Quarter 3 Study Guide

7th Grade Science Name: ______________________________ Per: _____ Date: ___________________

Quarter 3 Study Guide

Vocabulary

Be familiar with ALL the terms. If needed, use your notes to create a flashcards to review.

Sediment

Deposition

Crystallization

Magma

Lava

Grain

Igneous rock

Sedimentary- rock

Metamorphic- rock

Seismic waves

Crust

Mantle

Core

Inner core

Outer core

Mid-ocean ridges

Sea floor spreading

Subduction

Convection

Faults

Divergent- boundary

Convergent- boundary

Transform- boundary

Mineral

Focus

Epicenter

Fault

P-wave

S-wave

Richter scale

Mercalli scale

Seismograph

Krakatoa

Earth’s revolution

Earth’s rotation

Solstice

Equinox

Crescent- (moon)

Gibbous (moon)

Waning (moon)

Waxing (moon)

Neap tide

Spring tide

High tide

Low tide

Planet

Eclipse

Solar eclipse

Lunar eclipse

Umbra

Penumbra

Moon

Geocentric model

Heliocentric model

Inner planet

Outer planet

Gas giant

Constellation

Copernicus

Ptolemy

Hutton

Wegener

Star

Quasar

Nebula

Star system

Dual star system

Binary star system

Triple star system

Protostar

Red giant

Supergiant

White dwarf

Black dwarf

Supernova

Black hole

Open cluster

Globular cluster

Spiral galaxy

Elliptical galaxy

Irregular galaxy

Ecology

Organism

Habitat

Biotic factor

Abiotic factor

Photosynthesis

Species

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Natural- selection

Adaptations

Competition

Niche

Predation

Predator

Prey

Death rate

Birth rate

Immigration

Emigration

Population density

Limiting factor

Carrying capacity

Producer

Consumer

Primary consumer

Secondary consumer

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Scavenger

Decomposers

Food chain

Food web

Energy pyramid

Biodiversity

Sustainable yield

Biome

Permafrost

Tundra

Deciduous Forest

Tropical rainforest

Temperate rainforest

Grassland

Desert

Boreal forest

Intertidal zone

Neritic zone

Estuary

Open ocean

Natural resource

Renewable resource

Nonrenewable resource

Pollution

Clear cutting

Selective cutting

Fishery

Aquaculture

Keystone species

Extinction

Captive breeding

Habitat destruction

Habitat fragmentation

Endangered species

Threatened species

Poaching

Topics

1. Scientific Method

a. Know all the steps of the scientific method (think science fair)

b. Be able to identify which parts are which in an experiment

c. Know independent and dependent variables

2. Metric system units

a. Know what units are used to measure length, mass, volume, and time

b. Know how to use the tools/instruments to measure in those units (ruler, scale/balance, graduated cylinder)


3. Lab safety

a. Know the basic safety rules

b. Use the Flinn safety sheet for further studying

4. Plate tectonics

a. Know what Continental Drift Theory is

b. Know who Alfred Wegener is and what he accomplished

c. Know what the evidence for Continental Drift Theory was

d. Know what Plate Tectonics are

e. Know the 3 types of boundaries between plates

f. Know what drives the movement of the plates

g. Know landforms created by plate tectonics

5. Earthquakes and volcanoes

a. Know what causes earthquakes

b. Know the waves created by earthquakes (P waves, S waves, surface waves, Love waves)

c. Know what a seismograph is

d. Know the cause of a volcano (how they are formed)

e. Know what the Ring of Fire is

6. Layers of Earth

a. Know the layers of the Earth

b. Know attributes of each layer of Earth

7. Minerals

a. Know the traits of the minerals

b. Know how to tell minerals apart

8. Rocks

a. Know the 3 types of rocks

b. Know how to tell the difference between each rock

c. Know examples of each type of rock

9. Rock cycle

a. Know how rocks are formed

b. Know where each type of rock most likely forms

10. Seasons

a. Know the difference between the seasons

b. Know how the Earth’s tilt affects seasons

c. Know what equinoxes and solstices are

d. Know how amount of daylight is affected by seasons

e. Know how to identify the seasons from Earth’s orbit

11. Moon phases

a. Know all the names of the moon phases

b. Know how to identify the moon’s phases by its location

c. Know how eclipses occur

d. Know the shadows formed (umbra, penumbra)

12. Tides

a. Know what tides are

b. Know how to explain the formation of tides (effect of gravities of Moon and Sun)

c. Know how to explain neap and spring tides

13. Constellations

a. Know the major constellations per season and their names

14. Solar system

a. Know all 8 planets and their names and order

b. Know basic facts about each planet

c. Know the difference between inner and outer planets

d. Know what the asteroid and Kuiper belts are

15. Asteroids, Comets, and meteors

a. Be able to identify asteroids, comets, and meteors


b. Know where to find each one

16. Star life

a. Know how stars are born

b. Know what types of stars there are

c. Know how stars will die

17. Star systems

a. Know the types of star systems

b. Know the types of clusters

c. Know the types of galaxies

18. History of Astronomy

a. Know who Copernicus was and what he accomplished

b. Know who Ptolemy was and what he accomplished

19. Environment

a. Know the difference between biotic and abiotic factors

b. Know the levels of organization

20. Populations

a. Know the ways to study a population size

b. Know all the ways populations can change

21. Ecosystems and Biomes

a. Know the types of interactions

b. Know the energy roles

c. Know how food chains and food webs work

d. Know how to analyze an energy pyramid

e. Know all the different biomes

22. Resources

a. Know the types of environmental issues

b. Know how forests and fisheries can become sustainable

c. Know the value of biodiversity

d. Know the factors of biodiversity

e. Be able to explain extinction and what causes it

f. Be able to provide examples of human destruction and protection of biodiversity

Practice problems

1. Write at least 9 mineral traits that can be used to tell the difference between minerals.

a. _________________ f. _____________________

b. _________________ g. _____________________

c. _________________ h. _____________________

d. _________________ i. _____________________

e. _________________

2. Label the following as (I)gneous, (S)edimentary, or (M)etamorphic

a. ______ clastic rock

b. ______ granite

c. ______ non-foliated rock

d. ______ cooled magma/lava

e. ______ made by erosion, deposition,

compaction, cementation

f. ______ sandstone

g. ______ chemical rock

h. ______ intrusive rock

i. ______ slate

j. ______ made by heat and pressure

k. ______ organic rock

l. ______ basalt

m. ______ limestone

n. ______ marble

o. ______ extrusive rock

p. ______ foliated rock

3. Mark the following as [T]rue or [F]alse

a. _____ Seismic waves can be measured with a seismograph

b. _____ The material in the Earth affects seismic wave speed and rhythm


c. _____ As you go deeper in the Earth, temperature goes up

d. _____ Divergent plates can cause rift valleys

e. _____ Deep ocean trenches are formed only by transform boundaries

f. _____ Pangaea is the ancient continent made of all the current continents

g. _____ Mountains can be created when convergent plates push upwards

4. Label the following as [C]rust, [M]antle, and [Co]re

a. _____ 3,486 km thick

b. _____ Has 3 layers

c. _____ The innermost layer of the planet

d. _____ Contains oceanic crust and continental crust

e. _____ 5 – 40 km thick

f. _____ Layer of hot rock

g. _____ Contains asthenosphere

h. _____ 3000 km thick

i. _____ A layer of solid rock that includes dry land and ocean floor

j. _____ Contains outer core

k. _____ Contains dense ball of solid metal

5. Explain how the Plate Tectonic theory was formed:

a. What did Alfred Wegener say in his Continental Drift Theory?

b. What did Alfred Wegener use as evidence for his Continental Drift Theory?

c. Did scientists accept his theory? Why or why not?

d. What evidence showed up later in history?

6. Label the following as (D)ivergent, (C)onvergent, and (T)ransform boundaries: a. _____ Creation of rift valleys

b. _____ Plates move away from each other

c. _____ Subduction occurs here

d. _____ Plates slip past each other

e. _____ Plates move towards each other

f. _____ Creation of deep ocean trenches

g. _____ Creation of a volcano

h. _____ Creation of mountains

7. Mark the following as True or False

a. ___ seismic waves travel towards the surface only

b. ___ the Richter scale measures the destruction of an earthquake

c. ___ the Mercalli scale measures the destruction of an earthquake

8. Write the scientific method.

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________


9. Label the layers of the Earth:

10. Fill the following blanks using IGNEOUS ROCK, METAMORPHIC ROCK, SEDIMENTARY ROCK, MAGMA, and SEDIMENT.


11. Use the following table to determine the answers:

a. What mineral can be identified by smell? b. What minerals have a colorless streak? c. Which minerals have a dull luster? d. Which minerals can scratch fluorite? e. Which minerals can scratch feldspar? f. Which minerals most likely can be magnetized?

12. Match the correct definitions with their words:

a. Variable a. the result in an experiment b. Dependent (Manipulated) variable b. factors that can change in an experiment c. Independent (Responding) variable c. a variable you change or control

13. List the following as (S)afe or (D)angerous in a lab.

a. _____ wafting vapors to test for smell

b. _____ wearing goggles or safety glasses

c. _____ any sort of horseplay

d. _____ touching a piece of glass that looks cool (without testing)

e. _____ using an unlabeled beaker of clear liquid

f. _____ asking for assistance from the teacher

g. _____ wearing close-toed shoes

h. _____ wearing long sleeves, necklaces, or other hanging ornaments

i. _____ tying up long hair

j. _____ cleaning up

14. Mark the following as True or False

a. ____ a solstice is the time of the year when the Sun is at its highest or lowest in the sky

b. ____ the biggest factor to Earth’s seasons is its distance from the Sun

c. ____ the Earth rotates clockwise when looking down from the South pole

d. ____ a volcano with extremely explosive eruptions most likely have high silica magma

e. ____ the Earth’s axis tilt is angled at 23.5 degrees

f. ____ constellations are groupings of stars


g. ____ an equinox is the time of year directly in the middle of two solstices

h. ____ the spring tide occurs when the Sun and Moon are lined up

i. ____ the high tide is due to the Sun’s position relative to the Earth

15. Solve the lunar cycle problems to the right.

16. Explain why each diagram has the face of the moon

that it does.

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

17. Write the seasons for both North and South

hemispheres in the following diagram:


18. Name the following constellations

a. ________________________ e. ________________________

b. ________________________ f. ________________________

c. ________________________ g. ________________________

19. For the following diagram, describe each position as HIGH tide or LOW tide.

20. For the following diagram, label as SPRING tide or NEAP tide


21. Draw a flow chart showing how stars’ lives could turn out based on their masses. Star with NEBULA and

include all the following: PROTOSTAR (high mass, medium mass, low mass), STAR, WHITE DWARF, BLACK

DWARF, SUPERGIANT, NEUTRON STAR, BLACK HOLE.

22. List all 8 planets and list as many features for each planet as possible.

23. Mark the following as (A)biotic or (B)iotic

a. Grass eaten by mountain goat

b. Dead log used as a home by raccoon

c. Lion that hunts the gazelle

d. Clouds that provide shade

e. Trees that drop fruit in the springtime

f. Pond that nurses young dragonflies until they are old enough to fly

g. Cold icy weather that only allows animals with fur or blubber to survive

h. Worms eaten by mole

i. Leaves used to attach ends of a spider web

j. Seaweed that does not affect the seagulls

24. List all the abiotic factors.

a. ________________

b. ________________

c. ________________

d. ________________

e. ________________


25. List the levels of organization

a. ________________

b. ________________

c. ________________

d. ________________

26. Label the following as either (↑) increase or (↓) decrease in population:

a. _____ birth rate > death rate

b. _____ immigration occurs

c. _____ emigration occurs

d. _____ death rate > birth rate

e. _____ new members arrive to the population

f. _____ carrying capacity increases

g. _____ limiting factors increase

h. _____ competition increases

i. _____ loss of habitat

j. _____ increase in predation

k. _____ food increases

l. _____ overpopulation occurs

27. Mark the following as (C)ompetition, (P)redation, and (S)ymbiosis

a. ___ a fox chases after a rabbit

b. ___ both gazelles and wildebeests eat grass

c. ___ sardines are hunted by dolphins, seagulls, and sharks and whales

d. ___ a tapeworm feeds on the digested food in a human’s intestines

e. ___ a mosquito drinks the blood from a cow’s leg

f. ___ a red-tailed hawk rests on a cactus and looks for prey


28. Using the food web above, answer the following: a. Identify all producers: ________________________________________________

b. Identify all primary consumers: _____________________________________________

c. Identify all secondary consumers:

_______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

d. Identify the apex (top) predator: _____________________________________________

e. Identify the herbivores: ____________________________________________________

f. Identify the carnivores: ____________________________________________________

g. Identify the omnivores: ____________________________________________________

h. Identify the prey of the leopard seal:

________________________________________________________________________

i. Identify all organisms that would be affected by the extinction of the cod:

_______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

j. Would Adelie penguin populations increase or decrease if krill populations increased?

_______________________________________________

k. Would Adelie penguin populations increase or decrease if cod populations increased?

________________________________________________

29. Answer the following with (P)roducers, (H)erbivores, (C)arnivore, and (T)op predator: a. ______________________ has the highest population

b. ______________________ has the least energy

c. ____________________ has more energy than herbivores

d. ____________________ cannot have more energy than

herbivores

e. ____________________ has more energy than carnivores

f. ____________________ are primary consumers

g. ____________________ are secondary consumers

h. If there is roughly 50,000 kcal of bio-energy at level 1 (producers),

then how much will there roughly be at level 3 (carnivores)? _______________________

30. Label each with one of the seven biomes.

a. _____________________________ extremely dry, extreme temperatures

b. _____________________________ warm, lots of rain, has lots of trees and high biodiversity

c. _____________________________ dry, cold, very little trees and has permafrost

d. _____________________________ moderate temperature, lots of rain, has lots of trees and high

biodiversity

e. _____________________________ dry, hot temperatures, has mostly non-woody plants

f. _____________________________ cold, has trees like spruce or fir, snow melts in the summer

g. _____________________________ has all four seasons, deciduous trees, moderate amount of

rain, and animals like deer and squirrels


31. Mark the following as (T)rue or (F)alse

a. ______ one way to protect the biodiversity of fisheries is via fishing limits

b. ______ exotic species invading an ecosystem can hurt biodiversity

c. ______ clear cutting is habitat destruction

d. ______ biodiversity can have economic benefits like providing food, raw materials, and

medicine

e. ______ forests can become a renewable resource through selective cutting

f. ______ a sustainable yield can only be achieved by poaching

g. ______ trees can prevent flooding and erosion

h. ______ climate and area affect biodiversity

i. ______ keystone species only affect producers

j. ______ captive breeding is an example of humans destroying biodiversity

k. ______ coal is considered a natural resource

l. ______ fossil fuels are considered a renewable resource

m. ______ aquaculture helps protect fishery biodiversity

A student wants to learn how to produce stronger buildings that can withstand earthquakes so that people

can be safer. After reading a lot about earthquakes, he believes that buildings that are closer to the

ground will survive much better since they would not shake as much during an earthquake.

He creates three small Lego buildings of different heights and puts

each one separately on a board that is designed to shake back and

forth like in an earthquake. He shook the board until the building

would break and collapse.

Table 1 – Time before collapse (in seconds)

The student looks at his results and realizes that he did not do the

earthquake (shaking) the same way each time.

He concludes that having tall buildings would be a bad idea in

earthquake areas.

32. Answer the following questions based on the passage above:

a. Write the question for this experiment:

_____________________________________________________________________________

b. Write the hypothesis for this experiment:

______________________________________________________________________________

c. Identify the independent and dependent variables:

IV = _______________________________ DV = __________________________________

Building Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Short

(4 blocks)

92s 89s 99s 93.3s

Medium

(8 blocks)

17s 15s 100s 44.0s

Tall

(16 blocks)

13s 1s 44s 19.3s


d. (Choose one) Figure 1 (setup of experiment) best represents which part of the scientific method?

i. Hypothesis

ii. Question

iii. Results

iv. Conclusion

v. Materials and Method

e. According to the data, which type of building would be best against earthquakes?

______________________________________________________________________________

f. In table 1, what does the (4 blocks), (8 blocks), and (16 blocks) mean?

_______________________________________________________________________________

g. Should the conclusion be based on Trial 1, Trial 2, Trial 3, or Average in the Results

table?__________________________________________

h. What was the student’s error?

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

i. Give a suggestion as to how the student can make sure not to make the error again.

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Documents

Quarter 3 Study Guide