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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
If we do not design ways to live within the means of one
planet, sustainability will remain elusive.
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Energy and the EnvironmentPart II
CES August 2010
Prof. R. ShanthiniDept of Chemical & Process Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Peradeniya
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• Describe the major energy technologies
• Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of
- energy sufficiency (conservation)
- energy efficiency
- energy security and
- sustainability issues
Learning Objectives
√
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Total emissionsGlobal CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the manufacture of cement (in 109 kg CO2)
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html
Carbon dioxide emissions
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Global Carbon CycleFossil-
fuel burning
5.3
Land use
0.6 – 2.6
Photosynthesis 100-120
Plant respiration 40 - 50
Decay of residues 50 - 60
Sea-surface gas
exchange100 - 115
Net ocean uptake
1.6 – 2.4
Numbers are billions of tons of carbon
Geological reservoir
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
275
300
325
350
375
400
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
(in ppmv)
Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Concentrations
385.3 ppmv in 2008
275 ppmv in pre-industrial time
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide
GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit
radiation within the thermal infrared range.
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
The Greenhouse effectA T M O S P H E R E
S U N
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
The main GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Without GHGs, Earth's surface would be on average about 33°C colder than at present.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Rise in the concentration of four GHGs
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and other industrial activities since the Industrial revolution have increased the GHGs in the atmosphere to such a level that the earth’s surface is heating up to temperatures that are very destructive to life on earth.
Global Warming
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Global Warming
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/hansen/hansen.html
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2oC during the past 100 centuries.
The global temperature has risen by 0.74 ± 0.18°C over the last century (from 1906 to 2005).
Source: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Global warming has begun…..
Global Warming
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Consequences………… Climate change
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://earthtrends.wri.org/
• Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islands.
• Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops.
• The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by 2015.
World’s first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands, Papua New Guinea.
Climate change
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• death of coral reefs
• fewer cubs for polar bears
• spread of dengue and other diseases
• heavy rains & severe draughts
• fires, floods, storms, & hurricanes
• changed rainfall patterns
• warming and aridity
• loss of biodiversityand more……………..
Climate change
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
-Accelerated Climate Change-Mass extinctions-Ecosystems breakdowns-Large scale discontinuities
At the rate of 1.5 ppmv of CO2 increase per year, 400 ppmv CO2 will be reached in 2018, and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2oC
(compare it with the 0.01oC per decade estimate by WWF).
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Some say, forget about the 2oC. The limit is not 400 ppmv CO2.
It is 550 ppmv CO2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value).
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Sustainable Limit Calculations
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:
1. Virgin material supply limit: To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100, global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1012 kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC, 1996).
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
2. Allocation of virgin material: Each of the average 7.5 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions. This translates to roughly 1000 kg
(1 tonne) of C equivalents per person per year.
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
3. Regional “re-captureable” resource base:
Recycling of carbon in the form of permanent or semi-permanent sequestration may eventually possible through controversial techniques, not at the moment.
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
4. Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate: The U.S. on average produced 5500 kg (5.5 tonnes) of C equivalents per person (including emissions from land use change) in 2000, which is well beyond the global sustainable rate of 1000 kg (1 tonne) of C equivalents per person per year.
Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9
Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
HDI (defined on next page)2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
HDI > 0.8
USA
Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
2 School Enrollment
3 100+
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
HDI 2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Sustainable limit
HDI > 0.8
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9)
USA
Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Discussion Point 3:
How to limit the CO2 emissions below the sustainable limit?
Take 10 mins.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Fossil Fuel Type
Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the
remaining reserves (most optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at the 2007 level
Oil 41.6 years
Natural Gas 60.3 years
Coal 133 years
Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields,
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/mx/
Production from Mexico's largest oilfield, Cantarell, fell
from 1.99 million b/d
in Jan 2006 to
1.44 million b/d in Dec 2006.
Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields,
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: www.cartoonstock.com/directory/f/fossil_fuel.asp
Well #34 has run dry and is now pumping fossils
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Dr. Gro Harlem BrundtlandFormer Prime Minister, NorwayFormer Chair/ World Commission onEnvironment and Development
Responsible for the broad political concept of Sustainable Development
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“
- “Our Common Future”, 1987
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Sustainable Energy: is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment.
Could we achieve a world that consumes sustainable energy without re-organizing the entire energy system of the present?
Discussion Point 4:
Take 10 mins.
Renewable Energy: are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
But, we replace our forests with cities, highways & golf courses.
Option 1: Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70% of all photosynthesis occurs).
Stop destroying forests, and grow more trees.
R. Shanthini19 Jan 2010
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming.
How long does it take to grow a tree like this?
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Option 2: Change to non-CO2 emitting energy sources
What are they?Nuclear HydroRenewables (Geothermal, Solar,
Wave, Tidal, Wind, Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Fossil fuels
Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Electric Power
Electric Power from Renewables
World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from
migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities
the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually
hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge
failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences
loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements
The future generations must pay for destroying dams
Hydroelectric power
Is it a sustainable form of energy?
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Hydroelectric power
The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in 2012.
Removal of dam will restore
the fish habitats, will create an
additional 715 acres of
terrestrial vegetation, and
improve elk habitats. estimated cost
$308 million ± 15%
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
2nd GenerationThin-film
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Inorganic Solar Cells
Bulk
2nd GenerationThin-film
Germanium Silicon
Mono-crystalline
Poly-crystalline
Ribbon
Silicon
AmorphousSilicon
NonocrystallineSilicon
3rd GenerationMaterials
CIS
CIGS
CdTe
GaAs
Light absorbing dyes
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a
conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains.
Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C.
And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
4 2148
236 280
1306
688
439
910
966
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Comparing Sri Lanka with USASri Lanka USA
Human Development Index (HDI) 2005 0.743 0.951
Ecological Footprint (EF, defined on next
page) 2005 per capita1 gha 9.4 gha
CO2 emissions per capita in 2004
0.16 tonnes of C
5.62 tonnes of C
Electricity consumption per capita in 2004
420 kW-hr
14,240 kW-hr
GDP per capita in 2006
3,896 PPP US $
43,968 PPP US$
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• EF measures (in global hectares) how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/frequently_asked_questions/#method1
A global hectare (gha) is a common unit that encompasses the
average productivity of all the biologically productive land and
sea area in the world in a given year. Biologically productive
areas include cropland, forest and fishing grounds, and do not
include deserts, glaciers and the open ocean.
Ecological Footprint (EF)
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Sustainable global EF per capita
= Total Biocapacity per capita
= 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha ( ≈ 5 acres)
Biocapacity
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Total
Cropland Footprint
Grazing Footprint
Forest Footprint
Fishing Ground Footprint
Carbon Footprint
Built-up Land
Biocapacity(gha per capita)
EF2005 (ghaper capita)
For Sri Lanka
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
0 2 4 6 8 10
Total
Cropland Footprint
Grazing Footprint
Forest Footprint
Fishing Ground Footprint
Carbon Footprint
Built-up Land
Biocapacity(gha per capita)
EF2005 (ghaper capita)
For USA
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
EF is 1.3 in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
EF will be 2 by the mid 2030 if current population and consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
More people
More pollution
Option 3: Reduce Population
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
If you are in USA, you will be lighting 18.5 bulbs, each with 200 W power
If you are in China, you will be lighting 3 bulbs, each with 200 W power
Electricity use in 2006
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita, PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
CO2 (metrictons per capita)
Population GDP percapita, PPP(const 2005
International $)
Low income
Lower middleincome
Upper middleincome
High income
in 2005
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
CO2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population.
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
“We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.”
Albert Einstein
End of Part II
(short Break)