Question of the Day DEC 20A nucleotide does not contain

A. a 5-C sugarB. polymeraseC. a nitrogenous baseD. a phosphate group

DO NOW DEC 20How is genetic information stored within our cells?

DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 20Humans have 46 chromosomes.Chromosomes are made of DNA.Each chromosome contains genes that code for specific traits.Genetic Blueprints.

AGENDA Dec 20Big Question: What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA?

1. DO NOW2. The discovery of DNA3. Early Experiments4. Closing Thoughts and Review5. HOMEWORK: READ Section 12-2 and Guided Reading Questions

Decoding our GenesWe use letters, punctuation, and symbols to form words, write, and communicate.

sala lekcyjna

What do these letters mean?

Decoding our GenesClass room in Polish

Words do not have meaning to us unless we can understand the language.

Question of the DAY DEC 23In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in theA. ribosomesB. nucleusC. cytoplasmD. mitochondria

AGENDA Dec 23Big Question: What did scientists discover about existence of DNA?

1. Question of the DAY2. The discovery of DNA3. Early Experiments4. PRESENTATIONS5. Closing Thoughts and Review

The Universal Language of LifeIn this chapter, we will exploreEarly scientific research leading to the discovery of DNA.The processes responsible for copying DNA and protein synthesis.ReplicationTranscriptionTranslation

Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

12-1: Discovering DNAFrederick Griffith (1928)tried to find better ways to fight pneumoniaisolated 2 types of bacteria that cause pneumoniasmooth: deadly formrough: nondeadly form

Griffiths ExperimentR-strain (Rough): NonvirulentS-strain (Smooth): VirulentHeat Killed S-Strain: Nonvirulent

R-strain + Heat Killed S-strain: ???

Griffiths Results

What killed the mouse?Why did the R-strain and heat killed S-strain combination kill the mouse?

Transformationwhen one type of bacteria is changed into anotherrealized some molecule changed harmless rough bacteria into deadly smooth bacteria

Question of the DAY Jan 2The process that changes one strain of bacteria into another strain is called

A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. TransformationD. Replication

DO NOW Jan 2Cross a heterozygous long clawed, homozygous dominant spotted coat jaguar with a short clawed, black coat jaguar.

What are the chances of having a short-clawed, spotted coat jaguar?

SAMPLE TEST Question4 minutes to solve this problem. GO!

DO NOW Answer Jan 2

cscscscsCSCcSsCcSsCcSsCcSsCSCcSsCcSsCcSsCsSscSccSsccSsccSsccSscSccSsccSsccSsccSs

AGENDA Jan 2BIG Question: What is the relationship between genes and DNA?

1. Question and DO NOW2. Finish Section 12-1 History of DNA/Experiments3. Critical Thinking Response4. Review and HOMEWORK: Guided Reading Packet 12-25. History of DNA Quiz on MONDAY Jan 6

Oswald Avery (1944)wanted to find out which molecule caused transformationfound transformation was blocked when DNA was destroyedconcluded genes are made up of DNA

DNA is the Transforming FactorAverys Experiment

Treated the R-strain and heat killed S-strain bacteria with enzymes designed to destroy proteins and DNA.

Proteins were destroyed mouse diedDNA was destroyed mouse lived

Hershey and Chase (1952)used bacteriophages: type of virus that infects bacteriacontains protein and DNAused radioactive isotopes

Hershey and Chases Resultsused radioactive isotopes to label the DNA and protein in a bacteriophagelabeled DNA with phosphorus-32labeled protein with sulfur-35allowed bacteriophage to infect a bacteriumfound bacterium was made radioactive by phosphorus-32concluded genetic material of bacteriophage must be DNA

Hershey and Chase

Hershey and Chase Animationhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio21.swf::Hershey%20and%20Chase%20Experiment

Chapter 12-1: Quiz Jan 6History of DNA QUIZ

You have 15 minutes to complete the quiz.

AGENDA Jan 6Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Structure of DNA3. Review chromatin and chromosomes4. Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick5. Closing Thoughts and Review

12-2: DNA Structure and ReplicationDNAdeoxyribonucleic acidmade of polymers of nucleotides, which have three partsphosphate groupnitrogenous base5-carbon sugar: deoxyribose

DNA and Chromosomesgenetic information is on chromosomeschromosomes made up of chromatinchromatin consists of DNA and proteinhistones: class of proteins that bind directly to DNAform tiny particles called nucleosomeshelp to unfold and package DNA

Types of Nucleotidesadenine (A)cytosine (C)guanine (G)thymine (T)nucleotides are different because of the base they contain

Chargaffs Rules (1950)amounts of adenine and thymine were the sameamounts of cytosine and guanine were the same

Rosalind Franklin (1951)used x-ray diffraction: when an x-ray beam is aimed at a sample and is then scattered and recorded on filmunlocked clues to DNA structure

Rosalind FranklinThe Unsung Herohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6k1jpQIlEU

Watson and Crickcreated a model for the structure of DNAcontained two strandstwisted like a helixdouble helixbonds between nitrogenous bases hold strands togetherbase pairsA-TC-Gstrands are complimentary

Question of the DAY Jan 7Hershey and Chase labeled proteins of bacteriophages withA. Phosphorus 32B. Phosphorus 35C. Sulfur 32D. Sulfur 35

DO NOW Jan 7How are our cells similar to a library?

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 7Our cells store genetic information in our chromosomes.Chromosomes are similar to bookshelves.The genes found on our chromosomes are like books on a shelf.Each gene is organized on a specific chromosome.Information on genes are read by the cell much like we would read a book.

AGENDA Jan 7Big Question: How did the work of early scientists lead to the discovery of DNA?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Hand in your homework3. Franklin, Watson, and Crick4. DNA Replication5. Closing Thoughts and Review

ReplicationProcess in which DNA is copied

Molecule separates into two strands.Each template strand produces a new complementary strand.

Requires DNA Polymerase

DNA ReplicationDouble helix structure explained how DNA is copied.

Each strand contains all of the information needed to construct the other half.

Rules of base pairing: A = T G = C

DNA PolymeraseEnzyme that joins individual nucleotides together to produce a DNA molecule.

Proofreads new DNA strands for errors.

Copy the following strand of DNAATTCGGTGA

Question of the DAY Jan 8Which pair of molecules are necessary for DNA replication?

A. Rubisco and ChlorophyllB. Helicase and RNA PolymeraseC. DNA Polymerase and RNA PolymeraseD. DNA Polymerase and Helicase

DO NOW Jan 8Explain how 6 feet of DNA can be packed into the nucleus of a microscopic cell.

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 8DNA is packed into our cells as chromatin.

Special proteins called histones bind to the DNA molecules.

Particles called nucleosomes are formed with histones which help to tightly coil up DNA. Supercoiling

AGENDA Jan 81. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Finish Creating your Code ActivityWork on Guided reading Packet 12-23. What is RNA? Section 12-34. Transcription5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

DNA ReplicationA DNA molecule has 2 strands. 5 - 3 strand 3 - 5 strand

Each new strand copied is complementary to its parent (template) strand.

Replication in OrganismsPROKARYOTESStarts at a single point

Two directions

Copies entire chromosome

In what part of the cell does replication occur?EUKARYOTESOccurs in many different places along DNA molecule

Proceeds in two directions

Copies entire chromosome

In what part of the cell does replication occur?

12-3: RNAdecodes the genetic information in DNAalso a nucleic aciddiffers from DNA in 3 wayssugar is ribosesingle-strandedcontains uracil (U) instead of thymine

Transcriptionprocess by which mRNA molecules are madeDNA is a template for mRNARNA polymerase: an enzyme that binds directly to a molecule of DNA produces a strand of RNA AACT UUGAbegins and stops transcription at special start and stop sequences on the DNA

Question of the DAY Jan 9During DNA Replication, a template strand is also known as a

A. complementary strandB. copied strandC. sister strandD. parent strand

DO NOW Jan 91. Copy the following strand of DNAA T T G G C T C C A T G C

2. Transcribe your copied strand from #1.

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 9Replication1. A T T G G C T C C A T G C T A A C C G A G G T A C G

Transcription2. T A A C C G A G G T A C G A U U G G C U C C A U G C

AGENDA Jan 9BIG Question: How are proteins made using RNA?1. DO NOW2. RNA, Translation, and Protein Synthesis3. Transcription/Translation Problems4. Review Key Concepts and Homework

Forms of RNAmRNA: messenger RNA carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides

rRNA: ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes where proteins are made

tRNA: transfer RNA transfers one amino acid after another to the ribosome

Genes in PiecesmRNA is editedparts are discarded called intronsexons: remaining parts that get spliced together and are expressed

Genetic Codeamino acids make up polypeptides which make up proteinsorder of amino acids determine proteininstructions in DNA specify the order the amino acids are put togethercalled the genetic code

Reading the CODON Chart

Decoding the Genetic Codenucleotides in mRNA can code for 20 different amino acids

read in groups of three called codons three nucleotides that specify a specific amino acid

mRNA sequence AAACACGGU

read as 3 codons AAA-CAC-GGUEach codon amino acid lysine-histidine-glycine

Codonsmore than one codon can specify the same amino acidAUG codonstart signal or initiator codoncodes for methionine, which is the first amino acidUAA, UAG, UGA codonsstop signals

Question of the Day Jan 10Which type of RNA is responsible for the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide?A. tRNAB. rRNAC. dRNAD. mRNA

DO NOW Jan 101. Copy the following strand of DNAA A A A T G G C T C C A T G C T G A

2. Transcribe your copied strand from #1.

3. Translate the section of mRNA from #2.

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 10Replication1. A A A A T G G C T C C A T G C T G A T T T T A C C G A G G T A C G A C T

Transcription2. T T T T A C C G A G G T A C G A C T A A A A U G G C U C C A U G C U G A

DO NOW Answered Jan 103. Translation A A A A U G G C U C C A U G C U G A

AUG GCU CCA UGC UGA MET ALA PRO CYS

AGENDA Jan 10BIG Question: How is a protein produced using RNA?1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Translation3. Transcription/Translation Practice Problems4. Homework and ReviewQUIZ on MONDAY!!!!!CH 12 TEST NEXT WEEK!!!!!!!!!!!

TranslationThe decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain (protein).happens in cytoplasmrRNA in ribosomes reads codons in mRNAtRNA brings proper amino acids to form protein

Translation in Four StepsRead your textbook: Pages 304 and 305

STEP A: Messenger RNA mRNA is transcribed from DNAIn nucleus released into cytoplasmAttaches to a ribosome

STEP B: Transfer RNAEach tRNA has an anitcodon (complementary to codon on mRNA).Codon = AAAAnticodon = UUU

Translation in Four StepsSTEP C: Polypeptide Assembly LineRibosome joins the amino acids togetherAfter an amino acid is joined to the chain, the tRNA exits the ribosome.Another tRNA delivers its amino acid to the Ribosome

STEP D: Completing the PolypeptideThe Ribosome moves along the mRNA.Translation STOPS when it reads a STOP Codon.Polypeptide is complete folds into a Protein

Translation Animationhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_translation_works.html

DO NOW Jan 13How does tRNA help in the decoding of mRNA?

DO NOW ANSWEREDtRNA contains a complementary codon to the one found on the mRNA.The codon found on tRNA is called an anti-codon.tRNA carries a specific amino acid to ribosomes where they are joined together to form a polypeptide.CODON UAUANTICODON AUA

Question of the DAY Jan 13The anticodon carried on tRNA for the codon CAG is

A. CUGB. GTCC. GACD. GUC

AGENDA Jan 13Big Question: How do mutations affect cells?

1. Question of the Day2. Review Translation Problems3. Mutations4. Review Key Concepts5. HOMEWORK 12-4 and 12-5 Guided Reading Packet (Graded)STUDY for QUIZ Tomorrow - Translation

12-4 MutationsChanges in genetic material.Gene Mutations occur within a single gene.READ Pages 307 - 308

POINT Mutation changes in one or a few nucleotidesSubstitutions affect a single amino acidInsertions can be more damagingDeletions can be more damaging

MutationsFrameshift Mutation reading frame of codons are shiftedMay affect all amino acids in an mRNA sequenceProtein may not be able to perform its function

Chromosomal Mutation changes number or structure of chromosomes.Change locations of genes and change numbers of copies of genes.

MutationsMutations are a source of genetic variation.

Some mutations are beneficial to organisms.

Polyploidy is a condition where organisms have extra sets of chromosomes.Polyploid plants are stronger and larger than diploid ones.Bananas, strawberries, citrus fruits

AGENDA Jan 14Big Question: How do mutations affect cells?

1. QUIZ on Translation2. Regulating Gene Expression3. Review Key Concepts4. STUDY GUIDES Homework CheckSTUDY for TEST on Thursday

12-5: Controlling Gene Expressioncells regulate gene transcriptionthey do not always need a genes producta transcribed gene is said to be expressed or turned ona gene that is not being transcribed is off

Gene Expressionpromoter: binding site for RNA polymerasemoves along DNAfinds the first genestarts transcriptionrepressor: DNA binding proteinblocks a genes transcriptionoperator: special region of DNA repressor binds hereRNA polymerase can not move past operator

Lac OperonTEXTBOOK Pages 309-310Operon group of genes that operate together.Found in the bacterium E. coli

Lac genes are 3 genesNeeded to break down lactose for a food source.

Requires lactose to enter the cell.Lactose binds repressor and activates lac genes.RNA Polymerase free to move and begin transcription

Eukaryotic Gene RegulationMost genes controlled individually

Contain complex regulatory sequences

TATA Box short sequence of TATATA or TATAAAMarks a point along DNA just before spot to begin transcription.Makes cell specialization possible

Only a small number of genes expressed in each type of cellSkin cell versus liver cell versus blood cell

Development and DifferentiationGene expression important in development of complex organisms.

Differentiation is the specific growth of a cells structure and function.Occurs during embryonic growth.

HOX Genes control this process in the embryo.Mutations can completely change growth in organism.

HOX GenesIn the fruit fly, a mutation can replace the antennae with legs growing on its head.

HOX genes very similar in all organisms.Due to common ancestry between organisms

Gene controlling eye growth in mouse inserted into the knee of a fruit flyAn eye grew on the leg of this fruit fly.

These two animals have not shared a common ancestor in 600 million years.