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REGIMES IN LDCS Less stable, more diverse compared to RDs
Politics = conflict more likely to be violent Institutions = more fragile Policies = more erratic
Authoritarian developmental (AD; South Korea, Taiwan) Development + improved citizen capability
Authoritarian predatory (AP; Nigeria, Zaire (DRC)) No development, no capability
Developmental democracies (DD; Chile, Costa Rica, Mauritius) Development + improved citizen capability
Fragmented democracies (FD; Brazil, India, Philippines) Some development + some citizen capability
AD: POLITICS Geography, politics
Powerful enemies Threat of internal unrest Absence of natural resources Incentives to promote economic development,
share wealth Nationalism, anticommunism Support in key constituencies
Entrepreneurs/capitalists Farmers Workers paid cost of industrialization; over time
enjoyed more benefits
AD: POLICIESRapid industrialization;
competitivenessImport substitution
industrialization (ISI)Manufacture for export, Export-
oriented industrialization (EOI)Not market capitalism modelJapan’s state-led development
model
AD: INSTITUTIONS Centralized political system (power
concentrated in small elite; executive) Legislatures, courts, local government not effective
check Strong, coherent state
Effective policy implementation Officials autonomous, competent, professional
Close relationship to business community Institutions devoted to legitimation and security
Elections Schools, media Security, repression
AP: POLITICS No economic, no human development Little incentive Plagued by ethnic, linguistic, regional conflicts
Class interests submerged Narrow coalitions -- ethnic, linguistic, regional
loyalties Clientelism = patron gives client favors for support Divide and rule; intimidation
Clientelist politicians Narrow, geographically defined constituencies Patronage to supporters Most get little benefit
AP: POLICIESGoal of leaders = enrich
themselves, families, followersEconomic development –
concentrate wealth in elite handsISI accumulation of wealth by
leadersHuman development policies
(education, health care) opportunities for making money
School, clinic construction – kickbacks, graft
AP: INSTITUTIONS Weak states – no capacity, autonomy Political parties – no clear policy goals Weak legislatures Corrupt bureaucracies State unable to deliver basic goods and
services Inadequate infrastructure Limited protection of property rights Inefficient firms protected Inefficient management of foreign investment,
aid
AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES Why are some developmental (AD),
others predatory (AP)? (see Table 8.1, 225) Incentives leaders have to build
broad/narrow coalitionsQuality of state institutions for
implementing policiesKinds of groups and social classes for
coalitions of support
DD: POLITICS Democracy, economic growth, and human
development; mutually reinforcing Consolidating democracy convincing social
groups/classes they benefit from democracy Meet needs of poor; do not threaten interests of
wealthier groups Trade-offs broad-based social democratic
political parties, federations of labor and business, capable, coherent state bureaucracies
Compromise political influence to agricultural workers, small farmers, and urban workers
DD: POLICIES Strong social democratic parties
Capitalist economic growth, substantial safety nets
Minimal state ownershipGrowth with equity
Export-led growth, integration into global market
Substantial social welfare programs Strengthened labor union bargaining
power Increased citizens’ capability
DD: INSTITUTIONS Stable, broad-based political parties Capable, coherent state bureaucracies Parties appeal to broad groups of voters through
policies that promote growth with equity Broad-based labor and business federations
Represent workers and businesses in most sectors
Strong, autonomous states Implement policies favoring broad categories
of population Bureaucracies with capable officials; coherent,
successful policy-making, implementation
FD: POLITICS Fragmented political parties, interest
associations, states Large inequalities in wealth, power, citizen
capability; large and diverse populations Politicians appeal to upper income groups
Clientelism inhibits peasants and workersRulers engage in identity politicsPoliticians engage in populismGovernments target benefits to privileged
groups, organized workersLocal elites manipulate elections
FD: POLICIES Benefits go to wealthier business
people, union leaders, large farmers, middle class
ISI protects businesses; gives subsidies to large farmers
Educational, health care, retirement, unemployment geared to upper- and middle-classes
Policies biased toward urban middle-class and wealthy, some improvements in lives of poor
FD: INSTITUTIONS Fragmented political institutions Multiple political parties, interest
groups, federal systems Parties rely on patronage, appeals to
racial and ethnic identity Legislators focus on pork barrel
projects, local benefits Fragmentation within state prevents
implementation of coherent programs
DEMOCRATIC REGIMES Why some developmental (DD), others
fragmented (FD)? (Table 8.4, 236) Incentives leaders have for broad/narrow
coalitionsQuality of state institutions for
implementing policiesGroups and social classes for coalitions of
supportPolitical parties, interest groups broad-
based or fragmented