Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Questor Surveys Limited55A Port Street East, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5G 4P3 Tel: (416) 271-0311 Telex: 06-960214 Fax.: (416) 271-4414
42D15NE8014 2.12919 WALSH 010
2. 12919
INPUT ELECTROMAGNETIC/MAGNETIC SURVEY
NORANDA EXPLORATION COMPANY, LIMITED
SANTOY LAKE AREA
88012 May, 1988
42D15NE8814 3.18919 WALSH 010C
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . l
2. PROJECT LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. SURVEY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... 3
3a. Survey Personnel . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. .... 33b. Instruments ... .... ...... .. ......... ...... ........... 43c . Production . .... . . . . ... . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . .... 53d. Products ......... . ........ ... ..... . ................ . 63e. Survey Procedure . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . . ......... 73f. Magnetic Diurnal ... .... . ..... ....... . .... ........ ... 9
4. DATA COMPILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4a. Data Recovery .... . ........ ... ... ... . ....... ....... .. lo4b. Computer Processing ... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .,. ., ... . 12
5. INPUT DATA PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 13
6. INTERPRETATION - GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 15
6a. Geological Perspective ... . . .. ... . . . . . . ... . . .... . .. .. 156b. Conductivity Analysis .... .... ....... ................ 16
7. INPUT INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
APPENDICESAPPENDIX A QUESTOR MARK VI INPUT (R ' System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-lAPPENDIX B The Survey Aircraft ....... .... .............. .. B-1APPENDIX C INPUT System Characteristics .. . . ... . ..... . . . .. C-1APPENDIX D INPUT Processing ..... ........ .............. ... D-lAPPENDIX E INPUT Interpretation Procedures ............. .. E-lAPPENDIX F INPUT Response Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .. . . F-lAPPENDIX G Quantitative Interpretation ................... G-lAPPENDIX H Magnetometer ........................ .......... H-lAPPENDIX I Bibliography . .. .... .. ... .. . . . . . ... . ........... I-l
Data Sheets
-25-
t INTRODUCTION
This report details the operation and interpretation of a
fixed-wing airborne INPUT electromagnetic and magnetic survey flown
for Noranda Exploration Company, Limited. The system used was the
Questor MK VI, 2 ms, INPUT system. The standard specifications for
the INPUT transmitter and receiver are outlined in Appendix A.
The survey was commissioned by Garth Pierce of Noranda on
February 25, 1988. T. Mcconnell, Geophysicist for Questor,
supervised the data compilation and interpretation through to the
completion of the project in May, 1988.
The survey objective is the detection and location of base
metal sulphide conductors as well as any structures and
conductivity patterns which could have a positive influence on gold
and base metal exploration.
The primary survey area consists of 466 kilometres of
traverse and control lines. These were flown between the dates of
March 3 and March 7, 1988 using Thunder Bay as the survey
operations base.
PROJECT LOCATION
The survey area lies within the Province of Ontario,
approximately 20 kilometres east-north east of the town of Terrace
Bay. The area is located between latitudes 48O 49' and 48O 52 I and
longitudes 8^42' and 8 ^56* ( figure 1). Map sheet Coldwell
(N.T.S. 42D/15) includes the survey site which is approximately 180
kilometres east of Thunder Bay.
-2-
E K '*.V"~BMSi— l \ ,. ... ,^,- f ..iVJ 48 45 X rv h d w ri on B o ) Coldwell^
SURVEY LOCATION MAPScale 1: 250000
10 Kilometres
Figure
i;
SURVEY OPERATIONS
3a. Survey Personnel
The survey crew was made up of experienced Questor
employees:
Pilot/Captain of Aircraft - C. Flamand
Co-pilot/Navigator - K. Wilson
Equipment Technician - W. Hutchinson
Aircraft Engineer - D. Dawson
The flight path recovery was completed at the survey base,
while the final data compilation and drafting was carried out by
Questor at its Mississauga, Ontario office. The magnetic and
electromagnetic processing was carried out using Questor software
and computer drafted. The INPUT interpretation and report was
completed by T. Mcconnell.
John Gingerich, Geophysicist for Noranda was the technical
authority for the project. A preliminary compilation of results
was presented to Noranda after the completion of the field data
acquisition.
-3-
Instruments
A Short Skyvan, registration C-GDRG, equipped with the
following instruments was used for the survey:
1. Mark VI INPUT Electromagnetic System (12 channels, 2 msec
pulse) ;
2. Geometrics G-813 Proton Magnetometer (l gamma sensitivity);
3. Sonotek SDS 1200 Data Acquisition System;
4. RMS GR33 Analogue Recorder;
5. 35mm Camera, Intervalometer and Fiducial System;
6. Sperry Radar Altimeter.
A Geometrics G-826A Base Magnetometer was used to monitor
the diurnal magnetic changes.
The equipment, such as the INPUT system, magnetometer and
radar altimeter were regularly calibrated at the beginning and end
of each survey flight as well as in mid-flight, whenever necessary.
Details of the calibration procedures are given in Appendix C.
The continuous chart speed of the RMS recorder was set at
15 cm./minute.
-4-
" Production
The flight line spacing over the block was 200 metres.
Table l summarizes the kilometres flown during the survey
operation.
Table l
i Traverse lines . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . 430 km.
, Control lines . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 36 km.i1 Total lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 km.
11
The survey was completed in four (4) production flights.
Two days were lost during the survey due to weather and equipment.
Table 2 summarizes the production during the survey
operations:
Table 2
DATEMarch 3March 4March 5March 6
J March 7i
WXEQPT
FLTNO.
14- -
15-1617
H.-
NON PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION BLOCK
x
x
xx
bad weathersurvey equipment
WX EQPT SFERICS
x
x
unserviceable
MAG
SFERICS - atmospheric noise (tweaks) MAG - magnetic storm
-5-
3d. Products
The products delivered by Questor to Noranda, together with
two copies of the report:
1. One unscreened master photo mosaic, scale 1:20,000;
2. One master photo mosaic with electromagnetic and magnetometer
information and interpretation shown thereon, scale 1:20,000;
3. One total field magnetic contour overlay, scale 1:20,000;
4. Three white prints of (2) and (3);
5. The Electromagnetic and Magnetometer flight tapes;
6. The negative of the flight path film;
7. Anomaly data sheets;
8. The operator's flight logs;
9. Three copies of a brief logistical and interpretative report.
-6-
Survey Procedure
During the survey, the aircraft maintained a terrain
clearance as close to 122 metres as possible, with the receiver
coil (bird) at approximately 55 metres above the ground surface.
In areas of substantial topographic relief and large population,
the aircraft height may exceed 122 metres for safety reasons. The
height of the bird above the ground is also influenced by the
aircraft's air speed (see figure CI in Appendix C), which was
maintained at 110 to 120 knots, while on survey.
Whenever possible, the traverse lines were flown in
alternate flight directions (e.g., north then south) to facilitate
the interpretation of dipping conductors. When the traverse line
spacing exceeded twice the normal spacing interval over a 2.2
kilometre distance, the gap is normally filled with an
appropriately spaced fill-in line at a later date.
The details of each production flight are documented on the
flight logs by the equipment technician. The logs include the
survey times, line numbers and fiducial intervals, as well as a
record of equipment irregularities and atmospheric conditions. One i
may refer to these logs in order to relate the flight path film to
[ the geophysical data.
During the course of the survey the following data were
' recorded:
f 1. INPUT Electromagnetic results represented by twelve channels ofi
successively increasing time delays after cessation of the i j exciting pulse (Appendix A);
-7-
2. a record of the terrain clearance as provided by radar
alt imeter;
3. a photographic record of the terrain passing below the aircraft
as obtained from a 35 mm. camera;
4. time markers impressed synchronously on the photographic and
geophysical records to facilitate accurate positioning on
photomosaics;
5. airborne magnetometer data;
6. ground base station magnetometer data.
-8-
l:
3f. Magnetic Diurnal
Diurnal variations in the earth's magnetic field had been
recorded to an accuracy of * l nT using a base station equipped
with a Geometrics G-826A Proton Precession Magnetometer. It was
monitored periodically during the day for severe diurnal changes
(magnetic storms). A variation of 20 nT over a 5 minute time
period was considered to be a magnetic storm. During such an
event, the survey would normally have been discontinued or
postponed and the survey data would have been scrubbed.
The base station magnetometer was set up at Thunder Bay
Airport.
-9-
DATA COMPILATION
4a. Data Recovery
The flight path of the aircraft is recorded by a strip
camera on black and white, 125ASA, 35mm. film which is exposed
continuously during flight at a rate of 5 mm/sec. The apperture
setting on the camera can be manually adjusted by the operator
during flight, assuring the proper exposure of the film. The
camera is fitted with a wide angle 18 mm. lens. Fiducial numbers
are imprinted on the film, marked onto the analogue records and
recorded digitally at the same instant.
The flight line headings are opposite on adjacent lines,
which are normally flown sequentially in an "S" pattern. The
navigation references are flight strips at a scale of 1:20,000
which are made from the base maps. The equipment operator enters
the flight details information into the digital data system which
are recorded and verified {read-after-write). The information
includes line number, time, fiducial range and other pertinent
flight information. This information is compared to the film,
analogue records and the magnetic base station recording at the
completion of the survey flight.
The film and all records are developed, edited and checked
at the completion of each flight. Recovery of the flight track
is carried out by comparing the negative of the 35mm. film to the
topographic features of the base map. Coincident features are
picked and plotted on exact copies of the stable mosaic base map
on which the final results are drafted. Points are picked at an
average interval of l kilometre. This corresponds to one whole
-10-
fiducial unit or 20 seconds. The picked points will not
necessarily fall on whole fiducial numbers. The fiducial values
of these picked points have been marked on the final maps.
These procedures are usually performed on the survey site
daily by the data technician so that the data quality and
progress may be measured objectively. Reflights for covering
navigational gaps and other deficiencies are usually flown on the
following day.
The analogue records are inspected for coherence with
specifications, and anomalies are selected for classification and
plotting. Selected anomalous conductors are positioned by
plotting their fiducial positions, less the lag factor (Appendix
C). These resultant positions are located by interpolating
between fiducial points established by the flight path recovery
process.
The survey results are presented as an INPUT anomaly map
with interpretation and a magnetic contour overlay. The
following chapters describe the interpretation of INPUT results.
-11-
Computer Processing
The completed flight path is accurately digitized on a
flat-bed digitizer at Questor using the picked point
co-ordinates. The recovery is then routinely verified by a
computer programme 'speed check', which flags any abnormalities
in the distance per fiducial unit between picked points on a
traverse line. As a final check, the rough magnetic contour maps
are examined for contour irregularities that could be attributed
to recovery errors.
-12-
5- INPUT DATA PRESENTATION
The base maps for the survey area are photomosaics
constructed from 1:51,989 air photographs supplied by the
National Air Photo Library and taken in 1976. The photomosaic
was used to construct the navigation flight strips and also the
base onto which the flight path was recovered. The mosaics are
uncontrolled at a scale of 1:20,000.
The INPUT anomaly map presents the information extracted
from the analogue records. This consists chiefly of the peak
anomaly positions and response characteristics, surficial
responses, up-dip responses, and magnetic anomaly locations. In
effect, these represent the primary data analysis. The symbols
are explained in the map legend, but the following observations
are presented:
position of peak anomaly;
conductance or conductivity-thickness;
amplitude of channel 4 response;
position and peak amplitude of associated magnetic anomalies;
where present, surficial, up-dip and poorly defined responses
have been identified with a unique symbol.
The interpretation maps outline the geophysical-geological
interpretation of the INPUT electromagnetic, magnetic, geological
and physiographic data. Bedrock conductors have axis locations
and dip directions, when they are interpretable. The following
-13-
list summarizes the interpretation presentation:
bedrock conductor axis, probable and possible;
conductor dip;
surficial conductor outlines;
anomalous conductors selected for ground evaluation with
reference number.
-14-
INTERPRETATION - GENERAL
6a. Geological Perspective
The geological formations within the survey area consist
of various types of early Precambrian (Archean) era rocks.
The dominant rock type seems to be a formation of felsic
to intermediate metavolcanics which, within this geological area,
are found to consist of rhyolite, pillow lava, porphyritic lava,
tuff, agglomerate and derived schists.
Interspersed with this unit are stringers of intermediate
to mafic metavolcanics. An intrusive of felsic igneous rock has
been noted at the southern extremity of Santoy Lake.
A narrow zone of metasediments has been interpreted
stretching roughly east-west across Bonne Lake at the
north-central edge of the area.
Bibliography: Ontario Division of Mines, 1972
Map 2232, Nipigon - Schreiber
Geological Compilation Series
Thunder Bay District, Ontario
-15-
6b. Conductivity Analysis
The conductivity-thickness products of planar horizontal,
and thin steeply dipping conductors are proportional to the time
constant of the secondary field electromagnetic transient decay.
This transient may be closely approximated by an exponential
function for which the conductivity-thickness product (TCP) is
inversely proportional to the log of the difference of two
channel amplitudes at their respective sample times.
These response functions are presented in the form of
graphs in which the amplitudes of the channels of INPUT response
are plotted on a logarithmic scale against conductivity.
The relative amplitudes of the secondary response, at any given
conductivity, may be accurately related to the depth of a
conductor below the surface. These are typically referred to as
Palacky nomograms. These are available for a number of conductor
geometries. It has been found that the shape of the decay
transient and its amplitude is usually unique to a particular
geometry. Therefore, if the origin of a conductive response is
in question, a good "fit" of the peak response amplitude to one
nomogram will define its origin.
The 90O nomogram was utilized exclusively to determine the
apparent conductances of the responses obtained from the survey.
This procedure is valid for near vertical conductors, within a
dip range of 45-1350 * relative to the aircraft flight direction.
-16-
Although the conductor depth can be interpreted from
nomograms, the short strike lengths and the variability of
conductor geometry may result in the over-estimation of depths.
The INPUT system depth capability is well characterized for a
vertical, 200 metres and 600-by-300 metres strike and depth
extent target. The effective penetration depth increases for a
dipping target and decreases for a smaller size conductor.
Depths were only determined for responses which appear to
fit the interpretation model - a thin near vertical plate with a
strike length of greater than 500 metres. Qualifications for
these determinations are summarized in the interpretation
section.
The depths for 10 and 12 channel anomalies were corrected
for the interpreted conductor strike intersection relative to the
line direction and the effects of aircraft altitude deviations
from a flight altitude of 120 metres.
An anomaly listing at the back of this report summarizes
each anomalous response in a numerical sequence. In addition to
the standard anomaly parameters/ an "anomaly type" classification
has been added. The letters correlate with the plotted symbols
according to the following table.
-17-
ANOMALY TYPE
BLANK
U
RESPONSE SOURCE
bedrock conductors
surficial (overburden or lakebottom) conductivity
up-dip accessory peak to main response
poorly defined response
cultural source
SYMBOL
circular
diamond
half circular, half d iamond, symbolically "pointing" in dip direction
asterisk "*" in lower left quadrant
square
The "P" poorly defined response may not yield signatures
diagnostic of a discrete bedrock anomaly to standard electro
magnetic prospecting equipment. Interpreted axis locations may
be approximate for these intercepts.
-18-
INPUT INTERPRETATION
The survey consists of one block with the flight lines
flown at 200 metre spacing. Flight line direction was
north-south, intercepting the majority of conductors at close to
90 degrees.
There appear to be two main zones of conductive response
within the survey area. Both of these zones are made up of
conductive trends which appear to be highly fractured and offset
in numerous locations. This discontinuous nature is also
suggested by the magnetic contour map which, in correlation with
the conductive trends, is also fractured and distorted.
One long zone of conductors roughly parallels the northern
tie line (19010), while the other roughly parallels the southern
tie line (19020). Depth calculations for the conductors in this
area are considered to be too inaccurate for two reasons:
i) the conductive units are generally of short strike
length and would therefore give erroneous depth
figures, and
i i) the topography of the area is very rugged and
therefore the altitude of the aircraft above ground is
quite variable. This would also give rise to
erroneous depth figures.
-19-
It is recommended that the shape and conductive signature
of responses over known zones of mineralization within this area
be used as references when studying other zones of interest.
Respectfully submitted,
QUESTOR SURVEYS LIMITED,
Terence J. Mcconnell,
Geophysicist.
-20-
APPENDIX A
QUESTOR MARK VI INPUT ( R) AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM
INPUT {LNduced PJJlse Transient) is a time domain airborne
electromagnetic survey systemf which has been used for over two
million kilometres of survey, accounting for the majority of all
airborne electromagnetic (A.E.M.) flown world-wide.)
The INPUT apparatus consists of a vertical axis transmitting
loop surrounding the aircraft, a towed 'bird 1 containing a
horizontal axis receiving coil oriented parallel with the directiont
of flight, and inboard electronics which control the system timing
as well as performing the required signal processing and recording.
Electric current pulses are applied to the transmitter coil in
alternating polarity directions (Figure A2). The resultant
electromagnetic field induces eddy currents in conducive
terrestrial materials which in turn generate secondary, time
varying, magnetic fields which induce electrical currents in the
receiver coil. The decaying secondary magnetic field is repeatedly
detected and measured by the receiver coil during the intervals
when no current is circulating through the transmitting loop, ie:
in the absence of the primary electromagnetic field. This
measurement technique achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio.
The time-amplitude relationship of the transient secondary
field is controlled by the conductor dimensions, conductivity,
orientation, and position, or distance relative to the INPUT
-Al-
r
Terrestrial materials which have a higher conductivity-
thickness demonstrate a longer secondary field decay persistence.
This physical quality is often associated with massive sulphides as
well as with graphite. In comparison, horizontally layered
surficial conductive materials usually exhibit a more rapid
secondary field decay. A quantitative evaluation of the
conductance of an INPUT anomaly can therefore be made by a
comparison of the associated secondary field decay with an
empirically-derived standard. For purposes of decay-time analysis
and conductance evaluation, the secondary field is sampled over
twelve consecutive and discrete time intervals. The average value
of the secondary field during each of these intervals is averaged
over a number of measurement cycles, and the resultant
running-average value for each time-channel is systematically
recorded in both analogue and digital formats.
-A2-
INPUT System Characteristics
The INPUT receiver sensor is towed approximately 93 metres
behind and 68 metres below the aircraft at a survey airspeed of 110
knots. The actual position of the bird is dependent on the
airspeed of the survey aircraft, as can be seen in Figure Al. For
the Trislander or Skyvan aircraft, airspeeds average 110 knots.
EFFECT OF AIR SPEED ON BIRD POSITION
100m -
120m20m 40m 60m 80m 100m 120 metres
Figure Al
-A3-
INPUT TRANSMITTER SPECIFICATIONS
Pulse Repetition Rate
Pulse Shape
Pulse Width
Off Time
180 pps.
half-sine
2.0 ms.
3.56 ms.
Output Voltage
Output Current
Output Current Average
75 V.
240 A.
54 A.
Coil Area
Coil Turns
Electromagnetic Field
Strength (peak)
186 m.
6
267,840 amp-turn-meter 2
INPUT SIGNAL
TRANSMITTED PRIMARY FIELD
~"lt****c V
Figure A2
-A4-
RECEIVER SPECIFICTAIONS
The following sample window positions are out default set
which have a number of distinct advantages. The early time windows
are vertry narrow, allowing for precise resolution of fast decaying
transients. Later time channels are wider where transients are
reasonably predictable. These positions have been tested and found
very effective for resolving very weak conductors undetectable by
any other airborne system.
As the receiver is programmable, the windows can be grouped into
any combination.
Sample Gate Windows
Master Delay
CHANNEL l
CHANNEL 2
CHANNEL 3
CHANNEL 4
CHANNEL 5
CHANNEL 6
CHANNEL 7
CHANNEL 8
CHANNEL 9
CHANNEL 10
CHANNEL 11
CHANNEL 12
Start Position
(u sec)
0
180
268
356
444
620
796
972
1,172
1,372
1,572
1,972
2,372
Width
(u sec)
0
88
88
88
176
176
176
200
200
200
400
400
400
Center Position
(u sec)
-
224
312
400
532
708
804
1,072
1,272
1,472
1,772
2,172
2,572
-A5-
Receiver Features;
Power Monitor; 50 or 60 HZ
50 or 60 HZ (and Harmonics) filter
VLF Rejection filter
Spheric Rejection (tweak) filter
Integration Time Constant: 1.1 sec.
-A6-
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
Sonotek SDS 1200
Includes time base Intervalometer, Fiducial System
1 CAMERA
Geocam 75 SFl
35 mm continuous strip or framef
TAPE DRIVE
DIGIDATA MODEL 1139
9 TRACK 800 BPI ASCII
OSCILLOSCOPE
i;
Tektronix Model 305
ANALOGUE RECORDER
RMS GR-33
Heat Sensitive Paper (33mm)
Recording 16 Channels: 50-60 Hz Monitor, 12 INPUT
Channels, fine and coarse Magnetics and Altimeter.
Also, time, fiducial numbers, latitude and longitude
(optional), timing lines, centimetre spaced vertical
scale marks and line numbers are imprinted on the paper
ALTIMETER
Sperry Radar Altimeter
-A7-
GEOMETRICS MODEL G-813 PROTON MAGNETOMETER
The airborne magnetometer is a proton free precession sensor
which operates on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance to
produce a measurement of the total magnetic intensity. It has a
sensitivity of 0.1 gamma and an operating range of 17,000 gammas to
95,000 gammas. The G-813 incorporates fully automatic tuning over
its enitre range with manual selection of the ambient field
starting point for quick startup. The instrument can accurately
track field changes exceeding 5,000 nT and for this survey has an
absolute accuracy of 0.5 NT at a l second sample rate. The sensor
is a solenoid type, oriented to optimize results in a low ambient
magnetic field. The sensor housing is mounted on the tip of the
nose boom supporting the INPUT transmitter cable loop. A 3 term
compensating coil arrangement and permalloy strips are adjusted to
counteract the effects of permanent and induced magnetic fields in
the aircraft.
Because of the high intensity electromagnetic field produced
by the INPUT transmitter , the magnetometer and INPUT results are
sampled on a time share basis. The magnetometer head is energized
while the transmitter is on, but the read-out is obtained during a
short period when the transmiter is off. Using this technique, the
sensor head is energized for 0.80 seconds and subsequently the
precession frequency is recorded and converted to gammas during the
following 0.20 second when no current pulses are induced into the
transmitter coil.
-A8-
APPENDIX B
THE SURVEY AIRCRAFT
Figure Bl
Manufacturer
Type
Model
Canadian Registration
Date of INPUT Installation
Short Brothers Ltd.
SHORT SKYVAN
SH-7 Series 7
C-GDRG
October 1981
Mod if ications:
1) Nose, tail and wing booms for coil mounting;
2) Long range cabin fuel tank: 8 hours of air time;
3) Winch, camera and altimeter ports;
4) Sperry C-12 navigational system;
5) Doppler navigational system (optional);
6) Capable of spectrometry;
7) Modified hydraulic driven generator system.
The SKYVAN is a short take-off and landing aircraft. It is
powered by two low maintenance turbine engines. The configuration
of the aircraft provides for easy installation of equipment and
extra fuel capability. These factors have made the SKYVAN a
reliable and efficient geophysical survey aircraft.
-Ri-
APPENDIX C
CALIBRATION OF THE SURVEY EQUIPMENT
At the beginning of each survey flight, the calibration of
the survey equipment is performed by the following tests:
1) zero the 12 channel levels;
2) altimeter calibration;
3) calibration of INPUT receiver gain;
4) aircraft compensation;
5) record background E.M. levels at 600m.
This sequence of tests are recorded on the analogue records
and may be repeated in midflight given that the duration of the
flight is sufficiently long (Figure CI). At the termination of
every flight, the calibration of the equipment is checked and
recorded for any drift that may have occurred during the flight.
Channels l to 12 are zeroed on the analogue record by first
placing the INPUT receiver into calibration mode, which isolates
the receiver from any bird signal. Then, the channels are adjusted
so that they are evenly spaced 5min. apart with channel 12
positioned on the first half cm. line at the top of the record.
-CI-
The magnetic data is recorded on two scales, a fine and a
coarse scale. The two scales are permanently set so that a full
scale deflection of 100 nanoTeslas is equivalent to 10 cm. on the
fine scale and a shift of 2 cm. indicates a 1000 nanoTesla change
on the coarse scale.
The aircraft altimeter is calibrated so that an altitude of
122 m. is positioned near the 14 cm. line from the bottom of the
analogue record. This is the nominal flying height of INPUT
surveys, wherever relief and aircraft performance are not limiting
factors. A cm. below the 122 m. level corresponds to an altitude
of 153 m. while a cm. above correlates with 91 m. in altitude.
The INPUT receiver gain is expressed in parts per million
of the primary field amplitude at the receiver coil. At the
'bird', the primary field strength is maintained at 1.05 volts
peak. The gain of the receiver is calibrated by introducing a
calibration signal at the input stage of 4.0 mV. This signal
should cause an 8 cm. deflection on all 12 traces, which translates
to a sensitivity of:
((4 x 10~ 3 volts/1.05 volts)78 cm) x 10 6 ppm * 4 75 ppm/cm
In most towed-receiver airborne E.M. systems, variations in
the position of the receiving coil 'bird 1 in relation to the
aircraft generates a source of noise and needs to be taken account
of before every survey flight is initiated.
-C2-
A. JL
Zeroing
(D
Altimeter Calibration
122m
91m
r.f153m
(2)
ecm
Gain Calibration
5.V.L:
(3)
Compensation
CH8
(4)
Background
oO).
O"
tZ
15)
The noise is the result of spurious eddy currents in the
frame of the aircraft, which have been induced by the primary
electromagnetic field of the INPUT system.
Compensation is the technique by which the effects of the
noise are minimized. A reference signal obtained from the primary
field at the receiver coil is utilized to compensate each channel
of the receiver for coupling differences caused by bird motion
relative to the aircraft. This signal is proportional to the
inverse cube of the distance between the bird and aircraft.
Compensation procedures are carried out at an altitude at
or above 600 metres in order to eliminate the influence of external
geological and cultural noise. Coupling changes are induced by
pitching the aircraft up and down to promote bird motion. The gain
of channel 8 is increased to dramatize the effect of the bird
swing. The compensation circuitry is then appropriately tuned to
minimize the effect of bird motion on the remaining channels.
Phase considerations of channel 8 relative to the other channels
dictates whether sufficient compensation has been applied. If the
channels are in-phase with channel 8 during this procedure, an
over-compensated situation is indicated, whereas, out-of-phase
would be indicative of an under-compensation case.
The background levels of the E.M. channels are recorded at
the 600 metre altitude. They are used to determine the drift that
may occur in the E.M. channels during the progression of a survey
flight. If drift has occurred, the E.M. channels are brought back
to a levelled position by use of the linear interpolation technique
during the data processing.
-C3-
TIME CONSTANT OF THE INPUT SYSTEM
The time constant, is defined as the time for a receiver
signal (voltage) to build up or decay to 63.2?; of its final or
initial value. A longer time constant reduces background noise but
also has the effect of reducing the amplitude of a signal as well
as the resolution of the system.
A time constant is periodically verified for continuity. it
can be measured from the exponential rise or decay of the
calibration signal, recorded during the calibration of the receiver
gain (figure CI,(3)).
-C4-
THE LAG FACTOR
The bird's spatial position, along with the time constant of
the system, introduces a l ag factor (Figure C2) or shift of the
response past the actual conductor axis in the direction of the
flight line. This is due to fiducial markers being generated and
imprinted on the film in real time and then merged with E.M. data
which has been delayed due to the two aforementioned parameters.
This lag factor necessitates that the receiver response be
normalized back to the aircraft's position for the map compilation
process. The lag factor can be calculated by considering it in
terms of time, plus the elapsed distance of the proposed shift and
is given by:
Lag (seconds) = time constant 4- bird lag (metres)
ground speed (metres/sec)
•^f——W FligM Imt
Anomt))runee location
— Time5; fowe- lirvt M cnilO'
-C5-
The time constant of the system introduces a 1.1 second lag
while, at an aircraft velocity of 110 knots, the 'bird' lag is 1.7
seconds. The total lag factor which is to be applied to the INPUT
E.M. dat at 110 knots is 2.8 seconds (0.14 fiducials). It must be
noted that these two parameters vary within a small range dependent
on the aircraft velocity, though they are applied as constants for
consistency. As such, the removal of this lag factor will not
necessarily position the anomaly peaks directly over the real
conductor axis. The offset of a conductor response peak is a
function of the system and conductor geometry as well as
conductivity.
The magnetic data has a 1.0 second lag factor introduced
relative to the real time fiducial positions. This factor is
software controlled with the magnetic value recorded relative to
the leading edge (left end) of each step 'bar', for both the fine
and coarse scales. For example, a magnetic value positioned at
fiducial 10.00 on the records would be shifted to fiducial 9.95
along the flight path.
A lag factor of 2 seconds (0.10 fiducial) is introduced to
correct 50-60 Hz monitor for the effects of bird position and
signal processing. In cases where a 50-60 Hz signal is induced in
a long formational conductor, a 50-60 Hz secondary electromagnetic
transient may be detected as much as 5 km. from the direct source
over the conductive horizon.
The altimeter data has no lag introduced as it is recorded
in real time relative to the fiducial markings.
-C6-
APPENDIX D
INPUT DATA PROCESSING
The QUESTOR designed and implemented computer software for
automatic interactive compilation and presentation, may be applied
to all QUESTOR INPUT Systems. Although many of the routines are
standard data manipulations such as error detection, editing and
levelling, several innovative routines are also optionally
available for the reduction of INPUT data. The flow chart on the
following page (Figure DI) illustrates some of the possibilities.
Software and procedures are constantly under review to take
advantage of new developments and to solve interpretational
problems.
a) INPUT Data Entry and Verification
During the data entry stage, the digital data range is
compared to the analog records and film. The raw data may be
viewed on a high-resolution video graphics screen at any
desirable scale. This technique is especially helpful in the
identification of background level drift and instrument
problems.
b) Levelling Electromagnetic Data
Instrument drift, recognized by viewing compressed data from
several hours of survey flying, is corrected by an inter-active
levelling program. Although only two or three calibration
sequences are normally recorded, levelling can be performed with
any multiple non-anomalous background recordings to divide a
possible problematic situation into segments.
-DI-
Each of the 12 INPUT channels are levelled independently. The
sensitivity of the levelling process is normally better than
15 pprr. on data with a peak-to-peak noise level of 30 ppm.
c) Data Enhancement
Normal INPUT processing does not include the filtering of
electromagnetic data. The residual high frequency variations
often apparent on analogue INPUT data, are due almost entirely
to atmospheric static discharge "spherics". In conductive
environments, spherics are apparently grounded and effectively
filtered. In resistive environments, frequency spectrum
analysis and subsequent FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) filters
may be applied to data to reduce the noise envelope.
d) Selection of EM Anomalies
E.M. anomalies are normally picked by an automatic anomaly
peak selection program, which also determines the number of
channels for the anomaly. In certain circumstances,
particularly when conductive overburden responses are concerned,
it may be preferable that the anomalies be manually selected.
The E.M. data can be viewed sequentially on a graphic screen
terminal for manual anomaly picking. An anomaly 'type 1
classification is ascribed during the manual selection or
entered after the cross-correlation procedure, in the case of
the automatic selection.
-D2-
INPUT DATA PROCESSING
DATA ENTRY, STANDARDIZATION, VERIFICATION
ANALOG TRACK DATA
tDIGITIZE
1VERIFY
1SPATIAL
TRANSFORM
iSORT
1
| C
1 i L ~
r — 1 L -
r- —
11
MERGE WITH INPUT t
MAGNETIC DATA
)PTICANAl JEOD
DIG)'
I]VER
i
)NAL ^ i OPTIONAL ,
'Se | 1 HAv'lGATION |
\ ' riZE 1 ' VERIFY |
i--,IFY 1. - J
DIGITAL INPUT t MAGNETIC DATA
tVERIFY
i
SPIKE t NOISE REMOVAL
———— 1 —————————————
X Y Z(l) DATABASE
RAW DATA,^~j~~^^LEVELLING
E/MBACKGROUND
REMOVAL
MAGNETIC DIURNAL
REMOVAL
INTERACTIVE AUTOMATIC LEVELLING
SPATIAL FREO.SEPARATION
BhCOMPONENTLEVELLING
J
X Y Z(l)DATABASE
PROCESSEDDATA
INPUT PROCESSING
INPUT
MATHEMATICALINPUT EM
MODELLING
INTERACTIVEANOMALY
SELECTION
PROFILESNOMOGRAM ASSEMBLY
CONDUCTIVITY iDEPTH
CALCULATIONS BY AUTOMATIC NOMOGRAM FIT
lREGIONAL-RESIDUAL
INPUT ANOMALYSEPARATION
9 LAYERCONDUCTIVITY/DEPTH
ANALYSIS
X Y 2(1)*
GRID DATA
MAGNETIC GRID INTERPOLATION AND DEVELOPMENT
LINE DATA ORIDDING
RANDOM DATA GRIDDING
BI-DIRECTIONAL LINE DATA GRIDDING
lMAGNETIC PROCESSING
TREND REINFORCEMENT
TWO DIMENSIONAL
SPATIAL FILTERING
DECORRUGATION
HIGH, LOW BAND PASSUPWARD/DOWNWARD
CONTINUATION\
DEPTH TO LAYERS
DERIVATIVESREDUCTION
TO THE POLE
SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING
USER DEFINED FREQUENCY
DOMAIN PROCESS
DISPLAY
GRAPHICS CRT CRT HARD COPY
INPUT EM PROFILES
DRUM PLOTTER
INPUT CHANNEL AMPLITUDE
PROFILE MAP
STACKED PROFILES
CONDUCTIVITY RESISTIVITY
CONTOURS
CHANNEL AMPLITUDE
CONTOUR MAP
Al
\RCH
FLATBED PLOTTER
\IVI
COLOUR UINI p, OTTFD PLOTTER M INI PLOTTER
ANOMALY MAPS MAGNETIC CONTOUR MAP
COLOUR CONTOUR MAP OF AMPLITUDE
RATIOS
NG
COLOUR CONTOUR
PRESENTATION OF MAGNETICS
TIME CONSTANT CONTOURS
f ARCHIVE \
DATA TYPE
P)l
APPENDIX E
INPUT INTERPRETATION PROCEDURES l ,
In the analysis of INPUT responses, the following parameters
are considered:
a) Anomaly Characteristics
amplitude, number of channels, decay rate, symmetry;
half width and the overall relationships to adjacent and
along strike responses, plus the ground-to-aircraft
distance.
b) Geological Relationships
known geological strike and dip patterns;
host rock, overburden and saprolite conductivity.
c) Cultural Relationships
as directed by the power line monitor;
correlation with known features such as buried
pipelines, fence lines, farm and industrial buildings,
etc.
For each anomaly selected the following are documented:
line number and anomaly letter;
fiducial location on line;
interpreted source type of the anomaly - bedrock,
surficial,
cultural;
number of channels of response;
amplitudes in parts-per-million of channels l through
12;
apparent conductance in Siemens based on the appropriate
source model;-El-
corresponding magnetic association in nanoTeslas with
fiducial location;
altitude (ground-to-aircraft) in metres.
From the anomaly characteristics, interpretative aspects
such as up-dip responses, dip direction and altitude are made.
Anomalies are then grouped into linear trends for bedrock
conductors, and zones for horizontal conductivity contrasts, by
correlation with adjacent on-strike responses.
Also, the interpreted source of the INPUT response is
categorized as bedrock, surficial, accessory (up-dip) or cultural.
Bedrock conductors are caused by massive sulphides, graphite
bearing formations, serpentinized peridotites and in some instances
by faults or shear zones. Magnetite concentrations may also, in
some circumstances, yield anomalous INPUT responses. INPUT
responses have been well documented by Macnae (1979), and Palacky
and Sena (1979) .
MASSIVE SULPHIDE DEPOSITS
The conductivity characteristic of massive sulphides is due
to intergranular connections forming elongated sheet-like masses
which permit the induction of eddy currents. These produce a
secondary electromagnetic field which can be detected and
quantitatively measured.
In most sulphide bodies the conductivity is caused by
pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Pyrite, which often forms the greater
quantity of sulphides present, usually occurs as isolated, albeit
-E2-
closely spaced grains or crystals, and therefore, only produces
moderate or weak responses. Sphalerite does not provide anomalous
responses and can even insulate the better sulphide conductivity
portion of a deposit. The resultant overall conductivity response
from a massive sulphide deposit is in the range of 5 to 30
Siemens/metre, although individual lenses or irdneral aggregates may
have much higher conductivities.
Massive sulphide deposits occur as injections, veins and
stratiform bodies of variable size, geometry and conductivity.
Given these variables, there are no universal rules for all
sulphide deposits; however, there are some general observations
regarding the INPUT responses. These are:
Amplitudes primarily increase in response to conductor
strike and depth extent up to an "infinite" size of some
600 metres by 300 metres. Thereafter, source conductor
width contributes to amplitudes, that is, amplitude is
dependant on sulphide mass.
Conductance varies independently with the overall
integrated mineralogy and form of the sulphide
components.
-E3-
INPUT is often utilized in the search for volcanogenic
copper-zinc sulphide deposits. These deposits are usually
associated with felsic volcanic sequences, often at the interface
of felsic-mafic rocks or with intercalated tuffs and/or sedimentary
rocks. Many of these deposits have stringer sulphide zones in the
footwall rocks related to feeder vent alteration systems and these
can also contribute to the INPUT response. Laterally, the main
sulphide deposits can lens out quickly or continue as minor bands,
lenses or disseminated sulphides within more regionally extensive
coeval tuffs or sediments and also provide INPUT responses along a
considerable strike extent. All these variables must be considered
in the explorationist's depositional model and in the analysis and
interpretation of the geophysical responses. A careful analysis of
the conductances, apparent widths (half peak width) and magnetic
responses will often reveal the geometry-source aspects of the
deposit. Stratiform base metal sulphides of up to 2,000 metres
strike extent are known, although most sizeable deposits have
strike lengths between 500 and 1,000 metres.
The magnetic response of a sulphide deposit is the most
deceiving information available to the explorationist. Although
many large economic deposits have a strong direct magnetic
association, some of the largest base metal deposits have no
magnetic association. Others have flanking magnetic anomalies
caused by pyrrhotite/magnetite deposits in volcanic vent systems
flanking the main sulphide body. Essentially non- homogeneous
conductivities and magnetic responses may be favourable parameters.
-E4-
GRAPHITIC SEDIMENTARY CONDUCTORS
Graphitic sediments are usually found within the sedimentary
facies of greenstone belts. These represent a low energy,
subaqueous sedimentary environment. Graphites are often located in
basins of the subaqueous environment, producing the same
geometrical shape as sulphide concentrations. Most often however,
they form long, homogeneous planar sequences. These may have
thicknesses from a metre to hundreds of metres. The recognition of
graphite in this setting is often straightforward because
conductivities and apparent widths may be very consistent along
strike. Strike lengths of tens of kilometres are common for
individual horizons.
The conductivity of a graphite formation is a function of
two variables:
a) the quality and quantity of the graphite, and
b) the presence of pyrrhotite as an accessory conductive
mineral
Pyrite is the most common sulphide mineral occuring within
graphitic sequences. It does not contribute significantly to the
overall conductivity as it will normally be found as disseminated
crystals. Amphibolite facies metamorphism will often be sufficient
to convert carbonaceous sediments to graphitic beds. Likewise,
pyrite will often be transformed to pyrrhotite.
Without pyrrhotite, most graphitic conductors have less than
10 S conductivity-thickness value as detected by the INPUT system
or l to 10 S/m conductivity from ground geophysical measurements.
With pyrrhotite content, there may be little difference from other
sulphide conductors.
-E 5-
It is not unusual to find local concentrations of sulphides
within graphitic sediments. These may be recognized by local
increases in apparent width, conductivity or as a conductor offset
from the main linear trends.
Graphite has also been noted in fault and shear zones which
may cross geological formations at oblique angles.
SERPENTINIZED PERIDOTITES
Serpentinized peridotites are very distinguishable from
other anomalies. Their conductivity is low and is caused partially
by serpentine. They have a fast decay rates, large amplitudes and
strong magnetic correlation. Large profile widths with a shape
similarity to surficial conductors are a common charactreristic.
MAGNETITE
INPUT anomalies over massive magnetites correlate to the
total Fe content. Below 25-301 Fe, little or no response is
obtained. However, as the Fe percentage increases, strong
anomalies may result with a rate of decay that usually is more
pronounced than those for massive sulphides.
Negative INPUT responses may occur in a resistive but very
magnetic iron formation, the result of a very high permeability,
however, these are extremely rare.
-E6-
SURFICIAL CONDUCTORS
Surficial conductors are characterized by fast decay rates
and usually have a conductivity-thickness of 1-5 Siemens. This
value is much higher in saline conditions. Overburden responses
are broad, more so than bedrock conductors. Anomalies due to
surficial conductivity are dependent on flight direction. This
causes a staggering effect from line-to-line as the INPUT response
is much stronger for the leading edge of the flat lying surface
materials than for the trailing edge. When the surficial response
has the form of a thin horizontal ribbon, anomalies may be very
difficult to distinguish from weak bedrock conductors. A unique
identification for all geometries of horizontal ribbon, sheet and
layer conductivity contrasts is best accomplished by matching of
transient decay amplitudes to the appropriate response nomogram.
CULTURAL CONDUCTORS
Cultural conductors are identifiable by examining the power
line monitor and the film to locate railway tracks, power lines,
buidings, fences or pipe lines. Power lines produce INPUT
anomalies of high conductivity that are similar to bedrock
responses. The strength of cultural anomalies is dependent on the
grounding of the source. INPUT anomalies usually lag the power
line monitor by l second, which should be consistent from
line-to-line. If this distance between the INPUT response and the
power line monitor differs between lines, then there is the
possibility of an additional conductor present. The amplitude and
conductivity-thickness of anomalies should be consistent from
line-to-line.
-E7-
APPENDIX F
INPUT RESPONSE MODELS
To the interpreter, one of the main advantages of the INPUT
system geometry is the variation of the secondary response with
conductor shape, size, depth and conductivity (Palacky 1976, 1977).
When we discuss the recognition parameters, one of the
variables which is often omitted, is the plotting position of the
main peaks in opposite flight directions on adjacent lines. In
many cases, the responses may appear similar, but the plotting
positions will show significant differences. These situations will
be illustrated in the following section.
A third conductor identification factor is the INPUT decay
transient for the main response peak. The decays may be used to
identify the type of source, independent of the geometrical
response which is dependent on the mutual coupling.
-FI-
MODEL AND PHYSICAL CONDUCTORS
Economic conductive mineral deposits have no unique feature
which would make their identification a straightforward process.
Most ore bodies do have conductivity contrasts and at least one
dimension which is significantly small. A conductivity contrast is
necessary to overcome the "skin depth" attenuation effects of
conductive overburden or lateritic soils on the primary
electromagnetic field (West and Macnae 1982) . The recognition of
dipping conductors is possible, mainly due to the double peaks
encountered in an updip flight direction (Figure F4). A horizontal
mineral deposit is potentially the most difficult to select because
the horizontal sheet model also applies to conductive overburden
and lateritic soils. The theoretical shapes may be matched to
physical-geological situations as has been done in the following
summary:
-F2-
a) THE THIN DIPPING PLATE RESPONSE
economic- stratibound tabular ore body, dyke, vein, fault,
fracture mineralization;
non- economic- graphitic-carbonaceous shales, barren sulphides;
cultural- some grounded power lines, fences.
THE THIN DIPPING PLATE RESPONSE
FLIGHT DIRECTION
UPDIP . j. DOWNDIP
ANOMALY MAP PRESENTATION
A^tOiitO
T|7oo IT7oo i '150
4̂000
^——WTITOO i Ti1700 t60
4!4000
-F3-
The interpreted conductor axis location varies with the
source dip, conductivity, depth, thickness, depth extent and angle
of intersection of the flight line to the conductor (strike
d irection) .
-F4-
b) THE SPHERE OR CYLINDER RESPONSE
economic- compact massive orebody; horizontal pipe-shaped
conductor ;
cultural- some pipelines
THE SPHERE OR CYLINDER RESPONSE
FLIGHT DIRECTION REVERSE FLIGHT DIRECTION
ANOMALY MAP PRESENTATION
w
r*00
-F 5-
The response of a cylinder may be quite difficult to
recognize from a thin strip. A cylinder or spherical model does
not show a pronounced negative or upward peak following the main
response. Due to the effect of the time constant of the INPUT
receiver, the negative peaks which follow the theoretical response
do not appear on the INPUT records (Mallick 1972, Morrison et al
1969). As the illustrations show, the sphere-cylinder response is
perfectly symmetrical, but not centered over the body. The
plotting position of the main peak leads the actual axis location
because the most favourable mutual coupling occurs just before the
transmitter coil passes the conductive body. The amplitude of the
responses will be similar in both flight directions for a perfect
cylinder.
-F6-
c) THE HORIZONTAL SHEET
economic- some stratabound massive sulphides;
- regolith conductivity alteration haloes over some
uranium deposits;
non- economic- overburden, lateritic soils;
- weathered rock;
- sea water or saline formations;
- graphitic metasediments.
THE HORIZONTAL SHEET
FLIGHT DIRECTION
ANOMALY MAP PRESENTATION
•a?^^S^W*)0
REVERSE FLIGHT DIRECTION
-FI-
The horizontal conducting sheet has many variations but it is
essentially simple to recognize. The amplitudes of the earlier
channels may reach 30,000 ppm where saline solutions are present,
however, horizontal sheet responses of channels 4, 5 and 6
attenuate, more rapidly than for a vertical or steeply dipping
plate.
The edge effect is a common interpretational problem where a
conductive layer is encountered. A secondary peak may occur as the
receiver coil crosses the trailing edge of the layer. These
responses are always very sharp and often have very high apparent
conduct!vi ties .
The edges of the sheet are positioned approximately at the
half-peak width positions which are usually the inflection points
of the profile.
The variations in plotting positions observed for dipping
sheets are not as evident for the plate.
It is not unusual to see a shift in the peaks, with the
latter channels migrating towards a section of improved conductance
and/or increasing thickness. Another characteristic of poorly
conducting sheets which respond only on channels l through 7 is the
inversion of responses on channels 8 and 12. This is a reaction of
the compensation circuits to changes in the primary field in the
presence of a strong conductor and it serves no practical end
except as a recognition aid.
-F8-
The horizontal sheet model also applies to residual soils or
laterite as well as conducting rock units. As the thin overburden
situation changes to a thick overburden or two layer case and
finally to a half space or a uniformly conductive earth, the
responses also vary. The latter cases will have progressively
broader responses which would seldom be mistaken for true discrete
conductive zones.
When flight lines in opposite directions cross a conductive
sheet, an asymmetric mirror image response occurs when the sheet is
uniform. If there are variations in the geometry or conductance
across the sheet, it may be necessary to compare responses with a
shallow dipping sheet conductor to determine the effects, which
would not be similar when compared with adjacent lines.
-F9-
d) THE VERTICAL STRIP (RIBBON) RESPONSE
non- economic- rarely encountered in nature;
cultural- grounded hydro lines, lightning arrester lines,
fences.
THE VERTICAL STRIP (RIBBON) RESPONSE
FLIGHT DIRECTION REVERSE FLIGHT DIRECTION
ANOMALY MAP PRESENTATION
-F10-
Due to the fact that this type of response is most commonly
caused by fences, lightning protection lines and grounded power
lines, the customary cultural presentation is a square symbol.
This cultural response symbol may or may not have a power monitor
(50-60 cycle) response but these will normally follow pipelines,
fences, power lines, roads, railroads and other man made
structures. The amplitude and apparent conductivity of such
responses varies with the ground conductivity. In residual soils
or conductive overburden, it is often possible to see a positive
{up-dip type) peak followed by a small negative immediately before
the main conductive response. The presence and amplitudes of such
responses is normally very consistent. The cause of such responses
is interpreted to be current gathering within the surficial
sediments (West and Macnae 1982).
-PH-
e) THE HORIZONTAL STRIP (RIBBON) RESPONSE
economic- some stratabound massive sulphides?
non- economic-
geological-
cultural-
some stratabound mineral deposits;
weathering of narrow basic rock units with a
high amphibolite content;
grounded and interconnected fences, pipes.
THE HORIZONTAL STRIP (RIBBON) RESPONSE
FLIGHT DIRECTION REVERSE FLIGHT DIRECTION
ANOMALY MAP PRESENTATION
-Vi-' idbo
OOD
iOipO
* 1:-': T looo
-F12-
The plotting positions of the responses could easily be
mistaken for a vertical plate conductor, however, careful
consideration must be given to the flight direction. The
horizontal ribbon is a degeneration of the horizontal conducting
sheet. It can be easily distinguished from a sphere or cylindrical
body by its peak asymmetry, whereas the sphere model has a single
symmetric main response.
-P13-
APPENDIX G
QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION
The quantitative interpretation of the INPUT data is normally
accomplished by comparing the resultant responses with type curves
obtained from theoretical calculations, scale model studies and
actual field measurements. A variety of results are available in
literature for different conductor geometries and system
configurations (see Ghosh 1971, Palacky 1974, Becker et al., 1972,
Lodha 1977, Ramani 1980). They have also examined the effects of
varying such parameters as conductance, conductor depth, dip and
depth extent. Their approach has been successfully applied in
interpretation of past field surveys.
The nomograms which are currently available for the INPUT
system are the Vertical Half-Plane, Homogeneous Half-Space, Thin
Overburden and 135 Dipping Half-Plane nomograms. The first is
particularly useful for the interpretation of vertical dyke-like
conductors frequently found in the Precambrian Shield type
environments. In the case of a thick, homogeneous, flat-lying
(less than 30 dip) source, the Homogeneous Half-Space nomogram
should be applied. While in a thin overburden or tropically
weathered rock environment, the Thin Overburden nomogram may be
referenced to determine the depth and conductance of the overburden
(Palacky and Kadekaru, 1979).
As an example, INPUT anomalies due to vertical dyke-like
conductors, are asymmetric and independent of the flight direction.
-Gl-
Their shape is characterized by a minor first peak and a major
second peak and their channel amplitudes are a function of the
conductivity-thickness product and depth of the source. Anomaly A
in Figure Gl illustrates one of these responses.
The channel amplitudes of anomaly A can be used in
a quantitative interpretation in the following way. For
demonstration purposes, the old six-channel INPUT system will be
used. The values are plotted for each of the channels on
logarithmic {5 cycles K+E 46 6213) tracing paper in a straight line
using the vertical logarithmic scale in parts per million as given
on the right side of Figure G2. The six channel amplitudes for
anomaly A, in ppro, are 1657, 1108, 821, 500, 356, 237,
respectively. The amplitudes are measured in ppm (1mm s 475 ppm)
from the flight records with reference to the normal background
levels on respective channels. Those responses which do not
provide at least three channels of deflection, or whose first
channel amplitude is less than 50 ppm over the normal background,
should not be subjected to this analysis. The six points on the
semi-logarithmic paper are then fitted to the curves of the
vertical half-plane nomogram (Figure G2) without any rotation.
Having accomplished this, the lateral placement of the plot
indicates the apparent conductivity-thickness value, in Siemens,
and the position of the 10,000 ppm line on the logarithmic paper
indicates the conductor depth, in metres. In the example shown
(Figure G2), the apparent conductivity-thickness value is 50
Siemens and the depth is 30 metres.
-G2-
rvXED WING tmt HILSEVERTICAL eOOmtSOOm KATE
CONDUCTANCE l DEPTH NOMOGRAM
10000
10a 4 ft 10 tO M 40 M
coNDucTtvrrv THICKNESS PRODUCT u*n*nt)
100 1*0
QUESTOR INPUTTHIN PLATE DIP ESTIMATION
and AMPLITUDE NORMALIZATION GRAPH
PIP
30 40 60(60)70 80 90100110120130140150
DIP - DEGREES
•Sieo
x
6S o
CO
l:Figure G3
The asymmetric Tx-Rx configuration is very sensitive to
changes of dip, particularly in the case of conductors dipping
against the flight direction. In this circumstance, there is a
change in the magnitude of the second/first peak ratio for all
channels. The ratio of the amplitudes of the two peaks is a
function of dip. The dip should be the first parameter determined
in the quantitative interpretation of a dipping conductor. Before
the amplitude is further used for an estimate of conductivity-
thickness and depth, it must be normalized to a dip of 90O . This
correction is performed by means of the Thin Plate Dip Estimation
and Amplitude Normalization Graph, Figure G3.
j From the graph, it can be seen that a vertical dyke conductori
should have a second/first peak ratio of approximately 6, i.e., i
that the first peak will have 16% of the amplitude of the second
peak. In the case of anomaly A, this condition is true.
Conversely, should the dyke dip at 60O f the ratio will decrease to
1.0. Thus, the dip of a conductor can be estimated from the peak
ratios of channel two by using the graph in Figure G3.
An example of amplitude correction determination is shown in
i Figure G3. A dipping conductor has an up-dip second-first peak
ratio of 1.0 i.e., that the channel amplitudes of the minor first
l peak and major second peak of channel two are equal. Taking this
ratio of 1.0 and applying the graph, a dip of 60O is obtained forsl the conductor showing an amplitude correction of approximately
r 1.62. Consequently, the correction factor is applied to the six
1 channel amplitudes of the associative down-dip response.
-G3-
This response is then fitted to the vertical half-plane nomogram
for the determination of its apparent conductivity-thickness value
and depth. It should be mentioned that without the dip correction,
the depth would be overestimated.
An alternate method for estimating the dips of longer,
tabular conductors, utilizes the peak amplitudes on adjacent lines,
see Figure G4. It is especially useful in multiple conductive
zones where the up-dip responses may be obscured or yield false
values due to the superposition of other nearby anomalies.
Note that the depth determination is made with the assumption
that the aircraft is at 120 metres above the ground surface at the
time of measurement. If the aircraft is above or below the
altitude of- 120 metres, the depth determination can be corrected by
respectively, subtracting or adding the difference in altitude,
within limits. In the case of Anomaly B, Figure Gl, the anomaly
was intercepted at an aircraft altitude of 131 metres. Therefore,
a correction factor of 9 metres must be subtracted from the depth
of the conductor, placing it at 21 metres below the ground surface.
The homogeneous half-space, thin overburden and the dipping
half-plane 135O nomograms are used in the same fashion as that
described above for the vertical half-plane.
-G4-
To estimate the apparent strike length of a conductor, the
ends of the conductive trend must be determined. Modelling has
shown that the conductor ends are delineated by INPUT responses
having channel amplitudes not less than 401 of those typical for
the conductor. Responses with less than that of 4(^ are
attributive to lateral coupling effects and are not considered as
intercepts of the conductor. This is especially true for
conductors of higher conductivity. Subsequently, the strike length
of a conductor is equal to the distance between those responses
representing the ends of the conductor.
-G5-
INPUT DIP ESTIMATION GRAPH
1*0/10 CONDUCTOR
APPENDIX H
MAGNETOMETER; COMPENSATION, SURVEY AND PROCESSING
Aircraft Magnetic Compensation
In order for a high sensitivity magnetometer system to
function without interference from the aircraft, it must be
magnetically compensated. The sources of magnetic interference,
produced by the aircraft are: a) eddy currents; b) aircraft
electrical system; c) induced magnetism; and d) permanent
magnetism. These sources of magnetic noise have distinguishable
characteristics on the analogue records and a ground and airborne
test will indicate the capabilities of the magnetometer
installation. By following established procedures most of the
noise sources are eliminated.
a) Eddy currents are caused by movements of the larger
conducting surfaces of the aircraft in the earth's magnetic
field, whereby electric currents are generated, causing
magnetic fields. By placing the sensor at the greatest
practical distance from these surfaces and by not flying in
turbulent wind conditions, eddy current noise can be
minimized.
b) Aircraft electrical systems with varying loads can lead to
serious noise problems if consistent operations procedures
and circuit layout are not properly designed. The switching
-HI-
of the aircraft's 28 volt DC to almost any component during
survey will create a variation in the static field existing
under normal operating conditions. The three component
compensator in the aircraft will see electrical system noise
as DC level shifts from a heading invariant datum.
c) Induced magnetic fields are produced by ferromagnetic parts
(mainly engines) in the earth's magnetic field. For a major
change in magnetic latitude, it is necessary to check for
variation of the aircraft's induced magnetic field. This is
also dependant on the aircraft's heading and altitude.
Compensation is accomplished by critical positioning of
permalloy strips near the sensor. These produce fields
opposite to the induced magnetic field of the aircraft,
effectively cancelling it.
d) Permanent magnetism is produced by ferromagnetic parts within
the aircraft. Compensation is accomplished with three
orthogonal coils, through each of which an electrical current
is passed, to create a resultant stable field opposite in
polarity to the permanent field.
The compensation process has as its main objective the
reduction of heading errors. These may be checked by flying the
aircraft at survey altitude over a well defined non-anomalous
landmark in the four cardinal headings. In addition, the effects
of aircraft flight characteristics on the magnetometer install
ation are simulated by performing roll, pitch and yaw maneuvers.
-H2-
The aircraft has been originally compensated in Toronto,
Ontario, where the induced field has been cancelled. In the survey
area, a check is made to ensure that the permanent field does not
induce heading dependant, magnetic field errors.
MAGNETOMETER SURVEY AND DATA ACQUISITION
The magnetometer survey is an integral part of INPUT
operations, with no special procedures being required; with the
exception of a ground magnetic recording station to monitor daily
diurnal variations. The diurnal survey specifications relate to
the control line spacing to minimize the possibilities of erroneous
contours in area of low magnetic gradient.
The maximum diurnal gradient permitted is 20 gammas change
within 5 minutes. The maximum control line spacing allowed is 8
kilometres. Where possible, control lines are routed through areas
of low magnetic gradient over easily identified topographic points.
As the time for the survey aircraft to span two control lines is
approximately 2 minutes, a maximum diurnal anomaly of 4 nT
(nanoTeslas) may exist after the data has been levelled.
The daily variation of the earth's magnetic field is
monitored and recorded with a Geometrics G-826 Base Station
Magnetometer and a GULTON or Hewlett Packard Strip Chart Recorder.
The recorder has a 10 cm. chart width with a 100 nT full scale
deflection, providing scaling of l nT/MM. An event marker provides
time reference marks every minute. The chart speed is set to
20 cm/hour, with magnetometer readings taken every 4 or 10 seconds.
-H3-
These readings may be digitally recorded using a portable data
acquisition system synchronized with the aircraft data system, if
required.
The magnetometer readings in the aircraft are recorded every
second onto industry standard, 9-track tapes using the IBM NRZI
Format.
L -H4-
APPENDIX I
Bibliography
Barringer, A.R., 1962, The INPUT Airborne Electrical Pulse
Prospecting System: Min. Cong. J., volume 48,
page 49-52;
Barringer Research Limited, 1962, Method and Apparatus for the
Detection of Ore Bodies: United States Patent
Office: 3.020,471;
Barringer Research Limited, The Quantitative Interpretation of
Airborne INPUT Electromagnetic Data: Barringer
Research Technical Note;
Becker, A., 1969, Simulation of Time-Domain, Airborne
Electromagnetic System Response: Geophysics,
volume 34, page 739-752;
Becker, A., Gavreau, D., and Collett, L.S., 1972, Scale Model Study
of Time-Domain Electromagnetic Response of Tabular
Conductors: CIM Bull., volume 65, number 725,
page 90-95;
Dyck, A.V., Becker A., and Collett, L.S., 1974, Surficial
Conductivity Mapping with the Airborne INPUT
System: CIM Bull., volume 67, number 744, page
104-109;
Ghosh, M.K., and West, G.F., 1971, EM Analog Model Studies: Norman
Paterson and Associates, Toronto;
-II-
Lazenby, P.G., 1972, Examples of Field Data Obtained with the INPUT
Airborne Electromagnetic System: Questor Surveys
Limited;
Lazenby, P.G., 1972, New Developments in the INPUT* R * Airborne EM
System: CIM Bull., volume 66, number 732, page
96-104;
Lodha, G. S., West, G. F., 1976, Practical Airborne EM (AEM)
Interpretation Using a Sphere Model: Geophysics,
volume 41, page 1157-1169;
Mallick, K., 1972, Conducting Sphere in Electromagnetic INPUT
Field: Geophysical Prospecting, volume 20, page
293-303;
Macnae, James C., 1979, Kimberlites and Exploration Geophysics:
Geophysics, volume 44, number 8, page 1395-1416;
i Mishra, D.C., Murthy, K.S.R., and Narain, H., 1978, Interpretation
of Time-Domain Airborne Electromagnetic (INPUT)
j Anomalies: Geoexplor., volume 16, page 203-222;
Morrison, H.F., Phillips, R.J., and O'Brien, D.P. 1969,
Quantitative Interpretation of Transient
Electromagnetic Fields Over a Layered Half-Space:
Geophys. Prosp. volume 17, page 82-101;
l Nelson, P.H., and Morris, D.B., 1969, Theoretical Response of a
Time-Domain Airborne Electromagnetic System:
j Geophysics, volume 34, page 729-738;
Nelson, P.H., 1973, Model Results and Field Checks for a i 1 Time-Domain Airborne EM System: Geophysics,
J volume 38, page 845-853;
-12-
Palacky, G.J., and West, G.F., 1974, Computer Processing of
Airborne Electromagnetic Data: Geophysical
Prospecting 22, page 490-509;
Palacky, G.J., and West, G.F., 1973, Quantitative Interpretation of
INPUT AEM Measurements: Geophysics, volume 38,
page 1145-1158;
Palacky, G.J., 1974, The Atlas of INPUT Profiles: B.R.L. Toronto,
page 37;
Palacky, G.J., 1975, Interpretation of INPUT AEM Measurements in
Areas of Conductive Overburden: Geophysics,
volume 40, page 490-502;
Palacky, G.J., 1976, Use of Decay Patterns for the Classification
of Anomalies in Time-Domain AEM Measurements:
Geophysics, volume 41, page 1031-1041;
Palacky, G.J., 1977, Selection of a Suitable Model for Quantitative
Interpretation of Towed-Bird AEM Measurements:
Geophysics, volume 43, number 3, page 576-587;
Palacky, G.J., and Kadekaru, K., 1979, Effect of Tropical
Weathering on Electrical and Electromagnetic
Measurements: Geophysics, volume 44, page 21-38;
Palacky, G.J., and Sena, F.O., 1979, Conductor Identification in
Tropical Terrains - Case Histories from the
Itapicuru Greenstone Belt, Bahia, Brazil:
Geophysics, volume 44, page 1931-1962;
-13-
SANTOY LAKE AREA
DATA SHEETS
O&: 8BO1
Line
10011 10011
1 0020 10020
1003010030
1004010040
100501005010050
1 006010060
100701007010070
10080
100911009110091
1010010100
101101011010110
1012010120
101301013010130
1014010140
1015010150
101601016010160
a b
A b
aA
Ab
aAB
Ab
aAB
A
ABc
aA
ABc
aA
ABc
AB
AB
abA
2 SANTOY LAKE A Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Chl
40. 40.
48. 50.
51.51.
60.61.
62.62.63.
71.72.
74.74.77.
83.
90.93.94.
95.95.
103.104.104.
105.105.
114.115.115.
116.118.
125.126.
128.128.128.
00 50
74 40
2456
8635
326193
9955
407961
39
312107
1054
412650
3091
262660
5611
7991
043276
CC
F'
C
CF'
BC
CBP
BC
CBB
P
PBC
Cp
BPC
Cp
ppc
pp
pB
Ccp
*-l*1
4
6
122
6
42
2
n,
n4L
2
46
2
26
41
24
1
175
145
436
1540127
171
221115
119
111184
72
194473
126
211386
26784
134718
87
iREA EM
Ch2 Ch4 Ch6 Ch8 ChlO
146
61 96 -
345 197 120
1240 736 482 246 12016
204 106 87
169 11862
131
44164
123 -
168 97372 167 95
131 -
72230 78 38
IBS 104- - - - -
191451 161
-
Dhl2 Cond Alt
266 ,
248
15 171
84 28 141207
200
157155
196
232166
267
15514 245
282
20262 242
312239
172231
194
F'ABE: 1 Mag Peak
Fid Val
51.08
62.49
71.
74.77.
82.
89.92.
95.
103.
106.
114.
117.
125.126.
128.
83
6889
79
9979
58
33
24
43
B3
7939
84
****
***#
105
181182
92
30197
28
118
16
38
42
224319
****
l ^
JOB: 8801
Liner""10170101701017010PO
1018010:8010:60loi eo
1019010:901019010190
1020010200102001 0200
102101021010210
102201022010220
102301023010230
102401024010240
102501025010250
102601026010260
ABCD
d
BCD
ABCD
aBCD
ABc
aBC
ABC
aBC
ABc
aBC
2 SANTOY LAKE AREA Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Chl Ch2
134.136.139.139.
11.12.15.15.
16.17.18.21.
23.25.25.26.
29.32.33.
34.38.38.
40.40.43.
45.48.48.
50.51.54.
55.58.58.
31181134
77410946
61598434
58246684
599690
851436
567874
353966
760620
656494
SPBB
CSss
sssB
CBSs
ppc
cpp
ppp
cBB
BBC
CBB
4244
nZ
66
6424
n
24
22
44
442
46
44
26
728101670224
15524822363
23621322311521
545382804
184162
12851
166147109
243249
272199
75293
459120362173
7815741449
1336442
73163
18035
443
12958
12955
121120107
143285
232155
99285
EM Ch4 Ch6 Ch8 ChlO Chl2 Cond Alt
181-
13097
-534 102431 106
408 97--— - —
--
123
- - --
4530
11683
— — —
10691 62
114101
-136 142
243178237239
2014 1245 120
4 124113142222
130133134
148234
146236
163144233
13444 214
131130
209212
PAGE: 2Mag Peat:
Fid Val
137.93138.54
12.4315.23
18.3918.39
26.0326.03
29.4932.89
38.2438.24
40.5340.9443.83
48.33
50.7851.24
58.28
24588
53•7-7•J' -J-
191191
219219
9415
1616
106186
9
159
39196
271
10271 A10271 B10271 C10271 D10271 e
102B1 a10281 B10281 C
53.66 B 8 383 308 230 128 8653.91 B56.24 P56.66 P57.63 C
2l
66 59550360 283
47.92 C51.26 B 6 261 24951.49 B 12 1458 1106
96
189655
83345 189 156 72
B 24
226173269270
187170
54.08 32456.49 30
51.69 48
OB: 880 1!
LineW~~~
1029010290102901 0290102901C 290
107001 030010-70010300
103101031010310103 10
103201032010320
103301033010330
1034010340
1036110361103611036110361
10370103701037010370103701037010370
103BO1 038010380103601 0380
1039010390103901039010390
ABCDE•f
aBCD
ABCd
aBC
ABC
aB
ABCDE
aBCDEF6
ABCDE
aBCDE
?. SANTOY LAKE AREA Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Cbl Ch2
42.3342.5842.8345.4145.8646.60
37.0837.4940.3940.69
32.1935.1435.4636.17
26.5827.1630.26
20.9424.0624.53
15.8819.66
242.79243.01245.56245.66246.11
236. BS237.04237.43239.66240.46240.59240.79
232.16232.36235.01235.38235.59
227.43227.51228.26231.16231.41
UBFFFC
CFPB
FPPC
CPB
BBB
CB
BPBBB
CBBPUFB
BFBUB
CPPPP
47124
^
210
424
28
B128
6
61
101212
86246
10
64
124
12
6141
145532
58120237
80118517
196199325
115550
53336341929
535
37466
125329601641
496577159287491
1005
490126
1189297
2085
43366
311252
121463
-65
256
5397
477
201170299
135483
44328701561
340
250-
93822351373
399381
60258356763
378117807264
1600
411-
248-
Ch4
39256
--
152
--
312
119-
128
-246
2781742934
190
194-
4991304833
232219
-113177443
16663
402140947
254-
108-
EM Ch6 Ch8 ChlO Chl2
100 129-.-
.-
182 139 85
---
-129 61
160 961016 630 387 243524 355
77
113-
237 207 74697 460 307 109456 337 226 81
173 44 - ——90--
88244 157 106
138-
174 130 89 9-
482 305 176 59
162---
Con d
23
46
23
312823
28
14
162332
259
1424
19
21
13
Alt
237224171246285
253201206
217242255
228251
152121189
227
227247117135165
201182177116116203
204211169149159
213214212214
PAGE : 3 Mag Peat
Fid Val
42.9444.94
37.5340.24
32.24
35.24
26.9929.99
21.0923.9424.34
19.24
242.84
245.63246.04
236.99237.34239.59240.49
232.13
234.93
227.43228.09231.04
140237
e158
25
45
34191
33647492
243
177
531105
35264108460
223
225
253118112
JOB: E
^Line
10400' 1 0400
10400104001040010400
10410104101041010410
1 10410104101041010410
:. 1 0410i
1042010420104201042010420
1043010430104301043010430
1 10430
10440104401044010440
. 10440
' 1045010450
l 10450l 10450
10450l 10450
10460104601046010460104601046010460
i 104701047010470
iL i
58012 SANTOY LAKE ARE! A Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Chl Ch2
ABCDEF
abCDEFGHI
ABCDE
aBCDEF
ABCDe
abCDEF
ABCDEFG
abC
222.79222.93223.26225.46223,- 81226.43
218.15238.30218.36219.09221.09221.61221.84222.04222.18
213.56213.742i3.ee216.21216.66
208.65209.99211.46212.29212.51212.74
204.31204.49206.76207.21207.88
196.63198.85199.99201.41202.06202.34
193.43194.18194.49195.34196.51196.71197.18
188.75189.05189.74
BBPF'
BB
CCPPPpBBP
BBBBP
CPPPPP
BPPPC
CCppBEI
BBBPBBP
CCP
86126
12
6224664
e6842
22422
6422
2268
66
122662
1
386B93168130420144B
3688496
201590703395
29235746547180
11492
258212152
112528174114
15869
346663
927401
233810266432881
71
261611
-1183561158
34333100137414520353
27220636830380
7279
26714193
6721943297
391
242448
693277
182788
44828484
-
Ch4
146300
--
245725
150--
91199288186
127141199111
-
--
58--
325130
--
--
124252
308166999
-
262122
-
EM Ch6 Ch8 ChlO
113 105162
--
108384 262 127
130-.-
68144
-
54 12283144 109
--
.----
122---
--
79139 103
184125485 316 118
-
14649 -
- - -
Chl 2 Con d
5117
--
939 20
1---
1313
-
231995
--
-----
7---
--
5617
2071
34 16-
4013
-
-
Alt
171141189153142180
214196137154148166166
181148155165215
175148123163201
116153175138
157149139152
205150124169144156134
162
PAGEI: Maq Pe Fid'
222.49
223.13225. 3B225.74
218.18219.18221.09221.59
213,88216.29216.54
210.09211.54212.13
204.36
206. 99
199.93201.49202. 13
193.16
194.43195.04196.63
197.09
189.54
Aat Val
4**t
125172166
20295121122
1032960
12352103
108
217
73323128
****
109250120
259
155
OP: 8801
Line
104701047010470104701047010470
1048010480104 BO104801048010480
104901049010490104901049010490104901049010490
1050010500105001050010500105001050010500
1051010510105101051010510105101051010510105101051010510
105201052010520105201052010520105201052010520
DEFGHI
ABCDEf
abCDEFGHI
ABCDEF8H
abCDEFGHIJK
ABCDEF6HI
2 SANTOY LAKE AREA Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Cbl Ch2
189.93190.09191.43192.09192.29192.71
184.09184.38184.66185.63186.63188.02
179.15179.57180.61181.54181.76181.91182.51182.66182.96
175.13175.29175.56175.96176.18177.18177.51178.04
169.98170.38170.63170.99171.46172.63172.86173.24173.36173.51173.71
166.26166.51166.61166.79167.38168.18168.43168.68168.99
BF'F'
BBB
pBBPBC
CCpuBBBBB
BBPBPF1
pP
CCppF1
PPBBBP
UBBBPUBPP
662810
c:
18816
2244
12126
108262424
22422
1010104
41012422641
4274131287961466371
118534392109572
9616945843911621186384
98942014236669
250130313
128157242130169
17021150602147
1082067119242511083
469234116
33928321
5921032266
-480399
-383
6678
259341995979269
7593801072654418563174
10269162121128
1374947518134
9816519723645879
290167-
Ch4
201181
-35857974
-
319233
-
167
--
121136572524156
493233
-
105-
51-
100
--75--
75352531471
61026529132
--
14555-
EM Ch6
13264-
182222
-
-
17598-
88
----
38830063
221180
-54----
----~
337263192
-
606350
---
103--
ChB ChlO
--
156147 66
-
-
15356--
----
257 128160 75
-
204 41131
------ -
-----
288 121209 84164 64
-
395 191151 101
------
Chl2 Con d
10H
-191216
-
2416
-
64
----
77 4541 21
13
1688
-
68----
-----
161846
-
2749 29---
21--
Alt
153161156159128192
252188257148140
213156137108209186196
235241156153171174167170
274237182156149203181222226
222207212134165195226208228
F'AGE : Mag fe
Fid
189.99191.38192.13
185.29186.59
180.34
181.79
175.84
177.29177.54
170.74171.04171.68
173.29
166.43
167.34
168.36
168.88
5
Val
25335438
3662S8
72
357
308
74201
1191822
26
76
72
135
190
'OE : 8801
Line
10520
10530 1C 530105301053010 1 301C 5301C' 53010530
10540105401054010540105401054010540
10550105501055010550105501055010550105501055010550
105601056010560105601056010560
10570105701057010570105701057010570
105BO105801058010580105801058010580
J
a bCDEFBH
ABCDEF9
abCDEF6HlJ
ABCDEF
ABCDEFB
ABCDEFB
2 SANTOY LAKE AREA Anomaly
Fid lyp Chs Chl Ch2
169.24
161.45 161.82162.13162.84163.63164.34164.59164.76
157.63157.84159.38159.49159.76i 60. 11160.70
152.52153.07153.36153.68153.99154.06154.51155.41155.74155.96
148.63148.84150.36150.43150.59151.04
143.56144.49144.88145.16146.68147.01147.21
139.66139.88140.09141.18141.38141.61141.99
B
CCF'BPPBB
BPBBBF'C
CCpBBBPPBB
BBBBPF'
PPPPPBB
BBPPBBP
4
28246
10
104
121264
46
12122264
104
1212
64
2444244
6622
1062
412
200492114160511805
839188
24091605599359
262525
1218967
6787
524570
851382
28181628588419
187146140224
99336289
339425138108938511177
325
149382
53206465638
681201
18981292499293
193423
1008921
49149359536
710274
22161293446221
156167177154
13268223
1622929365
665429216
Ch4
96
-257
-73
223368
42434
1145703294111
122225681543
--
184313
399110
1373804261104
-132127134
-10577
96166
--
445195
-
EM Ch6
-
-124
--
101203
173-
667423147
-
-86
436377
--
119-
204-
800539145
-
------—
5593--
29890-
Ch8
-
-176
---
215
164-
464318
--
--
358262
----
159-
487275
--
-------
----
194--
ChlO Chl2
-
-----
82
76-
244 128111 52
--
--
142 61147 59
----
87-
316 171155 92
--
- -------
----
95--
Cond
16
1445
13
312512
93645
13
20
283111
5933
4910
Alt
180
266195154175194198
220170172193190292
236225176194217134175192
221162183204185247
312312259266172245167
240172140242207202282
PAGE: tMag Peat
Fid" Val
162.13162.68163.74163.93
157.59
159.34
159.68
153.49153.88153.88
154.88155.29155.68
148.63
150.29
150.66151.09
144.09144.74
145.13146. 13
139.68139.79140.04
141.38141.79
88279
7219
198
348
113
65315315
645
265
325
551
5212
4414
19361
4957
8
33043
tot1.: 8801
LineK10590 10590 10590 10590 10590 1 0590 10590
10600 1 06001 0600106001060010600
10610106101061010610
106201062010620106201062010620
1063010630106301063010630
106401064010640106401064010640
106501065010650106501065010650
10660106601066010660106601066010660
a b C D E F B
A BCDEF
ABCD
ABCDEF
ABCDE
ABCDEF
ABCDEF
ABCDEFG
2 SANTOY LAKE AREA Anoma 1 y
Fid Typ Chs Chl Ch2
134.50 135.00135.43 135.86 136.13 137.93 138.16
130.74 130.91132.04132.26132.29132.49
126.39126.91127.18126.41
121.49121.71122.39123.24123.91124.11
118.68118.91119.08119.26120.64
114.68115.46116.49116.66116.89117.06
112.04112.26112.51112.58112.74114.11
108.91110.01110.14110.24110.33110.43110.61
C CP p B B p
P BPBBB
PPPP
SPPSBP
PBBBS
SPUBBB
PBBBBB
BUBBBBB
4 4 6 4 2
r-,
426e4
2224
446254
468
104
424
101112
61212121210
66
12121210
8
247 358 398 375 139
114 266145560554342
167232210511
1022783
1157557325225
208654795
10591320
594194276
113417661189
3481489316823501712674
312405
1940241520941391644
173 355 315 257 110
107 186109526553237
135107195382
561426552171291277
179402570857801
389190222761
1405938
346950
238118711445538
313330
14331B6317001075527
Ch4
87 155 181 85
74-
229265
98
---
128
117181185
-112120
49203334524183
107-
89365746662
131474
14481102983294
177180838
1211995543326
EM Ch6
94
-102123
-
---—
--
37-
143—
-69
163263
-
---
181328366
71258859641577159
96119513736540320134
Ch8
-
--
150-
---—
-----—
--
144209
-
---
113216271
-168520438396164
--
394482362129100
ChlO
-
----
----
-----—
---
107-
---
5176
126
-94
315201212109
--
246275201
65-
Chl2
-
----
----
------
~~---
----
8958
-74
182114124
-
--
10813098--
Con d
17
1125
5
1
81824
171721
1931243531
30635036271510
Alt
312 203 273 253 192
247 183275196190278
281291280242
264258232234236249
309245151206267
312312195157167181
180177127135160167
218150135129167181185
PAGE: 7 Ma 9 F'es'-
Fid" Val
135.24135.93
137. B4
130.54 131.13
132.24
132.49
126.64126.89126.99128.43
122.33123.29123.89124.14
119.0E119.43120.64
115.04
116.66
112.39
113.79
108.99
9244
301
244 4
197
14
1403611
111
76
14918
6461111
93
241
668
B
3
CO"vi
U-
•ccu•2LU'-~-J>or-iC-JT-*
coco•*
•D01ti er-os
-oLL.
-•oc oCJ
CMi—*x:LJOi—
*-CLJCOS
L0
zr -oLU x:0*rx:0C-4
x:0^x:o
rt) x:
no C
J
Q
Ci,
C
X•ac i—T
O
LL,01
J *
KI
i—*
1-4
Cr
Cr
UT
OvO
P-
KI
CM1C-4vO
^vO
^^
CO43*~*UTCMK
.
•3"P
V-43
O-4303Ort
O O
i
CO -43 rt crU
T UT
0 0
•D tfl
1 O
O
p- PV1
vO
vO
1 O
O
KJ-43
COvO
o1-4
KI
O
-43 CO
KI
KJ
rt
I'M O
r-4 r-4 c-4
CM
KI
pvC
r cr pv
K-
"3- U
TCM
r-4
pv
rt
c-4
UT
UT T
rt
0-
Cr
CM K
I rt
Pv Cr
CMC
r -43 *r
C-4 UT
KI
CM rt
^CO
-43 O
-43 O
-43
O
Pv rt
KI
UT CM
rt
UT O
UT
vO
COO
UT
pvT
O
C-4
rt
CM -rt
CM
C-4 CM
1-4
—
—i rt
04
04
C
O
1-1 K.l *r
•43 -O
-43
O O
O
O O
LU
o o
o
r- r-- r---O
-43
vQO
o o
UTCr
CM*
0C-4 UT
pv"~"1iC-4r-""•̂43""*
•rPv
KJovQPv
UTUT0-
0004
CO -43
PV
OU.
oPv
vO
Pv
COKJ111•vTC-4'""'
^Cr
UTUTKJ
OCOvQ1*1
3O^oCO -43 0
UT
UTCr
Cr
C-4 0•43
Cr
KI
C-4 CM
"3-
Cr
UT
KI
KI
KJ
CM
Pv
-3- C-4
CM
CO K
I
pv 43-
crr--
CM pvrt Kl rt
-43 P
V
Pv
*3~ *3-
KI
KJ
UT
KI
0
-43 UT
*vT" vQ
CO
KJ
Pv
UT
•vT
vj-
Pv
PV rt
C-4vO
K
I O
O
CM rt
CM o r-4
O
Cr rv
-43 CO
Cr
-43 UT
UTCM
K
I rt
rt
CM
CM
CM
C-4 C-4
1—
t
1-4
1—
1
04 04
1X1
CO "T
rt
vO
Pv
CO
KI
KI
KI
0 0
0
04 C
J Q
0 0
0
CO
CO CO
vO
vO
vQ
0 0
0
O
KI
UT
Cr
CO CO
Cr
KI
UT 1
1COr-4
i i
UT
CM 1
li-tK
'
CM 1
1U
T"*"
rt
-3-
UT
O O
-43
rv
CM
CO 'a-
cr
UT
O rt
rt
-0- CM
co KI CM*r r-4 VQ"3-
UT CM
"-1
CM
-3- -3-
•— *
rrj i-i
.-|
rt CO
-3-C
r O
r-4
o o
o
1 1 1 Le
CO
O
O
i~" CO
CO CO
-43 -43
O
O 0
O
UT
CM CM
CMCM
CM
Cr
1 1
1 1
1 1
i CMC
r
t -a-C
r
rt
UT
-o r-4
O
*3"-43
COCM
KJ
r-4 -43
(X
kH
vfl vr •r -ocr
cr
Cr
cr
vT iX
i
O O
C
r C
r •43
vO
O O
C-4
KCDCr
Cr
rt
rt U
T CO
pv CO
O-
UT
pv UT
1 C-4
1r-4
1 cr
1o
•a- o
irv KI
UT
KJ
CDf rt cr
rt
fO rt
KJ
O cr
CM
CO *r
CM *r CM
CM rv KI
Cr Cr-
rt•a- co *3"
Kl
Cr
OCM
C-4 -43
UT
rt U
T
CO CM
-43rt
iZCi O
!i i^Cl
Cr
rt -43
pv C
r O
Cr
Cr
O
Cr
cr
O
CJ
O
LU
O O
O
C
r C
r C
r -O
-43
-O
O O
O
oC-4
Cr
COO
O
CM UT
CO C
r
•"3-
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 P
v43-
1 P
v
—*
UT
Ort
COK.
•43 rt
UT
C-4U
T
CM vO
Ci-
OJ
Cr
KI
Pv K
l
O
i-* O
O
1—1
1-4
Li- CD
0 0
Cr
Cr
vQ
-4
3
0 0
UT
-43 r-v
CM
rt
-o rvC
r C
r
"*f r^* c*-j
r^-K
I —
1 C
M rt
CM
C-4 C-4
r-4
r-4 pv
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 Cr
1 l
CM1— 1
1 C
r -a-
lCO O1-4
1—
1
UT vQ cr
Cr
CM
rt
PV
P
-.1-1
KI
rt
rt
*3" 1-4
"3"KI rt o
r-4CM UT -a- r-4
Ki
Cr
-3- *3-
UT
P
v
-43 rt
CM
UT *T
C-4
*r co -43 -3-
LU
0
1 LL.
0-
T rt
KI
Cr
rt
CM
K
l ^1
-
-43 P-
pv pv
Cr C
r C
r C
r
CC O
j CJ
Ci
O O
O
O
0 0
0
0
r*-.. i*xi r^*. rsi*0000
Pv
o•3-
UTm
Ocr,t,lCMCOUT
CMCMUT
OKI
43-
LJ
u-
Kl
-43 43-
-43
CM
t-".iC
r cr
*H Q
^i
o o
Pv
Pv
0 O
vO
CO O
U
T K
l
f O
f
1-1 CM
-43
Cr
Cr
O
CO CO
Cr
Cr
vO K
I CO
O
CO
KI
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 TCM
C-4 C
r CO
vO O
rt
CM rt
rf
*Q
CrUT ir r-rt
43
- rt
CM
K)
vQ*"O
r̂ ^
3rt
UT
CM
-3- vQ
43-
--3 tn m
Cr
-43 CO
Cr
CM U
T
CO C
r o
CO
CO C
r
^t
tTl t ^
O O
O
CM CM
CMP
v
PV
P
V
O 0
O
KI
"4-
Cr
KI
CO O
r*
* vQ
P
v 00
CO
Cr
O
Pv
•3- U
T vO00
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
Pv
CO
1 1
UT
cr
O
UT
CM*-4
p
v
vQ
rt CM
vO
-43 CM
pv C
r U
Trt
rt
Kl
CM C-4
-43
U-
Cu
OJ
Cr
Cr
-43 r-
Cr
O
•43 vO
CO
co co m
vX
uQ
CJ
O O
O
KI
KJ
Ki
PV r~ pv0
O
0
UT
Kl
COCM CO
Cr
UT
UT
"3"rt
C-4
CMKi1
1
t 1
1 1
CM
1COCM
P
vC
P rt
0 rt
•"T U
Trt
CM
C-4
rt
O
UT
CM
CM
•O
"3-
l*
O.
-43 -O
CO
O
CM T
00
CO
41
Oi
O O
•3- "3-
Pv
pv O
0
-O
pv K
l*
O
COKi
*3- O
O
CM
rt
CO1—1
1 1
1 1
1 K
I43-~
*
i r-4vO
CO O
1-4
K
lrt
Kl
CO vQ
CM -3-
CM
-O
Ki
"3-00
"3"T
^
PV
•3- 00
li. tO
O
C-4
O 0
CO
CO
vX
O
4
o o
UT
UTP
v
Pv
0 0
PV
vO
rt
vQ
CO K
Irt Kl
Pv
Pv
CM P
- pv
cr
1 1
1 1
1 1
Cr rt
rt cr
O rt
rt
vOCM
CM
UT KI
Cr O
CM
CM
-a- -3-
u-
O.
CO
rt
"^j r^-P
v
Pv
tx. oj
o o
-43 -43
rv. P-0
0
UT
Pv
Ki
r-o crP
v
PV
1
"
CM
-rt
OCM
1 1
1 CM
1 U
TCOv-4
1 CM-43
Ki
Cr
vO
CMKi
vO
K
l•43 C
rrt
UT
Cr
CMP
v C
rrt
UT
•a- o*~*
3
Od
vO
Cr
KJ
KI
Pv
Pv
vi
Oj
0 0
Pv
Pv
Pv
Pv
o o
Ki
Pv
•"TPv
•3"r-.
K- r-. vQU
T rt
rt
1-4
1
-1 -rt
o UT *r
CM
CM
CM
i vo -a-CM
T
i -a- cro o
C-4 rt
1 "3"
COP
v "3"K
i K
i
o r*, pv.
O
CM rt
1-1
-4
3
vQ
O-
Pv
CMU
T O
O
i-i f
t
Ki
PV CD
O
—i
CDCM
CO CO
•rt
1-4
vO f ro
•O C
r .43K
i K
l T
CM CM
-43 CM
CM*~
l ""
01 01
OJ
ro CO cr
i? p- pt
LJ
Q
LU
O O
O
pv pv rv. rv.p
vpv
o o
o
OB: e
ir-107801078010780107BO1078010780107801078010780
1079010790107901079010790107901079010790
10800108001080010800108001080010800
1081010B1010810108101081010810
10820108201082010820
10831108311083110831108311083110831
10840108401084010840108401084010840
580 12 SANTOY LAKE AREA Anomaly
Fid Typ Chs Chl Ch2
ABCDEFGHI
aBCDEFGH
ABCDEFG
ABCDEF
ABCD
aBCDEFG
ABCDE f
G
69.4169.6469.7669.6970.0870.2470.5170.837 1 . 04
66. 1367.0467.3967.6666. 1868.3668.496B.56
62.6462.7862.9963.2163.3164.0664.49
55.6155.8656.1956.5656.8357.01
53.3653. 4953.8954.36
59.1559.4460.6661.0661.46tl.6461.81
45.1645.3345.5345.9646.5147.3447.39
PBBBBBF'
BB
CPPBpPBP
PBBBPBP
BBPPBP
PBBB
CPBPBPB
F'
PBPBPB
2121212886
1010
46861012B
6126108126
6444124
61046
2B4646
1444424
99659158710659755942227761076
18159282028297217501293
408108692712599421093234
4475582012911257311
583871291599
2214293025245B11184
160505706270290239356
225131354922724471240672848
16041059723783413991066
307913753866700855235
285439242269980391
470682198467
128374223370404737
-
359501203240176349
Ch4
-
336866509396265114456520
38216336126409656654
202606383493338502103
160179115208623168
223473144226
-21498153278346
-164244136141
-
171
EM Ch6
-16955831623513791
257258
-180249122266463375
9935514828922034569
104---
365-
148250
-
143
-127
-123
-190
-------
Ch8
-140391210161121
-158193
--
207-
168291219
-
261100209116242
-
----
256-
-178
--
-77----
-------
ChlO Chl2
-
69 60211 128123 112
---
63137
----
83166 86
-
-137 56
-100
-132 92
-
- ----
143 67-
- -
73--
------
-------
Cond
2843432315691821
76
252215
13251221195413
16
31
1517
51
21
11
Alt
244200169172137150169153187
248241172190146150151
278255199187211219219
257208242193241246
197181194160
246200202163140180
213210182159182169186
PAGE: 9 Mag Peal
Fid Val
70.14 153
70.83 667
67.58 415
68.39 26
63.19 288
63.89 404
56.08 6756.39 59
53.39 13253.74 206
59.49 257
44.74 16
45.94 885
420I5NE08H 2 .12919 WALSH900
RECEIVEDDEC l 3 flft
Ministry ofNorthern Developmentand Minos
foOCUiVe?f No! j
Ontano
Report of WorkMining Act (Geophysical, Geological and Geochemical Surveys)
.MINING LANDS SECTIONMMiyA!ffo~,sv?5Snlen! I'.ork r"qu.r,--T..:-- -,
Instructions- Please type or print.- Refer to Section 77, the
and maximum credits allowed per su r *ty type- H number of mining claims traversea exceeds sp;?r,e on th.s 'C'"
attach a list.- Technical Reports and maps m cup'.caio snould t- suhnx'e" t.
Mining Lands Section. Mineral Deveiepmen! and Lands 3i\v:'Typo of Survey(s)
Airborne EMRecorded Holder(s)
Noranda Exploration Company, Limited
Mining Division
Thunder BayTownship or Area
Walsh G-636 k Tuuri G-635
Address
P.O. Box 2656, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5G2Survey Company
Questor Surveys LimitedName and Address of Author (of Geo-Tuchnical Report)
Terry Mcconnell, P.O. Box 2656, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5G2Credits Requested per Each Claim in Columns at rightSpecial Provisions
Tor lirsl survey:
Enter -10 days. (This includes line cutting)
For each additional survey: using the same grid:
Enter '10 days (for each)
Man Days
Complete reverse side and enter toMI(s) here
Airborne Credits
Note: Special provisions credits do not tipply to Airborne Surveys.
Geophysical
- Electromagnetic
- Magnetometer
- Other
Geological
Geochemical
Geophysical
- Electromagnetic
- Magnetometer
- Other
Geological
Geochemical
Electromagnetic
Magnetometer
Other
Days per Claim
Days per Claim
————— .
. ——— — .
Days per Claim
20
Total miles flown over claim(s), jDate 1 Recorded Holder or Agent (Signature)
vlining Claims Traversed (List inMining Claim
Prefix
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
—IB.—
TB
.-1B.
...JB
IB
-
-
-TB.-.
Number
969352
969353
969354
969355
969356
969357.
.9.69.258
.269533 — —.
-9-69.53.4..- .
969335. ...
9.49536 ,
.969.537-..——
.969538
.969699...-...—
969700.. . -.
969701..--..
numerical
Prospector's Licence
A 34387No
Telephone No.
807-623-4339
Date ol Survey (Iron03 03 88Dfiy ! Mo -' Y-
T S tO)
07 03 88Day i Mo 1 ^ j
sequence)Mining Claim
Prefix
TB
TB
TB
TB
TB
-
TB
TB
TBTP
IB.
-TB—
-1B..-
-IB...
TB
Number
969702
969705
-99036
-19-0-31 -9.9036
.29036
-99fl36
-9953.6
-99.036
2
3 .
4
5
6—
L-—
8
59.0369. - .
-93QA42 .....-
.990445———
.950446 __ ...
-990448.. - -.
990449
Minino Ctairr.Prefix Number
TB j
TB
TB J
TB ^
TB
TB .
TB
.9904.88...
990489
990490
99.0491 .. .. ..
.992552
992553992554~—— —— "~" -
-IB-...i.9.92599 . .
TB 992600
-IB-.. .
TB
.IB...
JTB.. .
...TB...,
TBcontinued on attache
Total nunioer of mining c'vns cov 1 --"-.: bv this r*-r-:-ri o 'AO*-
.992602.
-992603.
992604
-992605,
992606.
992607H sheet
103
Certification Verifying Heport of Work
l heieby ccil.ly that l h.ivn a poisnnai and intmialo knowledge of iho facts set forth in tins Rofiori of Work, having performed the work cr v.itrev." : .-.-.-w d'jr - -; n- ; - ,T after its completion and annexed repoit is true
N.imo -irvf A.ldress of Person CertifyingRonna F. Tergie, P.O. Box 2656, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5G2
MINING CLAIMS
TB. 992608
992609
992756
992757
992759
992760
992761
992762
992763
992764
992765
992766
992767
992768
992781
992782
992784
992785
992786
992787
992788
992789
992790
992791
992792
992806
992807
992808
992809
(continued)
TB. 992810
992811
992812
992813
992814
992815
992816
992818
992819
992820
992821
992822
992823
992831
992832
992833
992834
992835
992836
992837
992838
992839
993513
993514
993515
993516
993517
993532/n
,
A9
Ontario
Ministry ofNorthern Developmentand Mines
Geophysical-Geological-Geochemical Technical Data Statement
2.12919 File.
TO BE ATTACHED AS AN APPENDIX TO TECHNICAL REPORTFACTS SHOWN HERE NEED NOT BE REPEATED IN REPORT
TECHNICAL REPORT MUST CONTAIN INTERPRETATION, CONCLUSIONS ETC.
a ga
Sb b O
Type of Survey (s) A-i rhorne EM
Township or Area.
Claim Holder(s).
Tuuri/Walsh Townships
Questor SurveysSurveyAuthor of Report Terry Mcconnell
Address of Amhnr P - Q - Box 2 656 ' Thunder Bay, Ontario
Covering Dates of Survey___53 /03 /88 ~ 0 7 /03 / 88
Total Miles of Line Cut_____(linecutting to office)
SPECIAL PROVISIONS CREDITS REQUESTED
ENTER 40 days (includes line cutting) for first survey.
ENTER 20 days for each additional survey using same grid.
Geophysical
—Electromagnetic.
—Magnetometer——Radiometric———Other^—————
DAYS per claim
Geological.
Geochemical.
AIRBORNE CREDITS (Special provision credits do not apply to airborne surveys)
Magnetometer__ .Electromagnetic —f-0—— Radiometric(enter days per claim)
HATR. November 17/89 SIGNATURB,
Res. Geol.. .Qualifications.
Previous Surveys File No. Type Date Claim Holder
837 (85/12)
Noranda Exploration Company, LimitedMINING CLAIMS TRAVERSED
List numerically
(prefix) (number)
.9fi9353..............3flia3JW.........
.9.6.9.35A..............3903J6&.
990369.969355.
.969356.
.969357..
969358
990445
990446
969533 990448
969534 990449
.....?.6.?.5.3. 7 ..............?.?.Q^9..Q................
..9.6MIL.............9.9.2.5.5.4..
990365 992605
TOTAL CLAIMS.103
continued on attached sheet
GEOPHYSICAL TECHNICAL DATA
GROUND SURVEYS — If more than one survey, specify data for each type of survey
Number of Stations. Station interval.—— Profile scale —..——
.Number of Readings
.Line spacing -———
Contour interval.
UHH
H W Z O
InstrumentAccuracy — Scale constant ———^— Diurnal correction method —^———. Base Station check-in interval (hours). Base Station location and value ,—^—
ELECTROMAGNETKOil configuration .fV.il separation
AccuracyMethod: CH Fixed transmitter O Shoot back O In line
Frequency{specify V.L. F. station)
d Parallel line
Parameters measured.
Instrument.Scale constantCorrections made.
O Base station value and location.
Elevation accuracy.
ZOH
N
a
DQ
Z
Instrument —————————— Method D Time Domain
Parameters — On time ^—— - Off time ___— Delay time ___— Integration time.
Q Frequency Domain
_ Frequency _____ _ Range —^-——^—
Power.Electrode array — Electrode spacing . Type of electrode
SELF POTENTIALInstrument.————-------—-—---———.--——-——-——-——..————.^^—-—.^—— Range.Survey Method ——^—————^^—————————-————-—-——-——————....————
Corrections made.
RADIOMETRIC
Instrument————.Values measured.Energy windows (levels) ^--.^^^—^-^——-—----—————.——^———^—————^——— Height of instrument____________________________Background Count. Size of detector—-——^——^—^--——^-^—-—-————^———.^^——..^^-^—..—^—-Overburden ——————-.——-.———.^^——————.-.—.——————-...^.—————.———
(type, depth — include outcrop map)
OTHERS (SEISMIC, DRILL WELL LOGGING ETC.)
Type of survey-————————.——..—^^—^——.^——
Instrument _________^___^__—_.^_^^_Accuracy.^—-—-—————-———^^————————.Parameters measured.
Additional information (for understanding results).
AIRBORNE SURVEYSType of survey(s) InPut Mark VI
Instrument(s) Mark V I, (specify for each type of survey)
Accuracy______~ 2ppm______(specify for each type of survey)
Aircraft ..^H Skyvan SH-7 C-GDRG______________
Sensor altitude_____60 mNavigation and flight path recovery rn.tr.oH photomosarc recovery from 35 mm film
Aircraft altitude—120m__________________________Line Sparing 200m
Miles flown over total area____466___________________Over claims only.
GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY - PROCEDURE RECORD
Numbers of claims from which samples taken.
Total Number of Samples. Type of Sample.
(Nature of Material)Average Sample Weight——————— Method of Collection————————
Soil Horizon Sampled. Horizon Development- Sample Depth———— Terrain_________
ANALYTICAL METHODSValues expressed in: per cent D
p. p. m, Dp. p. b. O
Cu, Pb,
Others_
Zn, Ni, Co, Ag, Mo, As.-(circle)
Field Analysis (.
Drainage Development———————————— Estimated Range of Overburden Thickness-
Extraction Method. Analytical Method- Reagents Used__
Field Laboratory AnalysisNo. ——————————
SAMPLE PREPARATION(Includes drying, screening, crushing, ashing)
Mesh size of fraction used for analysis____
Extraction Method. Analytical Method - Reagents Used.——
Commercial Laboratory Name of Laboratory, Extraction Method Analytical Method Reagents Used .^—
.tests)
.tests)
-tests)
General. General.
MINU^ CLAIMS TRAVERSED
TB.^606
992607
992608
992609
992756
992757
992759
992760
992761
992762
992763
992764
992765
992766
992767
992768
992781
992782
992784
992785
992786
992787
992788
992789
992790
992791
992792
992806
992807
992808
(continued)
TB992810
992811
992812
992813
992814
992815
992816
992818
992819
992820
992821
992822
992823
992831
992832
992833
992834
992835
992836
992837
992838
992839
993513
993514
993515
993516
993517
993532
SANTOY
'(OH i CAI l DNS
Mi)
o o to o
INTF RPRF IATION
A/VA/X
A i KfUiKNi M^ V s t NTIJI SUKVI Y
MM,! i^OMACNI i l ( ANOMAI Y MA!'
NOKANDA l Xl'l OKA! ION COMPANY, l l MI II H
SAN l OY l AKI AKI ArWHV INCI (M ON! AKI!)
UUISIUH Surveys l imiled
200
