are several such sources they can cause coherence or de-coherence, cause immense creation or destruction.

Pro 16:1 The plans of the mind belong to man, but the answer of the tongue is from the LORD

Pro 18:21 Death and life are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its

fruits.

Resonant coherence is the greatest creative power. The fall of Jericho is one such fine example of the power of coherence. It was not only

the resonance of the trumpet sounds alone but also the coherent power of the mind that

collapsed the impregnable walls of Jericho.

Mat 18:19 Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will be done for them by my Father in heaven.

In order to recreate the cosmos God uses the coherence in the church. 2Ch 5:13 and it was the duty of the trumpeters and singers to make themselves heard in

unison in praise and thanksgiving to the LORD), and when the song was raised, with trumpets and cymbals and other musical instruments, in praise to the LORD, "For he

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is good, for his steadfast love endures for ever," the house, the house of the LORD,

was filled with a cloud, 2Ch 5:14 so that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud; for the

glory of the LORD filled the house of God.

11.8 Church: The Worshipping Community as a Coherent System

From the above analysis we can see that power lies in coherence. Salvation through

faith believing with the heart and confessing with the mouth is vigorously taught by the

evangelicals. In this we have the coherence between the heart and the mouth.

Rom 10:8 But what does it say? The word is near you, on your lips and in your heart

(that is, the word of faith which we preach); Rom 10:9 because, if you confess with your lips that Jesus is Lord and believe in your

heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.

Rom 10:10 For man believes with his heart and so is justified, and he confesses with his lips and so is saved.

Thus the salvation is based on the concurrence and coherence of heart and mind. But that is only the beginning of the process.

The celebrated power of faith follows from this creative power of coherence of the whole person.

Mat 21:21 And Jesus answered them, "Truly, I say to you, if you have faith and never

doubt, you will not only do what has been done to the fig tree, but even if you say to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into the sea,' it will be done.

Mat 21:22 And whatever you ask in prayer, you will receive, if you have faith." Notice the emphasis on “do not doubt” showing extreme coherence of total personality.

In fact we could define faith as that.

. Mar 11:22 And Jesus answered them, "Have faith in God. Mar 11:23 Truly, I say to you, whoever says to this mountain, 'Be taken up and cast into

the sea,' and does not doubt in his heart, but believes that what he says will come to pass, it will be done for him.

Mar 11:24 Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours

If the coherence of a single person in his personality has that power, the scripture

attributes much greater powers of creation to he coherence of two people. Mat 18:19 Again I say to you, if two of you agree on earth about anything they ask, it will

be done for them by my Father in heaven. Mat 18:20 For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in the midst of

them."

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Notice that Jesus mentions “anything they ask” making the statement broad enough to

include all that pertains to material realm. The coherence of two is referred to by Peter for the power of husband and wife. 1Pe 3:7 Likewise you husbands, live considerately with your wives, bestowing honor on

the woman as the weaker sex, since you are joint heirs of the grace of life, in order that your prayers may not be hindered.

In comparing Church as the body of Christ and also as the Bride of Christ, the

implication is this coherence which gives the body the awesome power of creation with

Christ. But this comes in its fullest extend when the Church is in unison with the will of Christ.

In order to establish the unity and resonance, the institution of church uses various

methods. It is in this that the value of rituals and music and corporal worship and

activites has any relevance. The church becomes the organic unity through these modes. It has been long known that rituals bind families and people together even when those

rituals has no specific significance. Doing things together where minds and hearts are brought together creates this unity.

In fact all religion rely on these methods to produce coherence within its body and with the god whom they worship. It is this that brings power within the religion. Since man is

created in the image of God this creative power is never taken away and it is being exercised both for good and for evil in every community religious or otherwise.

11.9 Consciousness and Anesthesiology The understanding of Consciousness as a Quantum phenomena has much more practical

application in medicine in the field of Anesthesia. In the medical scient two factos stand out.

1. consciousness is not directly observable nor measurable, and 2. the mechanism of consciousness is unknown.

The science of anaesthesia is an empirical science today. The theoretical foundations are found in the century-old Meyer-Overton correlation [ Eger EI et al (1996) Anesth Analg

84:915] and in the recent work by Franks and Lieb [Franks NP & Lieb WR (1982)

Nature 300:487 ; Franks NP & Lieb WR (1984) Nature 310:599-601]

It is proposed that anesthetic gas molecules act by weak, physical interactions in hydrophobic pockets of a class of brain proteins (e.g. receptors for GABAA, glycine,

serotonin, acetylcholine etc. and perhaps other proteins). By so doing, anesthetics prevent

functional protein conformational dynamics and consciousness. The interactions by which anesthetics exert their effects are assumed to be van der Waals London forces—

quantum mechanical dipole couplings among electron clouds of atoms and molecules. In highly polarizable hydrophobic pockets, these quantum dipole couplings occur

between electron clouds of non-polar amino acid residues and anesthetic gas molecules. Other molecules also bind in the same pockets by London forces but do not cause

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anesthesia and in some cases are convulsant. So true anesthetics must act by specific

London forces to prevent a process necessary for consciousness

Quantum theory describes the bizarre properties of matter and energy at near-atomic scales.

These properties include:

• quantum coherence (individual particles yield identity to a collective, unifying wave function),

• non-locality (spatially separated particle states are nonetheless connected, or “entangled”),

• quantum superposition (particles exist in two or more states or locations

simultaneously) and

• “collapse of the wave function” (superpositioned particles reduce, or collapse to

distinct, definite states or locations—a mechanism utilized in quantum computers).

These properties lend themselves to certain aspects of consciousness beyond protein conformational regulation:

• Quantum coherence is connected to the unity of conscious “self” [Marshall IN (1989) New Ideas in Psychology 7:73 ;

Jibu, M. and Yasue, K. (1995) Quantum brain dynamics. John Benjamins,

Amsterdam}

• Non-local entanglement is associated with memory, and

• Quantum superposition is related to multiple sub-conscious possibilities

• And Quantum Collapsing is related to distinct choices or perceptions [Penrose R (1989) The Emperor's New Mind, Oxford Press, Oxford UK.

Stapp, H.P. (1993) Mind, matter and quantum mechanics. Berlin, Springer-Verlag Penrose R. & Hameroff S. (1995) Journal of Consciousness Studies 2(2) 98

Hameroff S & Penrose R (1996) J Consciousness Studies 3(1):36.

Hameroff S (1998) Phil Trans Royal Society London (A) 356:1869] and

• Rapid “decoherence” (loss of quantum state) due to environmental thermal interactions

[Tegmark M (2000) Phys Rev E 61:4194 Seife C (2000) Science 287:791]

[Anesthesia, consciousness and quantum theory

Stuart R. Hameroff M.D.

Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychology Associate Director, Center for Consciousness Studies

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona www.consciousness.arizona.edu/hameroff

How do anesthetics act? {From Hameroff (1998) Toxicology Letters100/101:31]

.

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A. Schematized protein switching between two conformational states governed by van

der Waals London force interactions in a hydrophobic pocket.

Top: Protein switching between 2 conformational states coupled to localization of paired

electrons (London force) within a hydrophobic pocket.

Bottom: quantum superposition (simultaneous existence in two distinct states) of the

electron pair and protein conformation.

B. Top: Schematic of anesthetic (A) in hydrophobic pocket retarding electron mobility

thus preventing protein conformational change and quantum coherent superposition.

Bottom: Convulsant molecule (C) in hydrophobic pocket promotes electron mobility and

protein dynamical switching.