R744 System Update - AMMONIA21 · World wide car stock ... Full report on R744.com. Flammability HFO-1234yf Accident simulation ... catalytic converter shield About 20mm clearance

R744 SystemR744 SystemUpdate

by Frank Wolf & Team

Shanghai 25. November 2008

Content

Section ONE

� Tomorrow’s Vehicle Market

Section TWO

� Choice of Next Refrigerant

Confidential

© All rights with Obrist Engineering GmbH also in the event of the grant of a patent. Right of disposal like copying and distribution with us.

Section THREE

� R744 Component Engineering – News

Section FOUR

� Latest Fuel Consumption Test Results

World Vehicle Market

Each year 16 - 17 mio new cars in Europe

2,1 billion cars world wide in 2030

millions

World wide car stock

2030: 2,1 bill

o

Confidential


World wide car stock:

1960: 122 millions

2006: 925 millions

2030: 2.1 billion (est)

Source: J.Dargay, D.Gately, M. Sommer 2007

2000

1600

1200

800

400

1960 70 80 90 2000 10 20 30

1960: 122 mio

2006: ca 925 mio

2030: 2,1 bill

o

o

o

R134a Emissions

1500

2000

2500

Global reported cummulated Production and Release of R134a

in Million Metric Tons of CO2 equivalent

More than half of all the refrigerant ever produced is in the atmosphere

Confidential


Source: AFEAS Alternative Fluorocarbons Acceptability Study 2007

0

500

1000

1500

MMTCO2e

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

year

Production

Released

Content

Section ONE


Section TWO


Confidential


Section THREE


Section FOUR


Criteria to be Considered for the next refrigerant

� Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol)

� Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol, EU MAC Directive)

� Toxicity (REACH)

� Flammability

Confidential


� Flammability

� Stability and Corrosion

� Known substance (REACH)

� Fuel consumption (EU reduce CO2 emissions 130gr/km)

� Cost (Initial cost, cost of ownership, service cost )

Flammability HFO-1234yf

Confidential


Pure, flammable HFO-1234yf and a standard butane lighter

Flammability Results

Surface T

R744

N/A

R134a

770degC

1234yf

405degC

970degC No ignition No ignition Ignition

Test with nominal oil amount of 135ml ND8 (202degC)

Confidential


800degC Not tested Not tested Ignition

600degC Not tested Not tested Ignition

Full report on R744.com

Flammability HFO-1234yf

Accident simulation

Confidential


Flammable HFO-1234yf and refrigerant oil (ND8) hitting a hot surface 800°°°°C

Example: Toyota Camry – Engine Compartment

Confidential


A/C compressor and refrigerant muffler

Exhaust manifold and catalytic converter shield

About 20mm

clearance

Thermal decomposition HFO-1234yf

Molecular weights

H = 1

C = 12

O =16

Confidential


O =16

F = 19

HFO 1234yf = 114

Incomplete combustion in humid air leads to 4 Mol of HF.

Hence 1kg of HFO-1234yf burns into Water, Carbonmonoxid and ~700gr of HF

Flammability – Not Only Flames

Highly toxic decomposition products aregenerated when HFO-1234yf is burning.

HF - Hydrogen fluoride LC50-value 1h 966 ppm

Confidential


HF - Hydrogen fluoride LC50-value 1h 966 ppm

COF2 - Carbonyl fluoride LC50-value 1h 360 ppm

New Substances – unknown consequences ?

We should choose a refrigerant which we understand very well – regarding both environmental issues and personal safety.

Confidential


What if unexpected consequences appears ?

� Ozone depletion

� Global Warming

� ???

The Natural Refrigerant R744 � No ozone depletion; ODP = 0

� Lowest possible GWP of 1

� Classified under the American Standard Heating and

Refrigeration (ASHRAE) as A1

� Non toxic and non flammable

� R744 is one of the best known and understood substances in

Confidential


� R744 is one of the best known and understood substances in

term of scientific research and applications.

� Humans inhale and exhale it

� Mankind puts it in soda and drinks it

� It is a natural substance of the atmosphere

� Highest efficiency, lowest indirect emissions and best LCCP

vs. all others

� Lowest total cost of ownership

Content

Section ONE


Section TWO


Confidential


Section THREE


Section FOUR


System Comparison

R134a

R744

Confidential


R134a

Weight savings for R744: 2kg

Reduced packaging

Systems on the Road

• More than 50 test vehicles

• Durability Testing for 10years

Confidential


Radial

Piston

R744 MAC Compressor Technologies and Markets

Swash

Ring

Swivel

Joint

Radial

Piston

Variable Fixed E-Comp

NCT

Confidential


New Compressor Technology

Confidential


Hybrid Vehicle Market

� Sales recorded by the global hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) market are expected to surge at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 12% during 2008-2015.

� Hybrid cars sales in the US market are likely to cross 1 Million Mark by 2012.

Confidential


� Hybrid vehicle production in Japan is projected to hit a CAGR of 6.6% from 2008 to 2011.

� HEV battery market is likely to attain a CAGR growth rate of around 10.4% during the period spanning from 2010 to 2015.

� Hybrid car component market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.4% during 2008- 2012.

Source: RNCOS, Global Hybrid Car Market Forecast to 2010, 2008http://www.prlog.org/10098014-rncos-releases-new-report-global-hybrid-car-market-forecast-to-2010.html

Hybrid Vehicle – Efficient Heating

Efficient heating is already an issue with Diesel vehicles,

where the waste heat from the engine does not cover the required heating for the passenger cabin.

Confidential


This issue will be even more important with hybrid vehicles

Solution: R744 Heat pump

additio

nal consum

ption

in l/1

00km

additional consumption in NEDC (-7°C)

Basis: Vehicle without auxiliary heating system

PTC HP1 HP2 HP3 HG

Rieberer, vif, 2007

R744 Airside Heat Pump with MCP Evaporator

FrontHVAC

MC

P E

va

po

rato

r

Ga

sc

oo

ler

Air

CO2 IHX

EngineAir

Confidential


MC

P E

va

po

rato

r

Ga

sc

oo

ler

CO2 Compressor

Accu

AirAir

HP3/2

Valve

LP3/2

Valve

P/T

EngineAir

Content

Section ONE


Section TWO


Confidential


Section THREE


Section FOUR


Test Results Overall Compressor Efficiency

Compressor Comparison - Overall EfficiencyComparable Test Conditions R134a; R744

suction press. = 3;40 bar, discharge press. = 15,7;120 bar, suction temp= ~30 °C

80

90

100

Ov

era

ll E

ffic

ien

cy

[%

]

Compressor Comparison - Overall EfficiencyComparable Test Conditions R134a; R744

suction press. = 3;40 bar, discharge press. = 15,7;120 bar, suction temp= ~30 °C

70

80

90

100

Ov

era

ll E

ffic

ien

cy

[%

]

Confidential


10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

nK [RPM]

Ov

era

ll E

ffic

ien

cy

[%

]

R134a variable displacement compressor R744 variable displacement compressor

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

nK [RPM]

Ov

era

ll E

ffic

ien

cy

[%

]

R134a variable displacement compressor R744 variable displacement compressor

+79%

+28%+40%

Vehicle Test Results – Fuel Consumption

NEDC Fuel Consumption Test R134a vs. R744VW Touran TDI 1,9l; Tambient =20/28/35degC

Ad

dit

ion

al

Fu

el

Co

ns

um

pti

on

l/1

00

km

Confidential


Additional Fuel Consumption R134a Additional Fuel Cons. R744

T ambient

Ad

dit

ion

al

Fu

el

Co

ns

um

pti

on

l/1

00

km

Thank you for your Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?

Vehicle Test Results – Fuel Consumption

Confidential


R744-Klimasysteme Erfahrungen aus Prüfstands- und Feldversuchen, Behr; Kroner, Riegel et.al. in ATZ 07-08/2008

Confidential


Confidential


Schührmanns, BCool, MAC workshop Torino 2007

Fuel Consumption Test Results

Confidential


Source: Morgenstern, BMW, VDA Wintermeeting 2008

Confidential


Source: Haller, Valeo, MAC workshop Torino 2007

Documents

R744 System Update - AMMONIA21 · World wide car stock ... Full report on R744.com. Flammability HFO-1234yf Accident simulation ... catalytic converter shield About 20mm clearance