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Quick quiz on sampling methods!. Name one advantage of volunteer sampling. A study took place in a street where passers-by were instructed to pick up litter by either a man in a security guard’s uniform, a man in a milkman’s uniform or a man in no uniform. Which sort of sampling did they use?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Quick quiz on sampling methods!
Name one advantage of volunteer sampling
A study took place in a street where passers-by were
instructed to pick up litter by either a man in a security
guard’s uniform, a man in a milkman’s uniform or a man in
no uniform. Which sort of sampling did they use?
Here is a famous advert asking for participants:
Which type of sampling is it?
Which sampling method attempts to give an equal representation?
Which of these is random?
A – a researcher selects every tenth person on a computer database (in alphabetical order)
B – a researcher puts all the names of the people into a hat and pulls out 20
Which sampling technique is biased as participants are likely to have a reason for wanting to do the expt?
This is an example of which technique:
Each participant is given a number and then participants are selected using a chance
number generator.
Give one advantage of using an opportunity sample.
This type of sample ensures that every member of the target
population has an equal chance of being picked
You go to the common room and put up a notice asking for people to take part in a memory expt in the Library where you go and wait. What sort of
sampling is this?
Learning Objectives
To describe naturalistic observations and controlled observations
To describe the difference between participant and non-participant observation
To identify strengths and weaknesses of different observational techniques
To identify behavioural categories in given experiments
Observational ResearchNatural vs. controlled:Natural: Here spontaneous behaviour is recorded in a natural setting.
Controlled: behaviour is observed under controlled laboratory conditions
Participant vs. non-participant:Participant observation is where observers become actively involved in the behaviour of those being studied – the real p’s may or may not be aware who the observer is.
Non-participant observation is where researchers observe from a distance.
What type of observation is this?Rosenhan (1973)Pretended to hear voices to be admitted to
a mental hospitalOnce admitted, he observed the behaviour
of staff towards patients
What type of observation is this?Goodall (1960)Observed Chimpanzees in the jungle and
found that they use a grass stem as a tool for removing termites from a termite mound
What type of observation is this?Bandura (1961)Bobo doll experiment – researchers
observed children’s behaviour towards the doll through one-way glass
What type of observation is this?
A research observes a participant on a treadmill and prevents them from drinking any water to see how their behaviour changes and how long they can exercise for
Need to be able to evaluate controlled and natural observations
Natural or Controlled?
High in ecological validity – real-life setting so can be generalised to other settings
Natural or Controlled?There is control over extraneous variables –
more sure that the IV is causing the DV
Natural or Controlled?Little control over extraneous variables –
not necessarily the IV causing the DV
Natural or Controlled?Low ecological validity - Observed
behaviour may not be a true reflection of what occurs and may be down to participants behaving in a way they think the experimenter wants them to
Behavioural Categories
Needed so that the observer can count the number of times a particular behaviour occurs
E.g. observing children's aggressive behaviour
Categories might be:- Angry shouting at another child- Provoked hitting of another child- Unprovoked hitting of another child
Designing an observational study
For the exam you need to know how to design behavioural categories for an
observational study
So we’re going to have a go!
Let’s have a go…There will be a difference in the number of
intimate behaviours between dates in the light and dates in the dark
Behavioural categories?
Condition 1:Date in the
Light
Condition 2:Date in the
Dark
Summary questions
What is a natural observation?What is a controlled observation?What is participant observation?What is non-participant observation?What do we mean by behavioural
categories?Give an example of a behaviour category
when observing “sociability”