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Since cetaceans are mammals, they give birth rather than lay

eggs. They generally give birth to one calf every 1-6 years;

depending on the species of cetacean, females can become

pregnant for 9-18 months! Cetaceans have inner reproductive

parts that are covered by slits. These slits are on their bellies

near their tails; males have two slits and females have three

slits. The larger slit on a male is where the penis is located and

the smaller slit is for the anus. As for the females, the larger slit

is where the vagina and anus are both located and the two

smaller slits are the mammary glands which provide milk for

calves. Mothers and calves tend to stay together in tropical

waters and single females stay there as well but for mating.

Males are able to migrate to colder waters but return to tropical

areas to meet with the females.

Danil, K., & Chivers, S. J. (2007). Growth and reproduction of female short-

beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, in the eastern tropical Pacific.

Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(1), 108-121.

How Do Whales Have Babies? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.whalefacts.org/how-do-whales-have-babies/.

ABSTRACT: ANATOMY:

Cetaceans consist of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Whales

are either baleen and belong to the Mysticete phylogeny or are

toothed and belong to the phylogeny Odontocete. For this

powerpoint I will not be focusing on Baleen whales although I

do mention them every once in a while as a comparison to

toothed whales. Instead I will solely focus on toothed cetaceans;

some examples are Beluga whales, Sperm whales, Bottlenose

dolphins, Amazon River dolphins, Killer whales, and Harbor

porpoises. The subtopics in this powerpoint consist of the

breeding process that toothed cetaceans go through, the anatomy

of different species, migration patterns and habits, diets, threats,

and conservation. Along with these informative paragraphs, I’ve

provided pictures with fun facts that go along with the subtopics

of this presentation. Lastly, all of the references that I used will

be provided towards the end for further research if you’re

interested in reading more about them.

BREEDING PROCESS:

Migration patterns depend on the species and gender of a

cetacean as well as the environmental conditions. Some

cetaceans migrate to warmer parts during the colder seasons

and then to colder areas during the warmer seasons. But

there are some that are meant for colder climates such as

beluga whales whom are found in the Arctic or subarctic.

Belugas swim in waters that are shallow and can be as cold

as (32°F). They spend their time in colder waters (for

autumn and winter) but migrate to river basins and warmer

areas for summer. Bottlenose dolphins migrate in groups

called pods. You can find these dolphins in tropical waters

(Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific ocean). As for male sperm

whales, they can be found traveling alone around the globe

throughout their lifetime. But things such as climate change

and pollution can mess with migration patterns. Some

animals are forced to leave their regular habitats due to

temperature changes and scarcity of food.

Habitat and Distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/beluga-

whales/habitat/#:~:targetText=Most beluga whales migrate

south,migrate north in the autumn.

Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.

MIGRATION:

DIET: The diets of toothed whales vary depending on whale, dolphin,

and porpoise. Although they all have teeth, they swallow their

food whole unless they catch a bigger prey...in this case they eat

their prey in chunks. Sperm whales eat about one ton of fish and

squid per day; they’re capable of doing so by holding their

breath for more than 90 minutes and deep diving to capture

squid. Beluga whales will eat bottom-dwellers such as fish

(cod, flounder, capelin, smelt, herring), octopus, sandworms,

squid, snails, crabs, etc. Killer whales (orcas) eat things such as

octopus, sea lions, fish, seals, seabirds, rays, squid, and sea

turtles! As for Amazon river dolphins, they tend to have a diet of

crabs, fish, turtles, shrimps, and piranhas. And bottlenose

dolphins eat similar things except for piranhas and turtles. As for

Harbor porpoises, they rarely eat octopus and squid but instead

search for fish that are non-spiny such as cod, sardines, herring,

mackerel, and whiting. So, the species and location of a

cetacean...determines its diet.

Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-teeth/.

Wijnsma, G., Pierce, G. J., & Santos, M. B. (1999). Assessment of errors in

cetacean diet analysis: in vitro digestion of otoliths. Journal of the Marine

Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79(3), 573-575.

CONSERVATION:

We’ve all seen videos and pictures of marine animals affected

by plastic and other kinds of pollution on social media but do

we do anything about it? Well, if not then we can start now by

not partaking in plastic usage such as straws and plastic bags

which can end up in the ocean. We can “reduce, reuse and

recycle” but that’s not all. The organization I Love A Clean San

Diego provides volunteering opportunities. For example, you

can go out to a beach with a group of volunteers, pick up trash,

and in return you not only get a cleaner beach but they

sometimes give out coupons for volunteering. Many aquariums

also allow people to volunteer and be alongside cetaceans.

We’re able to gain awareness, knowledge, understanding and

gain a stronger appreciation for them. So, don’t just talk about

change...be the change!

Hoyt, E. (2012). Marine protected areas for whales dolphins and porpoises:

A world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation. Routledge.

Noaa. (2019, July 10). Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species.

Retrieved from https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-

gear-and-risks-protected-species.

SOLD OUT: We have sold out of tickets for today, December 8, 2019.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aqua.org/Conserve/volunteer.

Volunteer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ilacsd.org/volunteer/.

REFERENCES: Danil, K., & Chivers, S. J. (2007). Growth and reproduction of female short-beaked common dolphins,

Delphinus delphis, in the eastern tropical Pacific. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(1), 108-121.

Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-

teeth/.

Endo, T., Haraguchi, K., & Sakata, M. (2002). Mercury and selenium concentrations in the internal organs

of toothed whales and dolphins marketed for human consumption in Japan. Science of the Total

Environment, 300(1-3), 15-22.

Habitat and Distribution. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://seaworld.org/animals/all-about/beluga-

whales/habitat/#:~:targetText=Most beluga whales migrate south,migrate north in the autumn.

How Do Whales Have Babies? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/how-do-

whales-have-babies/.

Hoyt, E. (2012). Marine protected areas for whales dolphins and porpoises: A world handbook for

cetacean habitat conservation. Routledge.

Noaa. (2019, July 10). Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species. Retrieved from

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-and-risks-protected-species.

SOLD OUT: We have sold out of tickets for today, December 8, 2019. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.aqua.org/Conserve/volunteer.

Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.

Volunteer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ilacsd.org/volunteer/.

Wijnsma, G., Pierce, G. J., & Santos, M. B. (1999). Assessment of errors in cetacean diet analysis: in vitro

digestion of otoliths. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79(3), 573-

575.

All cetaceans have holes on the top of their heads called

“blowholes” which are for breathing; while baleen whales have

two blowholes that are side by side, toothed whales only have

one. They dive to deep depths, hold their breath for long periods

of time, and eventually rise above the water to breathe. Although

cetaceans lack hair, they have blubber which is a layer of fat that

retains their body heat and helps with their buoyancy. Pectoral

fins which are located on each side of a cetacean’s body are for

maneuvering and steering. A tail fin has two flukes, used for

swimming and are made of connective tissue (flexible). Most

cetaceans have dorsal fins which are meant for stability but not

all of them do. Beluga whales lack but they’re able to lean up

against the ice in the Arctic. As for teeth, they have one set for

life. Dolphins have 72-100 identical teeth which are long and

pointy for grabbing food. Porpoises have about 38-40 teeth that

are located on the upper jaw and 40-48 located on the lower jaw.

The teeth of a porpoise are small and “spade-like.” Beluga

whales have 34 teeth in total and they’re thick and short. Killer

whales have 40-56 teeth and sperm whales have a row of 18-26

on each side of their lower jaw but have no teeth on the upper

jaw. Their upper jaw is occupied by “sockets” which their teeth

fit perfectly into. This oral structure allows them to smoothly

slurp prey into their mouths.

Do Whales Have Teeth? (2015, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.whalefacts.org/do-whales-have-teeth/.

Sperm Whale Facts. (2015, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.whalefacts.org/sperm-whale-facts/.

There are multiple threats to cetaceans due to the fact that

marine life is affected very easily by the actions of humans.

Pollution interferes with the growth and productivity of the

oceans; when one species is killed, the rest of the food chain is

affected. Climate change also causes ice sheets to melt; since

the sun no longer has white ice sheets to bounce its heat off of,

the water absorbs it, and the temperature of our oceans

change. Fishing methods such as purse seines, pelagic

longlines, and midwater trawls have accidentally caught “non-

targets” such as dolphins, sharks, and sea turtles and this is a

major threat. This hurts the populations of marine animals and

it adds up overtime. The last threat is the Taiji Japan dolphin

hunting which has occurred for many generations. This

cultural tradition has been exploited by animal activists but

Japan continues to hunt. They sell the blubber, red meat, fins,

lungs, kidneys, and livers. Dolphins are stabbed in their neck

and have a wooden rod plunged into their wound which causes

them to drown but die slowly. They’re also sold alive to other

countries such as China for their marine parks. But the locals

in Japan believe it’s just a part of their lifestyle to hunt, sell,

and eat dolphins because their ancestors did. So, we should all

be aware of threats like these because we have the power to

make a difference and protect our marine animals and oceans.

Endo, T., Haraguchi, K., & Sakata, M. (2002). Mercury and selenium

concentrations in the internal organs of toothed whales and dolphins

marketed for human consumption in Japan. Science of the Total

Environment, 300(1-3), 15-22.

Glick, D. (2017, January 18). Global Climate Change, Melting Glaciers.

Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-

warming/big-thaw/.

THREATS:

By: Jennifer Menke Lammi TOOTHED CETACEANS: WHALES, DOLPHINS, & PORPOISES

FUN FACT: The capturing of dolphins in Japan have been

somewhat consistent from 2007-2019. The killings decreased

in 2009 when the documentary “The Cove” came out which

exploited Japan’s dolphin hunting . And the release of

dolphins only began in 2011. Taiji's chart of reported dolphin kills, captures, and releases from Dolphin

Project page "Taiji Facts/Frequently asked Questions.“

Photograph credit: DolphinProject.com

FUN FACT: Beluga whales can swim backwards!

Beluga Whale. (2018, May 31). Retrieved from https://seahistory.org/sea-history-for-kids/beluga-whale/.

FUN FACT: Most dolphin

calves stay by their mothers’

side for 3-6 years; they learn

to adapt and capture food.

Chicago Tribune article "Breeding

Dolphins a complicated

undertaking for zoos, aquariums."

Photographer: Tony Briscoe

FUN FACT: Did you

know that Killer Whales

are at the top of their food

chain? Yes, they’re

capable of killing adult

whales and can even go up

against sharks! Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://us.whales.org/.

Sperm whales: 77,000-130,000 lbs, 50-55 ft long

Beluga whales: (females) 2,998 lbs & 9.8-13.1 ft long/ (males) 3,307 lbs & 11.2-15.1 ft long

Killer whales: (females) 3,000-6,000lbs & 16-23 ft long (males) 8,000-12,000lbs & 20-26f ft long

Bottlenose dolphins: 330-1,400 lbs & 6.6-13 ft long

Amazon river dolphins: 220-350 lbs & 6.5-8.5 ft long

Harbor porpoises: 130-200 lbs & 5-6 ft long